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作者简介:

赵磊,男,1979年生。博士,研究员,从事大地构造研究。E-mail: jleiz@163.com。

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目录contents

    摘要

    位于东欧克拉通、西伯利亚克拉通和塔里木克拉通三者之间的古亚洲洋构造域西段发育众多蛇绿岩。依据时空分布特征,可以划分为:①叶尼塞蛇绿岩带、② 库兹涅茨-西萨彦-湖区蛇绿岩带、③ 萨拉伊尔-阿尔泰蛇绿岩带、④斋桑-南蒙古蛇绿岩带、⑤东哈萨克斯坦-西准噶尔蛇绿岩带、⑥东准噶尔蛇绿岩带、⑦北天山蛇绿岩带、⑧纳曼-贾拉伊尔蛇绿岩带、⑨特尔斯克伊蛇绿岩带、⑩乌拉尔-南天山蛇绿岩带等。区内蛇绿岩的组合多不完整,伴生火山碎屑岩,地幔岩以方辉橄榄岩+纯橄岩+二辉橄榄岩为主,蛇绿岩年代学特征反映出古洋盆的演化时长一般为60~80 Ma左右,体现了洋盆规模有限。以库兹涅茨-西萨彦-湖区蛇绿岩带为标志的古洋盆,为第一代古亚洲洋,起始于埃迪卡拉纪。第二代古亚洲洋则是以区内分布最为广泛的寒武纪—奥陶纪蛇绿岩为标志,呈现出微陆块与小洋盆相间的构造格局。第三代古亚洲洋主要指泥盆纪—早石炭世的斋桑洋和乌拉尔-南天山洋。区内不存在从早古生代至晚古生代持续演化的古洋。古亚洲洋的俯冲造山更多的是一些小洋盆消失过程中的造山作用,碰撞并不是西伯利亚与冈瓦纳两个大陆之间的直接作用,而是通过其间的微、小陆块间的相互作用,造山作用并不强烈,缺乏超越构造带的大规模推覆构造。

    Abstract

    Many ophiolites are developedin the western part of the Paleo-Asian Ocean tectonic domain, situated between the Eastern European craton, the Siberian craton and the Tarim craton. According to the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics, these ophiolites can be divided into the following ten zones: ① Yenisei ophiolitie bel, ② Kuznets-West Sayan-Lake ophiolite belt, ③ Salayer-Altai ophiolite belt, ④ Zaysan-South Mongolia ophiolite belt, ⑤ East Kazakh-West Junggar ophiolite belt, ⑥ East Junggar ophiolite belt, ⑦ Northern Tianshan ophiolite belt, ⑧ Naman-Jalayal ophiolite belt, ⑨ Terskyi ophiolite belt, ⑩ Ural-Southern Tianshan ophiolite belt, etc. The ophiolite assemblages in these zones are mostly incomplete, accompanied by pyroclastic rocks, and the mantle rocks are dominated by harzburgite+dunite+lherzolite. The chronology of the ophiolite indicates that the evolution of the ancient ocean basin occurred within a limited time frame of approximately 80~60 Ma, reflecting the restricted scale of the ocean basin. The ancient ocean basin marked by the Kuznets-West Sayan-Lake ophiolite belt is the first generation of the Paleo-Asian Ocean, which began in the Ediacaran period. The second generation of Paleo-Asian Ocean is marked by the most widely distributed Cambrian-Ordovician ophiolites, showing a tectonic pattern of micro-blocks alternate with small ocean basins. The third generation Paleo-Asian Ocean mainly refers to the Devonian-Early Carboniferous Zaysan Ocean and the Ural-Southern Tianshan Ocean. There is no paleo-ocean that evolved continuously from the Early Paleozoic to the Late Paleozoic. The subduction orogeny of the Paleo-Asian Ocean was mainly achieved through the closure of several small ocean basins. The collision did not involve a direct interaction between the Siberia and Gondwana continents; rather, it occurred through the interaction of micro-blocks. Therefore, the orogeny was not strong, leading to a scarcity of large-scale nappe structures beyond the tectonic belt.

  • 古亚洲洋构造域是1989年启动的IGCP283项目立项申请报告中正式使用的一个词汇(李锦轶等,2011),源于古亚洲构造域(黄汲清等,1977)。不同的学者对古亚洲洋构造域的时空范围有不同的界定,本文沿用任纪舜等(2016)的定义:显生宙期间,中国及邻区依次受古大西洋-瑞克洋-古亚洲洋、特提斯-古太平洋、大西洋-印度-太平洋三大全球动力体系的控制,形成古大西洋-古亚洲洋、特提斯和太平洋三大构造域。古大西洋-古亚洲洋构造域包括从阿巴拉契亚经中西欧到天山—兴安、昆仑—秦岭的所有古生代造山带和陆缘活化带。本文主要研究东欧克拉通、西伯利亚克拉通和塔里木克拉通三者之间的区域。

  • 蛇绿岩一直被视为古洋盆存在的标志性证据(史仁灯,2005Pearce,2014高俊等,2022),对刻画区域构造演化和古洋-陆格局至关重要(Dilek and Furnes,2011张旗,2014)。随着研究程度的深入,发现蛇绿岩在板块构造的整个威尔逊旋回中(陆内裂解、海底扩张、初始俯冲至洋盆最终闭合)均可产生和被保存(Dilek and Furnes,2014),并以初始俯冲阶段的弧前蛇绿岩居多(Condie and Stern,2023)。针对本文研究区古洋盆的性质,学者们仍有不同意见。肖序常等(1991)基于新疆北部(塔里木克拉通北侧)的沉积组合、岩相古地理、古生物区系和蛇绿岩地质特征等综合分析,认为古生代新疆北部造山带的演化中,“有限拉(引)张”和“有限洋盆”起着重要作用。任纪舜等(2016)提出古生代的古亚洲洋是由一系列海底裂谷带或小洋盆带及其间一些小陆块、众多微陆块组合而成的结构十分复杂的洋盆体系。而Safonova et al.(2020)根据东哈萨克斯坦北滨巴尔喀什地区蛇绿岩带中硅质岩的沉积厚度,推断该地区早古生代洋盆的规模巨大,类似现今的太平洋。

  • 研究区构造格局复杂,发育众多不同时代和性质的蛇绿岩,虽然时代跨度大(从新元古代到晚古生代),出露分散,但也有一定的限度(即在某个地带内,产出一定时代和性质的蛇绿岩)(何国琦和李茂松,2000)。因此,蛇绿岩研究,对于古亚洲洋构造域西段的单元划分和古洋-陆格局恢复等方面仍具有十分重要的意义。本文系统整理和归纳了古亚洲洋构造域西段蛇绿岩带的组合、时代及其性质,论述了研究区蛇绿岩带的时空分布特征,分析了研究区古洋盆的规模,在此基础上,提出了古亚洲洋西段的演化过程,试图从蛇绿岩研究的角度,为解决古亚洲洋演化中关键问题提供依据。

  • 图1 古亚洲洋构造域西段蛇绿岩带及主要断裂带分布图

  • Fig.1 Distribution map of ophiolite belts and main fault belts in the western part of Paleo-Asian tectonic domain

  • 1—西伯利亚南缘断裂带;2—主萨彦断裂带;3—库兹涅茨-中蒙古断裂带;4—鄂毕-湖区断裂带;5—巴彦洪戈尔断裂带;6—阿巴坎断裂带;7—杭爱-肯特断裂带;8—外乌拉尔-南天山北缘断裂带;9—主乌拉尔断裂带;10—纳曼-贾拉伊尔断裂带;11—成吉思-阿尔曼太-佐伦断裂带;12—额尔齐斯-戈壁阿尔泰断裂带;13—矿山阿尔泰前缘断裂带;14—伊塞克地块南缘断裂带;15—天山北缘断裂带;16—卡拉麦里断裂带;17—中乌斯秋尔特断裂带;18—天山南缘断裂带;19—红石山断裂带;20—塔拉斯-费尔干纳断裂带;21—中央哈萨克斯坦断裂带;22—达拉布特断裂带;①—叶尼塞蛇绿岩带;②—库兹涅茨-西萨彦-湖区蛇绿岩带;③—萨拉伊尔-阿尔泰蛇绿岩带;④—斋桑-南蒙古蛇绿岩带;⑤—东哈萨克斯坦-西准噶尔蛇绿岩带;⑥—东准噶尔蛇绿岩带;⑦—北天山蛇绿岩带;⑧—纳曼-贾拉伊尔蛇绿岩带;⑨—特尔斯克伊蛇绿岩带;⑩—乌拉尔-南天山蛇绿岩带;Ⅰ—图瓦-蒙古微陆块;Ⅱ—阿尔泰微陆块;Ⅲ—科克切塔夫微陆块;Ⅳ—乌鲁套微陆块;Ⅴ—中天山微陆块;Ⅵ—穆云库姆-伊塞克微陆块;Ⅶ—巴尔喀什微陆块;Ⅷ—准噶尔微陆块

  • 1—Southern Siberian margin fault zone; 2—Main Sayan fault zone; 3—Kuznets-Central Mongolia fault zone; 4—Obi-Lake fault zone; 5—Bayanhongol fault zone; 6—Abakan fault zone; 7—Hangai-Kent fault zone; 8—Trans Ural-South Tianshan northern margin fault zone; 9—Main Ural fault Zone; 10—Naman-Jalayal fault zone; 11—Chingiz-Armantai-Zoolen fault zone; 12—Irtysh-Gobi Altai fault zone; 13—Rudny Altai front fault zone; 14—Issyk block southern margin fault zone; 15—Tianshan north margin fault zone; 16—Kalamaili fault zone; 17—Middle Ustults fault zone; 18—Tianshan south margin fault zone; 19—Hongshishan fault zone; 20—Taras-Fergana fault zone; 21—Central Kazakhstan Fault Zone; 22—Daerbut fault Zone; ①—Yenisei ophiolitie belt; ②—Kuznets-West Sayan-Lake ophiolite belt; ③—Salayer-Altai ophiolite belt; ④—Zaysan-South Mongolia ophiolite belt; ⑤—East Kazakh-West Junggar ophiolite belt; ⑥—East Junggar ophiolite belt; ⑦—Northern Tianshan ophiolite belt; ⑧—Naman-Jalayal ophiolite belt; ⑨—Terskyi ophiolite belt; ⑩—Ural-Southern Tianshan ophiolite belt; Ⅰ—Tuva-Mongolia microblock; Ⅱ—Altai microblock; Ⅲ—Kokchetaf microblock; Ⅳ—Ulutao microblock; Ⅴ—Middle Tianshan microblock; Ⅵ—Muyunkum-Issyk microblock; Ⅶ—Balkhash microblock; Ⅷ—Junggar microblock

  • 1 蛇绿岩带地质特征

  • 本文根据研究区蛇绿岩的时空分布特征,主要分为如下蛇绿岩带:① 叶尼塞蛇绿岩带、② 库兹涅茨-西萨彦-湖区蛇绿岩带、③ 萨拉伊尔-阿尔泰蛇绿岩带、④ 斋桑-南蒙古蛇绿岩带、⑤ 东哈萨克斯坦-西准噶尔蛇绿岩带、⑥ 东准噶尔蛇绿岩带、⑦ 北天山蛇绿岩带、⑧ 纳曼-贾拉伊尔蛇绿岩带、⑨ 特尔斯克伊蛇绿岩带、⑩ 乌拉尔-南天山蛇绿岩带。研究区绝大多数蛇绿岩中的镁铁—超镁铁质岩石呈规模大小不等的岩块散布在基质中,为“岩块+基质”的产出状态(高俊等,2022

  • 表1 古亚洲洋构造域西段蛇绿岩带主要特征

  • Table1 Characteristics of the ophiolite belts in the western part of Paleo-Asian tectonic domain

  • 注:SSZ—形成于俯冲带上型蛇绿岩;MOR—形成于洋中脊型蛇绿岩。

  • 1.1 叶尼塞蛇绿岩带

  • 俄罗斯叶尼塞河地区出露Isakovka和Borisikha两个蛇绿混杂岩,主要由变质橄榄岩(纯橄岩-方辉橄榄岩)、基性—超基性堆晶岩及变玄武岩组成(Vernikovsky et al.,2003; Kuzmichev et al.,2008)。变玄武岩富集大离子亲石元素(LILE)和轻稀土元素(LREE)、亏损高场强元素(HFSE)和重稀土元素(HREE)(Vernikovsky et al.,2003; Kuzmichev et al.,2008)。地幔橄榄岩的组成和玄武岩的地球化学特征,符合SSZ型蛇绿岩特征。Isakovka 蛇绿岩带中一个斜长花岗岩的单颗粒锆石蒸发法年龄为697±4 Ma(Vernikovsky et al.,2003),变质玄武岩的锆石SHRIMP年龄为701±8 Ma(Likhanov et al.,2018)。Borisikha蛇绿岩带中角闪岩的锆石SHRIMP年龄为 682±13 Ma(Kuzmichev et al.,2008)。

  • 1.2 库兹涅茨-西萨彦-湖区蛇绿岩带

  • 俄罗斯库兹涅茨—西萨彦一带的蛇绿岩组合主要为(由底至顶):超基性岩体、辉长岩、枕状玄武岩、辉绿岩,以及早—中寒武世的硅质岩-碎屑岩-层凝灰岩(俄罗斯库茨涅茨阿拉套局部地区为硅质岩-碳酸盐建造)等(米兰诺夫斯基,1987)。

  • 蒙古湖区蛇绿岩则主要分为两类:以汉太希尔(Hantaishir)蛇绿岩为代表的组合为:纯橄岩-方辉橄榄岩、辉长堆晶岩、玻安质辉绿岩墙、枕状熔岩和硅质岩。蛇绿岩具有SSZ型的地球化学特征。其中,斜长花岗岩年龄为568±4 Ma(Gibsher et al.,2001);另一类,巴彦山(Bayannuruu)蛇绿岩则主要由纯橄岩-方辉橄榄岩、纯橄岩-单斜辉石岩-辉长岩层状堆晶岩系列、辉绿岩墙、碧玉岩-细碧岩组成,并以枕状玄武岩占多数,蛇绿岩兼具大洋中脊玄武岩和岛弧玄武岩的地球化学特征。其中,斜长花岗岩年龄为571±4 Ma(Dijkstra et al.,2006);巴彦洪格尔蛇绿岩是该区时代最早的蛇绿岩,组合完整,包括方辉橄榄岩、纯橄岩、超镁铁质堆晶岩、辉长岩、席状岩墙、枕状玄武岩和硅质岩(Buchan et al.,2001),成因类型为 MOR型,是古亚洲洋晚新元古代洋盆(约 655~636 Ma)的残迹(Jian Ping et al.,2010)。

  • 1.3 萨拉伊尔-阿尔泰蛇绿岩带

  • 位于俄罗斯山区阿尔泰东南段的查干-乌宗蛇绿混杂岩研究历史较长,主要由蛇纹石化橄榄岩、辉长岩、角闪岩、辉长质岩墙、玄武岩和硅质岩组成,伴有高压变质岩(Glorie et al.,2011)。玄武岩可分为洋岛玄武岩(OIB)和大洋中脊玄武岩(MORB)两种类型(Safonova et al.,20042008),OIB的Pb-Pb等时线年龄为598±25 Ma(Uchio et al.,2008),榴辉岩的角闪石40Ar/39Ar年龄为636~627 Ma(Buslov et al.,2002; Ota et al.,2007),邻近区域出露的蓝片岩的多硅白云母和蓝闪石的40Ar/39Ar年龄为492~485 Ma(Volkova and Sklyarov,2007)。

  • 蒙古Gobi Altai 蛇绿岩组合(由底至顶)为:蛇纹石化橄榄岩、辉长岩、辉绿岩墙和镁铁质火山岩,其中堆晶辉长岩和块状淡色辉长岩的锆石年龄分别为523±5 Ma和518±6 Ma(Jian Ping et al.,2014)。

  • 1.4 斋桑-南蒙古蛇绿岩带

  • 查尔斯克蛇绿岩带位于哈萨克斯坦东北部,曾被分为三种不同类型的组合:类型1为蛇纹岩基质和高压变质岩、辉长岩、玄武岩以及硅质岩块体组合,硅质岩中发现奥陶纪放射虫,榴辉岩和蓝片岩的多硅白云母 40Ar/39Ar 年龄分别为445 Ma左右和450 Ma左右;类型2(不含高压变质岩)的块体以蛇纹石化橄榄岩、辉长岩和角闪岩为主,时代为奥陶纪;类型3为晚石炭世—早二叠世的构造混杂组合,成分多为前两种类型的块体(Safonova et al.,2012)。而后来越来越多的研究数据证明该蛇绿岩带的火山岩有中—晚奥陶世和泥盆纪两个时代,伴生的碧玉岩和硅质粉砂岩也有奥陶纪和泥盆纪—早石炭世两个时代(何国琦和李茂松,2000)。相比晚古生代岩体分布广泛,奥陶纪岩块通常出露在查尔斯克蛇绿岩带的中偏北部,在空间分布上具有一定位置。

  • 蒙古西南部的蛇绿岩带以研究程度较高的佐林—满大勒鄂博的蛇绿岩带(位于南蒙古中部)为代表,由若干纬向的构造岩片构成,发现丰富的晚志留世—早泥盆世的珊瑚、腕足和放射虫等化石(何国琦和李茂松,2000)。而在古尔班赛汉段,具有弧前特征的角闪岩、斜长岩和闪长岩岩块的锆石年龄集中在520~511 Ma(Jian Ping et al.,2014)。

  • 位于中国境内新疆北部的额尔齐斯-布尔根蛇绿混杂岩带,其中布尔根蛇绿岩主要表现为糜棱岩化的基质中混杂着大小不一、性质各异的蛇绿岩各组分岩块。基质主要有糜棱岩化的火山岩和凝灰岩,蛇绿岩岩块主要有玄武岩、辉长岩和硅质岩等。玄武岩具有OIB和IAB特征,其 SHRIMP锆石年龄352 Ma(吴波等,2006)。

  • 1.5 东哈萨克斯坦-西准噶尔蛇绿岩带

  • 新疆准噶尔盆地西分布多条蛇绿岩带,其时代(图2)由北至南分别为:洪古勒楞蛇绿岩的堆晶辉长岩锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄为472士8 Ma(张元元和郭召杰,2010);和布克赛尔蛇绿岩辉长岩和斜长花岗岩的锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄为512~502 Ma(Yang Yaqi et al.,2019);塔尔巴哈台蛇绿混杂岩的辉长岩锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄为478±3 Ma(朱永峰和徐新,2006);谢米斯台山南坡蛇绿岩的辉长岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄为518 Ma(Zhao Lei and He Guoqi,2014);西准尔蛇绿岩带中部的达拉布特蛇绿岩中辉长岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄391±7 Ma年龄(辜平阳等,2009)与早—中泥盆世放射虫时代(肖序常等,1992)相接近,但达拉布特蛇绿岩带还同时存在着奥陶纪的放射虫(舒良树等,2001)和牙形石证据(Samygin et al.,1997);与达拉布特蛇绿岩带相平行,何国琦等(2007)厘定了含有中—晚奥陶世牙形石证据的克拉玛依蛇绿岩带;20世纪90年代,前人就在西准噶尔带南段的唐巴勒地区鉴别出了时代为早古生代的蛇绿岩、蓝片岩和相关陆缘组合(张立飞,1997);巴尔鲁克蛇绿岩不同组分的锆石U-Pb测年为492~512 Ma(Xu Zhao et al.,2012);玛依勒洋岛辉长岩锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb 年龄为572 Ma(Yang Gaoxue et al.,2012),洋岛玄武岩的LA-ICP-MS U-Pb 年龄为437.2士2.2 Ma(杨高学等,2016)。

  • 岩石组合方面:和布克赛尔蛇绿岩主要由异剥橄榄岩、辉长岩、辉绿岩、玄武岩和硅质岩组成,以辉长岩为主体。辉长岩和辉绿岩兼具E-MORB和N-MORB的地球化学特征(Yang Yaqi et al.,2019)。而位于和布克赛尔蛇绿岩东、西两侧的洪古勒楞蛇绿岩(张元元和郭召杰,2010)以及库吉拜蛇绿岩也具有MOR型蛇绿岩的特点(朱永峰和徐新,2006),堆晶岩比较发育,堆晶韵律明显,主要由异剥橄榄岩、橄长岩层状辉长岩和辉长岩组成,顶部玄武岩稀土和不相容元素地球化学特征与N-MORB相近。但额敏蛇绿岩(Zheng Rongguo et al.,2019)和洪古勒楞蛇绿岩同时也发育弧前性质的基性岩(Yang Yaqi et al.,2022),在谢米斯台山南坡蛇绿岩中伴生火山碎屑岩(Zhao Lei and He Guoqi,2014);而唐巴勒蛇绿岩的基性和超基性堆晶岩均不发育,断续出露的薄层堆晶辉长岩内,仅见到微量或缺失橄榄石,显示具有“高压岩浆房”的特点。本区出现少量的辉绿岩岩墙,并伴有英安质、流纹英安质岩墙。与蛇绿岩伴随的下奥陶统,主要有陆源碎屑岩组成(肖序常等,1991)。

  • 图2 新疆西准噶尔蛇绿岩分布图 (据徐芹芹等,2019 修改)

  • Fig.2 Distribution map of ophiolites in western Junggar, Xinjiang (modified from Xu Qinqin et al., 2019)

  • 东哈萨克斯坦蛇绿岩主要集中在哈萨克斯坦北滨巴尔喀什及其周围地区,出露的主要岩块包括纯橄岩-方辉橄榄岩、辉长岩、玄武岩、斜长花岗岩、硅质岩和火山沉积岩以及滑混岩等,伴有榴辉岩和蓝闪石片岩(Degtyarev et al.,2021)。古生物化石证据显示捷克图尔马斯和北滨巴尔喀什蛇绿岩时代为中—晚奥陶世,阿加德尔蛇绿岩时代为晚奥陶世—早志留世,铁克利蛇绿岩的时代为中—晚泥盆世(Zhylkaidarov,1998; Nikitin,2002; Degtyarev et al.,2020)。在北滨巴尔喀什地区的西段,具有玻安质地球化学特征的辉长岩和斜长花岗岩时代为530~520 Ma,具有岛弧地球化学特征的斜长花岗岩和闪长岩时代分别为498±8 Ma和476±3 Ma(Degtyarev et al.,2020

  • 1.6 东准噶尔蛇绿岩带

  • 阿尔曼太蛇绿岩沿中国的扎河坝、兔子泉、北塔山一线,呈北西-南东向断续分布。地幔橄榄岩为二辉橄榄岩-纯橄岩,玄武岩具岛弧拉斑玄武岩(IAT)特征,成因类型为 SSZ 型。SHRIMP 锆石分析表明扎河坝层状辉长岩的年龄为 489±4 Ma(简平等,2003);兔子泉斜长花岗岩的年龄为503±7 Ma(肖文交等,2006)。

  • 卡拉麦里蛇绿岩分布于卡拉麦里大断裂北侧,呈北西向带状延伸。蛇绿岩的基本岩石类型包括不同蚀变程度的方辉橄榄岩、纯橄岩、二辉橄榄岩、辉长岩、辉绿岩、玄武岩、放射虫硅质岩等。出露较好的地区分布在南明水、柳树泉、红柳沟等地(李锦轶等,1990)。玄武岩含 MORB(大洋中脊玄武岩)和 IAT两类 (刘希军等,2007)。蛇绿岩带具有中—晚奥陶世(黄汲清等,1990)和晚泥盆世—早石炭世(舒良树等,2003)两个时代的古生物化石以及496 Ma(Jian Ping et al.,2005)、416 Ma(黄岗等,2012)和373 Ma(唐红峰等,2007)等同位素年龄数据报道。

  • 1.7 北天山蛇绿岩带

  • 在北天山中段独库公路至安集海地区,共出露4个蛇绿岩残片,巴音沟蛇绿岩是其中的典型代表,由蛇纹石化方辉橄榄岩、二辉橄榄岩、纯橄岩、含斜长花岗岩脉的辉长岩、辉绿岩墙、枕状玄武岩和硅质岩组成,缺失典型席状辉绿岩墙(Yang Gaoxue et al.,2018)。蛇绿岩被上石炭统碎屑岩和火山碎屑岩(奇尔古斯套组)不整合覆盖。辉长岩的ICP-MS锆石年龄为 344±3 Ma(徐学义等,2006a),斜长花岗岩SHRIMP锆石年龄为 325±7 Ma(徐学义等,2006b),同时硅质岩中鉴定出晚泥盆世—早石炭世的放射虫和牙形石化石(肖序常等,1992)。岩石地球化学研究表明,巴音沟地区的早石炭世火山岩系(阿克沙克组)形成于大陆裂谷环境,源区为与OIB源区类似的地幔软流圈。另外,巴音沟蛇绿岩带东西延伸仅200 km,目前除蛇绿岩、蛇绿混杂岩之外尚未发现构造缝合带应具有的高压低温或高温低压矿物组合标志,蛇绿岩附近深部地壳结构没有大的变化。同时,该洋盆演化相对短暂,其存在对于生物群的迁移未起到阻隔作用(徐学义等,2006b)。巴音沟蛇绿岩应是形成于强烈大陆伸展作用导致的大陆裂谷向大洋裂谷转变的一种动力学环境,它记录了由于裂谷作用强烈拉伸形成的初始洋壳,类似于现今的红海,并且洋盆在晚石炭世之前已经闭合。

  • 1.8 纳曼-贾拉伊尔蛇绿岩带

  • 纳曼-贾拉伊尔蛇绿岩主要由方辉橄榄岩、二辉橄榄岩、辉长岩、斜长花岗岩、枕状玄武岩和硅质岩组成。斜长花岗岩的锆石年龄为512.6±1 Ma(Pb-Pb蒸发法;Kröner et al.,2007),520±4 Ma和521±2 Ma(常规TIMS U-Pb;Ryazantsev et al.,2009)。枕状玄武岩的硅质岩夹层含有晚寒武世(Paibian期)的牙形石。中—晚奥陶世的灰岩和砂岩不整合超覆在纳曼-贾拉伊尔缝合带和邻近的前寒武纪地块之上,限定了该缝合带形成于早奥陶世(Abdulin,1980)。

  • 1.9 特尔斯克伊蛇绿岩带

  • 蛇绿岩主要由超镁铁质岩、辉长岩、席状岩墙、枕状熔岩和硅质岩组成(Ghes',2008)。辉长岩和玄武岩的地球化学特征说明蛇绿岩形成于弧后盆地的环境(Degtyarev,2011)。玄武岩的硅质岩夹层中鉴定出晚寒武世—早奥陶世的牙形石(Ghes',2008)。辉长岩的锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄为479±3 Ma、491±8 Ma和496±7 Ma(Alexeiev et al.,2019)。

  • 1.10 乌拉尔-南天山蛇绿岩带

  • 散布在南天山的蛇绿岩,根据产出位置可分为南、北两个带。北带包括沿南天山北界分布的乌瓦门(中国)—古洛沟(中国)—达鲁巴依(中国)—穹库什太(中国)和占吉尔(吉尔吉斯斯坦)—阿特巴什(吉尔吉斯斯坦)—奥什(吉尔吉斯斯坦)—努拉套(乌兹别克斯坦)蛇绿岩;南带包括分布在南天山内部的铜花山(中国)—榆树沟(中国)—色日克雅(中国)—库勒湖(中国)—黑英山(中国)—巴雷公(中国)—塔姆迪套(乌兹别克斯坦)蛇绿岩(王博等,2022)。

  • 位于中国境内的以色日克牙依拉克剖面的蛇绿岩套组合出露较为齐全,除缺失超镁铁质堆积岩、席状岩墙杂岩群及浅色岩系斜长花岗岩类外,其他组合均有出露,自下而上组合为:地幔橄榄岩、镁铁质堆积岩、变质岩墙杂岩、枕状熔岩和硅质岩。地幔橄榄岩由斜辉橄榄岩、方辉橄榄岩、纯橄岩和二辉橄榄岩组成。库米什蛇绿岩辉长岩锆石U-Pb年龄为378±6 Ma(姜常义等,2000),库勒湖蛇绿岩辉长岩锆石U-Pb年龄为425±8 Ma(龙灵利等,2006),硅质岩中获大量中泥盆世—早石炭世放射虫化石(汤耀庆等,1995),黑英山蛇绿岩辉长岩锆石U-Pb年龄为392±5 Ma(Wang Bo et al.,2011)。

  • 以塔拉斯-费尔干纳断裂为界,南天山西段的蛇绿岩以乌兹别克斯坦境内克孜尔库姆段为代表,组分包括变质橄榄岩、辉长岩和斜长花岗岩等,其中辉长岩U-Pb锆石SHRIMP年龄为438±3 Ma;最西段苏丹乌伊达格(Sultan-Uvais)地区Kazansai蛇绿岩组分包括橄榄岩、辉长岩、斜长花岗岩和硅质岩,基质为蛇纹岩,其中斜长花岗岩的U-Pb锆石SHRIMP年龄为505±6 Ma,其地球化学特征显示弧后盆地的构造背景,该地区西部同样具有大洋性质的斜长花岗岩测得U-Pb锆石年龄为382±4Ma(Dolgopolova et al.,2017)。而南天山西段东部的吉萨尔构造带和阿赖构造带的蛇绿岩中则厘定出早奥陶世—志留纪和泥盆纪—早石炭世两个时期的硅质岩组分(何国琦和李茂松,2000)。

  • 出露在乌拉尔南部的蛇绿岩主要分两种类型,二辉橄榄岩型和方辉橄榄岩型。方辉橄榄岩型组分较齐全,包括橄榄岩、层状辉长岩、席状岩墙、玄武岩和硅质岩,相比较而言,二辉橄榄岩型缺失层状辉长岩。两种类型蛇绿岩中的硅质岩中识别出了中—晚奥陶世的牙形石化石。综合地幔岩组分的变形差异以及相伴沉积物沉积相的差别,推断北侧的二辉橄榄型蛇绿岩代表了裂谷环境,而南侧的方辉橄榄岩型蛇绿岩则代表了边缘海盆环境(Savelieva et al.,1997)。

  • 2 蛇绿岩带时空分布特征

  • 古亚洲洋构造域西段的蛇绿岩虽局部呈分散状态,如库兹涅茨-西萨彦-湖区蛇绿岩带和东哈萨克斯坦-西准噶尔蛇绿岩带,但整体上仍有时空规律可循。

  • 时代最古老的叶尼塞蛇绿岩位于研究区的东北部(图1)。萨彦-叶尼塞构造单元的太古宙发展史与西伯利亚克拉通是一体的,两者超覆了相同的新元古代晚期—早寒武世初期的台地型沉积。所以本文认为萨彦-叶尼塞构造单元属于西伯利亚克拉通的一部分。按照任纪舜(2016)的定义,叶尼塞古洋盆则不属于古亚洲洋演化体系。

  • 紧邻西伯利亚克拉通的库兹涅茨-西萨彦-湖区蛇绿岩带代表着古亚洲洋的起始,广泛出露于蒙古国西部湖区,向北延至俄西萨彦岭、库兹涅茨阿拉套等地(图1)。本区蛇绿岩的时代一般为埃迪卡拉纪—早寒武世。在蒙古国中部、东部分布的巴彦洪格尔、克鲁伦蛇绿岩代表同一时代的大洋。额尔古纳地块北西侧发育时代为埃迪卡拉纪—早寒武世的被动陆缘沉积,从空间分布看,属该古洋的边缘(何国琦和李茂松,1996)。

  • 早古生代蛇绿岩,绝大部分为寒武纪—奥陶纪蛇绿岩,占据了研究区除去库兹涅茨—西萨彦—湖区以外的各个区带,从萨拉伊尔-阿尔泰带一直到乌拉尔-南天山带,是古亚洲洋构造域西段分布最为广泛的蛇绿岩。寒武纪—奥陶纪的蛇绿岩带长度一般不超过几百千米,且产出相对分散(1条蛇绿岩带常产出成相伴的若干条),而且走向常呈北东、北西向,环绕在前寒武纪地块的周缘(图1)。

  • 相比较而言,晚古生代蛇绿岩,时代多集中在泥盆纪,在斋桑-南蒙古带和乌拉尔-南天山带呈良好的线性带集中出露,延伸超过1000~2000 km,需要注意的是,在这两个带内,也发育相当规模的早古生代蛇绿岩;而时代最年轻的北天山蛇绿岩规模有限,呈零星状出露于研究区南部(图1)。

  • 3 蛇绿岩与古洋盆规模

  • 构造学家们多认为不具完整层序的蛇绿岩是由于造山带中构造作用肢解的结果,但对大西洋中脊的探测结果证明,辉长岩和蛇纹石化的上地幔橄榄岩占据了一个相当大的洋底部分,有的地方超镁铁质地幔岩直接出露在中央裂谷,其上被沉积角砾岩覆盖,上述地点均远离转换断层破裂带,表明镁铁质和超镁铁质岩的层序排列可仅与洋中脊扩张有关(Lagabrielle et al.,1990)。所以,即使来自成熟大洋盆地底部的洋壳也可以是不完整的、无层序的、很薄的。Coleman(1984)认为地质历史上绝大多数大洋岩石圈已被消减掉了,大约只有不到0.001%的洋壳被仰冲上来、得以保存于造山带,因而不能简单地将所看到的造山带中的蛇绿岩等同于已消亡的洋壳,在对造山带蛇绿岩研究过程中,除了对蛇绿岩本身的地球化学特征、形成环境和成因类型进行研究外,还应结合区域上古生物分布特征、古地理格局和区域大地构造格局的特点来判别该蛇绿岩在地质历史时期中最可能代表的构造环境和大地构造意义,不能以有无大洋中脊型蛇绿岩而简单判断该区是否存在一个长期演化的宽广洋盆(汤耀庆等,1995),而且越来越多的数据表明,MORB可以出现在许多不同的构造背景(张旗等,2022)。

  • 3.1 洋盆的演化时限

  • 洋盆演化的时限,一定程度可以反映出洋盆的规模。在早古生代与晚古生代蛇绿岩并存的斋桑-南蒙古带和乌拉尔-南天山带,是否存在持续演化的洋盆,需要综合资料进行分析。在斋桑带以南的新疆东准噶尔卡拉麦里构造带南侧的中志留统中发现有局限于西伯利亚地区南部陆缘海的地方性生物群图瓦贝化石(何国琦等,2001),说明中志留世,斋桑洋及其之南包括东准噶尔的阿尔曼太古洋和卡拉麦里古洋都已经闭合,使得东准噶尔地区与西伯利亚古陆联接为一体。图瓦贝生物群可以越过西伯利亚南缘,并在卡拉麦里蛇绿岩带以南的东准噶尔地区繁衍生息。中志留世到早石炭世,在东准噶尔卡拉麦里蛇绿岩带南北两侧存在一个统一的海盆。两侧的沉积组合、序列、构造以及生物特征显示海盆规模不大,并不存在一个可以分割两侧沉积-构造体系的大洋盆(赵磊等,2019)。在南天山的西段,乌兹别克斯坦境内克孜勒库姆北侧,泥盆纪—石炭纪的灰岩不整合覆盖在变形变质相对强烈的早古生代地质体之上。在南天山东段,中国境内泥盆系—石炭系含生物碎屑灰岩的海相地层变形相对较弱,多以宽缓的褶皱为主,与下伏前泥盆纪强烈变形的岩层成角度不整合接触(王博等,2022)。据此推断,南天山洋在早—中志留世也曾闭合过。而且根据南天山西段泥盆系的沉积组合和厚度,反映出泥盆系物源区相对较近,泥盆纪古洋盆不是浩瀚大洋,宽度有限,在500~2000 km之间(左国朝等,2011)。

  • 不同性质的蛇绿岩以及蛇绿岩中不同组分的地质年龄具有不同的地质意义,从而表征洋盆演化的不同阶段。蛇绿岩的形成时代一般指蛇绿岩所代表的洋壳从开始出现至俯冲消减之前的一段时间(马中平等,2004)。在蛇绿岩剖面中,硅质岩往往与枕状玄武岩相伴出现,作为上部组分,其时代一般要晚于下部组分中的变质橄榄岩和辉长岩。因此,硅质岩中的放射虫或者牙形石的时代可以作为蛇绿岩时代的上限(韩宝福和何国琦,1993)。在蒙古西部的湖区蛇绿岩带中,下部组分的年龄一般在570~560 Ma,上限则为大量古杯类海绵化石约束的早寒武世,而中寒武世早期出现的滑混岩夹层标志蒙古西部湖区古洋开始发生挤压、消减。晚寒武世—奥陶纪的火山磨拉石建造不整合于中寒武统之上。

  • 对于研究区广泛分布的寒武纪—奥陶纪蛇绿岩,在新疆西准噶尔北部的谢米斯台山南坡蛇绿岩,下部组分的年龄为520 Ma左右(Zhao Lei and He Guoqi,2014),上限为早—中奥陶世(Zong Ruiwen et al.,2015)。该区广泛发育的中—晚志留世的后碰撞岩浆岩表明古洋盆在早志留世之前已经闭合(杨亚琦等,2018)。西准噶尔南部蛇绿岩下部组分年龄集中在510~490 Ma,上限为中—晚奥陶世。Xu Yan et al.(2024)对比了晚志留世—早泥盆世前后的构造-沉积特征,推断洋盆在晚志留世前闭合。东哈萨克斯坦蛇绿岩下部组分一般在520 Ma左右,因为残余洋盆的发育(Zhao Lei and He Guoqi,2013),所以该洋盆情况比较特殊,上限可持续至泥盆纪。在吉尔吉斯斯坦的特尔斯克伊蛇绿岩下部组分的年龄为496 Ma左右,上限为早奥陶世,而缝合带形成于460 Ma之前的科克切塔夫-北天山微陆块与中天山微陆块的碰撞(Degtyarev et al.,2011)。

  • 由此看来,起始于埃迪卡拉纪晚期的古洋盆在晚寒武世前闭合,演化时限大体为70~60 Ma左右;起始于中—晚寒武世的古洋盆在中—晚志留世前闭合,演化时限大体为80~70 Ma左右。研究区不存在从早古生代到晚古生代持续演化的大洋,泥盆纪重新打开的大洋也至多持续了70~60 Ma左右。研究区三个时段的古洋,从演化时限上都不能与现代大洋相比。

  • 3.2 蛇绿岩的性质

  • 不同性质或者类型的蛇绿岩可以表征不同规模的洋盆。Coleman(1987)总结了岛弧型和洋脊型蛇绿岩的特征:岛弧型蛇绿岩为“高压岩浆房”的产物,由火山-岩浆弧经拉张作用,产生于一系列洋盆(包括弧后盆地、弧前盆地、边缘海等)与岛弧相间的构造地带,发育岛弧拉斑玄武岩、低Ti玄武岩及玻安岩,辉长岩中基本没有橄榄石;而洋中脊型蛇绿岩为“低压岩浆房”的产物,组分中有地幔玄武岩、深海沉积物相伴生,辉长岩中含橄榄石。肖序常等(1992)根据古洋壳板块扩张速率对蛇绿岩进行分类,提出代表“有限洋盆”的蛇绿岩组合常不完整,上部多伴生火山灰凝灰岩,同时上地幔岩石中的斜辉橄榄岩数量会减少,二辉橄榄岩相对增加。针对MOR型蛇绿岩和SSZ型蛇绿岩,Robertson(2002)认为SSZ型蛇绿岩可以形成于非常窄的裂谷型盆地,其地球化学特征受到了邻近下地壳部分熔融的混染,或者是异常软流圈的影响。

  • 在表1的总结中可以看到,研究区多数蛇绿岩组合不完整,缺乏席状岩墙群。地幔岩以方辉橄榄岩+纯橄岩+二辉橄榄岩为主。在库茨涅茨-西萨彦-湖区带和东哈萨克斯坦-西准噶尔带伴生火山碎屑岩,性质基本都为SSZ型。西准北部蛇绿岩带的基性岩组分同时显示MORB和IAT的地球化学特征,符合表征初始俯冲阶段的弧前蛇绿岩特征(Yang Gaoxue et al.,2022)。西准噶尔带唐巴勒蛇绿岩的堆晶序列中不含橄榄石,基性和超基性堆晶岩均不发育,是高压型岩浆房产物的典型代表。唐巴勒蛇绿岩中同时发育弧前玄武岩(Yang Gaoxue et al.,2022)。以上种种特征说明,研究区多数蛇绿岩是有限洋盆的产物。

  • 图3 古亚洲洋构造域西段构造演化简图

  • Fig.3 Schematic diagram of tectonic evolution of the western Paleo-Asian tectonic domain

  • (a)—埃迪卡拉纪—早寒武世;(b)—中寒武世—中奥陶世;(c)—晚奥陶世—早志留世;(d)—中志留世—晚泥盆世弗拉斯期;(e)—晚泥盆世法门期—早石炭世杜内期

  • (a) —Ediacaran to Early Cambrian; (b) —Middle Cambrian to Middle Ordovician; (c) —Late Ordovician to Early Silurian; (d) —Middle Silurian to Late Devonian Frasnian; (e) —Late Devonian Famennian to Early Carboniferous Tournaisian

  • 4 古亚洲洋构造域西段的演化

  • 对本区蛇绿岩的研究表明,研究区内不存在统一的原始古亚洲洋,而是相继发育若干个次生的古亚洲洋。伴随着每一个古亚洲洋的形成,都有着显著的陆壳解体阶段的陆缘形成(何国琦和李茂松,1996)。

  • 埃迪卡拉纪—早寒武世,发育于研究区北东部的俄罗斯萨彦-蒙古湖区一带的古洋(图3a),是古亚洲洋时代最老的洋盆体系,本文称之为第一代古亚洲洋,前人曾称之为古蒙古洋(何国琦和李茂松,1996)。该古洋于早寒武世晚期的兴凯造山作用封闭,形成萨彦–额尔古纳造山系。

  • 埃迪卡拉纪—早寒武世,在蒙古的图瓦微陆块(Tomurtogoo,2014)、哈萨克斯坦的科克切塔夫微陆块、乌鲁套微陆块、巴尔喀什微陆块(米兰诺夫斯基,1987)、以及吉尔吉斯斯坦的中天山微陆块(陈博等,2016)的新元古代晚期基底的不整合面之上,沉积了可对比的冰碛岩-白云岩-硅质岩-磷酸盐岩组合,并产出层状磷块岩。根据可对比的区域不整合与盖层推断,在研究区北侧第一代古亚洲洋发育的同时,位于研究区南侧的众多微陆块是一个统一的古陆(图3a)。随着研究区北侧第一代古亚洲洋消减闭合,南侧古陆逐渐裂开,寒武纪—奥陶纪,规模最大的第二代古亚洲洋开始发育,形成微陆块与小洋盆相间的构造格局(图1、图3b)。早志留世,研究区内古洋逐渐全部闭合,只在哈萨克斯坦马蹄形构造内侧保留残余洋盆(图3c)(Zhao Lei and He Guoqi,2013)。

  • 中志留世—早泥盆世,第三代古亚洲洋主要在斋桑带和乌拉尔-南天山带重新打开(图3d)。经过晚泥盆世法门期前和早石炭世维宪期前的造山作用,研究区内的古亚洲洋演化进入尾声,逐渐完成闭合。在此期间,以巴音沟蛇绿岩为代表的“红海式”初始洋盆,晚泥盆世张开,晚石炭世前也告终止(图3e)。由此可见,古亚洲洋的俯冲造山更多的是一些小洋盆消失过程中的造山作用,碰撞并不是西伯利亚与冈瓦纳两个大陆之间的直接作用,而是通过其间的微、小陆块以及岛弧间的相互作用,造山作用并不强烈,缺乏超越构造带的大规模推覆构造(邵济安, 1991;任继舜等,2016)。

  • 5 结论

  • (1)古亚洲洋构造域西段蛇绿岩时代整体上可以分为新元古代晚期、埃迪卡拉纪—早寒武世、寒武纪—奥陶纪和泥盆纪—早石炭世四个时段,由西伯利亚克拉通边缘向南西逐渐变新,以寒武纪—奥陶纪蛇绿岩分布最为广泛。多数蛇绿岩组合不完整,缺乏席状岩墙群。地幔岩组分以方辉橄榄岩+纯橄岩+二辉橄榄岩为主,性质基本为SSZ型。

  • (2)研究区内不存在统一的原始古亚洲洋,而是发育前后相继的若干个次生的古亚洲洋。第一代古亚洲洋起始于以库茨涅茨-西萨彦-湖区蛇绿岩带为代表的埃迪卡拉纪;研究区不存在从早古生代至晚古生代持续发育的大洋,古洋盆的演化时限一般为80~60 Ma左右,洋盆规模有限。

  • (3)埃迪卡拉纪—寒武纪早期,研究区南侧形成以冰碛岩-白云岩-硅质岩-磷酸盐岩组合为标志盖层的统一古陆,寒武纪—奥陶纪,统一古陆裂开,逐渐形成以微陆块与小洋盆相间为构造格局的第二代古亚洲洋。第三代古亚洲洋则以晚志留世—早泥盆世斋桑带和乌拉尔-南天山带的重新打开为主要特征。古亚洲洋的俯冲造山更多的是一些小洋盆消失过程中的造山作用。

  • 致谢:本文是以任纪舜院士的学术思想为指导,并结合了笔者对于一些实际资料的认识。谨以此文祝贺任纪舜院士九十华诞,感谢先生长期的指导和培养,祝愿先生平安康健。

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