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作者简介:

马艳萍,女,1976年生。博士,讲师,主要从事沉积学、油气地质学和地球化学的相关研究工作。E-mail: bye9@sohu.com。

通讯作者:

刘池洋,男,1953年生。教授,博士生导师,主要从事盆地动力学和油气地质与勘探研究与教学工作。E-mail: lcy@nwu.edu.cn。

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目录contents

    摘要

    为查明鄂尔多斯盆地北部上古生界石盒子组沉积物源及构造背景,通过常规薄片统计、重矿物及其组合特征、石英颗粒阴极发光、全岩主量及微量元素分析以及锆石U-Pb测年(LA-ICP-MS)等方法对研究区物源进行系统研究。结果显示,碎屑组成、重矿物、石英颗粒阴极发光等矿物、岩石学特征均表明研究区石盒子组盒8段沉积物源来自北部,且自东向西平面分区明显,指示存在多个并列的古水系提供物源。球粒陨石标准化的稀土配分模式图显示,北部露头区和盆地内样品二者REE配分曲线形态一致,均显示轻稀土略富集、中等负 Eu异常的右倾模式,反映二者物质组成的继承性,与矿物岩石学揭示的物源来自北部蚀源区相吻合。主量元素SiO2-K2O/Na2O、K2O/Na2O-SiO2/Al2O3、TFe2O3+MgO-TiO2判别图及微量元素Th/Sc、Th/U等比值及构造背景判别图显示物源区兼具活动陆缘、被动陆缘和岛弧构造背景,这种复杂的构造背景与鄂尔多斯陆块北缘与阴山陆块碰撞对接时所表现出的复杂构造背景相一致。北缘隆起带的多次旋回性抬升,形成北部再旋回造山带物源。北部露头区变质岩和火成岩的锆石年龄及盆地内石盒子组砂岩碎屑锆石U-Pb测年显示,二者峰值年龄为2.0~1.8 Ga,2.4~2.2 Ga,都集中在元古宙。碎屑锆石最年轻年龄为295.8±3.6 Ma,这一年龄说明沉积作用发生在早二叠世之后,即北缘古亚洲洋关闭后的隆起剥蚀阶段。锆石测年结果2.0~1.8 Ga和2.4~2.2 Ga峰值年龄与近年来对西部陆块孔兹岩系的同位素测年结果相吻合。综合以上分析,显示各个方面互相印证,重建出当时有多个并列古水系,从北部蚀源区向盆地盒8段提供物源。

    Abstract

    This study investigates the provenance and tectonic setting of the Upper Paleozoic Shihezi Formation in the northern Ordos basin using a comprehensive suite of analytical techniques. These include thin section petrography, heavy minerals analysis, cathodoluminescence imaging of quartz grains, geochemical analysis of major and trace elements, and zircon U-Pb geochronology (LA-ICP-MS). Our results show that the detrital composition, heavy mineral assemblages, and cathodoluminescence characteristics of quartz grains from the He8 Member of the Shihezi Formation point to a northern provenance. These characteristics display distinct west-to-east variations with obvious zoning on the plane, suggesting the presence of multiple parallel ancient water systems transporting sediment. Chondrite-normalized REE patterns from both the northern outcrop areas and basin samples are consistent, further supporting a northern source. The REEs patterns displayed an obvious fractionation of light and heavy REEs, with a notable light REE enrichment and a moderate negative Eu anomaly. Furthermore, major elements (SiO2-K2O/Na2O, K2O/Na2O-SiO2/Al2O3, TFe2O3+MgO-TiO2) and trace element ratios (Th/Sc, Th/U), as well as the geochemical discrimination diagram of the tectonic settings, indicated a complex tectonic setting for the source area, encompassing active continental margin, passive continental margin, and island arc. This aligns with the tectonic history of the northern Ordos basin margin during its collision with Yinshan block. Subsequent cyclic uplifts in the northern uplift zone (Yinshan and Daqingshan) generated a distinct cyclic source, explaining the multi-cyclic characteristics observed in the detrital component discrimination patterns. Zircon U-Pb dating of metamorphic and igneous rocks in the northern outcrop area, as well as detrital zircons from basin sandstones, reveals two distinct age populations: 2.0~1.8 Ga and 2.4~2.2 Ga, both within the Proterozoic. The youngest detrital zircon age of 295.8±3.6 Ma indicates sedimentation occurred after the Early Permian, coinciding with the uplift and denudation stage following the closure of the paleo-Asian Ocean along the northern margin. The 2.0~1.8 Ga and 2.4~ 2.2 Ga zircon ages are consistent with ages from the khondalite belt in the western block, indicating the provenance mainly originated from the khondalite belt and intrusive magmatic rocks in the north. Our comprehensive analysis demonstrates multiple parallel ancient water systems transported sediment from the northern erosion area to the Upper Paleozoic Shihezi Formation in the northern Ordos basin.

  • 物源是盆地分析的重要内容之一,是连接盆地和造山带的纽带,碎屑沉积岩的物质组成和化学组分受源岩成分、风化作用、搬运、沉积和成岩等作用的共同制约,通过物源分析对了解盆地沉积充填和构造演化、进行古地理、古水系重建与盆山耦合研究具有重要意义(吴世敏等,1999赵红格等,2003胡俊杰等,2024)。鄂尔多斯盆地上古生界石盒子组具有较大的勘探潜力,储层的储集性能受控于物源及沉积相,确定物源方向、明确砂体展布,对预测潜在储层具有重要参考意义。目前,对鄂尔多斯盆地上古生界物源研究已经开展了较多的工作(王张华等,1999汪正江等,2001席胜利等,2002刘锐娥等,20032005陈安清等,2007杨仁超等,2007肖建新等,2007;窦伟坦等,2009;陈全红等,20092012蔺宏斌等,2009罗静兰等,2010雷开宇等,2017梁飞等,2017屈红军等,2020),取得了一定的认识,但缺乏多方法结合的定性、定量系统物源研究。本次研究系统地采集了盆地上古生界石盒子组盒8段样品和北部阴山—大青山—乌拉山一带露头(以下简称北部露头)各类岩石样品,采用传统和非传统物源方法相结合,通过碎屑组成、重矿物组合、石英颗粒阴极发光、主微量元素分析、锆石U-Pb测年等方法,结合区构造背景演化,从矿物学、岩石学、地球化学及锆石U-Pb测年等方面对鄂尔多斯盆地北部上古生界石盒子组盒8段沉积物源和源区构造背景及特征进行了系统研究,研究结果对于鄂尔多斯盆地北部古地理重建和油气勘探均具有重要意义。

  • 1 区域地质背景

  • 鄂尔多斯盆地位于华北板块西部,是一个叠加于华北克拉通基底之上的叠合沉积盆地,其北邻中亚造山带,西南部与祁连-秦岭造山带相邻,西北部为阿拉善地块,东濒太平洋构造域(刘池洋等,20052006Liu Shaofeng et al.,2013王建强等,2015)(图1)。华北克拉通结晶基底形成于古元古代(1.85 Ga)(赵国春等,2002)。盆地的形成与演化受控于周缘板块构造作用,经历了中元古代早—中期大陆裂解、寒武纪—中奥陶世被动大陆边缘、晚奥陶世主动大陆边缘形成与碰撞造山、晚石炭世—二叠纪末期周缘裂解、中生代早期陆内坳陷、中生代中晚期陆内前陆盆地和新生代周缘断陷等演化(何登发等,2021)。古生代,鄂尔多斯地块南、北为秦祁洋盆与古亚洲洋(索伦-西拉木伦洋),向西与阿拉善地块间发育贺兰山裂陷带,这些洋盆的形成、俯冲消减及闭合对鄂尔多斯地块乃至物源产生重要影响。中亚造山带形成于古生代晚期,是一个典型的陆-洋-陆碰撞区域。早石炭世末期古亚洲洋沿着索伦缝合带向南俯冲于华北板块之下,并在内蒙古隆起上形成大量早石炭世晚期—中晚二叠世的侵入岩体及地表弧型火山岩,代表了安第斯型活动大陆边缘俯冲相关的岩浆活动,最终形成了中亚造山带(Liu Shaofeng et al.,1999Xiao Wenjiao et al.,2003)。寒武纪—中奥陶世,南北缘为被动大陆边缘,晚奥陶世秦祁洋向北俯冲,北侧的古亚洲洋向南俯冲形成活动大陆边缘,发育沟-弧-盆体系,华北地块整体抬升(张国伟,1988何登发等,2021),北部古阴山褶皱带隆起,波及盆地北缘,隆升形成新的增生造山带物源供给区(陈全红等,2012)。晚石炭世—二叠纪末期盆地周缘裂解,晚石炭世末—早二叠世北部古亚洲洋(索伦-西拉木伦洋)闭合,南侧秦祁洋向北俯冲加剧,盆地内为陆相坳陷沉积。随着秦祁洋的关闭,鄂尔多斯盆地南缘加里东期—海西期褶皱带不断隆升,到二叠纪晚期形成统一的秦岭-祁连物源区(何登发等,2021)。

  • 盆地周缘地区古老地层及结晶基底主要由太古宇桑干群、乌拉山群及二道凹群、古元古界马家店群和中元古界渣尔泰群等组成(何自新,2003)。盆地北缘地区包括狼山、乌拉山、大青山和阴山等,发育较厚的前寒武系结晶变质基底,大青山、乌拉山和阴山等地区分布着岩浆岩、变质岩、沉积岩和混合岩4个大类、10个群组。北西方向阴山—乌拉山一带为新太古代和元古宙的石英岩、板岩、片岩、千枚岩、变质砂岩、黑云斜长片麻岩、斜长角闪岩、混合岩、变粒岩等组成的变质岩系、侵入岩系和沉积岩;北东方向大青山一带为元古宙、古太古代的大理岩、石榴片麻岩、黑云斜长片麻岩、二长片麻岩、黑云角闪片麻岩、黑云石英片岩、含铁石英岩、麻粒岩、变粒岩、绿片岩等组成的变质岩系和火成岩系。上述两个区带均经历了不同程度的花岗岩化和混合岩化作用,本次研究选取代表性的样品进行测试分析。

  • 2 样品和测试方法

  • 研究样品采自鄂尔多斯盆地上古生界石盒子组盒8段和盆地北部露头区大青山—乌拉山—阴山一带,盆地内盒8段样品从东往西按一定井间隔采样,包括砂岩和泥岩,北部露头区样品也是从东往西,样品包括各类变质岩、岩浆岩和沉积岩。

  • 对研究区盒8段砂岩样品进行薄片统计、重矿物组合分析、石英颗粒阴极发光分析,从矿物岩石学角度进行物源约束;对盒8段泥岩样品以及北部蚀源区各类岩石露头样品进行全岩主量、微量元素分析,从元素地球化学角度对物源约束并进行源区构造背景判别;对盒8段砂岩碎屑锆石U-Pb激光剥蚀等离子体质谱(LA-ICP-MS)测年和北部露头区样品的锆石U-Pb测年分析,从年代学进行物源约束。

  • 本次锆石U-Pb测年选取盆地内盒8段2个砂岩样品和北部露头区大青山—阴山一带变质岩和岩浆岩样品2个。锆石挑选工作在廊坊区域地质调查研究院地质实验室完成,将每个样品选好的锆石颗粒随机挑选,北部露头区选100个左右的颗粒,盆地里的碎屑锆石选200个左右的颗粒,排列整齐并用环氧树脂粘制成样品靶,然后抛光。锆石制靶、阴极发光图像工作和锆石U-Pb激光剥蚀等离子体质谱(LA-ICP-MS)测年由西北大学大陆动力学国家重点实验室完成。实验过程和步骤见李怀坤等(2009),数据处理采用ICPMSDataCal 程序(Liu Yongsheng et al.,2010),普通Pb校正用 Anderson(2002)方法。对于锆石年龄>1.0 Ga 的数据,采用207Pb/206Pb年龄,对于锆石年龄<1.0 Ga的数据,采用206Pb/238U年龄(Gehrels et al.,1999;Nelson et al.,2007)。锆石年龄谐和图等采用 Isoplot3.0程序完成(Ludwig,2003)。

  • 图1 鄂尔多斯盆地及邻区大地构造略图(据刘池洋等,2005Liu Shaofeng et al.,2013; 王建强等,2015修改)

  • Fig.1 Tectonic sketch map of Ordos basin and adjacent areas (after Liu Chiyang et al., 2005; Liu Shaofeng et al., 2013; Wang Jianqiang et al., 2015

  • 全岩主要元素和微量元素测试分析在核工业北京地质研究院实验中心完成。本次研究共选取北部露头区9个不同时代、不同岩石类型的样品和盆地中25个泥岩样品进行主量、微量元素测试,微量元素测试在核工业北京地质研究院Finnigan MAT上进行电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)分析。主量元素在核工业北京地质研究院飞利浦PW2404设备上进行X射线衍射荧光光谱(XRF)分析。稀土元素(REE)采用Boynton(1984)推荐的球粒陨石REE数据进行标准化处理。

  • 3 沉积物组成及对物源的约束

  • 3.1 物质组成

  • 通过研究区176口井盒8段薄片碎屑组分统计,显示盒8段岩石类型东西不同(表1)。东部地区91口井的薄片统计显示,盒8段砂岩主要为岩屑砂岩,其次为岩屑石英砂岩,少量的石英砂岩。其中,石英含量为52.4%~94.1%,平均为71.7%,长石含量为0~0.8%,平均为0.7%,岩屑含量为5.9%~47.6%,平均为27.3%,且岩屑类型以变质岩岩屑为主,占岩屑总量的78.7%,主要由千枚岩、变质砂岩、石英岩、板岩和片岩组成,其次为火成岩岩屑,占岩屑总量的19%,沉积岩岩屑很少,仅占岩屑总量的2.3%。西部地区85口井的薄片统计显示,盒8段主要为石英砂岩,其次为岩屑石英砂岩,少量的岩屑砂岩(图2)。其中,石英含量为71.3%~98.3%,平均为91.2%,长石含量为0~1.6%,平均为0.1%,岩屑含量为1.7%~27.5%,平均为8.7%,且岩屑类型以变质岩岩屑为主,其次为火成岩岩屑,沉积岩岩屑很少。碎屑组成平面分布图显示,东、西部砂岩类型有别(图3),具有一定的分区性,自东向西,石英含量增加,岩石类型从东往西变化明显,从分区看,东部Ⅰ区主要为岩屑砂岩;中部Ⅱ区主要为岩屑砂岩和岩屑石英砂岩,Ⅲ区为岩屑石英砂岩和石英砂岩;西部Ⅳ区主要为石英砂岩,即由东到西从岩屑砂岩、岩屑石英砂岩变为石英砂岩,自北向南石英含量有增加的趋势,远离物源区稳定组分增加。岩屑类型也体现出东西的分区性变化(图4),东部Ⅰ区主要以变质岩岩屑为主,其次为火成岩岩屑,少量的沉积岩岩屑;中部Ⅱ区仍以变质岩岩屑为主,但火成岩岩屑所占比例增加,含有一定的沉积岩岩屑,Ⅲ区主要为变质岩岩屑,沉积岩岩屑比例增加,含一定量的火成岩岩屑;西部Ⅳ区主要为变质岩岩屑和火成岩岩屑,火成岩岩屑所占比例较东部增加,局部见沉积岩岩屑。砂岩类型和岩屑类型平面变化,暗示存在多个并列古水系向盆地提供物源。

  • 表1 鄂尔多斯盆地北部盒8段砂岩碎屑组成统计表

  • Table1 Clastic composition of sandstones in He8 Member of the northern Ordos basin

  • 图2 鄂尔多斯盆地北部砂岩骨架成分三角图

  • Fig.2 Triangulation diagram of sandstone skeleton composition in the northern Ordos basin

  • Q—石英;F—长石;R—岩屑

  • Q—quartz; F—feldspar; R—rock debris

  • 3.2 石英阴极发光特征对物源区母岩类型及分布的指示

  • 阴极发光是研究石英颗粒成因的非常有效的方法。不同成因类型石英的阴极发光性能是不同的,其颜色与形成时的温度有关。一般在超过573℃的条件下快速冷却形成的石英为蓝色,代表岩性为深成岩;超过573℃缓慢冷却或在573~300℃条件形成的石英为蓝紫色和棕红色、褐色,代表岩性为不同程度的变质岩;而在低于300℃条件下形成的石英通常不发光,如沉积成因的燧石(陈安清等,2007)。

  • 鄂尔多斯盆地北部盒8段石英颗粒阴极发光特征,主要为褐色、棕红色和蓝紫色、蓝色光的石英,个别不发光的的石英。研究区东部石英发光特征显示,褐色、棕红色和蓝紫色分别为45.1%、36.1%(表2),即不同变质成因的石英占81.2%;其次为代表深成岩成因的蓝色光的石英,占15%,少量的沉积岩成因的不发光的石英占3.8%,这与陈安清等(2007)统计的盆地东部石英阴极发光结果吻合。西部石英阴极发光特征褐色、棕红色和蓝紫色分别为49.2%、5.3%,蓝色光的石英,占44.2%,少量的不发光的石英占1.6%(表2,图5),显示西部母岩中火成岩增多,这与岩屑类型东部到西部火成岩岩屑增多的变化特征相呼应。石英颗粒阴极发光特征从东往西也有一定的分区性(图5、6),东部Ⅰ区石英阴极发光特征主要为褐色—棕红色+蓝紫色+少量蓝色组合特征,表明为变质岩和火成岩成因的母岩;中部Ⅱ区逐渐变为褐色—棕红色+蓝色+蓝紫色+不发光组合,表明为变质岩+火成岩+局部沉积岩成因的母岩;盆地西部Ⅲ区主要为褐色-棕红色+蓝色组合,少量蓝紫色发光特征,表明主要为变质岩+火成岩成因的母岩。石英阴极发光特征总体显示源区母岩类型从东往西主要从深、浅变质程度的变质岩+火成岩,逐渐向深、浅变质岩+火成岩+沉积岩,到西部为浅变质岩+火成岩为主,深变质岩为辅的变化,指示物源区有多个并列物源的不同母岩提供物源,这与露头踏勘中见到的母岩类型响应很好,也与岩屑类型指示的母岩类型相印证。

  • 图3 鄂尔多斯盆地北部盒8段砂岩碎屑组成平面分布图

  • Fig.3 Map of clastic composition distribution of sandstone in He8 Member of the northern Ordos basin

  • 3.3 重矿物及其组合特征指示的物源区母岩类型及分布

  • 重矿物是物源区的重要标志,通过分析稳定和不稳定重矿物组分及其组合在平面上的分布和变化规律,可判别物源方向,研究母岩性质。东部盒8段32口井和西部11口井重矿物统计结果显示(表3,图7),重矿物类型主要以锆石为主,东部(西部)平均46.4%(36.8%);其次为白钛矿和石榴子石,平均分别为22.0%(16.5%)和14.5%(6.4%);少量的磁铁矿和锐钛矿,平均分别为1.7%(1.6%)和1.1%(5.1%);极少量电气石、金红石和绿帘石,平均占重矿物总量小于1%。重矿物中锆石以无色短柱状为主,磨圆度多为次棱角柱状,部分磨圆较好,表明经过了一定距离的搬运。重矿物组合平面分布表现为一定的分区性(图8),且稳定重矿物如锆石、电气石等含量从北向南增加,指示物源来自北部。总体上自东向西分为4个区:Ⅰ为子洲—米脂—佳县—神木一线,为锆石+白钛矿>80%;Ⅱ为横山—榆林—瑶镇一线,为锆石+无色石榴子石+白钛矿+锐钛矿>80%,局部组合含磁铁矿;Ⅲ为桃利庙—可可盖—什汗水利—乌拉庙一线,为锆石+白钛矿+无色石榴子石+淡红色石榴子石>80%,可能代表岩浆岩的母岩供源;Ⅳ位于研究区西部城川—苏里格—三喜拉—鄂托克旗一线,为锆石+白钛矿+锐钛矿+无色石榴子石+电气石+磁铁矿>80%,代表高级变质岩母岩组合,局部组合含绿帘石,代表有中—低级变质岩母岩的供源。平面分布表明重矿物组合分区明显,暗示盆地北缘有多个并列的古水系提供物源。

  • 表2 鄂尔多斯盆地北部盒8段砂岩中石英颗粒阴极发光特征统计表

  • Table2 Characteristics of quartz cathodoluminescence of He8 Member in the northern Ordos basin

  • 图4 鄂尔多斯盆地北部盒8段砂岩中岩屑组成平面分布图

  • Fig.4 Map of distribution of lithic fragment composition in sandstone of He8 Member in the northern Ordos basin

  • 从盆地砂岩碎屑轻矿物组成、岩屑类型、石英颗粒阴极发光、重矿物及其组合平面分布特征来看,都存在平面分区明显,从东往西分为四个特征明显的区域,暗示蚀源区不同类型的母岩通过多个并列的古水系从北部向盆地提供物源。

  • 3.4 元素地球化学特征对物源的约束

  • 在母岩风化、剥蚀、搬运、沉积及成岩过程中,稀土元素(REE)因其特殊的地球化学性质,整体活动,它们几乎被等量地转移到碎屑沉积物中,因而可被作为沉积物物源的示踪物(刘锐娥等,2005)。其中黏土粒级的REE组成与物源最近似,而粉砂粒级由于其重矿物对REE的分异而使其表征源岩REE特征的意义下降(杨守业等,1999)。本次研究样品主要选取盒8段泥岩做分析。主、微量元素分析结果见附表1、表4、表5。

  • 图5 鄂尔多斯盆地北部盒8段石英颗粒阴极发光照片平面组合变化

  • Fig.5 The pictures of color variation characteristics of quartz cathodoluminescence of He8 Member in the northern Ordos basin

  • (a)—石英发棕红色、褐色光,局部蓝紫色、蓝色光,苏166井,CL,5×10;(b)—石英颗粒发蓝色、蓝紫色、棕褐色、棕红色光,双1井,CL,5×10;(c)—石英颗粒发蓝紫色、棕红色光,米29井,CL,10×10;(d)—石英发褐色光、蓝色光,苏174,CL,5×10;(e)—石英颗粒发蓝色、蓝紫色、棕褐色、棕红色光,台4井,CL,5×10;(f)—石英颗粒发蓝紫色、褐色、棕红色光,府3井,CL,5×10

  • (a) —the cathodoluminescence color of quartz grains is brownish red to brownish yellow, with local blue purple and blue light, Su166 well, CL, 5×10; (b) —the cathodoluminescence color of quartz grains is blue, blue purple, brownish yellow and brownish red light, Shuang1 well, CL, 5×10; (c) —the cathodoluminescence color of quartz grains is blue purple and brownish red light, Mi29 well, CL, 10×10; (d) —the cathodoluminescence color of quartz grains is brownish yellow and blue light, Su174 well, CL, 5×10; (e) —the cathodoluminescence color of quartz grains is blue, blue purple, brownish yellow and brownish red light, Tai4 well, CL, 5×10; (f) —the cathodoluminescence color of quartz grains is blue purple, brownish yellow and brownish red light, Fu3 well, CL, 5×10

  • 表3 鄂尔多斯盆地北部盒8段主要重矿物类型统计表

  • Table3 Content of main types of heavy minerals in He8 Member of the northern Ordos basin

  • 盆地盒8段25个泥岩稀土元素总量(ΣREE)分布范围为149.2×10-6~478.8×10-6,平均为330.4×10-6,北部露头区9个样品ΣREE范围为54.8×10-6~552.5×10-6,平均为236.2×10-6,盆地略高于北部露头(表4)。LREE/HREE盆地盒8段和北部露头分布范围(平均)分别为8.4~14.3(11.1)、5.1~20.1(12.4);(La/Yb)N盆地盒8段和北部露头分布范围(平均)分别为7.8~14.4(11.4)、5.5~38.3(19.3),轻、重稀土元素分异作用明显,属于轻稀土元素富集型(表4,图9)。(Gd/Yb)N盆地盒8段和北部露头分布范围(平均)分别为0.96~1.91(1.44)、1.5~4.6(2.7),二者重稀土元素分异较小。δEu盆地盒8段和北部露头分布范围(平均)分别为0.5~0.76(0.59)、0.29~0.83(0.59),均小于1,二者均表现为中等负Eu异常。δCe盆地盒8段和北部露头分布范围(平均)分别为0.67~1.11(0.96)、0.91~1.02(0.96),二者总体表现Ce异常不明显或无异常(表5)。球粒陨石标准化的REE配分模式图显示,盆地盒8段样品曲线变化趋势一致(图9a),表明同源且有稳定的物质来源,盒8段REE曲线特征与北部露头区曲线形态一致(图9),且与上地壳REE曲线大致相当,均为轻稀土富集、中等负Eu异常、向右缓倾的曲线模式,表明二者具有亲源性,母岩主要来自北部太古宙、元古宙的石英片岩、片麻岩、二长片麻岩、斜长片麻岩、闪长片麻岩、角闪片麻岩、大理岩、花岗岩等,北部蚀源区为研究区盒8段提供物源,这与陈全红等(20092012)的研究结果一致,与南部上古生界物源有一定差异。

  • 图6 鄂尔多斯盆地北部盒8段石英颗粒阴极发光统计平面分布图

  • Fig.6 The map of color variation of quartz cathodoluminescence of He8 Member in the northern Ordos basin

  • 图7 鄂尔多斯盆地北部盒8段重矿物分布直方图

  • Fig.7 The distribution diagiam of heavy minerals in He8 Member of the northern Ordos basin

  • 图8 鄂尔多斯盆地北部盒8段重矿物组合平面分布图

  • Fig.8 The distribution map of heavy minerals in He8 Member of the northern Ordos basin

  • 图9 鄂尔多斯盆地北部盒8段(a)及盆地北部露头区(b)球粒陨石标准化稀土元素配分模式图 (球粒陨石数据据 Taylor and McLennan,1985

  • Fig.9 Chrondrite normalized REE patterns of He8 Member in the northern Ordos basin (a) and the north of outcrops (b) (chrondrite are from Taylor and McLennan, 1985)

  • 4 源区构造背景判别与源-汇时代对比

  • 4.1 元素地球化学特征对物源区构造背景判别

  • 碎屑岩的地球化学组成明显受源区构造背景制约,不同构造背景下的碎屑岩具有不同的地球化学特征。利用碎屑组分进行物源区的大地构造背景判别方面,Dickinson et al.(1985)建立了砂质碎屑矿物成分与物源区之间的统计关系,绘制了经验判别图解。Maynard(1982)、Rose et al.(1986)、Bhatia et al.(1986)等提出一系列常量、微量元素等地球化学端元判别图鉴别不同源区的构造背景和沉积物源。

  • 表4 鄂尔多斯盆地北部盒8段样品与不同构造环境沉积岩地球化学参数对比表

  • Table4 Geochemical parameter comparison of the sandstones between He8 Member in the northern Ordos basin and other various tectonic settings

  • 注:构造特征参数引自Bhatia(1983);上地壳和 PAAS数据引自Taylor et al.(1985)

  • 本研究采用SiO2-K2O/Na2O(Roser et al.,1986)、K2O/Na2O-SiO2/Al2O3Maynard,1982)及TFe2O3+MgO-TiO2Bhatia,1983)判别图进行源区构造背景分析。研究区25个泥岩样品在SiO2-K2O/Na2O和K2O/Na2O-SiO2/Al2O3两个判别模式图中(图10a、b)主要集中在活动大陆边缘(ACM)和被动大陆边缘(PM)两个区域,在TFe2O3+MgO-TiO2判别图中(图10c)主要集中在大洋岛弧区域,个别位于大陆岛弧区域,这与北部蚀源区构造背景相符合。

  • 微量元素La、Th、Zr、Hf、Nb、Y、Sc、Co和一些主量元素Ti等配合用来判别大地构造背景(Bhatia and Crook,1986Floyd et al.,1987Creaser et al.,1997)。本文利用Hf-La/Th及Th/Sc-La/Sc源岩判别图解对研究区盒8样品的物质来源进一步分析。在Hf-La/Th图解中(图11a),数据点趋向于被动大陆边缘物源区,在Th/Sc-La/Sc图解中,投影点落在上地壳的平均成分附近区域,呈明显的线性关系,表明研究区上古生界石盒子组沉积源岩是上地壳源区剥蚀—搬运—沉积的产物。本区砂岩的Th/Sc比值范围为0.7~1.5,平均为0.9,接近于上地壳的0.91(表4)。由于Th为高度不相容元素,Sc为较相容元素,它们在沉积过程中的重矿物分异小,在长英质岩石中趋于富集Th,而铁镁质岩石趋于富集Sc(Cullers et al.,1988),研究区Th/Sc比值表明这些砂岩源区的铁镁质成分较少,主要来源于上地壳的长英质源区,这与Th/Sc-La/Sc图解(图11b)结果相印证。同样地,Th/U比值也可以用来确定物源类型(Bhatia et al.,1981)。Th/U 比值为6时,其物源主要是再旋回沉积岩,源岩可能存在Th矿化(独居石、钍石);当Th/U比值为4.5时,其物源主要是上地壳沉积岩;当Th/U比值为2.5~3时,其物源主要是岛弧火山岩(胡俊杰等,2024)。研究区Th/U比值范围为2.4~5.7,平均为4.5,表明一部分来源于上地壳沉积岩源区,一部分来源于岛弧火山岩。盆地样品ΣREE范围149.2×10-6~478.8×10-6,平均为330.4×10-6,高于大洋岛弧环境值(58×10-6),范围在上地壳、PAAS、活动大陆边缘、被动大陆边缘及大陆岛弧值范围内,北部蚀源区露头样品ΣREE范围54.8×10-6~552.5×10-6,平均为236.2×10-6,ΣREE范围位于大洋岛弧、大陆岛弧、上地壳、PAAS、活动陆缘、被动陆缘范围内(表4)。ΣREE范围变化大,与稀土元素为不相容元素有关,蚀源区构造背景复杂,发育各种类型的母岩,使得ΣREE总量变化范围较宽。

  • 利用 La-Th-Sc(图12a)、Th-Sc-Zr/10三变量图解(图12b)对研究区盒8段沉积岩样品进行投点。结果显示,绝大多数样品在两个图解中的投点主要落在大陆岛弧内。利用Dickinson(1985)的Q-F-L三角模式判别图(图13)对研究区盒8段源区构造背景判别,样品点均落于再旋回造山带物源区,其与陈全红等(2012)对盆地北部盒8段分析的结果一致,均来自再旋回造山带物源。该结果与鄂尔多斯盆地演化过程中的大地构造背景也吻合,主要受北侧的古亚洲洋以及南缘和西南缘的秦岭海槽及其派生的贺兰拗拉槽的扩张、俯冲、消减、再生活动的控制(李文厚等,2021)。从石炭纪开始,华北陆块北部由于岩石圈引张和上地幔隆起,再次出现古亚洲洋盆闭合后的拉张,形成东西向的天山—内蒙古—吉黑一线的窄洋-裂谷系。该裂谷系在贺兰山以西具窄洋盆特点,以东为陆内裂谷(陈安清等,2007)。华北板块和西伯利亚板块缝合过程中,北缘内蒙古-吉黑窄洋-裂谷系的中段在二叠纪的多次拉张-挤压旋回,造成北缘隆起带(阴山、大青山)的多次旋回性抬升,从而形成盆地北部具有明显旋回性的物源供给。

  • 表5 鄂尔多斯盆地北部露头样品及盆地内盒8段泥岩样品元素比值及稀土元素特征参表

  • Table5 Geochemical parameter comparison of the samples between He8 Member in the northern Ordos basin and the north of outcrops

  • 综合以上分析,盒8段沉积地球化学特征构造背景判别图表现出沉积源区具有岛弧、活动陆缘和被动陆缘兼具的构造背景。这一背景与华北克拉通基底由不同陆块拼合的背景有关。华北克拉通基底由东部陆块、西部陆块以及中部带组成,南部的鄂尔多斯陆块和北部阴山陆块在古元古代(~1.95 Ga)碰撞对接而成,形成统一的西部陆块及其内部孔兹岩带(赵国春等,2002),碰撞带内的俯冲和仰冲使不同环境(陆、弧、洋、盆)的火成岩和沉积岩相互叠置,在不同变质作用条件下呈无序产出(吴昌华等,19982006Zhao Guochun et al.,2003)。在~1.85 Ga西部陆块与东部陆块沿中部带碰撞拼合形成现今统一的华北克拉通结晶基底(赵国春等,2002)。基底主要出露在陆块北部阴山地区的集宁、大青山—乌拉山、固阳—武川、色尔腾、贺兰山—千里山、阿拉善等地,而陆块南部被鄂尔多斯盆地覆盖(图14)。孔兹岩带是西部陆块内部一条古元古代碰撞带(沈其韩等,1990杨振升等,2000张玉清等,2003吴昌华等,2006),其由代表被动大陆边缘的孔兹岩系(2.2~2.0 Ga)、代表活动型大陆边缘环境-大陆岩浆弧或岛弧的TTG片麻岩和铁镁质麻粒岩(2.6~2.5 Ga)及同构造期S-花岗岩组成(2.4 Ga)(赵国春等,20022009吴昌华等,2006)。因此,通过盆地内样品判别蚀源区构造背景,其结果与北部物源区复杂构造背景一致,暗示可能物源与孔兹岩带有关。在2.0~1.9 Ga(中元古代),鄂尔多斯陆块北缘与阴山陆块碰撞对接(赵国春等,2002),弧、陆的碰撞使得岛弧物质被卷入碰撞带,在碰撞带向陆一侧形成岛弧、活动陆缘和被动陆缘兼具的构造背景。这一构造背景与前文所提到的鄂尔多斯盆地构造演化背景(何登发等,2021)也有很好的响应。古生代,鄂尔多斯地块北部为古亚洲洋,古亚洲洋的最终消减闭合导致塔里木-阿拉善-华北陆块与西伯利亚大陆碰撞对接形成中亚造山带,其关闭自西向东呈剪刀式闭合。寒武纪—中奥陶世,北侧的古亚洲洋向南俯冲形成活动大陆边缘,发育沟-弧-盆体系,早二叠世,古亚洲洋洋壳向华北板块之下俯冲,导致华北板块北缘随后的伸展、增生,直至最终和蒙古弧碰撞(王博等,2021)。说明随着北缘古亚洲洋的关闭,华北地块整体抬升,北部古阴山褶皱带隆起,形成物源供给区,因而沉积作用出现在早二叠世之后即北缘古亚洲洋关闭后的隆起剥蚀阶段,下文最年轻的碎屑锆石年龄也支持这一结论。

  • 图10 鄂尔多斯盆地北部盒8段泥岩主量元素源区构造背景判别图

  • Fig.10 Identification map of major elements tectonic settings of mudstones in He8 Member of the northern Ordos basin

  • (a)—SiO2-K2O/Na2O构造判别图(Roser and Korsch,1986);(b)—K2O/Na2O-SiO2/Al2O3构造判别图(Maynard et al.,1982);(c)—TFe2O3 +MgO-TiO2构造判别图(Bhatia,1983); ARC—大洋岛弧; ACM—活动大陆边缘; PM—被动大陆边缘; CIA—大陆岛弧;OIA—大洋岛弧;A1—岛弧,玄武-安山岩;A2—演化岛弧,深成岩

  • (a) —tectonic discrimination plot of SiO2 vs. K2O/Na2O (Roser and Korsch, 1986) ; (b) —tectonic discrimination plot of K2O/Na2O vs. SiO2/Al2O3 (Maynard et al., 1982) ; (c) —tectonic discrimination plot of TFe2O3 +MgO vs. TiO2 (Bhatia, 1983) ; ARC—oceanic island arc; ACM—active continental margin; PM—passive margin; CIA—continental island arc; OIA—oceanic island arc; A1—arc setting, basaltic and andesitic detritus;A2—evolved arc setting, felsitic-plutonic detritus

  • 图11 鄂尔多斯盆地北部盒8段泥岩微量元素源区构造背景判别图 (底图a据Floyd and Leveridge,1987;底图b据Creaser et al.,1997

  • Fig.11 Provenance characteristics discrimination diagrams of trace elements of the mudstones H8 Member in the northern Ordos basin (a after Floyd and Leveridge, 1987; b after Creaser et al., 1997)

  • (a)—Hf-La/Th源区构造背景判别图;(b)—Th/Sc-La/Sc构造背景判别图

  • (a)—Hf vs. La/Th plot for the discrimination of the tectonic setting;(b)—Th/Sc vs. La/Sc plot for the discrimination of the tectonic setting

  • 图12 鄂尔多斯盆地盒8段泥岩微量元素构造背景判别模式图(据Bhatia and Crook,1986

  • Fig.12 Tectonic setting discrimination plots of the mudstones from He8 Member of the northern Ordos basin (after Bhatia and Crook,1986)

  • (a)—微量元素La-Th-Sc构造背景判别模式图;(b)—微量元素Th-Sc-Zr/10构造背景判别模式图;A—大洋岛弧;B—大陆岛弧;C—活动大陆边缘;D—被动大陆边缘

  • (a)—tectonic setting discrimination plots of trace element of La-Th-Sc; (b)—tectonic setting discrimination plots of trace element of Th-Sc-Zr/10; A—oceanic island arc; B—continental island arc; C—active continental margin; D—passive continental margin

  • 图13 鄂尔多斯盆地盒8段砂岩源区构造背景判别模式图(据Dikinson,1985)

  • Fig.13 Tectonic setting discrimination plot of the sandstones from He8 Member of the northern Ordos basin (after Dikinson, 1985)

  • Ⅰ—大陆地块物源;Ⅱ—岩浆弧物源;Ⅲ—再旋回造山带物源;Q—石英+燧石;F—长石;L—不稳定岩屑

  • Ⅰ—continental block provenance; Ⅱ—magmatic arc provenance; Ⅲ—recirculation in orogenic belts; Q—quartz+chert; F—feldspar; L—unstable rock debris

  • 4.2 锆石U-Pb测年对物源地层时代的约束

  • 锆石在岩浆岩、沉积岩、变质岩中分布广泛,U-Pb同位素体系封闭温度高,普通铅含量很低,具有非常高的矿物稳定性(吴元保等,2004),利用碎屑锆石年龄谱系可以获取碎屑矿物的物源信息,限定地层沉积年龄下限(碎屑锆石中的最小年龄约束了最大沉积年龄),以及恢复盆山耦合演化历史等。

  • 盆地北部盒8砂岩样品和北部露头样品锆石阴极发光图像显示(图15),锆石颗粒包括具有清晰振荡环带结构的岩浆成因锆石、不同面状或扇状分带的变质成因锆石、具核边结构的复杂锆石以及部分发育窄亮边的锆石,代表后期地质事件叠加(胡俊杰等,2024),盆地内碎屑锆石多具振荡环带结构。

  • 本次对锆石颗粒进行逐点测试,北部露头区每个样品锆石测30~40个左右的点,碎屑锆石测80~100个左右的点,对结构复杂的锆石分别对其核部和边缘进行了测定。所有数据谐和度均在90%以上。

  • 锆石 U-Pb年龄谐和图(图16)可以看到数据点均分布在谐和线上或附近。北部露头区2个样品锆石U-Pb年龄(表6,图17),范围为2556.9±23.9~1774.8±30.8 Ma(n=47),峰值年龄为2.0~1.8 Ga、2.4~2.2 Ga(n=47)。其中花岗岩样品中(B9)锆石U-Pb年龄范围为2556.9±23.9~1774.8±30.8 Ma,峰值为2.0~1.8 Ga、2.2~2.0 Ga(n=19),二长片麻岩中(TU2-2)锆石U-Pb年龄范围为2383.6±23.9~1784.9±29.6 Ma,峰值为2.0~1.8 Ga、2.4~2.2 Ga(n=28)。盆地盒8段2个砂岩碎屑锆石年龄区间为3175.6±30.5~295.8±3.6 Ma(n=114),峰值为2.0~1.8 Ga、2.4~2.2 Ga(n=114)。盆地两个砂岩样品碎屑锆石年龄分别为SH203:范围3175.6±30.5~319.2±4 Ma,峰值年龄2.0~1.8 Ga、2.4~2.2 Ga(n=52),年轻年龄峰值330~310 Ma(n=3)。M31:范围2488.9±26.2~295.8±3.6 Ma,峰值年龄2.0~1.8 Ga、2.6~2.4 Ga(n=62),年轻年龄峰值320~310 Ma(n=7),最古老的锆石年龄 3175.6±30.5 Ma,最年轻的碎屑锆石年龄295.8±3.6 Ma。其中2.5~2.2 Ga的年龄与吴昌华等(19982006)在乌拉山—集宁地区钾质花岗岩的锆石表面年龄 2494± 59~2371±38 Ma有较好的对应关系。2.0~1.8 Ga的锆石年龄与北部孔兹岩中变质锆石年龄和强过铝质花岗岩的年龄相吻合,如大青山、乌拉山、贺兰山、集宁等地孔兹岩的变质年龄分布在2. 0~1.8 Ga 之间(吴昌华等,2006董春艳等,20072009)。研究中出现的较老年龄新太古代年龄,也与董春艳等(2007)对巴彦乌拉—贺兰山地区孔兹岩中锆石获得的两阶段Hf年龄范围为3159~2074 Ma相匹配。

  • 图14 华北地块基底岩系及构造分区图(据赵国春等,2002修改)

  • Fig.14 Sketch map of basement rocks and tectonic subdivision of North China block (modified after Zhao Guochun et al., 2002

  • 表6 鄂尔多斯盆地盒8段砂岩碎屑与北部露头区锆石U-Pb年龄对比表

  • Table6 Contrasting of U-Pb age of detrital zircons from sandstones of He8 Member in the northern Ordos basin and zircons from samples of northern outcrops

  • 盆地和北部露头锆石年龄直方图(图17)显示,盆地北部大青山、乌拉山一带锆石U-Pb 年龄及盆地内碎屑锆石U-Pb 年龄的古老年龄分布具有很好的对应性,北部露头区2个样品峰值年龄为2.0~1.8 Ga、2.4~2.2 Ga,为古元古代;盆地内2个砂岩样品碎屑锆石年龄有2个明显的峰值,分别为2.0~1.8 Ga、2.4~2.2 Ga。从二者的年龄分布来看,峰值年龄都集中在元古宙,其中碎屑锆石的最小年龄限定了最早沉积年龄,最年轻的碎屑锆石年龄295.8±3.6 Ma,说明沉积作用发生在早二叠世之后。这一年龄与古亚洲洋的关闭时间有一定的联系。古亚洲洋的最终消减闭合导致塔里木-阿拉善-华北陆块与西伯利亚大陆碰撞对接形成中亚造山带,其关闭自西向东呈剪刀式闭合。对古亚洲洋的闭合时间一直存在争议,主要有以下三个观点(李文渊,2018):泥盆纪末(Xia Linqi et al.,2004),中石炭世或晚石炭世(此观点占主导)(李锦铁等,2006),晚二叠—早三叠世(Xiao Wenjiao et al.,2010王博等,2021)。早二叠世时期,古亚洲洋洋壳向华北板块之下俯冲,导致华北板块北缘随后的伸展、增生,直至最终和蒙古弧碰撞(王博等,2021)。说明随着北缘古亚洲洋的关闭,华北陆块抬升,盆地北缘古隆起遭受剥蚀向鄂尔多斯地区上古生界石盒子组盒8段提供物源,因而沉积作用出现在早二叠世之后即北缘古亚洲洋关闭后的隆起剥蚀阶段。

  • 图15 鄂尔多斯盆地北部露头样品锆石及盆地内盒8段砂岩碎屑锆石阴极发光特征照片

  • Fig.15 The pictures of cathodoluminescence characteristics of zircons from sandstones of He8 Member in the northern Ordos basin and samples from the northern outcrops

  • (a)—二长片麻岩中具扇状分带的变质成因锆石,TU2-2,大青山西段,CL;(b)—花岗岩中具振荡环带结构的岩浆成因锆石,B9,乌拉山一带,CL;(c)—具振荡环带结构的岩浆成因锆石,部分锆石发育窄的明亮环边,SH203,CL;(d)—具振荡环带结构的岩浆成因锆石和面状分带的变质成因锆石,部分发育窄的明亮环边,M31,CL

  • (a) —metamorphic zircon with fan zoning in adamellite gneiss, TU2-2, western section of Daqingshan, CL; (b) —magmatic zircon with oscillatory zonal structure in granite, B9, Wulashan area, CL; (c) —magmatic zircons with oscillatory zonal structure, and some zircons develop narrow bright circumferential edges, SH203, CL; (d) —magmatic zircon with oscillatory zonal structure and metamorphic zircon with areal zonal structure, with narrow bright ring edges, M31, CL

  • 盆地与源区同位素测年结果显示,盆地砂岩碎屑锆石与北部露头区变质岩、岩浆岩中的锆石测年结果都与近年来对西部陆块孔兹岩系的同位素测年结果(沈其韩等,1990吴昌华等,19982006;张伟杰等,2000;王惠初等,2001郭敬辉等,2002张玉清等,2003董春艳等,2007)吻合很好,说明元古宙锆石年龄(2.5~1.8 Ga)主要与来自大青山—乌拉山—阴山一带的孔兹岩系及侵入其中的岩浆岩提供物源有关,其中盆地内碎屑锆石年龄中(>2.5 Ga)的新太古代锆石的主体可能来源于阴山地块古老的TTG片麻岩和麻粒岩。

  • 盆地与北部露头的峰值年龄都出现2.0~1.8 Ga,这一年龄与华北克拉通结晶基底拼合完成时间有很好的对应性,从另一方面印证了前文所述的源区构造背景与2.0~1.9 Ga时期的鄂尔多斯陆块北缘与阴山陆块碰撞对接(赵国春等,2002)有关,形成了源区复杂的岛弧、活动陆缘和被动陆缘兼具的构造背景。

  • 图16 鄂尔多斯盆地北部露头样品锆石及盆地内盒8段砂岩碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄谐和图(a~d)及年龄直方图(e~h)

  • Fig.16 U-Pb age concordia diagram (a~d) and histogram (e~h) of detrital zircons from sandstones of He8 Member in the northern Ordos basin and zircons from samples of northern outcrops

  • 图17 鄂尔多斯盆地北部露头样品锆石年龄(a)及盆地内盒8段砂岩碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄直方图(b、c)

  • Fig.17 Diagram of zircons age (a) from samples of northern outcrops and histogram of U-Pb age (b, c) of detrital zircons from sandstones of He8 Member in the northern Ordos basin

  • 5 结论

  • (1)根据盆地内砂岩成碎屑成分、石英颗粒阴极发光特征、重矿物及其组合特征及平面分布规律,指示物源来自盆地北部大青山—乌拉山—阴山一带,矿物岩石学特征从东往西均表现出一定的分区性,指示当时有多条并列的古水系,从北部蚀源区向盆地提供物源。

  • (2)元素地球化学特征显示,盆地盒8段和北部露头均为轻稀土略富集、中等负Eu异常的右倾曲线模式,显示二者有一定亲缘性,说明盆地北部为主要物源区,且来自上地壳物质的剥蚀—搬运—沉积。

  • (3)主、微量元素构造背景判别显示,蚀源区为活动性大陆边缘、被动性大陆边缘和岛弧兼具的构造背景,这种复杂的构造背景与鄂尔多斯陆块北缘与阴山陆块碰撞对接时所表现出的复杂构造背景相一致。在2.0~1.9 Ga(中元古代),鄂尔多斯陆块北缘与阴山陆块碰撞对接,弧、陆的碰撞使得岛弧物质被卷入碰撞带,在碰撞带向陆一侧形成岛弧、活动陆缘和被动陆缘兼具的构造背景。之后北缘隆起带(阴山、大青山、乌拉山)的多次旋回性抬升,形成北部的具有明显旋回性的物源供给。

  • (4)盆地北部大青山、乌拉山一带锆石U-Pb 年龄及盆地内碎屑锆石U-Pb 年龄显示,盆地碎屑锆石的年龄与北部源区锆石U-Pb 年龄分布具有很好的对应性,峰值年龄2.0~1.8 Ga及2.4~2.2 Ga都集中在元古宙,盆地内最年轻的碎屑锆石年龄为295.8±3.6 Ma,这一年龄与古亚洲洋的关闭时间有一定的联系,沉积作用发生在早二叠世之后即北缘古亚洲洋关闭后的隆起剥蚀阶段。源-汇测年结果对比显示,盆地砂岩碎屑锆石与北部露头区变质岩、岩浆岩中的锆石测年结果都与近年来对西部陆块孔兹岩系的同位素测年结果吻合很好,说明元古宙(2.5~1.8 Ga)锆石主体主要来自大青山—乌拉山—阴山一带的孔兹岩系及侵入其中的岩浆岩提供物源。

  • 致谢:两位匿名审稿专家和赵红格教授、王建强教授对论文提出的宝贵意见和建议,在此一并表示衷心的感谢!

  • 附件:本文附件(附表1)详见http://www.geojournals.cn/dzxb/dzxb/article/abstract/202412090?st=article_issue

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