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作者简介:

王淑丽,女,1983年生。博士,正高级工程师,研究方向为盐类地质学研究。E-mail: wangshuli77@126.com。

通讯作者:

祁才吉,女,1987年生。硕士,高级工程师,研究方向为地质矿产勘查。E-mail: 303960295@qq.com。

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目录contents

    摘要

    钾盐是中国紧缺的战略性矿产资源,对保障国家粮食安全、社会稳定和经济可持续发展等具有重要意义和深远影响。中国钾盐资源勘查开发近70年,通过一代又一代钾盐人的共同努力,在钾盐勘查开发利用领域取得了显著成效。但由于受到中国地质构造与古气候等因素、钾盐成矿及保存等条件的影响,中国钾盐找矿工作难度大。中国钾盐产量难以满足需求,长期依赖进口,对外依存度大于50%,供需形势紧张。近年来,国内钾盐勘查总投入整体呈现收紧趋势,探矿权、采矿权数量也逐年下降。本文主要立足于钾盐资源分布与生产格局等,分析了中国钾盐资源勘查开发所面临的国际竞争等,提出应充分发挥中国现有钾盐产业优势和市场优势,加强顶层设计和统筹谋划,用好国内国外两种资源,进一步推进“一带一路”沿线国家钾盐勘查开发的合作进程,保障中国钾盐资源安全;发挥创新驱动作用,培育钾盐勘查开发的新质生产力,克服国内资源短板,引领国际钾盐行业可持续高质量发展。

    Abstract

    Potash, a strategic element in short supply in China, has profound importance for ensuring national food security, social stability, and sustainable economic development. Over the past 70 years, generations of potash researchers have made significant achievements in potash exploration and development in China. However, geological, structural, and paleoclimatic factors have resulted in relatively poor ore-forming and enrichment conditions, making potash exploration in China inherently challenging. Domestic potash production currently falls short of meeting national demand, necessitating long-term reliance on imports. China's potash dependency exceeds 50%, creating a tight supply-demand situation. In recent years, overall investment in potash exploration has declined, and the number of mineral exploration and mining rights has decreased annually. This article analyzes the risks facing China's potash resource exploration and development, considering factors such as international competition, Western countries' “desinicization” efforts, the global distribution of potash resources, and prevailing production patterns. It proposes that China should take full advantages in the potash industry and market, develop top-level design and planning, effectively utilize both domestic and foreign resources, and promote cooperation with countries along the Belt and Road Initiative to ensure the security of its potash resources. Furthermore, this paper advocates for innovation to cultivate new productive forces in potash exploration and development, overcoming domestic resource limitation and leading the sustainable and high-quality development of the international potash industry.

  • 钾盐是极具战略意义的矿产资源之一,被列入我国战略性紧缺矿产目录(国土资源部,2016)。钾盐是粮食的“食粮”,大量钾盐资源需求依赖进口,目前国内钾盐自给率仅50%左右。为满足农业生产对钾盐的需求,在老一辈盐矿及钾盐专家的带领下,全国开展了以找钾、硼为主的盐矿地质普查和科学研究。1946年,袁见齐发表的“西北盐矿概论”提出中国找钾方向与存在的现实问题(袁见齐,1989)。1956年,国家组建了由中科院和化工部组成的盐湖科学调查队,撰写了中国第一份钾盐资源报告并估算了钾盐资源量——柴达木盐湖科学调查报告(郑绵平等,1957)。至此,中国钾盐产业已走过了近70年,在钾盐勘查开发和科学研究方面均取得了丰硕的重要成果,相继发现了青海察尔汗超大型钾盐矿床、新疆罗布泊钾盐矿床、云南勐野井钾盐矿床等,研发了低品位固体钾盐溶采技术、浮选技术等(袁见齐,1959蔡克勤和袁见齐,1986帅开业,1987杨谦,1993林耀庭,1994王弭力等,1999王文祥等,2010郑绵平等,2015李瑞琴等,2021魏进财等,2024)。近10年来,中国钾盐勘查开发工作面临着新的挑战和发展机遇。

  • 中国最早在“十五”期间就提出充分利用“两种资源”和“两个市场”的钾盐开发战略,即建立由国内钾盐生产基地、国际钾盐市场进口和境外建设生产基地三大支柱构成的钾盐资源稳定供给体系,增加国家对钾盐市场的调控能力,以保证农业持续稳定发展(郑绵平,2022a),但境外建设生产基地的步伐较为缓慢。鉴于目前中国钾盐资源紧缺的现状,本文探讨了中国钾盐资源的勘查开发现状及未来发展趋势,提出了深耕国内、开拓国外、科技赋能和规划引领等建议,为中国钾盐勘查开发工作部署,科学制定钾盐资源安全供应规划等提供支撑。

  • 1 中国钾盐资源特征及供需分析

  • 1.1 中国是世界第五大钾盐资源国,资源分布高度集中,以第四系现代盐湖型钾盐矿为主

  • 据美国地质调查局(USGS,2024),世界钾盐资源丰富,探明储量大于36×108 t(K2O,下同)(近年老挝和刚果(布)等新增资源暂未列入),主要集中在北半球。其中加拿大钾盐资源储量11×108 t,占世界储量的31%,位列第一;白俄罗斯钾盐资源储量7.5×108 t,占世界储量的21%,位列第二;俄罗斯钾盐资源储量6.5×108 t,占世界储量的18%,位列第三(表1)。前三国钾盐资源储量合计占比高达70%,且均为高品位古代固体钾盐矿床,氯化钾品位高达20%~30%。中国钾盐资源储量1.8×108 t,占世界储量的5%,位列第五,以第四系现代盐湖型钾盐矿为主(王莹,2023)。世界大型钾盐矿床多以古代固体钾盐矿为主,而中国目前仅发现云南勐野井钾盐矿一处大型古代固体钾盐矿床(郑绵平等,2014)。

  • 表1 2023年全球各国钾盐资源分布

  • Table1 Distribution of potash resources in countries worldwide in 2023

  • 注:数据来源为USGS(2024);以色列和约旦从死海中回收钾盐,死海中含有近20×108 t氯化钾,未计入全球资源储量中。

  • 中国探明的钾盐资源分布相对集中(图1),主要集中在青海省柴达木盆地、新疆罗布泊盐湖和西藏藏北盐湖区(王焕等,2023)。据2022年全国矿产资源储量统计表(自然资源部,2023)显示,截至2022年底,中国钾盐资源储量为28788.7万t(KCl,下同),其中青海省钾盐资源储量为25376.78万t,占全国资源储量的88%;新疆钾盐资源储量为2847.89万t,占全国资源储量的10%;西藏钾盐资源储量为563.83万t,占全国资源储量的2%(表2)。

  • 中国钾盐矿床按成矿时代、矿床成因、矿床特征等因素分为现代盐湖型、深藏卤水型和古代固体沉积型三种类型(全国自然资源与国土空间规划标准化技术委员会,2020),其中现代盐湖型钾盐占全国钾盐资源储量的73.28%,典型矿床有察尔汗盐湖钾镁盐矿床、罗北凹地钾盐矿床。

  • 表2 中国各省钾盐资源分布(据自然资源部,2023

  • Table2 Distribution of potash resources in different provinces of China (after Ministry of Natural Resources of China, 2023)

  • 1.2 中国是世界第一大钾盐消费国,主要用于农业钾肥生产

  • 据中国无机盐工业协会(2023)研究显示,2023年中国钾盐消费量为1177万t(K2O,下同),占全球消费量的25%。20世纪以来,中国钾盐消费量呈波动式上涨趋势,至2004年突破500万t,成为世界第一大钾盐消费国,至2014年突破1000万t后,消费量逐渐趋于稳定,在1000万t上下浮动(图2)(Song Xiaoqian et al.,2022)。95%的钾盐资源用于农业钾肥生产,5%用于工业领域(张艳松,2023)。在农业领域消耗的钾盐资源中,48.9%用于经济作物(蔬菜、果类、油料、棉花、糖料、烟叶、茶叶和麻类),44.4%用于种植粮食作物(谷类、薯类和豆类),6.7%用于非传统农业领域(药材、花卉、林业草业和渔业)。

  • 1.3 中国是世界第三大钾盐生产国,产能主要集中在青海和新疆,目前境外钾盐基地建设取得新突破

  • 据美国地质调查局(USGS,2024),2023年世界钾盐产量总计3900万t(K2O,下同),其中加拿大钾盐产量1300万t,占世界产量的33%,居全球首位;俄罗斯钾盐产量650万t,占世界产量的17%,居全球第二位;中国钾盐产量600万t,占世界产量的15%,居全球第三位;白俄罗斯钾盐产量380万t,占世界产量的10%,居全球第四位;德国钾盐产量260万t,占世界产量的7%,居全球第五位;以色列钾盐产量240万t,占世界产量的6%,居全球第六位。前六国钾盐产量合计3430万t,占全球产量的88%(表3)。

  • 图1 中国钾盐矿床分布图(据王淑丽等,2019修改)

  • Fig.1 Distribution map of potash deposits in China (modified after Wang Shuli et al., 2019)

  • 1—察尔汗盐湖钾镁盐矿床;2—大浪滩盐湖钾盐矿床;3—南翼山富钾卤水矿床;4—尕斯库勒盐湖钾盐矿床;5—大浪滩东北部深藏卤水钾盐矿床;6—小梁山-大风山地区深层卤水钾盐矿床;7—昆特依盐湖钾盐矿床;8—罗布泊罗北凹地钾盐矿床;9—罗南钾盐矿床;10—勐野井钾盐矿床;11—东台吉乃尔湖锂、硼、钾矿床;12—西台吉乃尔湖锂钾矿床;13—巴仑马海钾盐矿床;14—昆特依深藏卤水钾盐矿床;15—一里坪-霍布逊深层卤水钾盐矿床;16—罗布泊腾龙钾盐矿床;17—罗布泊新庆钾盐矿床;18—碱水泉钾盐矿床;19—瓦石峡一带钾盐矿床;20—扎布耶盐湖锂、硼、钾卤水矿床;21—当雄错盐湖锂、硼、钾卤水矿床;22—鄂雅错盐湖锂、硼、钾卤水矿床;23—麻米错(仓木错)盐湖锂、硼、钾卤水矿床;24—拉果错盐湖锂、硼、钾卤水矿床;25—多格错仁盐湖锂、硼、钾卤水矿床;26—龙木错盐湖锂、硼、钾卤水矿床;27—农乐杂卤石矿床;28—易武-尚勇钾盐矿床;29—大柴旦湖钾盐矿床;30—南里滩钾盐矿床;31—察汗斯拉图钾盐、碱矿床;32—黑北凹地深藏卤水钾盐矿床;33—龟背山南盐湖钾盐矿床;34—米兰钾盐矿床;35—玛纳斯盐湖钾盐矿床;36—乌勇布拉克硝酸钾矿床;37—扎仓茶卡盐湖硼、锂、钾卤水矿床;38—捌千错钾盐矿床;39—班戈错盐湖硼、锂、钾卤水矿床;40—永波错钾盐矿床;41—孔孔茶卡钾盐矿床;42—玛尔果茶卡盐湖硼、锂、钾卤水矿床;43—朋彦错盐湖硼、锂、钾卤水矿床;44—拖把湖-映天湖盐湖硼、锂、钾卤水矿床;45—康如茶卡钾盐矿床;46—查波错盐湖硼、锂、钾卤水矿床;47—才玛尔错盐湖卤水型钾盐矿床;48—苏干湖钾盐矿床;49—平落坝构造富钾卤水矿床

  • 1—Chaerhan Salt Lake potassium-magnesium salt deposit; 2—Dalangtan Salt Lake potassium salt deposit; 3—Nanyishan potassium-rich brine deposit; 4—Gasikule Salt Lake potassium salt deposit; 5—northeast Dalangtan deep-buried brine potassium salt deposit; 6—Xiaoliangshan-Dafengshan region deep brine potassium salt deposit; 7—Kunteyi Salt Lake potassium salt deposit; 8—Lop Nur Luobei depression potassium salt deposit; 9—Luonan potassium salt deposit; 10—Mengyejing potassium salt deposit; 11—East Taijinaier lake lithium-boron-potassium deposit; 12—West Taijinaier Lake lithium-potassium deposit; 13—Balunmahai potassium salt deposit; 14—Kunteyi deep-buried brine potassium salt deposit; 15—Yiliping-Huobuxun deep brine potassium salt deposit; 16—Lop Nur Tenglong potassium salt deposit; 17—Lop Nur Xinqing potassium salt deposit; 18—Jianshuiquan potassium salt deposit; 19—Washixia area potassium salt deposit; 20—Zhabuye Salt Lake lithium-boron-potassium brine deposit; 21—Dangxiongcuo Salt Lake lithium-boron-potassium brine deposit; 22—Eyacuo Salt Lake lithium-boron-potassium brine deposit; 23—Mamicuo (Cangmucuo) Salt Lake lithium-boron-potassium brine deposit; 24—Laguocuo Salt Lake lithium-boron-potassium brine deposit; 25—Duogecuoren Salt Lake lithium-boron-potassium brine deposit; 26—Longmucuo Salt Lake lithium-boron-potassium brine deposit; 27—Nongle polyhalite deposit; 28—Yiwu-Shangyong potassium salt deposit; 29—Dachaidan lake potassium salt deposit; 30—Nanlitan potassium salt deposit; 31—Chahansilatu potassium salt and alkali deposit; 32—Heibei depression deep-buried brine potassium salt deposit; 33—Guibeishan south salt lake potassium salt deposit; 34—Milan potassium salt deposit; 35—Manas Salt Lake potassium salt deposit; 36—Wuyongbulake potassium nitrate deposit; 37—Zacangchaka Salt Lake boron-lithium-potassium brine deposit; 38—Baqiancuo potassium salt deposit; 39—Bangecuo Salt Lake boron-lithium-potassium brine deposit; 40—Yongbocuo potassium salt deposit; 41—Kongkongchaka potassium salt deposit; 42—Maerguochaka Salt Lake boron-lithium-potassium brine deposit; 43—Pengyancuo Salt Lake boron-lithium-potassium brine deposit; 44—Tuoba-Yingtianhu Salt Lake boron-lithium-potassium brine deposit; 45—Kangruchaka potassium salt deposit; 46—Chabocuo Salt Lake boron-lithium-potassium brine deposit; 47—Caimaercuo Salt Lake brine-type potassium salt deposit; 48—Sugan lake potassium salt deposit; 49—Pingluoba structural potassium-rich brine deposit

  • 图2 2011~2023年中国钾盐消费量变化图(据中国无机盐工业协会,2023;联合国粮食及农业组织,2011~2023

  • Fig.2 Tendency chart of potash consumption in China from 2011 to 2023 (after China Inorganic Salt Industry Association, 2023; Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2011~2023)

  • 表3 2023年世界钾盐产量(据USGS,2024

  • Table3 Global potash production in 2023 (after USGS, 2024)

  • 2011年以来,世界钾盐产量呈先缓慢增长后突然下降趋势(图3)。2022年受俄乌冲突影响,俄罗斯、白俄罗斯的钾盐产量大幅下降。主要原因在于白俄罗斯钾盐出口需要借助立陶宛,再由货轮海运至欧洲等地区,俄乌冲突爆发后,立陶宛出口通道关闭,导致白俄罗斯钾盐出口受阻,被迫减产,俄罗斯受制裁影响产量明显下滑,导致全球供需缺口扩大(朱清等,2023)。

  • 中国钾盐生产高度集中,主要分布在青海柴达木盆地和新疆塔里木盆地。据中国无机盐工业协会(2023),2023年中国钾盐产量为517万t(K2O,下同),其中青海省钾盐产量为440.4万t,占全国产量的85.18%;新疆钾盐产量为76.6万t,占全国产量的14.82%(表4)。

  • 图3 2011~2023年世界各国钾盐产量(据USGS,2024

  • Fig.3 Global potash production by different countries from 2011 to 2023 (after USGS, 2024)

  • 表4 2023年中国主要钾盐企业生产统计表(据中国无机盐工业协会钾盐钾肥行业分会,2023

  • Table4 Production statistics of major potash enterprises in China in 2023 (after Potash and Fertilizer Industry Branch of the China Inorganic Salts Industry Association, 2023)

  • 中国是钾盐进口大国,对外依存度高达50%,进口来源高度集中,主要国家有加拿大、俄罗斯和白俄罗斯。据中国海关2023年中国钾盐(K2O,下同)进口总量为746万t,其中加拿大219万t,占总进口量的29.33%;俄罗斯191万t,占总进口量的25.58%;白俄罗斯108万t,占总进口量的14.49%。从前三国钾盐进口量合计517万t,占总进口量的69.39%(图4)。

  • 近年来,中国企业先后在境外钾盐投资项目超过30个,已投入资金超过60亿美元,规划总产能超1271万t(K2O,下同)。现阶段在老挝已形成钾盐产能超318万t,如开元矿业、亚钾国际、云天化等。此外在泰国、刚果(布)、加拿大等均有项目处于勘探或前期洽谈阶段(张明明,2023)。随着中国企业在东南亚地区的市场开拓和矿业布局,从老挝等国家向国内输入的钾盐有所增加,2023年老挝进口量达109万t,同比增加181.4%。2022年受俄乌冲突影响,世界钾盐贸易格局发生变化,中国从俄罗斯进口钾盐数量下降,从加拿大进口钾盐数量增加。由此可见,中国有必要分散钾盐进口来源,以确保钾盐资源供应链安全。

  • 图4 2011~2023年中国钾盐进口量(据中华人民共和国海关总署,2012~2023; United Nations Comtrade Database,2024

  • Fig.4 Potash imports in China from 2011 to 2023 (after General Administration of Customs of the People's Republic of China, 2012~2023; United Nations Comtrade Database, 2024)

  • 2 中国钾盐资源勘查趋势分析

  • 2.1 钾盐资源勘查投入受矿业投资环境影响,当前新增资源储量趋于稳定

  • 自20世纪40年代袁见齐先生在川滇一带进行初步调查,开始注意钾盐找矿线索至今,中国钾盐资源勘查开发工作已开展了70余载。1958年中国察尔汗盐湖实现了钾盐生产零的突破。几十年来,通过一代代钾盐人的共同努力,我国钾盐找矿经历了“海相攻坚→陆相突破→海陆兼顾”3个主要历程(张永生等,2021),在钾盐勘查开发利用领域取得了显著成效。

  • 近十年来,中国钾盐勘查总投入呈现波动增长后整体收紧的趋势。在“十三五”期间,中国钾盐勘查经费总投入5.63亿元,较“十二五”期间降低了6.4%,与铁(下降幅度为86.7%)等大宗矿产、钨(下降幅度为63.7%)等金属矿产相比,钾盐勘查总投入下降幅度较小(葛振华等,2024)。其中财政拨款整体呈现下降趋势,中央财政拨款的金额和比例逐年下降,在“十三五”期间中央财政拨款金额为1.26亿元,较“十二五”期间下降了66.3%,而地方财政拨款金额为1.80亿元,较“十二五”期间增长了23.9%;企事业单位勘查投入费用呈现增长势头,在“十三五”期间达到2.57亿元,较“十二五”期间增长210.1%(图5)。“十三五”之后钾盐勘查投入整体下降,主要是由于钾盐的需求量达到高点,趋于平稳发展。

  • 图5 2011~2022年中国钾盐地质勘查经费投入图(据自然资源部,2012~2023,2018~2019; 国土资源部,2013~2017

  • Fig.5 Investment in geological exploration of potash in China from 2011 to 2022 (after Ministry of Natural Resources of China, 2012~2023,2018~2019; Ministry of Land and Resources, 2013~2017)

  • 近十年来,中国钾盐探矿权数量随勘查投入呈先缓慢增长后突然下降的变化趋势(图6)。在“十二五”期间,中国钾盐探矿权数量持续上升,至2015年开始下滑,进入“十三五”后,这一下降趋势更为明显,尤其是2018年,中国钾盐探矿权的注销数量高达76个,而新立的探矿权仅有2个,这与中国矿产资源管理政策调整(国家对探矿权的管理更加严格和规范)、探矿权有效期和延续政策执行等因素有关;而中国钾盐采矿权数量下降缓慢,主要是由于钾盐开采和管理的相关政策相对稳定,采矿权发放和管理规范有序,政府和企业对资源的保护意识增强,更加注重钾盐资源的合理开发利用,避免过度开采和浪费(姜杉钰等,2023a罗鑫和王进涛,2024)。

  • 近十年来,中国钾盐探明资源储量呈小幅波动的变化趋势,新增资源储量呈振荡式下降的变化趋势(图7)。2011年探明资源量为10.7×108 t(KCl,下同),2022年探明资源量为10.5×108 t。“十三五”期间,中国钾盐矿新增资源储量总额为1648.6万t,较“十二五”期间下降了7588.7万t,降幅高达82.1%。新增资源储量增长缓慢,国内钾盐市场活力及动力不足,尽管企事业单位的勘查投入明显增加,但资金支持仍存在不平衡、不充分等问题,长此以往保有储量将难以跟上消耗的增长速度,从而增加钾盐资源供应安全风险(姜杉钰和王峰,2023b柳海华,2024)。

  • 图6 2011~2022年中国钾盐探矿权和采矿权统计图(据自然资源部,2012~2023

  • Fig.6 Trend chart of potash exploration and mining rights in China from 2011 to 2022 (after Ministry of Natural Resources of China, 2012~2023)

  • 图7 2011~2022年中国钾盐查明资源量及新增资源储量统计图(据自然资源部,2012~2023

  • Fig.7 Proven and newly added potash resource reserves in China from 2011 to 2022 (after Ministry of Natural Resources of China, 2012~2023)

  • 2.2 中国钾盐企业已自主研发多项采选技术,正在实现节约集约综合开发模式

  • 中国钾盐产业起步于1958年,早期受限于核心技术缺失,发展缓慢。自20世纪90年代起,通过引进技术和创新研发,在采矿、选矿和尾矿综合利用等方面均实现了诸多技术突破,大幅提高了钾盐资源开采利用,实现了钾盐产业的结构升级和经济效益提升(白仟等,2015陆星和沈善强,2017张宇萌等,2023)。

  • 中国钾盐采矿技术处于国际领先水平,已实现规模化的工业应用。特别是浸泡式固体钾矿溶解转化开采技术,实现了低品位固体钾矿的有效利用和高效开发。此外,盐湖晶间卤水、混采工艺等开采技术实现了有用元素的综合回收(朱振光,2018熊增华和王石军,2020)。

  • 中国氯化钾、硫酸钾加工技术处于国际领先水平。在氯化钾加工方面,中国企业多采用传统浮选工艺,盐湖股份自主研发了反浮选冷结晶技术和4#工艺,反浮选-冷结晶加工技术(图8)是目前国际利用光卤石生产最先进的技术(张苏江等,2022伊跃军等,2024);在硫酸钾加工方面,采用自主研发的LBP加工工艺,国投罗钾采用该技术已成为全球最大的单体硫酸钾生产基地(郭守瑛,2019高远和袁俊宏,2020)。

  • 3 中国钾盐勘查开发的挑战与机遇

  • 3.1 深耕国内,加强钾盐勘查开发力度,实现新一轮找矿突破

  • 国内钾盐资源保障不足,储采比低。产能的迅速扩张,导致钾盐资源过快耗竭,资源品位快速下降。当前要处理好资源储量、市场需求、资源开发与环境保护之间的矛盾。应在充分利用现有钾盐资源的基础上,继续加大国内钾盐资源勘探投入力度,摸清中国钾盐资源家底,大力培育大型矿山企业,合理开发国内资源。开展现有钾盐矿山深部及外围找矿、低品位钾盐矿的利用研究工作等(如摸清资源家底、溶采机理研究、溶剂配比研究、采输卤工程布设、微量元素提取研究、盐湖卤水动态监测等),达到精准管理资源、精细化服务矿山。加强四川盆地富钾卤水及杂卤石钾盐的勘查开发研究,开展选矿工艺实验及可行性评价工作,实现可溶性钾盐矿与枸溶性钾盐矿并举找矿(郑绵平等,2015)。加强砂砾型深藏卤水的相关研究,开展工业可利用性实验等,实现固液钾盐矿并举找矿,为钾盐企业可持续发展提供后备资源。

  • 图8 反浮选-冷结晶原理工艺流程图

  • Fig.8 Process flow diagram of the reverse flotation-cold crystallization principle

  • 3.2 开拓国外,加速中资企业走出去步伐,积极推进境外钾盐项目落地生根

  • 中国最早从“十五”就制定了钾盐发展“两种资源、两个市场”双轮驱动模式——“三三三”战略。目前国内钾盐产量已达标,进口依赖度仍然较高。中资企业在境外钾盐勘查开发投资项目的不确定性增加,无形中为中国投资境外钾盐项目增加了诸多风险(施俊法,2020Wei Xiang et al.,2023翟明国,2024)。

  • 优化海外布局是保障钾盐资源安全的关键。当前要认清形势,积极调整策略,综合考虑资源禀赋、经济安全和运输安全等各方面因素,充分发挥“一带一路”的倡议作用,积极拓展境外钾盐勘查开发与加工领域,如在东南亚老挝、泰国,中亚哈萨克斯坦、土库曼斯坦,非洲刚果(布)、埃塞俄比亚等国家,通过国际合作和跨境投资等方式,获取一定数量的钾盐矿权,整合国内外优势资源,弥补中国钾盐资源短板,打造钾盐行业的“国之大者”。

  • 3.3 科技赋能,加强关键技术革新,培育钾盐勘查开发的新质生产力,提升中国在钾盐产业上下游的国际话语权

  • 中国钾盐资源勘查开发缺乏有力的科技支撑,研究技术和创新力量普遍薄弱。尤其是中小型钾盐企业在运营发展中存在资源综合利用程度低、自主创新能力不够、抵御市场风险能力不足,技术创新和工艺升级慢等诸多问题。国外钾盐企业十分重视综合利用与高附加值产品开发,如美国大盐湖矿物化学品公司产品达70余种,而中国盐化工初级产品仅有十余种。

  • 针对国内外钾盐资源勘查开发关键性技术难题,如深层含钾卤水和新型杂卤石钾盐矿(郑绵平,2022a王淑丽等,2022李洪普等,2022),有必要进一步开展深层卤水资源勘查研究,制定其评价规范(王淑丽和郑绵平,2014王凡等,2024)。加强钾盐矿山采选技术研究,共伴生和中低品位资源梯级开发和高值利用,尤其是锂、硼、溴、铯等微量元素的提取研究,贯彻节约集约的绿色发展理念(毛景文等,2019);加强盐湖钾盐矿溶采机理与规律、溶剂配比、采输卤工程布设等研究,提高资源利用率,服务于盐湖精细化开发;构建国家钾盐资源大数据平台,提升全方位综合评价国内外钾盐成矿规律和资源潜力水平,为国家找矿战略部署提供依据。

  • 3.4 规划引领,加强顶层设计,政产学研用协同联动,形成国内外钾盐勘查开发合力

  • 中国钾盐产业战略规划有待进一步完善。随着中国地勘单位和矿业企业走向全球以及市场化改革的逐步深入,中国如何在矿业标准、规范、规则等方面与国际接轨(彭南良,2013吴荣庆,2015),如何防范中资企业“走出去”的技术风险等,将是中国钾盐行业面临的重要课题。

  • 建议从国家层面整合现有多个小散平台,减少增量建设,行业牵头成立钾盐资源开发研究重点实验室,树立全国一盘棋思想,实现多领域、多学科联动找钾机制,统筹勘查开发、产业布局、资源保障、循环利用及配套等,推进协同创新、开放共享,建成国际一流的突破型、引领型、平台型重点实验室,开展关键核心技术科研攻关。境外钾盐开发应采取强强联合、重点突破的模式,走出去企业要摒弃无序竞争,相互分享海外钾盐产业化开发经验,发挥资金、技术、设备的协同优势,尽快建立境外稳定的钾盐供应战略,实现行业共赢(张艳松,2023)。建立钾盐信息系统和监测预警机制,做好钾盐资源市场的中长期预判研究,优化产业布局和供应链,推动钾盐产业高质量发展。

  • 4 结论与展望

  • (1)中国是世界第一大钾盐消费国,未来消费量仍将保持在高位水平。近年来受国家产业经济结构调整、生态环境保护等一系列政策影响,中国钾盐勘查投入、探矿权数、新发现矿产地和新增资源量呈现出递减态势,但与大宗矿产相比,其收缩幅度小,采矿权数变化较平稳。总体来看,国内钾盐未来勘查形势前景相对明朗稳定。

  • (2)面对中国钾盐资源供应紧张的形势,一方面要深耕国内资源,加大钾盐勘查力度,强化科技赋能,提高开采效率等,筑牢钾盐资源绿色高效利用之基,实现国内钾盐增储上产;另一方面要推进境外钾盐项目落地生根并建立长效机制,解放思想、创新思路,整合国内外优势资源,共同引导和促进境外钾盐的有序发展。

  • (3)中国钾盐产业的高质量发展需要在优化顶层设计的前提下落实,围绕建设世界级盐湖产业基地,树立全国一盘棋思想,推进钾盐行业内相关科研院所、企事业单位和地勘单位等协同创新、开放共享,探索建立国际一流的突破型、引领型、平台型一体化的综合性应用研究平台机制,开展关键核心技术科研攻关,为“加快建设世界级盐湖产业基地”提供有力支撑。

  • 注释

  • ❶ 国土资源部.2016. 全国矿产资源规划(2016~2020年).

  • ❷ USGS.2024. Potash Statistics and Information. Retrieved from https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2024/mcs2024-potash.pdf on January 2024.

  • ❸ 自然资源部.2023.2022年全国矿产资源储量统计表. http://www.mnr.gov.cn/.

  • ❹ 中国无机盐工业协会.2023.内部资料.

  • ❺ 联合国粮食及农业组织.2011~2023. Crops and livestock products. Retrieved from https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL in 2023.

  • ❻ 中国无机盐工业协会钾盐钾肥行业分会.2023.内部资料.

  • ❼ 中华人民共和国海关总署.2012~2023. 中国海关统计年鉴(2012~2023). http://stats.customs.gov.cn/.

  • ❽ United Nations Comtrade Database.2024. International Trade Statistics. Retrieved from https://comtrade.un.org/data/ on May 1, 2024.

  • ❾ 自然资源部.2012~2023. 中国矿产资源报告(2012~2023). https://www.mnr.gov.cn/sj/sjfw/kc_19263/zgkczybg/.

  • ❿自然资源部.2018~2019.中国国土资源统计年鉴2017~2018.地质出版社.

  • ⓫国土资源部.2013~2017.中国国土资源统计年鉴2012~2016.地质出版社.

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