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作者简介:

于洲,男,1986年生。博士研究生,高级工程师,主要从事碳酸盐岩沉积储集层地质研究工作。E-mail: yuz_hz@petrochina.com.cn。

通讯作者:

罗晓容,男,1959年生。研究员,博士生导师,主要从事石油地质学基础和应用以及油气成藏动力学方向研究工作。E-mail: luoxr@mail.iggcas.ac.cn。

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目录contents

    摘要

    鄂尔多斯盆地中东部奥陶系马家沟组二段(以下简称马二段)白云岩是潜在的天然气勘探目标,但其储层特征及成因仍不够清晰,制约了该层系下一步勘探部署。为此,基于岩芯、薄片、工业CT、U-Pb定年、物性分析及地球化学特征等资料,对盆地中东部奥陶系马二段白云岩储层特征及成因开展了系统研究,并建立了白云岩储层发育模式。结果表明:① 马二段白云岩储层岩性主要为含硬石膏结核粉晶白云岩、鲕粒白云岩、砂砾屑白云岩和斑状粉晶白云岩,储集空间包括膏模孔、粒间孔、粒间溶孔、晶间孔、溶蚀孔和微裂缝,未见石盐充填的储层平均孔隙度为8.71%;② 白云岩储层发育受有利沉积微相和成岩作用共同控制,其中含膏云坪、颗粒滩和生物扰动作用为储层发育奠定了基础条件,准同生溶蚀作用和构造破裂作用进一步促进溶蚀孔和微裂缝的发育,白云石化作用有利于斑状粉晶白云岩孔隙的形成与保持,石盐充填作用导致储层致密化;③ 古构造格局和海平面变化共同控制了储层孔隙发育及演化,有利储层主要保存于盐湖边界线外侧的含膏云坪和颗粒滩中或保存于盐湖边界线内侧的颗粒滩和斑状粉晶白云岩中。

    Abstract

    The dolostone in the second Member of the Ordovician Majiagou Formation in the central-eastern Ordos basin holds significant potential as a natural gas exploration target. However, a comprehensive understanding of its reservoir characteristics and genesis is still not clear enough, which restricts the next exploration deployment of this stratigraphic unit. This study systematically investigates these aspects using data from cores, thin sections, industrial CT scans, U-Pb dating, physical property analyses, and geochemical characterization. Based on these findings, a development model of dolostone reservoirs in this formation is established. The results show that: ① The dolostone reservoir is mainly composed of gypsum nodule-bearing powder crystal dolostone, oolitic dolostone, gravel dolostone, and porphyritic powder crystal dolostone. Reservoir porosity is accommodated by gypsum mold pores, intergranular pores, intergranular dissolution pores, and microfractures. The average porosity of reservoirs lacking halite filling is 8.71%. ② Favorable sedimentary microfacies and diagenesis, such as gypsum cloud flats, particle beaches, and biological disturbances, provide the basic conditions for reservoir development. Quasi-syngenetic dissolution and structural fracturing further enhance porosity through the development of dissolution pores and microfractures. Dolomitization contributes to pore preservation and enhancement in porphyritic powder crystal dolostone, while halite filling leads to reservoir compaction. ③ The interplay between ancient tectonic patterns and sea-level fluctuations significantly influences reservoir porosity development and evolution. Favorable reservoirs are mainly preserved in gypsum-bearing cloud plains and granular beaches located outside the salt rock boundary or in porphyritic powder crystal dolostone units within the salt rock boundary.

  • 鄂尔多斯盆地奥陶系马家沟组是重要的天然气勘探目标领域之一(付金华等,2018)。自1989年陕参1井获得勘探突破以来,针对该层系的勘探主要围绕着马家沟组五段和马家沟组四段开展工作,并发现了以膏模孔为主要储集空间的岩溶风化壳储层(何江等,2009侯方浩等,2011付金华等,2018)、以晶间孔和粒间孔为主要储集空间的颗粒滩相白云岩储层(杨华和包洪平,2011姚泾利等,2015丁振纯等,2021)和以晶间孔为主要储集空间的生物扰动型白云岩储层(于洲等,202120232024a牟春国等,2023)。经过近30年来的持续勘探,中国石油长庆油田公司先后在盆地中东部奥陶系马五段1亚段—4亚段岩溶风化壳储层中发现了万亿方三级储量规模的靖边气田(张才利等,2021)和马五段5亚段—10亚段颗粒滩相白云岩储层中发现了乌审召、乌审旗、安边、吴起和靖边等多个天然气富集区(杨华和包洪平,2011)。此外,2021年,在米探1井奥陶系马四段首次获得了35.2414×104 m3的高产天然气无阻流量,针对马四段的勘探也获得重大勘探突破(付金华等,20212022)。

  • 马家沟组二段位于马家沟组下部,与马家沟组四段和五段9、7亚段同为相对海侵沉积,具有相似的储层发育背景(冯增昭和鲍志东,1999郭彦如等,2012周进高等,2020a于洲等,2023牛小兵等,2024)。城探1井和双168井在马家沟组二段钻遇了白云岩储层,测试后分别获得1.2619×104 m3和0.1077×104 m3的低产天然气流,见到了勘探苗头。钻探后分析认为,储层厚度薄和储层受石盐充填而保存条件差是两口井获得低产气的主要原因。截止目前,前人对马二段白云岩储层的研究往往以整个马家沟组或奥陶系深层为研究对象而有所涉及(付玲等,2020周进高等,2020b于洲等,2023刘新社等,2024),缺乏专门针对马二段白云岩储层成因的研究,且已取得的部分成果认识也存在较大的分歧,如付玲等(2020)认为膏模孔由表生岩溶作用和埋藏溶蚀作用形成;周进高等(2020b)认为膏模孔由准同生岩溶作用和表生岩溶作用共同形成;于洲等(2023)认为膏模孔由准同生岩溶作用形成,且有效储层保存与是否有石盐充填密切相关;刘新社等(2024)认为膏模孔由云坪相叠加准同生岩溶作用形成,且上覆膏岩层有利于埋藏期孔隙的保存。储层发育控制因素不清楚,难以满足区带评价和目标优选的需求,制约下一步勘探进程。为此,本文基于地震、岩芯、薄片、物性数据和地球化学分析等基础资料,结合区域地质背景,对鄂尔多斯盆地中东部奥陶系马二段白云岩储层特征及成因机制进行深入探讨,期望为下步勘探决策提供技术支撑。

  • 1 储层发育背景

  • 研究区位于鄂尔多斯盆地中东部,区域构造位置位于伊盟隆起、陕北斜坡和晋西挠褶带(图1a)。奥陶纪马家沟期,受“隆坳相间”古构造格局、海平面变化和古气候共同控制,鄂尔多斯盆地中东部沉积了一套碳酸盐岩和蒸发岩共生的岩性组合,厚度介于400~900 m,纵向上自下而上划分为马家沟组一段、二段、三段、四段、五段和六段(图1b),其中马家沟组二段位于马家沟组下部,残余地层厚度介于10~90 m(图1a)。

  • 古构造格局研究显示,鄂尔多斯盆地中东部在奥陶系马家沟组二段沉积期具有“两隆夹一坳”的构造古地理格局(周进高等,2020a),其中两隆为横山隆起和离石隆起,一坳为米脂坳陷(图1a),并经历了3次海侵和2次海退(图1b、图2)。受海平面升降变化控制,马家沟组二段纵向上由5个岩性段组成,每个岩性段分别对应一个海侵、海退半旋回,并呈现出“三厚夹两薄”的岩性组合变化特征。其中,三厚为相对海侵沉积,岩性主要为白云岩、灰质白云岩、白云质石灰岩和石灰岩;两薄为相对海退沉积,岩性由膏岩、盐岩和泥质白云岩组成。根据层序地层特征和勘探需求,马家沟组二段由下至上细分为马二段3亚段、马二段2亚段和马二段1亚段(于洲等,2024b),其中马二段3亚段和马二段2亚段均是一个完整的四级旋回,分别由下部的海侵半旋回和上部的海退半旋回组成;马二段1亚段单独由一个四级海侵半旋回构成(图1b、图2)。奥陶纪之后,鄂尔多斯盆地受加里东运动作用的控制抬升为陆,并经历了长达1亿多年的风化剥蚀改造(杨华和包洪平,2011)。马家沟组二段由于发育层位相对较低,受表生岩溶作用改造相对较弱,仅盆地西南缘庆阳地区部分地层发生剥蚀,其余地区马二段地层得到了良好的保存(图1a)。

  • 2 白云岩储层特征

  • 基于钻井岩芯和微观薄片,认为鄂尔多斯盆地中东部奥陶系马二段白云岩储层主要为与含膏云坪相沉积相关的粉晶白云岩类、与高能滩相沉积相关的颗粒白云岩类和与生物扰动作用相关的斑状白云岩类(图2)。

  • 2.1 岩石学特征

  • (1)与含膏云坪相沉积相关的粉晶白云岩类:含硬石膏结核粉晶白云岩宏观上呈块状,颜色一般为浅灰色,由硬石膏结核和细粉晶白云石组成(图3a~c)。硬石膏结核呈不规则圆形—椭圆形,空间上主要呈弥散状分布,局部呈串珠状分布,被溶蚀后形成不规则圆形—椭圆形的孔隙(图3a~c);细粉晶白云石为他形—半自形,晶体大小一般为0.05~0.1 mm,镶嵌接触,岩性致密孔隙不发育(图3c)。

  • (2)与高能滩相沉积相关的颗粒白云岩类:主要包括鲕粒白云岩、砂砾屑白云岩和粗粉晶白云岩。鲕粒白云岩宏观上呈块状,颜色一般为浅灰色,主要由白云石鲕粒和白云石胶结物组成,部分含少量白云石砂屑或白云石砾屑(图3d、e)。鲕粒大小一般为0.2~0.3 mm,鲕粒间常见亮晶白云石胶结物,局部发育粒间溶孔,可见少量硬石膏和石盐充填物。砂砾屑白云岩宏观上呈块状,浅色一般为浅灰色,由白云石砂屑、白云石砾屑、生屑和白云石胶结物组成,颗粒间发育粒间孔或粒间溶孔(图3f)。

  • (3)与生物扰动作用相关的斑状白云岩类:斑状粉晶白云岩宏观上呈花斑状结构,由灰色和浅灰色两部分组成(图3g)。浅灰色部分主要由自形—半自形粗粉晶白云石组成,白云石晶体大小一般为30~50 μm,点接触或线接触;灰色部分主要由他形细粉晶白云石组成,白云石晶体大小一般为5~30 μm,镶嵌接触。

  • 图1 鄂尔多斯盆地中东部奥陶系马二段地层厚度图(a)和马家沟组地层柱状图(b)

  • Fig.1 Stratum thickness map of the 2nd Member of Ordovician Majiagou Formation in the central-eastern Ordos basin (a) and stratigraphic column of Ordovician Majiagou Formation (b)

  • 2.2 储集空间类型

  • 鄂尔多斯盆地中东部奥陶系马二段白云岩储层储集空间以膏模孔、粒内溶孔、粒间(溶)孔和晶间孔为主,含少量微裂缝(图3、4)。

  • (1)膏模孔:发育于含硬石膏结核粉晶白云岩中,呈不规则圆形—椭圆形,孔径大小一般在1~5 mm之间(图3a~c,图4a、b)。孔隙面积占岩芯面积的10%~30%,其内部常见细粉晶白云石和石盐充填矿物,部分可见石英和细—中晶白云石等充填矿物。

  • (2)粒内溶孔:在鲕粒白云岩中普遍发育,由白云石鲕粒部分经部分溶蚀后形成,为鲕粒白云岩重要的储集空间之一(图3c~e,图4d)。该类孔隙存在于鲕粒边缘或鲕粒内部,呈环带状发育。

  • 图2 鄂尔多斯盆地中东部榆阳1井奥陶系马家沟组二段储层柱状图

  • Fig.2 Reservoir column chart of the 2nd Member of Ordovician Majiagou Formation in well Yuyang1 in the central-eastern Ordos basin

  • (3)粒间(溶)孔:主要发育砂砾屑白云岩和鲕粒白云岩中,且常常并存(图3d~f,图4c~f)。粒间孔发育于白云石砂屑、白云石砾屑或白云石鲕粒等白云石颗粒之间,为颗粒经过第一世代等厚环边粒状白云石胶结后的残余孔隙;粒间溶孔由砂屑、砾屑或鲕粒之间的白云石胶结物经过溶蚀作用后形成的孔隙。

  • (4)晶间孔:主要发育在斑状粉晶白云岩的粗粉晶白云石斑块中,空间上受生物扰动作用控制,呈斑状分布(图3g~i,图4g、h)。孔径一般为5~30 μm,孔隙形态呈三角形或不规则多边形,分布较为均匀(图3h)。

  • (5)微裂缝:在马二段白云岩储层中普遍发育,裂缝宽一般为0.1~0.5 cm,对改善储层渗透能力发挥着重要的建设性作用(图3a、h,图4a、b)。

  • 2.3 物性特征

  • 钻井岩芯和微观薄片观察显示,鄂尔多斯盆地中东部奥陶系马家沟组二段白云岩储层中常见石盐充填矿物(图3b、f)。为此,本次研究对储层孔隙中有石盐充填和未见石盐充填两种情况分类统计。结果表明,未见石盐充填的优质储层孔隙度分布范围为1.19%~17.88%,平均值为8.71%,渗透率分布范围为0.02×10-3~133.26×10-3μm2,平均值为15.0×10-3μm2。孔隙度小于2%的样品比例为2.9%,介于2%~<4%的样品比例占4.9%,介于4%~<6%的样品比例占8.7%,介于6%~<8%的样品比例占7.8%,≥8%的样品比例占34.0%(图5a);渗透率小于0.1×10-3μm2的样品比例为4.1%,介于0.1×10-3~<1×10-3μm2的样品比例占17.3%,介于1×10-3~<10×10-3μm2的样品比例占17.3%,介于10×10-3~<100×10-3μm2的样品比例占18%,≥100×10-3μm2的样品比例占1.0%(图5b)。充填有石盐的储层孔隙度分布范围为0.66%~4.76%,平均值为1.81%,渗透率分布范围为0.01×10-3~24.02×10-3μm2,平均值为0.80×10-3μm2。孔隙度小于2%的样品比例为64.1%,介于2%~<4%的样品比例占33.3%,介于4%~<6%的样品比例占2.6%(图5a);渗透率小于0.1×10-3μm2的样品比例为81.6%,介于0.1×10-3~<1×10-3μm2的样品比例占13.2%,介于1×10-3~<10×10-3μm2的样品比例占2.6%,介于10×10-3~<100×10-3μm2的样品比例占2.6%(图5b)。

  • 图3 鄂尔多斯盆地中东部奥陶系马家沟组二段白云岩储层岩石学特征及储集空间类型

  • Fig.3 Petrological characteristics and types of storage space in dolostone reservoirs of the2nd Member of the Ordovician Majiagou Formation in the central-eastern Ordos basin

  • (a)—靖探1井,4053.48 m,马二段2亚段,含硬石膏结核粉晶白云岩,发育膏模孔和微裂缝,充填少量细粉晶白云石,岩芯;(b)—榆阳1井,3348.33 m,含硬石膏结核粉晶白云岩,发育膏模孔和溶蚀缝,见石盐充填,岩芯;(c)—榆阳1井,3348.33 m,含硬石膏结核粉晶白云岩,岩芯中见膏模孔被石盐充填,磨制薄片过程中石盐被溶蚀后形成假孔隙,铸体薄片,单偏光; (d)—靖探1井,4053.95 m,马二段2亚段,鲕粒白云岩,发育粒内孔、粒间孔和溶蚀孔隙,铸体薄片,单偏光;(e)—桃112井,3823.00 m,马二段1亚段,砂砾屑白云岩,发育粒间孔、粒内孔,铸体薄片,单偏光;(f)—双168井,3410.15 m,马二段2亚段,砂屑白云岩,发育粒间孔、粒间溶孔和溶蚀孔,石盐充填,岩芯;(g)—榆阳1井,3408.40 m,马二段3亚段,斑状白云岩,粗粉晶白云石斑块发育晶间孔,岩芯;(h)—榆阳1井,3408.24 m,马二段3亚段,斑状粉晶白云岩,发育晶间孔和微裂缝,铸体薄片,单偏光;(i)—榆阳1井,3408.40 m,马二段3亚段,斑状粉晶白云岩,粗粉晶白云石斑块发暗红色、红色光,细粉晶白云石发暗红色光,阴极发光片

  • (a) —well Jingtan 1, 4053.48 m, the 2nd sub-member of 2nd Member of Ordovician Majiagou Formation, gypsum nodule-bearing powder crystal dolostone, with developed gypsum mold pores and micro cracks, filled with a small amount of fine powder crystal dolomite, core; (b) —well Yuyang1, 3348.33 m, the 2nd sub-member of 2nd Member of Ordovician Majiagou Formation, gypsum nodule-bearing powder crystal dolostone, with developed gypsum mold pores and dissolution fractures, filled with rock salt, core; (c) —well Yuyang1, 3348.33 m, the 2nd sub-member of 2nd Member of Ordovician Majiagou Formation, gypsum nodule-bearing powder crystal dolostone. In the rock core, gypsum mold holes are filled with rock salt. During the grinding process of thin sections, the rock salt is dissolved and forms false pores, resulting in cast thin sections and single polarized light; (d) —well Jingtan 1, 4053.95 m, the 2nd sub-member of 2nd Member of Ordovician Majiagou Formation, oolitic dolostone, developed intragranular pores, intergranular pores, and dissolution pores, cast thin sections, single polarized light; (e) —well Tao 112, 3823.00 m, the 1st sub-member of 2nd Member of Ordovician Majiagou Formation, gravel dolostone, developed intergranular pores and intragranular pores, cast thin sections, single polarized light; (f) —well Shuang168, 3410.15 m, the 2nd sub-member of 2nd Member of Ordovician Majiagou Formation, sandstone dolostone, developed intergranular pores, intergranular dissolution pores, and dissolution pores, filled with rock salt, core; (g) —well Yuyang1, 3408.40 m, the 3rd sub-member of 2nd Member of Ordovician Majiagou Formation, porphyry dolostone, with intergranular pores developed in coarse-grained dolomite patches, core; (h) —well Yuyang1, 3408.24 m, the 3rd sub-member of 2nd Member of Ordovician Majiagou Formation, porphyry powdery crystalline dolostone, developed intergranular pores and microcracks, cast thin sections, single polarized light; (i) —well Yuyang1, 3408.40 m, the 3rd sub-member of 2nd Member of Ordovician Majiagou Formation, porphyry powdery crystalline dolostone, coarse powder crystal dolomite blocks emit dark red and red light, fine powder crystal dolomite emits dark red light, cathodoluminescence sheet

  • 图4 鄂尔多斯盆地中东部奥陶系马家沟组二段白云岩储层柱塞样及三维工业CT扫描图像|

  • Fig.4 Plunger samples and 3D industrial CT scan images of the 2nd Member of the Ordovician Majiagou Formation in the central-eastern Ordos basin

  • (a、b)—靖探1井,4050.18 m,马二段2亚段,含硬石膏结核粉晶白云岩,发育膏模孔和微裂缝,膏模孔中充填少量细粉晶白云石,(a)为岩芯柱塞样,(b)为三维CT扫描图像;(c、d)—靖探1井,4053.98 m,马二段2亚段,鲕粒白云岩,发育粒内孔、粒间孔和溶蚀孔隙,(c)为岩芯柱塞样,(d)为三维CT扫描图像;(e、f)—桃112井,3823.00 m,马二段1亚段,砂砾屑白云岩,发育粒间孔、粒内孔,(e)为岩芯柱塞样,(f)为三维CT扫描图像;(g、h)—榆阳1井,3408.07 m,马二段3亚段,斑状白云岩,粗粉晶白云石斑块发育晶间孔,(g)为岩芯柱塞样,(h)为三维CT扫描图像

  • (a, b) —well Jingtan 1, 4050.18 m, the 2nd sub-member of 2nd Member of Ordovician Majiagou Formation, gypsum nodule-bearing powder crystal dolostone, with developed gypsum mold holes and micro cracks, the gypsum mold holes are filled with a small amount of fine powder crystal dolomite, Fig.4a is a core plug sample, Fig.4b is a three-dimensional CT scan image; (c, d) —well Jingtan 1, 4053.98 m, the 2nd sub-member of 2nd Member of Ordovician Majiagou Formation, oolitic dolostone, with developed intragranular pores, intergranular pores, and dissolution pores, Fig.4c is the core plug sample, Fig.4d is a three-dimensional CT scan image; (e, f) —well Tao 112, 3823.00 m, the 1st sub-member of 2nd Member of Ordovician Majiagou Formation, gravel dolostone, developed intergranular pores and intragranular pores, Fig.4e is the core plug sample, Fig.4f is a three-dimensional CT scan image; (g, h) —well Yuyang1, 3408.07 m, the 3rd sub-member of 2nd Member of Ordovician Majiagou Formation, porphyry dolostone, with intergranular pores developed in coarse-grained dolomite patches, Fig.4g is the core plug sample, Fig.4h is a three-dimensional CT scan image

  • 3 储层发育主控因素

  • 储层成因分析认为,鄂尔多斯盆地中东部奥陶系马家沟组二段白云岩储层发育主要受沉积微相和成岩作用共同控制,其中含膏云坪、台内颗粒滩和生物扰动作用为储层发育奠定了基础;准同生溶蚀作用和构造破裂作用促进溶蚀孔和微裂缝的发育;石盐充填作用导致储层致密化,甚至丧失储集性能。

  • 图5 鄂尔多斯盆地中东部马家沟组二段白云岩储层物性特征

  • Fig.5 Physical characteristics of dolomite reservoirs of the 2nd member of the Ordovician Majiagou Formation in the central-eastern Ordos basin

  • (a)—马家沟组二段白云岩储层孔隙度分布频率直方图;(b)—马家沟组二段白云岩储层渗透率分布频率直方图

  • (a) —the frequency histogram of porosity distribution of the dolomite reservoir in the 2nd Member of Majiagou Formation; (b) —the frequency histogram of permeability distribution of the dolomite reservoir in the 2nd Member of Majiagou Formation

  • 3.1 含膏云坪、台内颗粒滩沉积和生物扰动作用

  • 鄂尔多斯盆地中东部在奥陶纪构造古地理格局呈现出“以神木—米脂—清涧—大宁地区为中心坳陷,并向周缘缓慢隆升”的变化特征(图1a)。在“三厚”岩性段沉积的相对海侵期(图1b),盆地中东部与华北广海相连通,海水循环通畅,神木—米脂—清涧—大宁地区地势相对较低,水体能量低,为灰质潟湖沉积环境,岩性主要为泥晶灰岩和灰质白云岩(图6、7);中央古陆东侧的伊金霍洛旗—靖边—吴起相对隆升地区地势相对较高,沉积环境易于受到次级海平面变化影响,纵向上发育台内颗粒滩和含膏云坪沉积微相组合(图6、7a),其中台内颗粒滩岩性为砂砾屑白云岩和鲕粒白云岩,含膏云坪沉积物岩性为含硬石膏结核粉晶白云岩;位于坳陷和中央古陆之间的榆林—志丹地区处于岩性相变带,纵向上发育灰质滩间海和灰泥丘沉积微相组合或发育灰质滩间海和台内颗粒滩沉积微相组合(图6、7b)。

  • 含膏云坪形成于水体相对较浅的蒸发潮坪环境,其内部发育的含硬石膏结核粉晶白云岩围岩由粉晶白云石组成,岩性致密孔隙不发育。但由于蒸发作用较强,该类沉积物中易于形成不规则圆形—椭圆形硬石膏结核,该类蒸发岩结核具有易溶的特点,经过溶蚀作用后可形成孔隙,从而为储层的形成奠定了物质基础(图7a)。

  • 台内颗粒滩形成于水体相对较深的高能环境,由原始沉积物经过波浪打碎、淘洗后堆积而成。该类沉积物在堆积过程中受颗粒形态及接触关系控制,存在较多孔隙空间,为储层发育奠定了良好的物质基础(图7a、b)。

  • 灰泥丘形成于水体相对较深的低能环境,该类沉积物的围岩既不发育具有易溶特点的硬石膏结核,也不发育台内颗粒滩中的粒间孔隙;但该类沉积物形成的沉积环境适合三叶虫等造迹生物生存。这些造迹生物在基质孔隙不发育的沉积物中爬行、觅食或居住,形成各式各样的潜穴(Jin Jisuo et al.,2012于洲等,2021)。形成的潜穴在随后沉积过程中虽被充填,但仍较为疏松,残留的孔隙空间为储层发育奠定了基础条件(图7b)。

  • 3.2 准同生溶蚀作用和构造破裂作用

  • 准同生溶蚀作用和构造破裂作用对储层发育发挥着重要的建设性作用,由其形成溶蚀孔和微裂缝进一步改善了储层渗流能力。准同生溶蚀作用发生在沉积—准同生期,发育于高频沉积旋回上部(图7)或马家沟组二段与马家沟组三段沉积转换期(图8)。该类溶蚀作用具有明显的选择性,一是伴随海平面下降,位于向上变浅旋回顶部的含硬石膏结核粉晶白云岩常暴露于地表,大气淡水溶蚀作用导致含硬石膏结核粉晶白云岩中的硬石膏结核发生溶蚀并形成膏模孔(图3a~c,图7a)。靖探1井马二段2亚段取芯段发育薄层角砾岩,角砾成分为含硬石膏结核粉晶白云岩。层序结构剖面显示,该角砾岩发育于高频旋回顶部,并与上覆颗粒岩段整合接触,加之成像测井上并未有垮塌洞穴充填特征,综合判识为该薄层角砾岩由准同生溶蚀作用形成(图7a);二是伴随海平面下降,位于向上变浅旋回顶部的颗粒岩易于发生组构选择性溶蚀并形成粒间溶孔、粒内溶孔和溶蚀孔(沈安江等,2015)。马二段鲕粒白云岩中的粒间胶结物溶蚀或鲕粒内部圈层溶蚀甚至完全溶蚀均反映了该类沉积物经过了成岩早期的准同生溶蚀作用改造。构造破裂作用与马家沟组经历了加里东运动、燕山运动等构造运动相关。在构造演化过程中,由于地层应力发生变化,马家沟组二段中形成了较多微裂缝。这些微裂缝能有效改善储层渗流能力,尤其是对非均质性较强的含硬石膏结核粉晶白云岩和斑状粉晶白云岩,能够将不均匀分布的孔隙连通起来(图3a、i,图4a、b)。

  • 图6 鄂尔多斯盆地中东部定探1井一靳探1井一靖探1井一榆阳1井一榆9井奥陶系马家沟组二段沉积相剖面图(剖面位置见图1)

  • Fig.6 Sedimentary facies profile of the 2nd Member of Ordovician Majiagou Formation from well Dingtan 3 to well Jintan 1 to well Jingtan 1 to well Yuyang 1 to well Yu 9 in the central-eastern Ordos basin(section locations shown in Fig.1)

  • 图7 鄂尔多斯盆地中东部靖探1井和榆阳1井奥陶系马家沟组二段取芯段高频沉积旋回及储层发育特征图

  • Fig.7 High frequency sedimentary cycles and reservoir development characteristics of the 2nd Member of the Ordovician Majiagou Formation in wells Jingtan 1 and Yuyang 1 in the central-eastern Ordos basin

  • (a)—靖探1井马二段2亚段;(b)—榆阳1井马二段3亚段

  • (a) —the 2nd sub-member of 2nd Member of Ordovician Majiagou Formation in well Jingtan 1; (b) —the 3rd sub-member of 2nd Member of Ordovician Majiagou Formation in well Yuyang 1

  • 3.3 白云石化作用

  • 斑状粉晶白云岩的晶间孔隙发育于白云石斑块区,其发育与生物扰动作用和白云石化作用相关。前人研究表明,此类斑状结构与三叶虫类、甲壳类和蠕虫类宏体生物相关 (Ekdale and Bromley,2003; Cherns et al.,2006Jin Jisuo et al.,2012魏柳斌等,2024)。迫于鹦鹉螺类、头足类等大型捕食型生物在奥陶纪的辐射所引发的捕食压力,三叶虫等宏体生物通过在沉积物中挖掘三维复杂潜穴来保护自身(Cherns et al.,2006)。这些潜穴在面上呈花斑状结构,空间上相互连通,其内部残存的孔隙空间为斑状粉晶白云岩晶间孔隙的发育创造了基础条件;除与生物扰动作用形成的潜穴相关,斑状粉晶白云岩晶间孔隙的发育还与潜穴中发生的白云石化作用相关。该类孔隙由早期潜穴中的残余孔隙空间经过白云石化作用后形成。而白云石化作用有利于增强岩石的抗压能力和孔隙的保持(周进高等,2015)。在埋藏条件下,随着压力的增大,以晶间孔为储集空间的孔隙型白云岩储层保持条件更为优越(佘敏等,2021)。分析化验测试结果显示,5组粗粉晶白云石斑块的碳同位素值为-1.33‰~-0.68‰,氧同位素值为-6.25‰~-4.86‰(表1、图9a),位于奥陶纪同期海水值范围内;粗粉晶白云石斑块阴极发光发暗红色—红色光,明显较细粉晶白云石围岩亮,表明此类白云石斑块经历后期叠加改造(图4i);此外,1组U-Pb定年测试获得的年龄值为350.0±29 Ma(图9b),指示改造时间发生于石炭纪。综合上述特征研究表明,斑状白云岩中的粗粉晶白云石斑块经过浅埋藏白云石化作用改造,白云石化流体判识为准同生期由蒸发作用形成并封存于白云岩储层孔隙中的富Mg2+卤水。

  • 图8 鄂尔多斯盆地中东部过统8井和陕476井奥陶系东西向地震剖面图(剖面位置见图1)

  • Fig.8 East-west seismic profile across Ordovician strata, intersecting wells Tong 8 and Shan 476 in the central-eastern Ordos basin (cross-sectional location shown in Fig.1)

  • 表1 鄂尔多斯盆地中东部马家沟组二段斑状粉晶白云岩碳氧同位素值

  • Table1 Carbon and oxygen isotope values of porphyritic powder crystalline dolostone from the 2nd Member of the Ordovician Majiagou Formation in the central-eastern Ordos basin

  • 3.4 石盐充填作用

  • 石盐充填作用在盐下马家沟组二段白云岩储层普遍存在(图3b、f),且主要位于白云岩发育段的上覆膏盐岩发育段的盐湖边界线内侧附近,如榆阳1井(图2)、双168井和陕473井;而上覆膏盐岩发育段的盐湖边界线外侧区域却不见石盐充填作用,如桃112井和双131井。孔隙中充填有石盐和未充填石盐的样品统计对比表明,石盐充填作用是导致马家沟组二段白云岩储层致密化的关键因素,其导致与含膏云坪相沉积相关的粉晶白云岩类和与高能滩相沉积相关的颗粒白云岩类孔隙度分别下降了4.47%和6.52%(表2)。

  • 图9 鄂尔多斯盆地中东部马家沟组二段粗粉晶白云石斑块碳氧同位素特征图(a)及U-Pb同位素年龄(b)

  • Fig.9 Carbon and oxygen isotope characteristics of coarse-grained dolomite patches in the 2nd Member of the Ordovician Majiagou Formation (a) and U-Pb isotope age (b)

  • (a)—马家沟组二段斑状白云岩碳氧同位素特征图;(b)—榆阳1井,3407.04 m,斑状粉晶白云岩,粗粉晶白云石斑块U-Pb同位素年龄值为350.0±29.0 Ma

  • (a) —carbon and oxygen isotope characteristics of porphyritic dolostone in the 2nd Member of the Majiagou Formation; (b) —well Yuyang 1, 3407.04 m, porphyritic powder crystal dolostone, the U-Pb isotope age value of the coarse powder crystal dolomite block is 350.0±29.0 Ma

  • 表2 鄂尔多斯盆地中东部奥陶系马家沟组二段取芯段样品物性统计表

  • Table2 Physical property statistics of core samples from the 2nd Member of the Ordovician Majiagou Formation in the central-eastern Ordos basin

  • 4 储层发育模式

  • 储层成因分析认为,鄂尔多斯盆地中东部奥陶系马二段白云岩储层孔隙形成于沉积—准同生期,仅有部分白云岩在浅埋藏期发生了埋藏白云石化作用。为此,基于储层发育背景,并综合连井沉积相剖面、储层特征及发育主控因素等成果认识,建立了鄂尔多斯盆地中东部奥陶系马二段储层发育模式图(图10)。

  • 相对海侵期,中央古陆东侧的高部位地区发育含膏云坪和颗粒滩微相(图6、7),且易于发生准同生暴露溶蚀作用,或具有适合造迹生物活动的场所,从而有利于白云岩储层发育。东部坳陷地势较低,水体相对较深,海水盐度值正常,广泛沉积岩性致密的灰岩(图10a)。相对海退期,伴随海平面下降,盆地东部坳陷与华北广海连通性变差,海水循环不畅,并进入蒸发潟湖沉积环境。中央古陆东侧的高部位地区发生短暂暴露,位于膏盐岩边界线外侧的储层孔隙在大气淡水溶蚀作用下进一步发生扩溶(图8);在高频层序界面附近区域,浓缩后的蒸发卤水在重力作用下沿短暂暴露面向下伏储层渗流、结晶并充填于储层孔隙空间中(图3b、f,图10b);而在远离高频层序界面、盐湖边界线内侧的地层中,发育于其内部的储层未与高频层序界面附近的储层相连通,部分储层纵向上又有致密灰岩遮挡(图7b),因此储层中发育的孔隙也得到了良好的保存(图10b)。浅埋藏期(石炭纪),随着温度和压力变化,封存于孔隙中的蒸发海水对斑状粉晶白云岩中的白云石斑块进行进一步改造,形成了晶粒相对较粗的粗粉晶白云石斑块(图10c)。

  • 综上所述,古构造格局和海平面变化共同控制了储层发育及分布,未被石盐充填的有利储层主要保存于盐湖边界线外侧的含膏云坪和颗粒滩中或保存于远离盐湖边界线内测的颗粒白云岩和斑状粉晶白云岩中;而靠近高频层序界面附近的储层易被石盐充填,不利于孔隙的保存,储集性能差。

  • 图10 鄂尔多斯盆地中东部奥陶系马二段白云岩储层发育模式图

  • Fig.10 Development pattern of dolomite reservoirs in the 2nd Member of the Ordovician Majiagou Formation in the central-eastern Ordos basin

  • (a)—马家沟组二段相对海侵期,马家沟组二段储层发育模式;(b)—马家沟组三段沉积期、马家沟组二段相对海退期,马家沟组二段储层发育模式;(c)—浅埋藏期(石炭纪),马家沟组二段储层发育模式

  • (a) —the development model of the reservoir in the 2nd Member of the Majiagou Formation during the relative transgression period of the 2nd Member of the Majiagou Formation; (b) —the development model of the reservoir in the 2nd Member of the Majiagou Formation during the relative regression period of the 2nd Member of the Majiagou Formation or the period of the 3rd Member of the Majiagou Formation; (c) —the development model of the reservoir in the 2nd Member of the Majiagou Formation during shallow burial period (Carboniferous)

  • 5 结论

  • (1)鄂尔多斯盆地中东部奥陶系马二段白云岩储层岩性主要为含硬石膏结核粉晶白云岩、鲕粒白云岩、砂砾屑白云岩和斑状粉晶白云岩,储集空间包括膏模孔、粒内孔、粒间孔、粒间溶孔、晶间孔、溶蚀孔和微裂缝,未有石盐充填的储层和有石盐充填的储层平均孔隙度分别为8.71%和1.81%。

  • (2)马二段白云岩储层发育受沉积微相和成岩作用共同控制。含膏云坪、颗粒滩和生物扰动作用为储层发育奠定了基础条件;准同生溶蚀作用和构造破裂作用促进溶蚀孔和微裂缝的发育,进一步改善储层储集性能;白云石化作用有利于斑状粉晶白云岩孔隙的形成与保持;石盐充填作用对储层发育起破坏作用,导致储层致密化或丧失储集性能。

  • (3)古构造格局和海平面变化共同控制了马二段白云岩储层发育与分布。有利储层主要保存于盐湖边界线外侧的含膏云坪和颗粒滩中或保存于盐湖边界线内侧的颗粒白云岩和斑状粉晶白云岩中。

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    • Cherns L, Wheeley J R, Karis L. 2006. Tunneling trilobites: Habitual infaunalism in an Ordovician carbonate seafloor. Geology, 34(8): 657~660.

    • Ding Zhenchun, Gao Xing, Dong Guodong, Tang Jing, Hui Jiangtao, Wang Shaoyi, Zhao Zhenyu, Wang Hui. 2021. Characteristics, genesis and distribution of the Ordovician pre-salt dolomite reservoirs in Ordos basin. Marine Origin Petroleum Geology, 26(1): 16~24.

    • Ekdale A A, Bromley R G. 2003. Paleoethologic interpretation of complex thalassinoides in shallow-marine limestones, Lower Ordovician, southern Sweden. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 192(1/2/3/4): 221~227.

    • Feng Zengzhao, Bao Zhidong. 1999. Lithofacies paleogeography of Majiagou age of Ordovician in Ordos basin. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 17(1): 1~8 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Fu Jinhua, Sun Liuyi, Feng Qianghan, et al. 2018. Petroleum Geology and Exploration of Lower Paleozoic Marine Carbonate Rocks in Ordos Basin. Beijing: Petroleum Industry Press (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Fu Jinhua, Yu Zhou, Li Chengshan, Wang Weibin, Huang Zhengliang, Wu Xingning, Wang Shaoyi. 2021. New discovery and favorable areas of natural gas exploration in the 4th Member of Ordovician Majiagou Formation by well Mitan 1 in the eastern Ordos basin. Natural Gas Industry, 41(12): 17~27 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Fu Jinhua, Liu Xinshe, Wei Liubin, Ren Junfeng, Gu Yonghong, Wang Qianping, Shi Pingping. 2022. Breakthrough and significance of natural gas exploration in the fourth Member of Majiagou Formation of subsalt Ordovician in Ordos basin. China Petroleum Exploration, 27(2): 47~58 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Fu Ling, Li Jianzhong, Xu Wanglin, Guo Wei, Li Ningxi, Zhang Yueqiao, Song Wei, Sun Yuanshi. 2020. Characteristics and main controlling factors of Ordovician deep subsalt reservoir in central and eastern Ordos basin. Natural Gas Geoscience, 31(11): 1548~1561 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Guo Yanru, Zhao Zhenyu, Fu Jinhua, Xu Wanglin, Shi Xiaoying, Sun Liuyi, Gao Jianrong, Zhang Yanling, Zhang Yueqiao, Liu Junbang, Liu Hong. 2012. Sequence lithofacies paleogeography of the Ordovician in Ordos basin, China. Acta Petrolei Sinica, 33(S2): 95~109 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • He Jiang, Fang Shaoxian, Hou Fanghao, Yang Xiyan. 2009. Characteristics of karst reservoirs in the Middle Ordovician Majiagou Formation of gas fields in the central Ordos basin. Oil & Gas Geology, 30(3): 350~356 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Hou Fanghao, Fang Shaoxian, He Jiang, Yang Xiyan, Fu Suotang, Wu Zheng, Yao Jingli, Yan Ronghui. 2011. Distribution characters and comprehensive evaluation of Middle Ordovician Majiagou 51-54 submembers reservoirs in Jingbian gas field area, Ordos basin. Marine Origin Petroleum Geology, 16(1): 1~13 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Jin Jisuo, Harper D A T, Rasmussen Jan A, Sheehan P M. 2012. Late Ordovician massive-bedded thalassinoides ichnofacies along the palaeoequator of Laurentia. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 367/368: 73~88.

    • Liu Xinshe, He Jiajun, Wei Liubin, Liu Bo, Bao Hongping, Shi Kaibo, Luo Qingqing, Wu Chun, Zhao Qing, Chen Senran, Lu Feifan. 2024. Sedimentary characteristics and evolution mechanism of Ordovician pre-salt dolomite reservoirs in the central and eastern Ordos basin. Chinese Journal of Geology, 59(3): 637~659 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Mou Chunguo, Xu Jie, Gu Yonghong, Jia Jianpeng, Wang Wenxiong, Tan Xiucheng. 2023. Reservoir characteristics and main controlling factors of the fourth Member of Ordovician Majiagou Formation in the central and eastern Ordos basin. Petroleum Geology & Experiment, 45(4): 780~790 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Niu Xiaobing, Wu Dongxu, Liu Xinshe, Ren Junfeng, Li Chengshan, Zhou Jingao, Yu Zhou, Li Weiling, Wang Long. 2024. Paleogeographic evolution of the middle and lower assemblages of the Majiagou Formation in the Ordos basin and the pattern of reservoir distribution. Chinese Journal of Geology, 59(3): 625~636 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • She Min, Shen Anjiang, Lü Yuzhen, Chen Wei, Li Chang, Zhang You, Hao Yi. 2021. Differential compaction of dolostone reservoir and its controlling effect on physical property preservation. Journal of China University of Petroleum (Edition of Natural Science), 45(5): 13~22 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Shen Anjiang, Zhao Wenzhi, Hu Anping, She Min, Chen Yana, Wang Xiaofang. 2015. Major factors controlling the development of marine carbonate reservoirs. Petroleum Exploration and Development, 42(5): 545~554 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Wei Liubin, Wang Zongyan, Li Yi, Pang Zhichao, Wang Qianping, Bao Hongping, Yang Qiqi, Wang Zhen, Su Zhongtang, Zhang Lijun. 2024. Classification and genesis of leopard skin (spot) carbonate rock: A case study of the Member 4 of Majiagou Formation in Ordos basin. Journal of Palaeogeography, 26(4): 880~894 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Yang Hua, Bao Hongping. 2011. Characteristics of hydrocarbon accumulation in the middle Ordovician assemblages and their significance for gas exploration in the Ordos basin. Natural Gas Industry, 31(12): 11~20 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Yao Jingli, Bao Hongping, Ren Junfeng, Sun Liuyi, Ma Zhanrong. 2015. Exploration of Ordovician subsalt natural gas reservoirs in Ordos basin. China Petroleum Exploration, 20(3): 1~12 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Yu Zhou, Niu Xiaobing, Zhang Caili, Ma Yongwei, Wei Liubin, Dong Guodong, Yin Chen, Jia Jiajia. 2021. Genesis and distribution of reservoirs of the 4th Member of Ordovician Majiagou Formation in the Mizhi area of the Ordos basin. Natural Gas Industry, 41(12): 38~48 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Yu Zhou, Hu Zijian, Wang Qianping, Zhao Jing, Wu Dongxu, Wu Xingning, Li Weiling, Lu Huili, Zhu Wenbo. 2023. Characteristics and main controlling factors of the Ordovician deep dolomite reservoirs in mid-eastern Ordos basin. Journal of Palaeogeography, 25(4): 931~944 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Yu Zhou, Luo Xiaorong, Zhou Jingao, Hu Zijian, Wei Liubin, Li Jing, Shi Pingping, Cao Binfeng, Lyu Yuzhen. 2024a. Development characteristics and genetic mechanisms of high-quality dolomite reservoirs in the 4th Member of Ordovician Majiagou Formation in the Ordos basin. Natural Gas Industry, 44(2): 30~39 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Yu Zhou, Fan Liyong, Ren Junfeng, Wei Liubin, Huang Zhengliang, Wu Dongxu, Bai Haifeng, Luo Kaitong. 2024b. Natural gas accumulation models and favorable exploration areas of the Cambrian-Ordovician in the Ordos basin. Natural Gas Industry, 44(8): 44~57 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Zhang Caili, Liu Xinshe, Yang Yajuan, Yu Jian, Han Tianyou, Zhang Yan. 2021. Petroleum exploration history and enlightenment of Changqing oilfield in Ordos basin. Xinjiang Petroleum Geology, 42(3): 253~263 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Zhou Jingao, Xu Chunchun, Yao Genshun, Yang Guang, Zhang Jianyong, Hao Yi, Wang Fang, Pan Liyin, Gu Mingfeng, Li Wenzheng. 2015. Genesis and evolution of Lower Cambrian Longwangmiao Formation reservoirs, Sichuan basin, SW China. Petroleum Exploration and Development, 42(2): 158~166 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Zhou Jingao, Xi Shengli, Deng Hongying, Yu Zhou, Liu Xinshe, Ding Zhenchun, Li Weiling, Tang Jin. 2020a. Tectonic-lithofacies paleogeographic characteristics of Cambrian-Ordovician deep marine carbonate rocks in the Ordos basin. Natural Gas Industry, 40(2): 41~53 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Zhou Jingao, Fu Jinhua, Yu Zhou, Wu Dongxu, Ding Zhenchun, Li Weiling, Tang Jin. 2020b. Main types and formation mechanisms of marine carbonate reservoirs in the Ordos basin. Natural Gas Industry, 40(11): 20~30 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • 丁振纯, 高星, 董国栋, 唐瑾, 惠江涛, 王少依, 赵振宇, 王慧. 2021. 鄂尔多斯盆地奥陶系盐下白云岩储层特征、成因及分布. 海相油气地质, 26(1): 16~24.

    • 冯增昭, 鲍志东. 1999. 鄂尔多斯盆地奥陶纪马家沟期岩相古地理. 沉积学报, 17(1) : 1~8.

    • 付金华, 孙六一, 冯强汉, 等. 2018. 鄂尔多斯盆地下古生界海相碳酸盐岩油气地质与勘探. 北京: 石油工业出版社.

    • 付金华, 于洲, 李程善, 王维斌, 黄正良, 吴兴宁, 王少依. 2021. 鄂尔多斯盆地东部米探1井奥陶系马四段天然气勘探新发现及勘探方向. 天然气工业, 41(12): 17~27.

    • 付金华, 刘新社, 魏柳斌, 任军峰, 古永红, 王前平, 师平平. 2022. 鄂尔多斯盆地奥陶系盐下马家沟组四段天然气勘探突破及意义. 中国石油勘探, 27(2): 47~58.

    • 付玲, 李建忠, 徐旺林, 郭玮, 李宁熙, 张月巧, 宋微, 孙远实. 2020. 鄂尔多斯盆地中东部奥陶系盐下深层储层特征及主控因素. 天然气地球科学, 31(11): 1548~1561.

    • 郭彦如, 赵振宇, 付金华, 徐旺林, 史晓颖, 孙六一, 高建荣, 张延玲, 张月巧, 刘俊榜, 刘虹. 2012. 鄂尔多斯盆地奥陶纪层序岩相古地理. 石油学报, 33(增刊2): 95~109.

    • 何江, 方少仙, 侯方浩, 杨西燕. 2009. 鄂尔多斯盆地中部气田中奥陶统马家沟组岩溶型储层特征. 石油与天然气地质, 30(3): 350~356.

    • 侯方浩, 方少仙, 何江, 杨西燕, 傅锁堂, 吴正, 姚泾利, 阎荣辉. 2011. 鄂尔多斯盆地靖边气田区中奥陶统马家沟组五1—五4亚段古岩溶型储层分布特征及综合评价. 海相油气地质, 16(1): 1~13.

    • 刘新社, 何佳峻, 魏柳斌, 刘波, 包洪平, 石开波, 罗清清, 吴淳, 赵青, 陈森然, 芦飞凡. 2024. 鄂尔多斯盆地中东部奥陶系盐下层系白云岩储层沉积特征及发育演化机理. 地质科学, 59(3): 637~659.

    • 牟春国, 许杰, 古永红, 古永红, 贾建鹏, 王文雄, 谭秀成. 2023. 鄂尔多斯盆地中东部奥陶系马家沟组四段储层特征及主控因素. 石油实验地质, 45(4): 780~790.

    • 牛小兵, 吴东旭, 刘新社, 任军峰, 李程善, 周进高, 于洲, 李维岭, 王龙. 2024. 鄂尔多斯盆地马家沟组中-下组合岩相古地理演化及储层分布规律. 地质科学, 59(3): 625~636.

    • 佘敏, 沈安江, 吕玉珍, 陈薇, 李昌, 张友, 郝毅. 2021. 白云岩差异压实及对储层物性保存的控制作用. 中国石油大学学报: 自然科学版, 45(5): 13~22.

    • 沈安江, 赵文智, 胡安平, 佘敏, 陈娅娜, 王小芳. 2015. 海相碳酸盐岩储集层发育主控因素. 石油勘探与开发, 42(5): 545~554.

    • 魏柳斌, 王宗延, 李漪, 庞志超, 王前平, 包洪平, 杨琦琦, 王振, 苏中堂, 张立军. 2024. 豹皮(斑)状碳酸盐岩分类与成因初探: 以鄂尔多斯盆地马家沟组四段为例. 古地理学报, 26(4): 880~894.

    • 杨华, 包洪平. 2011. 鄂尔多斯盆地奥陶系中组合成藏特征及勘探启示. 天然气工业, 31(12): 11~20.

    • 姚泾利, 包洪平, 任军峰, 孙六一, 马占荣. 2015. 鄂尔多斯盆地奥陶系盐下天然气勘探. 中国石油勘探, 20(3): 1~12.

    • 于洲, 牛小兵, 张才利, 马永威, 魏柳斌, 董国栋, 尹陈, 贾佳佳. 2021. 鄂尔多斯盆地米脂地区奥陶系马四段储层成因与分布. 天然气工业, 41(12): 38~48.

    • 于洲, 胡子见, 王前平, 赵静, 吴东旭, 吴兴宁, 李维岭, 鲁慧丽, 朱文博. 2023. 鄂尔多斯盆地中东部奥陶系深层白云岩储集层特征及主控因素. 古地理学报, 25(4): 931~944.

    • 于洲, 罗晓容, 周进高, 胡子见, 魏柳斌, 李靖, 师平平, 曹斌风, 吕玉珍. 2024a. 鄂尔多斯盆地奥陶系马家沟组四段优质白云岩储层发育特征及成因机制. 天然气工业, 44(2): 30~39.

    • 于洲, 范立勇, 任军峰, 魏柳斌, 黄正良, 吴东旭, 白海峰, 罗开通. 2024b. 鄂尔多斯盆地寒武系—奥陶系天然气成藏模式及有利勘探区. 天然气工业, 44(8): 44~57.

    • 张才利, 刘新社, 杨亚娟, 喻建, 韩天佑, 张艳. 2021. 鄂尔多斯盆地长庆油田油气勘探历程与启示. 新疆石油地质, 42(3): 253~263.

    • 周进高, 徐春春, 姚根顺, 杨光, 张建勇, 郝毅, 王芳, 潘立银, 谷明峰, 李文正. 2015. 四川盆地下寒武统龙王庙组储集层形成与演化. 石油勘探与开发, 42(2): 158~166.

    • 周进高, 席胜利, 邓红婴, , 于洲, 刘新社, 丁振纯, 李维岭, 唐瑾. 2020a. 鄂尔多斯盆地寒武系—奥陶系深层海相碳酸盐岩构造—岩相古地理特征. 天然气工业, 40(2): 41~53.

    • 周进高, 付金华, 于洲, 吴东旭, 丁振纯, 李维岭, 唐瑾. 2020b. 鄂尔多斯盆地海相碳酸盐岩主要储层类型及其形成机制. 天然气工业, 40(11): 20~30.

  • 参考文献

    • Cherns L, Wheeley J R, Karis L. 2006. Tunneling trilobites: Habitual infaunalism in an Ordovician carbonate seafloor. Geology, 34(8): 657~660.

    • Ding Zhenchun, Gao Xing, Dong Guodong, Tang Jing, Hui Jiangtao, Wang Shaoyi, Zhao Zhenyu, Wang Hui. 2021. Characteristics, genesis and distribution of the Ordovician pre-salt dolomite reservoirs in Ordos basin. Marine Origin Petroleum Geology, 26(1): 16~24.

    • Ekdale A A, Bromley R G. 2003. Paleoethologic interpretation of complex thalassinoides in shallow-marine limestones, Lower Ordovician, southern Sweden. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 192(1/2/3/4): 221~227.

    • Feng Zengzhao, Bao Zhidong. 1999. Lithofacies paleogeography of Majiagou age of Ordovician in Ordos basin. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 17(1): 1~8 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Fu Jinhua, Sun Liuyi, Feng Qianghan, et al. 2018. Petroleum Geology and Exploration of Lower Paleozoic Marine Carbonate Rocks in Ordos Basin. Beijing: Petroleum Industry Press (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Fu Jinhua, Yu Zhou, Li Chengshan, Wang Weibin, Huang Zhengliang, Wu Xingning, Wang Shaoyi. 2021. New discovery and favorable areas of natural gas exploration in the 4th Member of Ordovician Majiagou Formation by well Mitan 1 in the eastern Ordos basin. Natural Gas Industry, 41(12): 17~27 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Fu Jinhua, Liu Xinshe, Wei Liubin, Ren Junfeng, Gu Yonghong, Wang Qianping, Shi Pingping. 2022. Breakthrough and significance of natural gas exploration in the fourth Member of Majiagou Formation of subsalt Ordovician in Ordos basin. China Petroleum Exploration, 27(2): 47~58 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Fu Ling, Li Jianzhong, Xu Wanglin, Guo Wei, Li Ningxi, Zhang Yueqiao, Song Wei, Sun Yuanshi. 2020. Characteristics and main controlling factors of Ordovician deep subsalt reservoir in central and eastern Ordos basin. Natural Gas Geoscience, 31(11): 1548~1561 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Guo Yanru, Zhao Zhenyu, Fu Jinhua, Xu Wanglin, Shi Xiaoying, Sun Liuyi, Gao Jianrong, Zhang Yanling, Zhang Yueqiao, Liu Junbang, Liu Hong. 2012. Sequence lithofacies paleogeography of the Ordovician in Ordos basin, China. Acta Petrolei Sinica, 33(S2): 95~109 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • He Jiang, Fang Shaoxian, Hou Fanghao, Yang Xiyan. 2009. Characteristics of karst reservoirs in the Middle Ordovician Majiagou Formation of gas fields in the central Ordos basin. Oil & Gas Geology, 30(3): 350~356 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Hou Fanghao, Fang Shaoxian, He Jiang, Yang Xiyan, Fu Suotang, Wu Zheng, Yao Jingli, Yan Ronghui. 2011. Distribution characters and comprehensive evaluation of Middle Ordovician Majiagou 51-54 submembers reservoirs in Jingbian gas field area, Ordos basin. Marine Origin Petroleum Geology, 16(1): 1~13 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Jin Jisuo, Harper D A T, Rasmussen Jan A, Sheehan P M. 2012. Late Ordovician massive-bedded thalassinoides ichnofacies along the palaeoequator of Laurentia. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 367/368: 73~88.

    • Liu Xinshe, He Jiajun, Wei Liubin, Liu Bo, Bao Hongping, Shi Kaibo, Luo Qingqing, Wu Chun, Zhao Qing, Chen Senran, Lu Feifan. 2024. Sedimentary characteristics and evolution mechanism of Ordovician pre-salt dolomite reservoirs in the central and eastern Ordos basin. Chinese Journal of Geology, 59(3): 637~659 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Mou Chunguo, Xu Jie, Gu Yonghong, Jia Jianpeng, Wang Wenxiong, Tan Xiucheng. 2023. Reservoir characteristics and main controlling factors of the fourth Member of Ordovician Majiagou Formation in the central and eastern Ordos basin. Petroleum Geology & Experiment, 45(4): 780~790 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Niu Xiaobing, Wu Dongxu, Liu Xinshe, Ren Junfeng, Li Chengshan, Zhou Jingao, Yu Zhou, Li Weiling, Wang Long. 2024. Paleogeographic evolution of the middle and lower assemblages of the Majiagou Formation in the Ordos basin and the pattern of reservoir distribution. Chinese Journal of Geology, 59(3): 625~636 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • She Min, Shen Anjiang, Lü Yuzhen, Chen Wei, Li Chang, Zhang You, Hao Yi. 2021. Differential compaction of dolostone reservoir and its controlling effect on physical property preservation. Journal of China University of Petroleum (Edition of Natural Science), 45(5): 13~22 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Shen Anjiang, Zhao Wenzhi, Hu Anping, She Min, Chen Yana, Wang Xiaofang. 2015. Major factors controlling the development of marine carbonate reservoirs. Petroleum Exploration and Development, 42(5): 545~554 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Wei Liubin, Wang Zongyan, Li Yi, Pang Zhichao, Wang Qianping, Bao Hongping, Yang Qiqi, Wang Zhen, Su Zhongtang, Zhang Lijun. 2024. Classification and genesis of leopard skin (spot) carbonate rock: A case study of the Member 4 of Majiagou Formation in Ordos basin. Journal of Palaeogeography, 26(4): 880~894 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Yang Hua, Bao Hongping. 2011. Characteristics of hydrocarbon accumulation in the middle Ordovician assemblages and their significance for gas exploration in the Ordos basin. Natural Gas Industry, 31(12): 11~20 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Yao Jingli, Bao Hongping, Ren Junfeng, Sun Liuyi, Ma Zhanrong. 2015. Exploration of Ordovician subsalt natural gas reservoirs in Ordos basin. China Petroleum Exploration, 20(3): 1~12 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Yu Zhou, Niu Xiaobing, Zhang Caili, Ma Yongwei, Wei Liubin, Dong Guodong, Yin Chen, Jia Jiajia. 2021. Genesis and distribution of reservoirs of the 4th Member of Ordovician Majiagou Formation in the Mizhi area of the Ordos basin. Natural Gas Industry, 41(12): 38~48 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Yu Zhou, Hu Zijian, Wang Qianping, Zhao Jing, Wu Dongxu, Wu Xingning, Li Weiling, Lu Huili, Zhu Wenbo. 2023. Characteristics and main controlling factors of the Ordovician deep dolomite reservoirs in mid-eastern Ordos basin. Journal of Palaeogeography, 25(4): 931~944 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Yu Zhou, Luo Xiaorong, Zhou Jingao, Hu Zijian, Wei Liubin, Li Jing, Shi Pingping, Cao Binfeng, Lyu Yuzhen. 2024a. Development characteristics and genetic mechanisms of high-quality dolomite reservoirs in the 4th Member of Ordovician Majiagou Formation in the Ordos basin. Natural Gas Industry, 44(2): 30~39 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Yu Zhou, Fan Liyong, Ren Junfeng, Wei Liubin, Huang Zhengliang, Wu Dongxu, Bai Haifeng, Luo Kaitong. 2024b. Natural gas accumulation models and favorable exploration areas of the Cambrian-Ordovician in the Ordos basin. Natural Gas Industry, 44(8): 44~57 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Zhang Caili, Liu Xinshe, Yang Yajuan, Yu Jian, Han Tianyou, Zhang Yan. 2021. Petroleum exploration history and enlightenment of Changqing oilfield in Ordos basin. Xinjiang Petroleum Geology, 42(3): 253~263 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Zhou Jingao, Xu Chunchun, Yao Genshun, Yang Guang, Zhang Jianyong, Hao Yi, Wang Fang, Pan Liyin, Gu Mingfeng, Li Wenzheng. 2015. Genesis and evolution of Lower Cambrian Longwangmiao Formation reservoirs, Sichuan basin, SW China. Petroleum Exploration and Development, 42(2): 158~166 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Zhou Jingao, Xi Shengli, Deng Hongying, Yu Zhou, Liu Xinshe, Ding Zhenchun, Li Weiling, Tang Jin. 2020a. Tectonic-lithofacies paleogeographic characteristics of Cambrian-Ordovician deep marine carbonate rocks in the Ordos basin. Natural Gas Industry, 40(2): 41~53 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Zhou Jingao, Fu Jinhua, Yu Zhou, Wu Dongxu, Ding Zhenchun, Li Weiling, Tang Jin. 2020b. Main types and formation mechanisms of marine carbonate reservoirs in the Ordos basin. Natural Gas Industry, 40(11): 20~30 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • 丁振纯, 高星, 董国栋, 唐瑾, 惠江涛, 王少依, 赵振宇, 王慧. 2021. 鄂尔多斯盆地奥陶系盐下白云岩储层特征、成因及分布. 海相油气地质, 26(1): 16~24.

    • 冯增昭, 鲍志东. 1999. 鄂尔多斯盆地奥陶纪马家沟期岩相古地理. 沉积学报, 17(1) : 1~8.

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