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作者简介:

袁胜,男,1997年生。硕士,助理工程师,主要从事天然气水合物勘查评价相关研究工作。E-mail: 2462761513@qq.com。

通讯作者:

张伟,男,1987年生。博士,高级工程师,主要从事天然气水合物地质勘探与资源评价工作。E-mail: zwgmgs@foxmail.com。

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    摘要

    地质调查与钻探结果证实南海北部琼东南盆地赋存丰富的天然气水合物资源,天然气水合物赋存区往往地质构造复杂且发育一系列潜在的地质灾害,可能对海洋工程以及环境气候等产生一系列的威胁和挑战。本文基于公开文献成果以及琼东南盆地高分辨率二维和三维地震等资料,对琼东南盆地天然气水合物发育区相关地质灾害开展研究,梳理了地质灾害的类型以及不同类型灾害的发育特征和识别标志,总结了天然气水合物发育区海底地质灾害发育模式,并结合区域构造沉积背景等地质因素,对各类型地质灾害的成因机制进行了综合分析。研究表明,琼东南盆地充足的物源供给、普遍发育的高温超压、复杂的构造沉积背景以及丰富的有机质是天然气水合物成藏及相关海底地质灾害普遍发育的主要成因。琼东南盆地天然气水合物赋存区发育多类型地质灾害,各地质灾害因素彼此之间往往共同作用、相互影响,且与天然气水合物的关系复杂,其中海底滑坡与天然气水合物的关系最为密切,天然气水合物的形成分解与海底滑坡处于一个动态的发展过程中。最后,针对目前国内海底地质灾害在研究、监测、预警等方面的发展现状,指出了未来海底地质灾害研究中需要解决的主要问题,为琼东南盆地天然气水合物未来的商业化开采与灾害风险评估提供一定的参考。

    Abstract

    The Qiongdongnan basin (QDNB) in the northern South China Sea (SCS) has been confirmed to host significant natural gas hydrate deposits through extensive geological surveys and drilling results. However, gas hydrate occurrences are typically associated with a series of potential geological hazards that can significantly impact offshore engineering, environmental climate, and other aspects. Based on published literature and high-resolution 2D and 3D seismic data of the QDNB, areal geohazards related to gas hydrates are investigated. We identify and characterize different types of geological hazards, outlining their development characteristics and models. Combined with the regional tectonic and sedimentary background, the genetic mechanisms underlying each hazard type are analyzed comprehensively. Our findings demonstrate that abundant provenance, high-temperature overpressure, a complex tectonic-sedimentary background, and abundant organic matter are the main causes of gas hydrate accumulation and associated seabed geological hazards in the QDNB. The region exhibits a diverse range of geological hazards, with interacting factors often influencing each other in complex ways. Among these, submarine landslides are most closely linked to gas hydrate occurrences, with hydrate formation and decomposition dynamically intertwined with landslide processes. Considering the current state of domestic seabed geohazard research, monitoring, and early warning systems, this study highlights key areas for future research. Furthermore, it and provides a valuable reference for the safe and sustainable commercial exploitation of gas hydrates in the QDNB, emphasizing the need for comprehensive risk assessments and mitigation strategies to address the potential hazards associated with these valuable energy resources.

  • 随着人类对海洋资源的进一步勘探与认识,海洋油气等资源的开发利用及其相关的海底地质灾害研究已成为海洋地球科学领域的热点问题。近年来,海洋地质灾害对人类生活以及各种活动造成的影响越来越明显,引起了大量学者及相关部门对海洋地质灾害研究的密切关注。琼东南盆地不仅是位于我国南海北部大陆边缘的近海油气富集盆地之一,同时也是天然气水合物的有利赋存区。天然气水合物通常多发育在复杂构造地区,复杂构造区也是地质灾害孕育和分布的重要场所(王宏斌等,2008何健等,2018)。随着油气及水合物资源勘探开发由浅海走向深海,一系列海底地质与环境灾害必将会引起学术界与工业界的高度关注。因此,对天然气水合物及相关海底地质灾害的研究已成为海洋开发工程地质研究中的重要内容。

  • 2017年与2020年在南海神狐海域两次天然气水合物试采的成功,加快了南海北部陆坡深水区各种海洋能源的开发步伐,而海洋灾害地质调查、研究和防治成为南海北部陆坡深水区各种资源进一步开发面临的首要任务(马云等,2017)。许多学者对南海北部地质灾害的识别、分类、特征以及危害等方面开展了大量工作(吴庐山等,2000沙志彬等,2005孙杰等,2010王力峰等,2010马云等,2014王霄飞等,2014Zhang Zhiqiang et al.,2016朱友生,2017何健等,2018杨志力等,2020Hui Gege et al.,2021)。一些学者曾对南海北部琼东南盆地底辟构造及气烟囱等气源通道进行了详细刻画,并探讨了这些构造在该区天然气水合物成藏中的重要作用(Zhang Wei et al.,2019; Liang Jinqiang et al.,2019)。研究资料显示,海域天然气水合物的发育及分布往往与大陆边缘的滑塌体、断裂带、泥底辟、气烟囱等这些特殊构造的关系极为密切,这些特殊构造往往是烃类气体运移聚集的高效通道(Chun et al.,2011; Yoo et al.,2013; Zhang Wei et al.,2020)。张伟等(2015)研究了琼东南盆地疑似泥底辟与天然气水合物藏之间的关系,结果表明二者分布位置上具有一定的重叠性。何健等(2018)对南海北部陆坡天然气水合物区地质灾害的类型、特征、成因及分布特征进行了综合分析,同时讨论了各种地质灾害与天然气水合物的形成及分解之间的关系。孙启良等(2021)梳理了南海北部海底滑坡的特征并对海底滑坡造成的灾害进行了初步评估,指出在未来的研究中亟需解决的科学问题包括海底滑坡的成因机制。王俊勤等(2019)在琼东南盆地陵水研究区识别了多种海底地质灾害体,并结合区域构造和沉积演化过程,分析了地质灾害体的成因机制。然而由于海底资料的特殊性和局限性,对于琼东南盆地天然气水合物赋存区发育的各类地质灾害特征、空间分布、成因机制以及与天然气水合物之间的关系等方面还缺乏深入研究,对于海底灾害的研究大都集中在单个灾害地质因素本身,并没有考虑各灾害因素彼此之间的关联与耦合关系。此外,天然气水合物形成于海底未固结的沉积物中,存在自然分解渗漏,开采过程也可能引起海底甲烷泄漏、海底地层失稳等地质灾害和环境污染,要实现天然气水合物商业化开发利用就必须重视天然气水合物地质灾害的研究,这是保障天然气水合物资源安全高效开发的前提和基础。

  • 本文基于琼东南盆地高分辨率二维和三维地震资料,结合前人对南海北部海底地质灾害的研究成果,以南海北部琼东南盆地天然气水合物发育区为研究区域,结合研究区地形地貌特征、区域构造与沉积背景等地质因素,对琼东南盆地天然气水合物发育区地质灾害的类型、发育特征以及成因机制进行研究与综合分析,并对各类型地质灾害之间的联系及其与天然气水合物之间的相互关系展开讨论。最后,基于海底地质灾害对海上工程作业、天然气水合物的开采以及环境气候保护等带来的潜在风险给出对策与建议,为琼东南盆地天然气水合物未来的商业化开采与灾害风险评估提供一定的参考。

  • 1 区域地质背景

  • 琼东南盆地是南海北部一系列北东向展布的准被动大陆边缘盆地之一,其主体位于南海北部陆坡的西端,西临红河断裂带和莺歌海盆地,东临珠江口盆地,南临西沙隆起(姚伯初,1996朱荣伟等,2022)。琼东南盆地构造演化可分为古近纪裂陷期和新近纪及第四纪拗陷期两个阶段,盆地整体呈现出“东西分块、南北分带”多坳多隆的构造格局(钟佳等,2019),自北向南可依次分为北部坳陷、中央隆起、中央坳陷、南部隆起和南部坳陷5个一级构造单元(图1),组成三坳两隆的构造格局(张功成等,2016)。琼东南盆地海底地形比较复杂,海底地貌变化较大,海底地形由北西向南东倾斜,水深线走向大体与海岸线平行,在西北部的陆架转折带及上陆坡附近,海底地形及坡度变化较大,往东南部,水深缓慢增加,地形变化相对平缓。

  • 琼东南盆地具有独特的构造和沉积演化过程,导致了盆地内地形形态多样以及地貌类型多变(张娜等,2012)。琼东南盆地断裂构造较为发育,形成了以北东、北西和近东西向等多组深大断裂为主体的断裂构造体系,盆地断裂主要形成于古近纪并强烈活动,进入新近纪断层活动减弱直至停止,以至于新近系至第四系构造活动微弱,断层几乎不发育。同时,南海北部新生代广泛存在以岩浆侵入、火山喷发为典型伸展指示标志的构造地质活动,特别是在晚新生代时期表现得极为强烈(张峤等,2014夏少红等,2017),而琼东南盆地也被揭示广泛发育岩浆底辟、海底火山等极具特色的构造-岩浆地质体,盆地地层通常被这些岩浆地质体刺穿而产生变形(谢文彦等,2009张斌等,2013)。琼东南盆地的物源主要来自海南岛物源和红河的供给(Zhu Mangzheng et al.,2010; Li Lu et al.,2013),并且随着水深的增加,南海北部的沉积物供给逐渐减少,沉积物粒度逐渐变细,在这样的构造和沉积背景下,琼东南盆地自上新世以来发育了大量的海底滑坡(Sun Qiliang et al.,2017; 周杰等,2019)。区域构造地质、沉积及地球物理资料分析结果表明:盆地古近纪及中新世沉降沉积速度大,处于深水区的中央坳陷带与南部坳陷带新生界尤其是古近系沉积厚度及展布规模较大,其结果造成盆地深水区凹陷普遍沉积充填了非常厚的古近系及中新统地层,而这种快速沉积充填的泥页岩等碎屑物质,为该区泥底辟及气烟囱形成提供了所需的泥源物质基础(何家雄等,2010张伟,2016)。盆地受到多期构造活动、沉积物供给速率、古地貌形态、相对海平面变化等因素的综合影响(Xie Xinong et al.,2006),沉积构造过程相对复杂,构造活动相对活跃,形成了进积与加积同在、平缓与陡峭并存的陆架-陆坡沉积体系。

  • 图1 琼东南盆地构造单元划分图(据朱荣伟等,2022修改)

  • Fig.1 Tectonic unit division map of Qiongdongnan basin (modified from Zhu Rongwei et al., 2022)

  • 2 琼东南盆地天然气水合物发育特征

  • 天然气水合物被誉为21世纪的战略接替能源,已越来越为人们所重视,但在关注其巨大的潜在资源量时,往往忽视了其所带来的灾害影响和负面环境效应。近年来的研究表明,天然气水合物的分解会导致海底沉积物胶结强度和坡体稳定性降低,从而诱发海底滑坡的产生。天然气水合物的分解导致的海底滑塌及重力流等地质灾害,会引起井壁不稳定、井径扩大、井喷等事故,危害钻井平台,对海洋工程建设具有较大的威胁,是海洋油气开发中面临的工程地质灾害之一。另一方面,天然气水合物分解产生的甲烷等温室气体进入大气,会对全球气候变暖产生严重的影响。

  • 高分辨地震资料显示琼东南盆地发育大量具有天然气水合物指示标志的“似海底反射(BSR)”,根据地震资料解释结果来看,盆地第四系为一套稳定中—强振幅、中高频连续反射,而在第四系中可识别出大量BSR反射,部分BSR之上存在低频、弱振幅空白带,可能是天然气水合物赋存的有利场所,BSR的发育位置往往对应于下部的气烟囱或深部断层(图2),暗示了大量深部气体以这些特殊构造体作为输导通道从深部地层向上运移,在运移途中被圈闭捕获形成具有天然气藏指示意义的“亮点”反射,或最终运移至浅层稳定域内形成天然气水合物,与此同时发育具有稳定域底界指示意义的BSR反射。从BSR的平面分布特征看,天然气水合物主要沿琼东南盆地的北部和西部陆坡分布,处在陆坡转折带及前端位置,水深范围为350~1500 m,平均水深933 m,大多处于500~1400 m上的水深范围内,部分天然气水合物发育在陆坡中下部,水深一般超过1400~2000 m。从构造位置看,天然气水合物主要分布于琼东南盆地中央坳陷带内,部分处在南部低凸起区域。研究资料显示,海域天然气水合物的发育及分布往往与大陆边缘的滑塌体、断裂带、泥底辟、气烟囱等这些特殊构造的关系极为密切,这些特殊构造往往是烃类气体运移聚集的高效通道。

  • 3 地质灾害类型与发育特征

  • 琼东南盆地构造和沉积特征复杂,水合物发育区海底地质灾害类型多样,本文基于公开发表文献以及相关海洋地质调查资料,针对灾害地质因素与天然气水合物成藏的紧密关系,以及灾害地质因素对工程开发的潜在影响,识别了海底滑坡、泥底辟/气烟囱、断层、浅层气、麻坑/丘状体等地质灾害类型。

  • 图2 琼东南盆地似海底反射层(BSR)地震反射特征

  • Fig.2 Seismic reflection characteristics of BSR in Qiongdongnan basin

  • 3.1 海底滑坡

  • 海底滑坡是指在地震、海啸、高沉积速率、火山、水合物分解等不稳定因素的诱发下,快速沉积的结构疏松欠压实沉积物沿大陆坡滑动面发生块体搬运的过程,是广泛发生在大陆坡的一种重力流搬运机制,包括滑动、滑塌和碎屑流等重力流作用过程。海底滑坡是具有巨大危害的海洋地质灾害之一,海底滑坡不仅是沉积物从陆架向深海输送的重要方式,海底滑坡及其触发的海啸还是严重的海洋地质灾害。海底滑坡在地震剖面上整体上具有丘状外形,内部地层地震反射波不连续、弱振幅、杂乱反射或无反射结构,而且发育有典型的头部拉张特征(图3)。琼东南海底滑坡群整体由北西向南东倾斜,沿着陆架坡折走向展布,坡度值变化很大,由东向西逐渐变小,总体上分布在琼东南盆地陆架坡折的中段,从浅海陆架坡折起始处开始发生,一直延展到坡脚处(马云等,2012)。琼东南陆坡滑坡带具有坡度陡、地形高差大、现代海底峡谷纵横交错、浅活动断层发育等特点,在琼东南盆地整个陆架陆坡区海底滑坡都非常发育,而且琼东南盆地的海底滑坡大都发育在上新世至第四纪时期,与南海北部珠江口盆地海底滑坡相比,琼东南盆地海底滑坡中存在大量的滑塌块体(孙启良等,2021)。

  • 琼东南盆地海底滑坡与天然气水合物两者之间的关系复杂,海底滑坡形成的滑塌体可以作为天然气水合物的有利储集体,而滑塌作用又可能会破坏水合物稳定带的温压条件造成水合物的分解,这一过程会导致地层失稳继而又会造成陆坡区海底滑坡的产生。海底滑坡是具有巨大危害的海洋地质灾害之一,由于其不稳定性,会对深海油气钻探、输油管道、海底电缆等海底工程设施造成破坏,甚至造成重大人员伤亡和经济损失。

  • 3.2 泥底辟/气烟囱

  • 泥底辟是地下深部快速沉积充填的巨厚欠压实细粒泥源层在压实与流体排出不均衡和区域构造动力条件下,发生塑性流动底辟刺穿或挤入上覆地层以及围岩,形成不同类型形态的底辟构造及组合体(何家雄等,2019)。泥底辟周缘往往伴生断层裂隙,其顶部常伴有流体压裂产生的断裂和微裂隙等底辟伴生构造的一系列特点(张伟等,2017)。在地震剖面上泥底辟柱状体向上刺穿围岩及上覆地层,两侧同相轴在泥底辟边界发生中断并被牵引上拉。在泥底辟顶部和两侧还可识别出“亮点”(图4),表明其深部气体沿泥底辟纵向通道发生了运移并被浅层储集体所捕获。气烟囱是由深部热流体沿活动断裂或裂隙带上升过程中,天然气等流体强烈充注/气侵、逸散、渗漏后在地层中形成的形态各异的地震模糊/空白反射异常体,但大多数以类似烟囱的柱状体出现(何家雄等,2019)。气烟囱在地震剖面上主要表现为地震剖面同相轴连续性变差,不规则的杂乱(蠕状)反射,形态多为柱状或者锥形,在气烟囱处会出现同相轴下拉效应(图4)。泥底辟和气烟囱为深部流体的运移提供了有效通道,能够将深部气体运移至浅层形成水合物,同时底辟活动会导致构造变形,为水合物的形成富集提供了有利储集空间。

  • 图3 琼东南盆地海底滑坡地震反射特征

  • Fig.3 Seismic reflection characteristics of submarine landslide in Qiongdongnan basin

  • 琼东南盆地地震资料解释与地质分析结果表明,在陆坡深水区域及其周缘泥底辟和气烟囱分布较普遍,以气烟囱为主,平面展布表现出“广而散”的特征,几乎在整个盆地均有发育,部分区域相对集中。在北部凸起带及中央坳陷带过渡区域,气烟囱分布较普遍,同时尚发育一定规模的泥底辟。中央坳陷带泥底辟和气烟囱主要集中展布于乐东凹陷、陵水凹陷、松南凹陷、宝岛凹陷及长昌凹陷。在南部低凸起区域泥底辟和气烟囱分布也较为集中,如陵南低凸起及松南低凸起区域及其周缘的泥底辟和气烟囱分布较普遍(张伟等,2017满晓等,2018Zhang Wei et al.,2019)。泥底辟可视为一种潜在的地质灾害,泥丘顶部地层形成泥拱背斜、甚至可使地层下陷,在海底形成麻坑,其所形成的地层褶皱对海洋工程设施有很大的危害。在天然气水合物赋存区,频繁的泥底辟往往会破坏水合物的成藏条件,导致水合物的分解,是不利的灾害因素。气烟囱是活动断裂或裂隙带的反映,与麻坑、天然气水合物共存现象比较常见,并伴随着海底滑坡。同时,气烟囱活动也会造成浅层气的聚集(孙启良等,2014),也是一种潜在的地质灾害。

  • 3.3 断层

  • 断裂作为地球内部动力的表层响应对断陷盆地的形成演化有着重要作用,也常成为地震、滑坡等地质灾害的诱发因素,基于已有的地震资料,对研究区断层的构造特征进行了识别与分析,其表现为反射界面不连续,层位错断,断层的发育与底辟等构造一起形成了良好的流体输运通道,有利于气体运移到浅部地层聚集,为水合物成藏提供气源(图5)。断层在琼东南盆地陆坡区比较发育,多为层间滑动断层(杨文达等,2011朱友生,2017),断层是一种具有破坏性的潜在地质灾害,对海底工程设施有很大的危害性,应引起高度重视。断层引起断层面两侧块体的滑动,会引起海底滑坡,此外断层也是重要的流体通道,流体在海底的释放可以引发海底的塌陷。

  • 图4 琼东南盆地泥底辟和气烟囱发育特征

  • Fig.4 Development characteristics of mud diapir and gas chimney in Qiongdongnan basin

  • 图5 琼东南盆地断层地震反射特征

  • Fig.5 Seismic reflection characteristics of faults in Qiongdongnan basin

  • 3.4 浅层气

  • 浅层气是指海底浅层未固结沉积物中含有的游离气体,有时以含气沉积物存在,有时以超压状态的气囊出现。琼东南盆地浅层气的地震反射特征主要为剖面上本来连续完好的地层突然出现空白或模糊,其边缘却不见断层或其他构造错落现象,而浅层气顶部地层反射波却清晰可辩,表现为亮点反射特征并出现同相轴的极性反转特征(图6)。琼东南盆地浅层气主要发育在第四系的浅部未固结沉积层,此外,琼东南盆地浅层气藏通过断层等流体通道可为天然气水合物的形成提供稳定的气源条件,天然气水合物的纵向分布与浅层气具有良好的耦合关系,大部分浅层气聚集可能是由于天然气水合物封盖形成的。

  • 浅层气以多种形式影响海洋石油开发,对海底工程构成直接或间接的灾害,埋深越大压力越高,浅层气的存在对大量工程活动带来危害。吴时国等(2019)总结认为浅层气灾害主要体现在3个方面:① 预测难度大。气体一般来源于海底以下1000 m浅地层内聚集的生物成因气体,横向分布不均匀,难以识别。② 控制难度大。浅层气发生突然,警报反应时间短,极易造成井喷。③ 伴生灾害普遍。浅层气通常发育在流体运移通道上方或周围,与断层、泥底辟、气烟囱等构造伴生发育。

  • 3.5 麻坑/丘状体

  • 麻坑是海底浅部地层流体渗漏到海底形成的负地形构造,一般呈圆形或椭圆形,易形成在未固结的细粒沉积物中,广泛分布在世界各个大陆边缘的深水盆地中(王俊勤等,2019)。琼东南盆地已发现麻坑及流体管道等构造地貌特征,这些微地形地貌发育特征反映流体渗漏强度或底辟输导能力的差异,可能是流体快速渗漏导致,麻坑在琼东南盆地内分布广泛,与水合物的发育区域有一定的重叠。在地震剖面上,麻坑表现为海底凹陷的碗状负地形。海底丘状体在天然气水合物发育区是一种常见的微地貌,丘状体的表面高低不平,有的单独发育,有的组合在一起成线型、弧型或不规则形态,丘状体的下部通常发育流体管道和块体流搬运沉积,在地震剖面上局部呈强反射特征(图7)。麻坑是天然气水合物藏分解释放大量气体的海底形貌的表现,丘状体的形成也源于超压流释放,在地层强度薄弱带,地层中的高压流体会突破向上部运移最终在海底形成丘状体。在天然气水合物赋存区出现麻坑/丘状体地貌的海底,是海底不稳定的潜在信号,在资源探勘和开采过程中极易导致工程灾难、地质灾害、环境效应等地质和生态灾害问题。

  • 图6 琼东南盆地浅层气地震反射特征

  • Fig.6 Seismic reflection characteristics shallow gas in Qiongdongnan basin

  • 图7 琼东南盆地麻坑/丘状体地震反射特征

  • Fig.7 Seismic reflection characteristics of pockmarks/hummocks in Qiongdongnan basin

  • 4 成因与机制分析

  • 4.1 海底地质灾害发育成因

  • 海洋地质灾害的形成与发生过程是极其复杂的,是盆地的构造沉积过程、气候环境变化等多种条件相互作用的结果。对各类海底地质灾害因素进行识别并确定其成因机制,是进行海底地质灾害危害性评价和有效预防地质灾害发生的重要前提工作。根据琼东南盆地天然气水合物发育区的地质灾害识别与发育特征,形成了琼东南盆地海底地质灾害发育模式图(图8),结合前人研究成果将琼东南盆地水合物相关地质灾害的演化成因机制总结为以下4点:

  • (1)充足的物源供给。琼东南盆地陆架区第四纪沉积巨厚,陆源碎屑物质主要来自海南岛周缘及红河、珠江水系,而且受北部海南岛隆起,西部越南方向及南部隆起多物源的供给(张伟等,2017孙启良等,2021)。为海底滑坡的产生、泥底辟/气烟囱的形成、浅层气的聚集提供了充足的物源基础。

  • (2)复杂的沉积与构造背景。琼东南盆地经历了古近纪断陷,新近纪拗陷两大构造演化阶段,形成了凹凸相间的构造格局,凸起和凹陷构造转换带通常发育断裂和裂缝等构造(谢文彦等,2007)。盆地内发育的断裂和裂缝等构造,属于构造薄弱带,深部泥源物质及含气流体则易于沿构造薄弱带底辟和侵入,为浅层气、泥底辟/气烟囱、海底麻坑/丘状体的形成提供流体运移通道。

  • (3)高温超压异常。琼东南盆地普遍发育超压,为盆地内油气运移提供了良好的动力条件(王子嵩等,2014)。高热流值可加速深部烃源岩有机质成熟热解,进而造成有机质生烃及热流体增压,为泥底辟/气烟囱的形成提供超压潜能。地层中的超压流体突破薄弱带向上部地层运移,释放后沿垂向运移形成流体管道,最终在海底形成麻坑/丘状体等。

  • (4)有机质大量生烃。琼东南盆地物源充足,有机质丰度较高,富生烃凹陷发育(李绪宣,2004),在盆地高温超压环境背景下,大量的天然气伴随着热流体活动突破上覆地层而形成泥底辟/气烟囱等底辟活动构造,同时泥底辟/气烟囱又是良好的气体运移通道,为天然气水合物成藏提供气源,泥底辟/气烟囱的发育又为海底滑坡的发生提供了不稳定的地层条件。

  • 4.2 海底地质灾害与水合物形成与分解的关系

  • 琼东南盆地天然气水合物赋存区发育的灾害地质因素与天然气水合物的关系比较复杂,对天然气水合物的富集成藏有建设性作用,但灾害地质因素的发育演化又可能会破坏水合物稳定的温压条件,致使水合物发生分解,水合物的分解反过来又会影响到相关的灾害地质因素。其中海底滑坡与水合物的关系最为密切,海底滑坡形成的滑塌体是水合物的有利储集体,而滑塌作用又可能会破坏水合物稳定带的温压条件造成水合物的分解,水合物分解后又会造成陆坡区海底滑坡的产生。琼东南陆坡自中新世以来发生过两期碰撞,构造活动破坏了水合物稳定域的温压条件造成水合物分解,分解产生的气体在地层中形成超压,致使发生滑塌或出现海底滑坡。构造活动产生的断层、泥底辟/气烟囱等构造通常沟通滑塌体、埋藏古河道以及深部地层,又为气体垂向运移提供了有利通道,气源在运移通道的垂直运移以及不整合面等的横向运移作用下,在合适的温压条件下又形成水合物。在新的构造运动影响下,又会导致新一轮的滑坡或者水合物的分解,而新一轮的滑坡又会破坏水合物的温压条件致使水合物分解,因此,水合物的形成分解与海底滑坡一直处于一个动态的发展过程中(图9)。

  • 图8 琼东南盆地水合物相关地质灾害发育模式图

  • Fig.8 Model map of hydrate-related geological hazards in Qiongdongnan basin

  • 琼东南盆地发育的泥底辟、断层等构造,为气体运移到浅部地层聚集,提供了良好的输运通道,为天然气水合物成藏提供了充足的气源,但是深部气体通过断层、底辟等构造运聚形成的超压又会导致海底滑坡的发生而造成水合物分解。气烟囱、浅层气的发育与天然气水合物的形成之间也具有紧密的关系,一方面气烟囱、浅层气藏为天然气水合物的形成提供了稳定的气源,另外第四系块体流沉积与含天然气水合物地层又是良好的封盖层,进一步促进浅层气的成藏。综上所述,琼东南盆地水合物发育区的各地质灾害与天然气水合物之间往往是共同作用、相互影响。

  • 5 结论与建议

  • (1)基于琼东南盆地高分辨二维、三维地震等资料,结合前人的研究成果,在琼东南盆地水合物发育区识别了海底滑坡、泥底辟/气烟囱、断层、浅层气、麻坑/丘状体等与水合物发育密切相关的地质灾害类型,总结了各地质灾害类型的发育与分布特征及其与天然气水合物之间的密切关系。各地质灾害类型在琼东南盆地水合物赋存区内分布广泛,并且各地质灾害在空间上的分布具有一定的重叠,各灾害地质因素之间具有一定的内在关联性,最后总结形成了琼东南盆地水合物相关地质灾害发育模式图。

  • (2)琼东南盆地充足的物源供给、复杂的构造沉积背景、普遍发育的高温超压以及有机质的大量生烃是天然气水合物成藏及其相关海底地质灾害发育的主要成因。同时,各地质灾害类型共同作用、彼此关联,导致灾害成因机制错综复杂。琼东南盆地天然气水合物赋存区发育的灾害地质因素与天然气水合物的关系复杂,一方面它们对于水合物的聚集成藏有建设性作用,断层、泥底辟/气烟囱、浅层气等为水合物聚集成藏提供了气源、运移通道等有利的成藏条件,但当灾害地质因素在形成过程中破坏了水合物的温压条件又会造成水合物的分解,其中海底滑坡与水合物的关系最为密切,两者一直处于一个动态平衡的发展过程中。

  • 图9 水合物分解与海底滑坡的动态平衡过程(据惠格格,2019修改)

  • Fig.9 The dynamic equilibrium process of hydrate decomposition and submarine landslide (modified from Hui Gege, 2019)

  • (3)对海底地质灾害的研究是天然气水合物等油气资源开发以及各种海洋工程建设的前提与基础,目前国内在海底地质灾害的识别、监测、预警和对策等方面的研究还存在许多不足。例如:海底地质灾害的类型和空间分布尚未整体掌握;对灾害的严重性和损失预先估算难度较大;对各种海底地质灾害的孕灾背景和诱发机制仍有待探索,以此为基础的准确预警和及时主动排除危害对策仍有一定困难。亟需产学研各界相互协作,提高理论认识和监测、预警技术及相应技术装备的国产化程度,为海洋地质灾害的防控、海洋资源的开发以及海洋工程建设提供更可靠精确的科学依据。

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