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作者简介:

程宏飞,男,1983年生。教授,从事矿物学研究。E-mail: h.cheng@chd.edu.cn。

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目录contents

    摘要

    关键金属锂等战略资源及其引发的国家安全问题,在当今国际政治、经济、军事舞台中愈显突出和重要。华北克拉通是我国沉积型锂矿床主要分布区域之一,富锂黏土岩资源丰富,成为重要的沉积型锂资源勘探区域。本文以华北克拉通晋南地区的煤系黏土岩为研究对象,利用X射线粉末衍射(XRD)、X射线荧光光谱(XRF)、电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)和魔角旋转固体核磁共振谱(MAS NMR)等表征技术,结合化学物相分析及黏土矿物分离提取实验对研究区本溪组黏土岩中锂的赋存状态及其沉积环境进行研究。发现黏土矿物是锂的主要载体矿物,其主要包括锂绿泥石、伊利石和高岭石;锂含量与锂绿泥石含量呈显著正相关关系,与伊利石和高岭石的含量呈微弱的正相关关系;样品中的锂主要赋存于锂绿泥石的氢氧化物八面体晶格中,部分赋存于伊利石和高岭石中。古盐度指标m值(100×(MgO/Al2O3))和1000×Rb/K2O值显示研究区富锂黏土岩主要形成于淡水—半咸水环境;古氧化还原指标V/(V+Ni)和Th/U值显示研究区富锂黏土岩主要形成于缺氧和贫氧环境;古气候指标Sr/Cu、C值((V+Cr+Mn+Fe+Co+Ni)/(Na+Mg+K+Ca+Sr+Ba))和CIA值显示研究区富锂黏土岩主要形成于炎热潮湿的古沉积环境中。该研究有助于完善沉积型锂矿的成矿理论,也有利于攻克该类型锂资源高效分离与提取的技术瓶颈。

    Abstract

    The strategic importance of key metals, such as lithium, and their implications for national security are gaining prominence in the contemporary geopolitical landscape. The North China Craton, with its abundant lithium-rich clay rock resources, represents a significant exploration target for sedimentary lithium deposits in China. This article focuses on the clay rocks in coal-bearing strata in the southern Shanxi area of the North China Craton. A comprehensive suite of characterization techniques, including X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF), inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MAS NMR), was employed to investigate the lithium distribution and sedimentary environment of Benxi Formation clay rocks. These techniques are complemented by chemical phase analysis and clay mineral flotation experiments. Results demonstrate that clay minerals are the main carriers of lithium, including Li-chlorite, illite, and kaolinite. A strong positive correlation exists between lithium content and Li-chlorite content, while weaker positive correlations are observed with illite and kaolinite content. Lithium in samples mainly exists in the octahedral lattice of interlayer hydroxide sheets in Li-chlorite, with lesser amounts occurring in illite and kaolinite. Paleoenvironmental indicators, including salinity proxies [m(100×(MgO/Al2O3)) and 1000×Rb/K2O values] and redox proxies [V/(V+Ni) and Th/U values], suggest that the lithium-rich clay rocks formed in a freshwater to brackish water environment, characterized by anoxic and oxygen-poor conditions. Geochemical proxies, including Sr/Cu, C ((V+Cr+Mn+Fe+Co+Ni)/ (Na+Mg+K+Ca+Sr+Ba)), and CIA values, indicate a hot and humid paleoclimate during their formation. This study contributes to a better understanding of the formation processes of sedimentary lithium deposits and provides valuable insights for developing efficient separation and extraction techniques of this type of lithium resource.

  • 战略性关键金属锂在后工业化时代高新技术产业中的需求激增,加之明显的稀缺性及不可替代性,正日益成为当前各国资源竞争的焦点(王登红,2019)。按照地质成因,锂资源划分为卤水型、硬岩型和沉积型(黏土型)三大类(Kesler et al.,2012Benson et al.,2023)。目前,全球主要开采和利用的是卤水型和硬岩型锂资源,沉积型(黏土型)锂资源由于其发现较晚,尚未得到大规模开发利用(Kesler et al.,2012朱丽等,2020)。

  • 根据美国地质调查局2023年最新统计数据,我国已探明锂资源量约为680万t,占全球锂资源总量的6.9%(USGS,2023)。然而,我国锂资源以卤水型为主,其镁锂比高,镁锂分离技术成为卤水型锂矿大规模开发利用的技术瓶颈。作为全球最大的锂消费国之一,我国的锂资源供应严重不足,对外依存度高达76%(钟海仁等,2019)。随着新能源汽车等与锂相关产业的迅速发展,我国对锂资源的需求不断增加,导致国内的锂资源缺口逐渐扩大,供应受限风险日益显现(王登红等,2023)。因此,亟需寻找新型锂资源,并加强对锂资源的理论研究,这对于保障国家资源安全具有重要意义(代世峰等,2022)。

  • 近年来,在我国华北地区(如山西和河南)和西南地区(如贵州、重庆、广西和云南)含煤岩系共/伴生的黏土岩中发现了锂的超常富集现象(Sun Beilei et al.,2022bLing Kunyue et al.,2023Wang Zhuangsen et al.,2023)。锂的赋存状态直接决定了锂提取技术的难易和复杂程度,甚至还影响着锂储量和资源量的评估(朱丽等,2020Zhao Hao et al.,2023a)。吸附态的锂易被稀酸浸取置换,而以结构态赋存的锂无法以酸浸方式有效提取(孙艳等,2023)。锂是超轻金属,常常难以被常规仪器探测到,加之黏土岩中的矿物成分异常复杂,矿物颗粒细小,这使得研究黏土岩中锂的赋存状态变得异常困难(Sun Beilei et al.,2022a)。正因为如此,目前对黏土岩中锂的赋存状态存在争议:① 以结构态形式赋存于锂绿泥石中。Ling Kunyue et al.(2021)采用元素-矿物相关性分析得出广西平果地区富锂黏土中锂主要赋存于锂绿泥石中;崔燚等(2022)采用飞行时间二次离子质谱仪(TOF-SIMS)和带能谱的透射电镜(TEM-EDX)对滇中地区黏土岩的聚焦离子束(FIB)切片进行了分析,推测出蒙皂石或锂绿泥石是锂的载体矿物。② 以结构态或吸附态形式赋存于黏土矿物伊利石和高岭石中。Tang Bo et al.(2022)基于锂同位素数据表明,贵州北部新民铝土矿含矿岩系(如黏土岩)中锂的主要赋存矿物为伊利石和高岭石。此外,富锂黏土岩作为一种沉积型锂资源,其形成过程受到沉积环境(古盐度、氧化还原和古气候等)的制约。对富锂黏土岩沉积环境开展研究,有助于深入了解矿床成因与成矿规律,对矿产资源的勘探开发具有重要指示意义(张豪等,2023)。

  • 山西省是我国煤炭大省,富锂黏土岩共生/伴生于含煤地层(如本溪组、太原组和山西组等)中(代世峰等,2003张晓慧等,2024)。前期研究主要聚焦于晋北和晋中地区煤系黏土岩的矿物组成、元素含量以及形成环境等方面(Li Jintao et al.,2023张晓慧等,2024),而关于晋南地区煤系黏土岩中锂资源的研究鲜见报道。因此,本文以晋南地区本溪组的黏土岩为研究对象,在研究其矿物组成和主微量元素等地球化学特征的基础上,结合化学物相分析和矿物分离提取实验分析,探讨晋南地区本溪组黏土岩中锂的赋存状态及其沉积环境,以期为富锂黏土岩的勘探开发和综合利用提供科学依据。

  • 1 地质背景

  • 华北克拉通是我国最大、最古老的克拉通,北部以中亚造山带为界,南部以秦岭-大别造山带为界,其组成部分包括东部地块、西部地块和中部造山带(图1a)(Mao Mengxia et al.,2024)。克拉通基底主要由太古宙至古元古代岩石组成,上层不整合覆盖中、新元古代沉积岩和显生宙地层(孙雪飞等,2023)。显生宙地层主要包括寒武系—奥陶系碳酸盐岩,石炭系铝土矿、黏土岩、碎屑岩和碳酸盐岩及二叠系—白垩系碎屑岩(Zhao Guochun et al.,2001Wang Zhuangsen et al.,2023)。

  • 中奥陶世,华北克拉通受加里东构造运动影响而整体抬升,经过长期风化剥蚀作用形成了区域性风化壳(Yang Shujuan et al.,2019孙雪飞等,2023)。晚石炭世早期,北秦岭造山带向北增生以及古亚洲洋俯冲作用使得华北克拉通演变为陆内盆地(刘蕾等,2023)。海侵作用之前,华北克拉通漂移至低纬度温暖潮湿地带,导致地表物质被广泛风化解离,形成了大规模的黏土岩,局部地区形成煤,赋存于石炭系本溪组(Veevers,2004)。晚石炭世末期,由于海侵事件,沉积作用使得华北克拉通形成更大范围的石炭纪—二叠纪含煤地层(袁铎恩等,2023)。

  • 晋南地区的大地构造位置属于华北克拉通的中部造山带,区内主要出露寒武系、奥陶系、石炭系和二叠系(图1)(Zhao Hao et al.,2023b孙雪飞等,2023)。晋南地区的本溪组广泛分布黏土岩(袁铎恩等,2023)。沁源县地处华北克拉通南缘,地质构造上主要受晋南地块和华北克拉通南缘构造带的影响。该地区地质构造复杂,经历了多期次的构造演化,形成了多样化的岩石组合和地质体系。地质构造上存在断裂、褶皱等构造形态,反映了古生代以来的构造变形历史。平陆县地处晋南地块的东北部,地质背景相对较为稳定,主要由古元古代至中生代的岩石构成。该地区地质构造上以平缓的构造形态为主,地质构造活动相对较弱,地层整体较为完整。在地质历史上,平陆县所在地区经历了古老的岩石变质作用和构造运动,形成了独特的地质构造特征和丰富的矿产资源。

  • 2 采样和研究方法

  • 本研究的21件样品分别采自晋南地区沁源县(QYX)和平陆县(PLX)本溪组的黏土岩(图1b),其中钻孔岩芯样品13件(编号为QYX01~QYX13),野外露头剖面样品8件(编号为PLX01~PLX08)。所有样品采集后放置于样品袋中保存,以免被污染。

  • 使用破碎机先将采集的块状样品初步破碎为粗颗粒,再使用玛瑙研钵和标准分样筛将粗颗粒研磨筛分至粒径小于0.074 mm的粉末。

  • 使用分相化学提取法对样品中锂元素的化学物相进行分析(图2),具体实验设计根据Zhang Yusong and Zhang Jie(2019)朱士飞等(2021)建立的实验流程并加以改进。

  • 采用矿物分离提取样品中的黏土矿物(Xie Ruiqi et al.,2024)。称取10 g粉末样品搅拌分散于500 mL超纯水中,使之呈悬浮状态后倒入量筒,静置数小时后分层,采用虹吸法取上层悬浮液,从而将黏土矿物从全岩中分离提取。此外,为确定黏土矿物中吸附态锂的相对含量,称取1 g分离提取后的黏土粉末于烧杯中,加入50 mL醋酸(1 mol/L)溶液,常温下振荡72 h后将固液分离,并测定滤液中的锂,即为吸附态锂含量。

  • 图1 华北克拉通构造单元(a)及晋南地区沁源县和平陆县区域地质图(b) (据 Tang Li et al.,2016; Zhao Hao et al.,2023b修改)

  • Fig.1 Tectonic units of the North China Craton (a) and regional geological map of Qinyuan County and Pinglu County in southern Shanxi (b) (modified after Tang Li et al., 2016; Zhao Hao et al., 2023b

  • 样品的矿物组成采用日本岛津公司生产的XRD-6100进行分析。工作条件为:CuKα辐射、管电压40 kV、管电流30 mA、扫描速度4°/min。此外,制备定向片(自然片、乙二醇饱和片和加热片)来鉴定样品中黏土矿物种类。首先称取5 g 粉末样品放入1000 mL超纯水,并使用搅拌机均匀分散2 h,然后将液体倒入量筒中静置10 h,吸取上清液滴入载体片并自然干燥制备成自然片(N);N测试后,放入乙二醇蒸汽中饱和处理10 h,得到乙二醇饱和片(E);将E在550℃下加热2.5 h制成加热片(T)(Li Jintao et al.,2023)。使用自清洗法估算样品中的矿物含量,步骤详见Zhao Hao et al.(2023b)

  • 样品的主量元素含量采用日本岛津公司生产的XRF-1800ASF(E)进行测定。称取一定量的粉末样品与复合助熔剂充分混匀后,于1100℃下熔融至液化,随后冷却固化成熔片用于XRF分析。样品的微量元素含量采用美国赛默飞世尔科技公司生产的ICP-MS X Series进行测定。样品经硝酸、氢氟酸等完全消解,加热蒸发至近干,再使用稀硝酸定容后上机测试。ICP-MS测试分析的详细信息参照Zhao Hao et al.(2023b)

  • 样品的红外光谱数据采用美国赛默飞世尔科技公司生产的Thermo Scientific Nicolet iS20进行采集。称取2 mg的样品粉末和200 mg的KBr(光谱纯)粉末,在玛瑙研钵中充分研磨5 min后压成透明的薄片。红外光谱数据的采集范围为4000~400 cm-1,扫描次数为32次,分辨率为4 cm-1

  • 样品的27Al和7Li魔角旋转固体核磁共振谱采用美国安捷伦科技有限公司生产的Agilent 600 DD2进行采集。27Al和7Li的共振频率分别为156.25 MHz和233.08 MHz,魔角旋转转速均为8 kHz。27Al的π/4脉宽值设置为3.6 μs,脉冲延迟设置为3 s;7Li的π/4脉宽值设置为3.6 μs,脉冲延迟设置为5 s。27Al和7Li的化学位移外标参照分别为AlCl3和LiCl溶液。

  • 图2 化学物相分析实验步骤

  • Fig.2 Experimental workflow for chemical phase analysis

  • 3 实验结果

  • 3.1 矿物组成

  • XRD分析结果表明,样品的主要矿物组成为一水硬铝石和黏土矿物(绿泥石、伊利石和高岭石),以及少量的锐钛矿和菱铁矿等(图3)。其中一水硬铝石的占比为10.2%~40.4%,黏土矿物占35.5%~95.9%(表1)。

  • 黏土矿物种类鉴定主要根据XRD分析的定向片(N、E和T)图谱综合对比结果获得(图4)。绿泥石的特征峰在N片中主要出现于~1.446 nm、~0.720 nm、~0.471 nm和~0.357 nm,经乙二醇饱和后的位置和强度无明显变化,经高温加热后~1.446 nm处的衍射峰会移至~1.372 nm,强度有所增加,且其他特征峰明显减弱甚至消失。高岭石的特征峰(~0.720 nm、~0.446 nm和~0.357 nm)经乙二醇饱和后几乎无变化,但加热后会明显减弱。伊利石特征峰(~1.004 nm、~0.446 nm和~0.334 nm)的位置和强度经乙二醇饱和与高温加热后均不会发生变化。因此,样品中的黏土矿物主要包括绿泥石、高岭石、伊利石。黏土矿物绿泥石仅见于平陆县样品中,占比14.7%~59.0%;伊利石见于沁源县和平陆县的部分样品中,且占比较小,约2.5%~15.7%;样品中高岭石是含量较高的黏土矿物,占比约33.5%~81.2%(表1)。

  • 表1 晋南地区黏土岩中矿物组成数据(%)

  • Table1 The mineral abundance (%) data of clay rocks in southern Shanxi

  • 图3 晋南地区黏土岩样品分离提取前后的XRD图谱

  • Fig.3 XRD patterns of clay rocks from southern Shanxi before and after flotation

  • (a)—样品QYX02;(b)—样品QYX04;(c)—样品QYX07;(d)—样品QYX10;(e)—样品PLX05;(f)—样品PLX08;Chl—绿泥石;Ilt—伊利石;Kln—高岭石;Dsp—一水硬铝石;Ant—锐钛矿;Sd—菱铁矿

  • (a) —sample QYX02; (b) —sample QYX04; (c) —sample QYX07; (d) —sample QYX10; (e) —sample PLX05; (f) —sample PLX08; Chl—chlorite; Ilt—illite; Kln—kaolinite; Dsp—diaspore; Ant—anatase; Sd—siderite

  • 3.2 化学物相分析

  • 分别从沁源县钻孔岩芯样品和平陆县野外剖面样品中各选取两个样品(QYX04、QYX07、PLX05和PLX08)进行化学物相分析,实验结果如表2所示。水溶相锂(S1)占总量0.1%~0.5%;碳酸盐物相中的锂(S2)占比为1.1%~1.6%;与锐钛矿相结合的锂(S3)为5.3%~7.3%;黏土矿物中的锂(S4)占比最高,为78.5%~83.1%;与铝氧化物相结合的锂(S5)占比9.1%~12.9%。

  • 表2 晋南地区黏土岩的锂在不同矿物相中的相对含量(%)

  • Table2 Relative content (%) of Li in different mineral phases of clay rocks from southern Shanxi

  • 图4 晋南地区黏土岩典型样品中黏土矿物的定向片XRD图谱

  • Fig.4 XRD patterns of oriented slides of clay fractions from typical clay rock samples in southern Shanxi

  • (a)—样品QYX04;(b)—样品QYX07;(c)—样品PLX05;(d)—样品PLX08;N—自然片;E—乙二醇饱和片;T—加热片;Chl—绿泥石;Ilt—伊利石;Kln—高岭石;Dsp—一水硬铝石;Ant—锐钛矿

  • (a) —sample QYX04; (b) —sample QYX07; (c) —sample PLX05; (d) —sample PLX08; N—air-dried slides;E—ethylene glycol saturated slides;T—heated slides; Chl—chlorite; Ilt—illite; Kln—kaolinite; Dsp—diaspore; Ant—anatase

  • 3.3 全岩地球化学

  • 样品的主要化学元素组成为Al2O3和SiO2,且A/S(Al2O3/SiO2)值均小于1.8(表3);其余主量元素的含量普遍偏低,如TiO2、MnO、MgO、Na2O、K2O及P2O5含量均低于5%;仅个别样品中TFe2O3和CaO的含量达15%~25%。

  • 样品中微量元素含量见表4,其中锂含量在两个地区存在明显差异,且变化范围较大。沁源县的样品中锂含量为 77.1~738.0 μg/g,平均值为412.3 μg/g;平陆县样品中锂含量为 1921.3~5966.1 μg/g,平均值为2785.1 μg/g。结合XRD分析结果,初步推测绿泥石的存在可能是平陆县样品中锂含量较高的原因。

  • 3.4 黏土矿物分离提取及吸附态锂含量

  • 样品经矿物分离提取后一水硬铝石的衍射峰明显减弱,甚至消失,黏土矿物的衍射峰明显增强(图3)。样品QYX02、QYX04、QYX07、QYX10、PLX05和PLX08中黏土矿物的相对含量分别由47.5%、61.5%、76.3%、72.3%、65.1%和65.0%升高至67.9%、79.3%、85.7%、82.3%、76.6%和91.5%(图5),说明黏土矿物经处理后明显富集。此外,样品QYX02、QYX04、QYX07、QYX10、PLX05和PLX08中锂的含量分别由387.8 μg/g、456.7 μg/g、738.0 μg/g、565.7 μg/g、2688.6 μg/g和5966.1 μg/g升高至469.0 μg/g、488.8 μg/g、746.1 μg/g、655.4 μg/g、3258.6 μg/g和9395.6 μg/g(图5),即分离提取后样品中的锂含量升高(图5)。样品QYX04、QYX07、PLX05和PLX08中吸附态锂分别占总锂含量的4.7%、5.9%、2.6%和1.0%,即黏土矿物中吸附态锂含量较低。

  • 表3 晋南地区黏土岩主量元素(%)数据

  • Table3 Major elements (%) data of clay rocks in southern Shanxi

  • 注:A/S=Al2O3/SiO2; CIA=[Al2O3/(Al2O3+CaO*+Na2O+K2O)]×100;当样品中CaO/Na2O的摩尔比>1和<1时,分别由Na2O和CaO代替CaO*

  • 表4 晋南地区黏土岩微量元素(μg/g)数据

  • Table4 Trace elements (μg/g) data of clay rocks in southern Shanxi

  • 4 讨论

  • 4.1 锂的赋存状态

  • 4.1.1 载体矿物

  • 黏土矿物是一类由硅氧四面体片和铝氧八面体片组成的硅酸盐矿物(Zhao Hao et al.,2023b),我国含煤地层中最常见的黏土矿物包括高岭石、绿泥石和伊利石等(Dai Shifeng et al.,2012Li Jintao et al.,2023)。黏土岩中锂的富集主要是由于含锂矿物(如锂绿泥石等)的存在或黏土矿物(如伊利石和高岭石等)对锂的吸附作用所致(Ling Kunyue et al.,2023)。黏土矿物分离提取结果显示,所有样品中的锂含量随着黏土矿物相对含量的升高而增加(图5)。此外,化学物相分析结果证实黏土矿物是锂的主要载体矿物(表2)。

  • 图5 晋南地区黏土岩样品分离提取前后的锂含量与黏土矿物含量

  • Fig.5 Li content and clay mineral content of clay rocks before and after flotation in southern Shanxi

  • 研究区样品中主要黏土矿物为高岭石、伊利石和绿泥石,均为层状硅酸盐矿物(Wu Zhenxiao et al.,20222023)。研究区锂含量较高的平陆县样品中均含有绿泥石,且锂含量与绿泥石的相对含量呈明显的正相关关系(R2=0.98);锂含量较低的沁源县样品中不含绿泥石,但锂含量与其他黏土矿物(伊利石和高岭石)之间呈弱正相关关系(R2=0.38)(图6)。由此推断,样品中的锂主要赋存于绿泥石中,部分锂赋存于高岭石和伊利石中。

  • 有学者发现河南某地本溪组的黏土岩中锂的超常富集现象,结合XRD和光谱分析等多种技术分析得出,锂主要赋存于锂绿泥石的结构中(沈丽璞等,1986)。Ling Kunyue et al.(2021)在广西平果地区的黏土岩中发现了锂绿泥石,且锂绿泥石的含量与锂含量呈正相关关系。因此初步确定研究区样品中的富锂绿泥石为锂绿泥石。

  • 4.1.2 锂的赋存点位

  • 黏土矿物中锂的赋存形式主要包括吸附态和结构态(范宏鹏等,2021)。①吸附态锂,位于黏土矿物的表面和层间,可通过铵盐进行离子交换出来(Zhao Hao et al.,2023b)。由于四面体中Al3+替代Si4+以及八面体中Mg2+和Fe2+等替代Al3+,导致负电荷的产生。为平衡电荷,Li+被吸附于矿物表面或层间(钟海仁等,2019)。②结构态锂,赋存于硅氧四面体和铝氧八面体晶格中,难以通过离子交换的形式将其置换出来(Zhao Hao et al.,2023b)。四面体中的Si4+可能被Al3+和Li+以不成对类质同象的方式替代,此时Li+主要位于Al3+附近的结构空隙中,如四面体片的复三方空洞(钟海仁等,2019)。此外,Li+可以和Mg2+、Fe2+等以不成对类质同象的方式替代八面体中的Al3+,也可以直接替代Al3+占据铝氧八面体晶格(杨承帆等,2018)。本文选取的4件锂含量不同的样品中吸附态锂含量占比较低,推测锂主要以结构态的形式赋存于黏土矿物的晶格中。研究区黏土岩中的锂主要赋存于锂绿泥石中,但是关于锂在其中赋存点位有待进一步探讨。因此,本文采用XRD、FTIR和MAS NMR对锂绿泥石及锂的赋存点位进行了深入研究。

  • XRD谱图显示绿泥石(001)衍射峰位于~1.446 nm,550℃加热处理后移至~1.372 nm,强度在加热后明显增强(图4),这证明了绿泥石的存在。此外,研究区样品中绿泥石的(003)衍射峰位于~0.471 nm,强度很强(图4);(060)衍射峰位于~0.149 nm(图3),初步确定该绿泥石2∶1层中的八面体为二八面体(沈丽璞等,1986Bailey and Lister,1989)。FTIR结果显示在3700~3300 cm-1范围内出现三个OH伸缩振动谱带(图7a),高频吸收峰~3630 cm-1为2∶1层中八面体的OH伸缩振动谱带,低频吸收峰~3530 cm-1和~3360 cm-1为层间氢氧化物八面体的OH伸缩振动谱带(Rainoldi et al.,2024)。高频吸收峰强度高于低频吸收峰,表明该绿泥石为二八-三八面体,即2∶1层中的八面体为二八面体,氢氧化物层中的八面体为三八面体。位于~750 cm-1和~535 cm-1处的吸收峰分别对应AlIV-O和AlVI-O伸缩振动谱带,~480 cm-1处的特征带为Li-OH弯曲振动谱带(图7b)(Barroso et al.,2006)。此外,借助MAS NMR技术对含锂绿泥石样品中锂的占位进行研究。27Al MAS NMR的峰值位于~8.5×10-6和~72.8×10-6处(图7c),分别归属于八面体中的Al(AlVI)和四面体中的Al(AlIV),表明锂绿泥石四面体中的部分Si被Al替代(陈漫游等,2017)。7Li MAS NMR的峰值出现于-0.7×10-6处(图7d),归属于八面体中的结构Li(LiVI)(Hindshaw et al.,2019)。

  • 图6 晋南地区黏土岩样品中锂含量与黏土矿物含量的相关性图解

  • Fig.6 Diagrams illustrating the correlations between Li content and clay minerals of clay rocks from southern Shanxi

  • 锂绿泥石是典型的富锂二八-三八面体绿泥石,其理论结构式为 Al2(Si3Al)O10(OH)2(Al2Li)(OH)6,前半部分为2∶1层的化学组成,属二八面体型,八面体中的阳离子为Al,且四面体中的Si可被Al替代;后半部分为氢氧化物层的化学组成,属三八面体型,八面体中的阳离子为Al和Li(Bailey and Lister,1989)。结合XRD,FTIR和MAS NMR分析结果,进一步证明Li主要赋存于锂绿泥石的氢氧化物八面体晶格中,以平衡2∶1层中阳离子替代产生的负电荷。

  • 4.2 沉积环境对锂富集的约束

  • 4.2.1 古盐度

  • 古盐度变化对黏土岩中锂元素富集具有重要的控制作用(贾永斌等,2023孙艳等,2023)。Mg2+在海相咸水环境更为富集,Al3+在陆相淡水环境中更为富集,因此沉积物中的Mg和Al含量及其比值mm=100×(MgO/Al2O3))对古盐度有较好的指示作用(Li Yiyao and Guo Shaobin,2023Zhao Hao et al.,2023b)。通常情况下,m值大于10为海相咸水环境,m值介于1~10为海陆过渡相半咸水环境,而m值小于1为陆相淡水环境(Zhao Hao et al.,2023b)。除样品QYX06外,研究区其余样品的m值介于0.33~3.13,平均值为0.95(图8a),反映了古水体介质整体为淡水—半咸水环境。

  • 图7 PLX08样品分离提取后的FTIR图谱(a、b)和MAS NMR图谱(c、d)(*表示旋转边带)

  • Fig.7 FTIR spectra (a, b) and MAS NMR spectra (c, d) of sample PLX08 after flotation (*signifies spinning sidebands)

  • 黏土岩中的K2O和Rb的含量均与黏土矿物含量有关,且盐度越高,Rb的吸附量越高,导致Rb/K2O值增加,因此1000×(Rb/K2O)的值常用来指示古盐度(Zhao Hao et al.,2023b余文强等,2023)。通常1000×(Rb/K2O)的比值大于6表示咸水环境,介于4~6为半咸水环境,小于4为淡水(Fu Jinhua et al.,2018余文强等,2023)。研究区绝大多数样品点落在2~6的范围内(图8a),表明淡水—半咸水环境更有利于锂的富集,与m值的指示结果一致。

  • 4.2.2 古氧化还原

  • V、Ni、Th和U等元素含量可用于指示沉积物形成时的氧化还原环境(Awan et al.,2020贾永斌等,2023孙艳等,2023)。V在氧化条件下易溶解,在还原条件下易沉淀,而Ni对氧化还原环境相对不敏感(余文强等,2023)。缺氧环境中V/(V+Ni)的值大于0.83;贫氧环境中,V/(V+Ni)的值为0.46~0.83;含氧环境中,V/(V+Ni)的值小于0.46(Yu Wei et al.,2022)。除样品QYX06外,研究区其余样品V/(V+Ni)值介于0.47~0.97,平均值为0.73(图8b),反映了沉积环境为缺氧和贫氧。

  • U元素易被氧化和迁移,主要富集于缺氧或贫氧条件下;而Th元素的迁移能力弱,易被沉积物吸附,在含氧条件下也可以富集,因此Th/U值也可以有效反映黏土岩形成时的氧化还原环境(刘鑫等,2021)。通常Th/U值小于2、2~7和大于7分别表示缺氧、贫氧及含氧环境(Zhao Hao et al.,2023b)。研究区样品的Th/U值介于0.65~3.96,平均值为1.64(图8b),整体以缺氧和贫氧为主。

  • 4.2.3 古气候

  • 古气候是沉积环境的重要组成部分,显著影响沉积物的风化强度和风化速率,而选择特定的元素可以重建古气候(Awan et al.,2020Wu Zhongrui et al.,2022)。Sr/Cu值也是反映古气候的重要指示(Awan et al.,2020Zhao Hao et al.,2023b)。沉积岩中的Sr/Cu值大于5.0、1.3~5.0和小于1.3分别指示炎热、温暖和寒冷的环境(Awan et al.,2020)。除样品QYX12,研究区大多数样品的Sr/Cu值大于5.0,少数样品的Sr/Cu值在1.3~5.0的区间范围内,平均值为11.01(图8c),说明研究区黏土岩形成于炎热的气候条件下。

  • 干旱条件下有利于Na、Mg、K、Ca、Sr和Ba等元素的保留,而湿润条件下V、Cr、Mn、Fe、Co和Ni等元素的含量相对较高,因此C值[C=(V+Cr+Mn+Fe+Co+Ni)/(Na+Mg+K+Ca+Sr+Ba)]可以指示古气候。C值大于0.6表示潮湿气候,介于0.2~0.6表示半潮湿—半干旱气候,小于0.2表示干旱气候(Yu Wei et al.,2022余文强等,2023)。研究区大多数样品的C值大于0.6,少部分样品的C值在0.2~0.6的范围内,平均值为2.29(图8d),反映出潮湿气候条件下有利于锂的富集。

  • 图8 晋南地区黏土岩样品沉积环境示意图

  • Fig.8 Schematic diagrams illustrating the sedimentary environment of clay rocks in southern Shanxi

  • (a)—古盐度指标图解;(b)—古氧化还原指标图解;(c、d)—古气候指标图解

  • (a) —diagram of paleo-salinity indicators; (b) —diagram of paleo-redox indicators; (c, d) —diagram of paleo-climate indicators

  • 此外,CIA(化学蚀变指数)受控于温度和湿度,因此也被广泛用于评价古气候特征(Yu Wei et al.,2022Li Yiyao and Guo Shaobin,2023)。CIA值大于80指示炎热潮湿的气候特征,介于60~80指示温暖湿润的特征,小于60指示寒冷干燥的气候特征(贾永斌等,2023)。研究区样品的CIA介于90.19~99.76,平均值为97.39(图8c、d),指示炎热潮湿的古气候特征。

  • 5 结论

  • (1)晋南地区本溪组黏土岩中锂的主要载体矿物为黏土矿物,包括锂绿泥石、伊利石和高岭石,且锂主要赋存于锂绿泥石中,少量赋存于伊利石和高岭石中。

  • (2)晋南地区本溪组黏土岩中的锂在锂绿泥石的赋存点位为氢氧化物层的八面体晶格,以平衡2∶1层四面体中的硅被铝取代所产生的负电荷。

  • (3)晋南地区本溪组黏土岩形成时期的古盐度特征为淡水—半咸水、古氧化还原特征为缺氧和贫氧环境,古气候条件为炎热潮湿。

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    • Yang Shujuan, Huang Yuanxiao, Wang Qingfei, Deng Jun, Liu Xuefei, Wang Jiaqi. 2019. Mineralogical and geochemical features of karst bauxites from Poci (western Henan, China): Implications for parental affinity and bauxitization. Ore Geology Reviews, 105: 295~309.

    • Yu Wei, Tian Jingchun, Wang Feng, Liang Qingshao, Yang Tian, Kneller B, Liang Xiaowei. 2022. Sedimentary environment and organic matter enrichment of black mudstones from the upper Triassic Chang-7 member in the Ordos basin, northern China. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 224: 105009.

    • Yu Wenqiang, Yang Tian, Cai Laixing, Li Xiaofang, He Qing. 2023. Paleoenvironment and paleoclimate evolution during the depositional period of the Middle Jurassic Shaximiao Formation in the central Sichuan basin: A case study of well Yongqian 1. Acta Geologica Sinica, 98(4): 1211~1228 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Yuan Duoen, Bian Jiahui, Liu Zixuan, Zhang Liwei, Pan Sidong. 2023. Occurrence characteristics and main control mechanism of trace elements in Early Permian coal in the southern margin of North China Plate. Bulletin of Geological Science and Technology, 42(5): 138~149 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Zhang Hao, Kang Yu, Ding Lele, Chen Guorong, Wang Shuaijun, Zhang Cong, Yan Bo, Chen Hao, Cui Peilong. 2023. Trace element characteristics and sedimentary environment indicative significance of rich lithium clay rock series in Liangshan Formation in Zhongxiang area, Hubei Province. Resources Environment & Engineering, 37(4): 383~388+411 (in Chinese with English abstract).

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    • Zhang Yusong, Zhang Jie. 2019. Study on the occurrence state of lithium in low-grade diasporic bauxite from central Guizhou Province, China. JOM, 71(12): 4594~4599.

    • Zhao Guochun, Wilde S A, Cawood P A, Sun Min. 2001. Archean blocks and their boundaries in the North China Craton: Lithological, geochemical, structural and P-T path constraints and tectonic evolution. Precambrian Research, 107(1-2): 45~73.

    • Zhao Hao, Wang Yang, Cheng Hongfei. 2023a. Recent advances in lithium extraction from lithium-bearing clay minerals. Hydrometallurgy, 217: 106025.

    • Zhao Hao, Wu Zhenxiao, Zhang Shangqing, Zhou Xuanping, Wang Yang, Cheng Hongfei. 2023b. Geochemical features of lithium-rich bauxite from the Benxi Formation in Qinyuan County, Shanxi, China: Insights into their depositional environment and lithium enrichment. Ore Geology Reviews, 163: 105780.

    • Zhong Hairen, Sun Yan, Yang Yueqing, Wang Denghong, Huang Fan, Zhao Zhi. 2019. Bauxite (aluminum)-type lithium resources and analysis of its development and utilization potential. Mineral Deposit, 38(4): 898~916 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Zhu Li, Gu Hannian, Yang Yongqiong, Wen Hanjie, Wang Ning, Luo Chongguang. 2020. Research progress of lithium extraction from clay-type lithium ore resources. Light Metals, (12): 8~13 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Zhu Shifei, Cao Bo, Wu Guoqing, Qin Yunhu, Cao Lei. 2021. Experimental study of coal lithium, gallium and REE stepwise extraction in Wanfu mine area, Shanglin, Guangxi. Coal Geology of China, 33(9): 38~41 (in Chinese with English abstract).

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    • Zhang Hao, Kang Yu, Ding Lele, Chen Guorong, Wang Shuaijun, Zhang Cong, Yan Bo, Chen Hao, Cui Peilong. 2023. Trace element characteristics and sedimentary environment indicative significance of rich lithium clay rock series in Liangshan Formation in Zhongxiang area, Hubei Province. Resources Environment & Engineering, 37(4): 383~388+411 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Zhang Xiaohui, Zhang Shangqing, Liu Dongna, Zhao Fenghua, Zhao Jun, Zhong Zhuanghua, Hou Xuqin. 2024. Uranium and thorium enrichment characteristics of bauxite in coal measures strata and their natural gamma-ray responses. Coal Geology & Exploration, 52(3): 64~78 (in Chinese with English abstract).

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    • 代世峰, 刘池洋, 赵蕾, 刘晶晶, 王西勃, 任德贻. 2022. 煤系中战略性金属矿产资源: 意义和挑战. 煤炭学报, 47(5): 1743~1749.

    • 范宏鹏, 叶霖, 黄智龙. 2021. 铝土矿(岩)中伴生的锂资源. 矿物学报, 41(4-5): 382~390.

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