伟晶岩中不同副矿物U-Pb同位素定年和示踪的问题与应用
doi: 10.19762/j.cnki.dizhixuebao.2024043
蒋少涌 , 张浩翔 , 刘思祺 , 李雯恬 , 尹燕梁 , 车玉滢 , 苏慧敏
中国地质大学地质过程与矿产资源国家重点实验室,资源学院,紧缺战略矿产资源协同创新中心,湖北武汉, 430074
基金项目: 本文为国家自然科学基金项目(编号42030811)资助的成果
The U-Pb isotope dating and tracing using different accessory minerals in pegmatite: Problems and application
JIANG Shaoyong , ZHANG Haoxiang , LIU Siqi , LI Wentian , YIN Yanliang , CHE Yuying , SU Huimin
State Key Laboratory of Geological Process and Mineral Resources, School of Earth Resources, Collaborative Innovation Center for Strategic Mineral Resources Exploration, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430074 , China
摘要
定年和示踪一直是伟晶岩成岩成矿过程和稀有金属富集机制研究的关键问题。副矿物不仅是伟晶岩中稀有稀土元素的重要载体,还蕴含丰富的微量元素并常常具有较高的U- Th含量,是研究伟晶岩年代学、成岩成矿过程和物质源区的“理想探针”。伟晶岩中常用的适合于U-Pb同位素定年的副矿物有锆石、铌钽铁矿、独居石、锡石、榍石、褐帘石、磷钇矿和磷灰石等。由于封闭温度、矿物学特性和不同性质流体中元素行为的差异,伟晶岩中不同副矿物的U-Pb系统常表现出复杂的年龄谱系,可能记录了伟晶岩中潜在的后期地质过程,如:自交代、后期变质与流体改造等。因此,基于前期光学显微镜、扫描电镜、冷阴极发光、激光拉曼光谱分析等矿物微观结构研究,对不同期次或世代的副矿物进行原位微区U-Pb定年及主微量元素和同位素地球化学分析,对于全面认知多期地质事件和伟晶岩成岩成矿过程演化历史,进而更准确地构建其构造-岩浆-热液-成矿作用时空框架具有重要的科学意义。
Abstract
Dating and tracing have been fundamental scientific issues in the study of pegmatite petrogenesis, mineralization processes, and rare metal enrichment mechanisms. Accessory minerals within pegmatites play a crucial role in this endeavor, serving not only as reservoirs for rare metals and rare earth elements but also as hosts for significant concentrations of trace elements like Th and U.This dual functionality positions them as an ideal probe for unravellingthe geochronology, petrogenesis, and mineralization processes of pegmatites, as well as tracing their magmatic sources. The accessory minerals, commonly applied for U-Pb dating in pegmatites, include zircon, columbite-groupminerals, monazite, cassiterite, titanite, allanite, xenotime, and apatite. However,the U-Pbisotope systems of these minerals can exhibit complex age spectra due to their diverse closure temperatures, mineralogical characteristics, and elemental behavior in fluids with varying compositions. These age spectra may reflect post-crystallization events in pegmatites, such as auto-metasomatism, late metamorphism, and fluid alteration. Therefore, prior to U-Pb dating, comprehensive microstructural investigations of accessory minerals from different pegmatite generations are essential. Employing techniquessuch as optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, cold cathodoluminescence, and laser Raman spectroscopyis crucial for deciphering the complex evolutionary history of pegmatites, encompassing multiple geological events, petrogenesis, and mineralization processes.Constructing an accurate spatiotemporal framework of tectonic-magmatic-hydrothermal mineralization events related to pegmatite formation is paramount for advancing our understanding of these complex geological systems.
伟晶岩(Pegmatite)是由结晶粗大的矿物晶体组成的一类岩浆岩,一般呈现为具有一定内部结构构造特征的岩脉、岩墙或透镜状地质体。伟晶岩的巨大矿物晶体是良好的非金属原料(如长石、云母),一些颜色和品质好的矿物晶体还是宝石(如祖母绿);同时,伟晶岩中常常发生稀有金属元素(如Li、Be、Nb、Ta、Cs、Sn等)的高度富集,形成具有经济价值的稀有金属矿床(Linnen et al.,2012; London,2018; 蒋少涌等,2021; 张辉等,2021)。近年来,以锂、铍、铌、钽、铯为代表的稀有金属,由于其在国防、清洁能源、航空航天等新兴产业领域的广泛应用和重要的战略意义,被中国和欧、美、日等国家和地区列入关键矿产资源名录(翟明国等,2019)。伟晶岩作为稀有金属矿产的主要来源之一,对其成岩成矿过程、稀有金属富集机制的研究和相应的找矿勘查工作也越来越受到人们的关注。
伟晶岩的形成及相关的稀有金属矿化是一个相当复杂的过程,对于其成岩成矿时代的精确厘定是研究工作的基础。已有研究表明,伟晶岩及相关的稀有金属矿床在不同的地质时代均有分布,不同类型的稀有金属伟晶岩,如LCT型(富含Li-Cs-Ta)、NYF型(富含Nb-Y-F)及相应的矿化组合往往也产于不同的构造背景(Černý,1991London,2008)。精确厘定伟晶岩的成岩成矿年龄能够帮助确定其形成的构造背景,为该地区相似类型矿床的找矿勘查工作提供建议,还可以从横向演化的时间尺度和纵向的空间尺度追溯其形成的大地构造演化背景(王登红等,2004; 任宝琴等,2011)。详细的原位微区年代学测试能够限制伟晶岩中的矿物生长和伟晶岩发育的持续时间。过去曾经认为伟晶岩中粗大的晶体经历了几十甚至上百个百万年的生长时间(邹天人等,1986),目前,基于锆石、铌钽矿物、锡石等U-Pb定年的证据,可以推断伟晶岩从侵位到固结的持续时间不会超过30 Ma(London,2008)。少数伟晶岩存在多期成矿作用,或在同一矿区内发育多组不同世代的稀有金属矿化伟晶岩,例如澳大利亚西澳地区的Greenbushes伟晶岩(Partington et al.,1995),中国的四川甲基卡伟晶岩型锂矿床(Dai Hongzhang et al.,2019)、四川马尔康党坝稀有金属伟晶岩(费光春等,2020a)等。因此,精确厘定多期稀有金属伟晶岩成矿事件并区分不同的矿化组合、矿脉产状等,有助于指导该类矿床的找矿勘查工作。
1 U-Pb同位素年代学
U-Pb同位素系统包括两个独立的放射性同位素系统,分别为238U衰变为206Pb与235U衰变为207Pb。这两者具有完全相同的地球化学行为但具有不同的放射性衰变速率,因此可以实现快速的数据有效性评估。其中谐和的U-Pb同位素数据通常被认为是有效可用的。伟晶岩中一些常见的富铀副矿物(如:锆石、铌钽矿物等)的晶格并不容纳铅(e.g.,Romer and Weight,1992),因此具有谐和的U-Pb同位素年龄。在大多数情况下,富铀矿物在结晶时可以富含一定程度的铅(普通铅),其U-Pb同位素系统可视为放射成因Pb与普通Pb的混合。当矿物的U-Pb同位素系统在后期地质过程中不能保持封闭的情况下, U-Pb同位素数据表现出不谐和的特征,并在U-Pb同位素谐和图中形成混合线(Wetherill图和Tera-Wasserburg图,Wetherill,1956; Tera and Wasserburg,1972),混合线与谐和线的交点代表体系封闭时的同位素年龄。基于此原理,可以通过不同的普通铅矫正方法对含普通铅的副矿物的表观年龄进行矫正,获得结晶年龄(e.g.,Storey et al.,2006; Chew et al.,2011)。
Pb的热扩散和后期流体交代是造成副矿物U-Pb同位素系统不封闭的主要原因。元素的扩散行为与温度密切相关,且不同同位素系统具有不同的封闭温度。相比较其他同位素系统(如:Ar-Ar、Rb-Sr、U-Th-He),常见副矿物的U-Pb同位素系统具有较高的封闭温度(图1),因此,后期热液流体交代作为干扰伟晶岩中副矿物U-Pb同位素系统的主要因素,常与不同的流体和矿物性质有关。如:锆石作为岩浆岩中常用的U-Pb定年矿物,具有极佳的化学抗性,而伟晶岩锆石极高的U含量易造成其受过量放射性损伤,形成蜕晶化区域,该区域晶格不再完整,极易受后期流体交代影响,从而造成铅的丢失(e.g.,Ewing et al.,2003; Geisler et al.,2003)。
U-Th-Pb年龄测定依赖于一组同位素比值的准确和精确测定(包括238U/206Pb,232Th/208Pb,207Pb/206Pb和208Pb/206Pb)。目前,常用方法包括电子探针化学定年、化学磨蚀-同位素稀释-热电离质谱法(CA-ID-TIMS)、二次离子质谱法(SIMS、SHRIMP)和激光剥蚀-电感耦合等离子体质谱仪法(LA-ICP-MS)等。ID-TIMS法具高精度,且无需矿物标样进行矫正的优点,但其前处理的化学流程相对复杂,完全溶解单个矿物颗粒的难度较大(涂家润等,2019)。此外,目前ID-TIMS法仅适用于测试单一均质晶体(通常直径<300 μm)。然而,许多自然样本的颗粒较小,且经常存在元素和同位素环带,有些矿物颗粒中还可能存在继承核,这严重限制了ID-TIMS 的应用范围。SIMS/SHRIMP和LA-ICP-MS等原位定年技术能直接对固体样品进行微区同位素分析,无需冗长繁琐的化学处理过程,可揭示单颗粒尺度或颗粒不同部位的年龄信息,解决单个晶体内的不均匀性,测试效率明显提高,被广泛应用于矿物的定年。SIMS/SHRIMP的空间分辨率比LA-ICP-MS更高,且可以通过准确测定204Pb 进行普通铅校正,但其基体效应更显著,对同类矿物标样的要求十分严格。以铌钽矿物为例,其Ta含量对SIMS/SHRIMP 测试过程中U/Pb元素分馏影响极大,需要开发不同组分端元矫正标样,才可以对铌钽矿物U-Pb同位素进行准确测定(Legros et al.,2019)。LA-ICP-MS则具有直接测定、简便快速的优点,并且仪器设备运行成本比SIMS/SHRIMP 低很多(周红英和李惠民,2011; 崔玉荣等,2017),但同样需要使用相应的矿物标准样品来校正U-Pb同位素分馏,以减少基质效应的影响。因此,原位测试技术在很大程度上依赖于合适的外部标准样品(Burn et al.,2017)。此外,对于不同矿物U-Pb同位素定年,不同的后期地质过程造成的矿物内部U-Th-Pb同位素活化迁移也极大地影响了副矿物U-Th-Pb定年的精度(Finger et al.,1998; Smith et al.,2004; Budzyń et al.,2011201720182021; Seydoux-Guillaume et al.,2012; Tang Yong and Zhang Hui,2015; Budzyń et al.,2022)。
1伟晶岩中常见副矿物U-Pb同位素系统封闭温度(据Chelle-Michou and Schaltegger,2023修改;锡石封闭温度引自张东亮等,2011
Fig.1Typical range of closure temperature for the accessary minerals used for U-Pb dating in pegmatite (modified from Chelle-Michou and Schaltegger, 2023; with additional data for cassiterite from Zhang Dongliang et al., 2011)
尽管得益于原位分析技术的发展,原位U-Pb技术提供了精确同位素数据的同时还保留了空间信息,对解释异常的U-Pb同位素数据提供了极大的便利,但目前还有很多不谐和的U-Pb同位素特征为解析数据带来了极大的挑战。尽管一些矿物(例如锆石、铌钽矿物等)晶格并不容纳铅,因此其U-Pb同位素数据通常是谐和的,可以直接反映体系封闭事件,而大多数副矿物(例如榍石、磷灰石、锡石等)通常含有一定程度的普通铅,这将不同程度地影响数据的精度以及可靠性(Storey et al.,2006; Chew et al.,2011; Darling et al.,2012; Neymark et al.,2018)。
2 伟晶岩中不同副矿物U-Pb同位素与地球化学特征
伟晶岩中的副矿物富含稀有稀土元素与高U-Th含量,可以很好地记录伟晶岩的结晶年龄和潜在的后期地质过程,如:自交代、后期变质与流体改造等(Han Jinsheng et al.,2022a; Zhang Haoxiang et al.,2023a; Madayipu et al.,2023)。伟晶岩中富含U-Th的常见副矿物有锆石、磷灰石、独居石等。受控于伟晶岩的地球化学特征,不同的稀有金属伟晶岩具有不同的副矿物组合。例如NYF型伟晶岩主要富含褐帘石、磷钇矿、榍石等富稀土的副矿物,而LCT型伟晶岩主要富集铌钽矿、锡石、磷灰石等富集稀有金属元素的副矿物(Černý and Ercit,2005; Černý et al.,2012)。不同的副矿物具有不同的稳定温度-压力-流体环境,可以反映不同的地质过程。得益于原位微区分析技术和矿物学的发展,副矿物的U-Pb年代学及地球化学特征为探讨伟晶岩形成演化,源区特征,以及其与花岗质岩浆岩和变质基底成因联系等方面提供了途径(Yuan Feng et al.,2018; Han Jinsheng et al.,2022b; Zhou Haoyang et al.,2022; Zhang Haoxiang et al.,20222023a; Rosing-Schow et al.,2023; Pfister et al.,2023)。下面我们对伟晶岩中常见副矿物的U-Pb年代学及地球化学特征进行论述。
2.1 锆石
锆石是一种广泛存在于各类岩石中的常见副矿物,锆石的U-Pb定年目前仍然是同位素年代学研究中应用最广泛的方法之一,相应的各类分析测试技术十分成熟和普及(吴元保和郑永飞,2004Belousova et al.,2006)。锆石在伟晶岩不同结构带以及不同的稀有金属矿化组合中都可以产出,因此也常常被作为开展伟晶岩年代学工作的首选对象(Partington et al.,1995; Wang Tao et al.,2007; 任宝琴等,2011Liu Feng et al.,2014; Deng Xiaodong et al.,2013; Lichtervelde et al.,2017; Yuan Feng et al.,2018; Dai Hongzhang et al.,2019)。但是,许多研究实例表明,选择伟晶岩中的锆石开展U-Pb年代学工作需要面临诸多难点和困难,需要做好前期岩相学工作和测试点筛选,才能得到可靠的同位素年龄和地质解释。
伟晶岩锆石U-Pb定年面临的问题可以总结为两个方面:① 伟晶岩中的锆石通常具有较高的U含量,由此引起的蜕晶化现象将导致U-Pb定年结果的不准确甚至失去地质意义,高U含量也为仪器测试带来了挑战(Zhao Kuidong et al.,2014; Tang Yong and Zhang Hui,2015);② 伟晶岩中普遍存在多种成因类型的锆石,并且后期可能经历多期次的热液活动,伟晶岩中的锆石U-Pb定年结果往往会呈现出复杂的年龄谱系,在解释时需要仔细甄别(Nemchin and Pidgeon,1997; Deng et al.,2013; Lichtervelde et al.,2017; 蒋少涌等,2021; 孙文博和李欢,2023)。
锆石中的U、Th等放射性元素衰变产生的α粒子和重核反冲可以破坏锆石晶格,形成蜕晶化区域,该区域极易发生外源Pb的引入或自身放射性成因Pb的丢失,导致获得的U-Pb年龄不准确甚至没有地质意义(Ewing et al.,2003; Geisler et al.,2003)。锆石的蜕晶化程度同时受到α衰变强度(U、Th含量)和持续时间的影响(Kulp et al.,1952; Deliens et al.,1977; Nasdala et al.,1995)。因此,在常见的地质样品中,具有高铀含量的锆石更有可能发生蜕晶化。伟晶岩中的锆石常常含有较高的U(可能与其具有较高的演化程度有关,London,2018; Luo Yaoqing et al.,2023; 冯浩轩等,2023),因此,在利用锆石U-Pb年代学确定伟晶岩成岩年龄时,高铀锆石和可能的蜕晶化问题需要引起注意和谨慎甄别。X射线衍射测试晶胞参数、阴极发光(CL)图像、拉曼光谱分析特征峰变化、透射电镜观察晶格完整性等手段可以有效研究锆石内部结构,判别锆石是否受到蜕晶化作用的影响,其中蜕晶化程度低或者没有发生蜕晶化作用的区域可以获得准确的年龄(Nasdala et al.,1995; 张永清,2012; 李秋立,2016)。阴极发光(CL)图像是锆石内部结构研究中最为普遍的分析技术,目前也已经成为微区定年实验之前必不可少的准备工作。通常情况下,锆石中U含量越高,其阴极发光强度越弱(同时也受到Y、Dy、Tb、Th等元素含量的影响;Hanchar and Miller,1993;Hanchar and Rudnick,1995; 吴元保和郑永飞,2004),发生蜕晶化的锆石颗粒或部位在CL图像中则会变得模糊不清(唐勇等,2012; Zhang Yongqing et al.,2012)。但是锆石的阴极发光强弱并不都是U含量引起的,因此并不能直接反映锆石蜕晶化作用的强弱。而锆石的拉曼光谱分析能够为锆石的晶格损伤和蜕晶化程度提供直接的表征,因此具有其他方法不可替代的优势(Nasdala et al.,1995; White and Ireland,2012; Gao Yuya et al.,2014)。随着锆石蜕晶化程度的加深,其特征谱峰位置都会向低波数方向位移,且半高宽变大,其中尤以1008 cm-1峰最为敏感,其峰位和半高宽值都是研究锆石蜕晶化程度的重要指标(图2Nasdala et al.,1995; 程昊等,2002; 丁海红等,2010; Zhang Yongqing et al.,2012)。
高铀锆石的U-Pb定年不仅需要面对可能的蜕晶化现象带来的同位素体系易受破坏的问题,其较高的铀含量本身也对测试仪器的状态提出较高的要求。目前,激光剥蚀电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(LA-ICP-MS)和离子探针(SIMS/SHRIMP)是开展锆石原位U-Pb定年工作的主要仪器,它们在高铀锆石U-Pb定年测试中,均存在分析测试层面的难点或缺陷(Zhao Kuidong et al.,2014; 李秋立,2016)。使用LA-ICP-MS开展高铀锆石U-Pb定年面临的主要问题是检测形式的改变。常见的质谱仪(ICP-MS)一般会采用两种模式建立信号强度与离子浓度的关系:在信号强度较低时,使用脉冲计数模式(pulse-counting mode);当信号强度较高时,脉冲计数模式会出现过载,响应呈现非线性,仪器会切换到模拟计数模式(analog-counting mode)检测信号。对于高铀锆石,由于U含量高,仪器通常采用模拟计数模式采集U的信号,如果仪器没有建立或保持较好的模拟信号与脉冲信号的交叉校准,极易导致获得的锆石U-Pb年龄错误(详细描述参考Zhao Kuidong et al.,2014)。因此,测试高铀锆石U-Pb年龄前,需要做好质谱仪的P/A校正(pulse-analog cross calibration),保证模拟信号和脉冲信号的线性一致,在锆石未发生严重U-Pb体系破坏的样品中,仍然能够获得可靠的U-Pb年龄(Zhao Kuidong et al.,2014)。离子探针开展锆石U-Pb定年测试也会面对“高U效应”的问题(White and Ireland,2012; Gao Yuya et al.,2014; Zhao Kuidong et al.,2014; 李秋立,2016),即高铀锆石获得的U-Pb年龄普遍不谐和。除去锆石自身受到损伤和改造的原因,仪器测试过程中高铀样品的Pb/U离子化差异与标准锆石不同等原因也客观存在(李秋立,2016)。
2可可托海3号伟晶岩脉中局部蜕晶化的锆石颗粒的背散射图像(a)及各区域的拉曼光谱图(b~d)(据丁海红等,2010修改)
Fig.2Backscattered electron (BSE) image of a partial metamict zircon grain from the Koktokay No.3 granitic pegmatite (a) , and Raman spectra of different areas within the zircon grain (b~d) (modified after Ding Haihong et al., 2010)
核部由于高U含量发生蜕晶化,边部U含量较低故而结晶完好,核部的亮色区和暗色区存在Hf含量的差异。发生蜕晶化的锆石,拉曼光谱特征峰的峰位向低波数方向移动,且半宽高变大
The core has high U contents and underwent metamictization, while the low-U rim has kept the crystalline phase; the bright and dark areas in the core result from different Hf contents. In the Raman spectra, the vibrational peaks of metamict zircon display the shift towards lower wavenumbers and have greater half-width
高铀锆石的U-Pb定年一直是同位素年代学测试的难点和痛点,分析测试方面的难点可以依靠选择合适的测试仪器并维护优化仪器状态来解决,对于已经由于放射性损伤发生蜕晶化的锆石,多数情况下难以获得可靠的U-Pb年龄。由于伟晶岩通常被认为是岩浆高度演化的结果,并且普遍经历复杂的热液改造(London,2018; Luo Yaoqing et al.,2023),高铀锆石和蜕晶化锆石在伟晶岩样品中相对较为常见。因此,在开展U-Pb定年测试工作前,进行全面的锆石结构研究,非常有必要。伟晶岩中的锆石U-Pb年龄往往具有复杂的年龄谱系,多样的年龄源自不同的锆石类型和多期的热液蚀变(Wang Tao et al.,2007; Deng et al.,2013; Yuan Feng et al.,2018; 蒋少涌等,2021; 孙文博和李欢,2023)。在开展U-Pb定年测试前,根据锆石的形态和CL图像区分成因类型是必要的准备工作(吴元保和郑永飞,2004)。总结前人发表的成果,在伟晶岩中常出现的锆石的成因类型包括岩浆锆石、热液锆石、继承锆石、捕获锆石等(孙文博和李欢,2023)。不同成因类型的锆石颗粒或区域具有不同的形态及内部结构特征。岩浆锆石通常晶型规则、颗粒透明,常见典型的振荡环带;热液锆石或原生锆石的蚀变区域则一般没有明显的环带,且透射光下晶体浑浊、不透明,晶体结构常常被破坏,表现为多孔洞或发生明显的蜕晶化;继承锆石和捕获锆石均会呈现由于改造产生的不平整的边缘并在外围包裹一圈新生的锆石(图3孙文博和李欢,2023)。
在详细的锆石形态和内部结构研究的基础上,合理划分锆石的成因类型,通常能够为有效地还原其经历的构造-岩浆-热液时序提供帮助。Deng Xiaodong et al.(2013) 以我国小秦岭地区的早白垩世伟晶岩为研究对象,利用LA-ICP-MS分析技术,得到继承锆石U-Pb年龄为1879±19 Ma,与区域上的辉绿岩等古元古代岩浆岩的锆石定年结果一致;自形均一的岩浆锆石得到的年龄为143±1 Ma,与伟晶岩中的铌锰矿U-Pb年龄一致,对应伟晶岩的侵位时间;多孔且多矿物包裹体的热液锆石的年龄则在125~128 Ma,与小秦岭地区125~130 Ma普遍存在的热液蚀变和金矿成矿时间一致。Yuan Feng et al.(2018) 对北秦岭光石沟伟晶岩的边部带中的锆石U-Pb定年结果,同样显示出从174 Ma到1643 Ma的巨大年龄跨度,其中岩浆锆石给出了415.1±2.6 Ma的谐和年龄,年龄较老的锆石颗粒均表现出继承锆石或捕获锆石的特征,热液锆石和蚀变锆石则年龄较为年轻。光石沟伟晶岩的内部带矿物组成较为简单,含矿性较边部带差,锆石的成因类型和年龄分布也较为简单,未发现老年龄的继承锆石,原生的岩浆锆石给出了413.6±2.4 Ma的谐和年龄,热液锆石的年龄则在205~385 Ma之间变化。Lichtervelde et al.(2017) 对西班牙东北部Cap de Creus地区伟晶岩的研究显示,岩浆成因的锆石颗粒在CL图像中具有良好的振荡环带,同时存在一些片状的蚀变区域/次生生长区域(以多孔洞和多矿物包裹体为特征);具有振荡环带的原生锆石给出了295.4±1.5 Ma的谐和年龄,蚀变区域的年龄则在122~285 Ma之间变化(图4a~c)。该地区伟晶岩中的锆石颗粒往往与磷钇矿密切共生,磷钇矿给出的U-Pb年龄(292.2±2.9 Ma,谐和年龄,图4d)也与原生锆石一致,这也证明了磷钇矿等副矿物同样也是伟晶岩年代学工作的可靠选择。
3湖南省香花岭地区伟晶岩中不同成因类型的锆石阴极发光图像(据孙文博和李欢,2023
Fig.3CL images of zircons from pegmatite in Xianghualing region, Hunan Province (after Sun Wenbo and Li Huan, 2023)
①~④—岩浆锆石;⑤~⑧—热液锆石;⑨、⑩—继承锆石;⑪~⑬—捕获锆石
①~④—magmatic zircon; ⑤~⑧—hydrothermal zircon; ⑨, ⑩—inherited zircon; ⑪~⑬—xenocrystic zircon
锆石的微量元素组成也常常被用于帮助划分锆石的成因类型和辅助解释锆石U-Pb年龄的地质意义(吴元保和郑永飞,2004; Hoskin,2005; 唐勇等,2012Bell et al.,2016; Deng Xiaodong et al.,2013; Yuan Feng et al.,2018)。岩浆锆石的微量元素组成能够反映其结晶时岩浆的化学组成及一些物理化学条件(Waston and Harrison,1983; Ferry and Waston,2007; Hanchar and Westrenen,2007; Trail et al.,2012);被流体交代而发生蚀变的锆石,以及流体中结晶的热液锆石,它们的微量元素组成则记录了对应流体的性质。稀土元素含量和稀土配分模式常被作为区分锆石成因类型的佐证,锆石的La含量、(Sm/La)N比值、Ce异常等特征参数常被应用于判别伟晶岩中岩浆锆石和热液锆石(Hoskin,2005; 唐勇等,2012Deng Xiaodong et al.,2013; Yuan Feng et al.,2018)。唐勇等(2012),研究显示,区别于该区花岗岩中的锆石,新疆阿尔泰地区伟晶岩中的锆石具有低Th/U比值、低(Sm/La)N比值、高La含量、正Ce异常减弱的特征;结合其颗粒形态和CL图像特征,判断伟晶岩中的锆石结晶自富U贫Th的残余岩浆流体,或是经历了蜕晶化作用,在后期流体的作用下发生了重结晶。小秦岭伟晶岩中的岩浆锆石和热液锆石也能够较好地通过Th/U比值和稀土元素组成特征进行区分(Deng Xiaodong et al.,2013)。北秦岭光石沟黑云母伟晶岩中的锆石成分研究表明(Yuan Feng et al.,2018),伟晶岩边部带的锆石相比内部带具有更高的La含量和更低的(Sm/La)N比值,具有更接近热液锆石的微量元素组成特征(图5)。
4西班牙东北部Cap de Creus伟晶岩锆石(a~c)和磷钇矿(d)U-Pb定年结果(据Lichtervelde et al.,2017修改)
Fig.4Concordia and weighted average diagrams showing LA-ICP-MS U-Pb results of zircon (a~c) and xenotime (d) in Cap de Creus pegmatites, NE Spain (modified after Lichtervelde et al., 2017)
然而,一般认为,存在结构分带的伟晶岩系统中,边缘带的样品应结晶更早,记录了伟晶岩岩浆的早期演化过程,在逐步向内部演化和结晶的过程中,温度降低,且体系条件逐渐向热液状态过渡(London,20082014)。因此,光石沟伟晶岩边部带与内部带中锆石的微量元素组成的差异,可能暗示其中热液锆石的结晶,不仅与伟晶岩岩浆演化出的流体有关,很可能还有外来流体的参与。此外,锆石颗粒或局部非化学式元素(Ca、Al、P等)的明显升高可以指示该区域在晚期流体的作用下发生蚀变(通常也是蜕晶化区域),在微观尺度上结晶了新的热液矿物或以离子置换的形式进入了锆石的晶格(丁海红等,2010)。
5锆石微量元素分类图解(底图据Hoskin,2005修改)
Fig.5Zircon trace element discrimination diagrams (modified after Hoskin, 2005)
小秦岭伟晶岩锆石数据来自Deng Xiaodong et al.,2013;光石沟伟晶岩锆石数据来自Yuan Feng et al.,2018
Data for Xiaoqinling pegmatite are from Deng Xiaodong et al., 2013; data for Guangshigou pegmatites are from Yuan Feng et al., 2018
随着分析测试技术的发展与普及,作为探讨岩浆起源以及揭示壳幔相互作用的有力工具,锆石的Hf-O同位素目前已经成为较为常规的测试方法而广为应用。锆石的Hf同位素组成能够有效地揭示岩浆演化过程和岩浆源区的信息,伟晶岩中锆石的Hf同位素组成可以为伟晶岩的岩浆来源及其与花岗岩侵入体之间的成因联系提供可靠的约束(Belousova et al.,2006; Lü Zhenghang et al.,2012)。同时,O同位素是判断流体来源的有效工具,能够有效地记录伟晶岩形成和演化过程中的围岩混染、热液交代等过程(Schaltegger et al.,2015; Skublov et al.,2020; 李贤芳等,2020)。近年来,锆石Li同位素、Zr同位素和Si同位素的原位测试逐渐成为新的研究热点,已经取得了许多可靠的分析结果和新的认识,并且逐渐开始应用于对伟晶岩成岩及相关的Li-Be成矿过程的研究中(Bouvier et al.,2012; Guitreau et al.,20202022; Li Shuangqing and Schmitt,2021; Guo Jingliang et al.,2023)。
2.2 铌钽矿族矿物
铌钽矿族矿物是伟晶岩中铌和钽的主要赋存矿物(包括铌铁矿、铌锰矿、钽铁矿、钽锰矿等),也是极其重要的工业矿物,广泛赋存在稀有金属花岗岩、伟晶岩和热液脉中(e.g.,Van Lichtervelde et al.,2007; Stepanov et al.,2014; Madayipu et al.,2023)。由于其晶体结构可以容纳较高的U且几乎不容纳Pb,铌钽矿物也是极好的U-Pb定年矿物,可以直接确定伟晶岩稀有金属矿化年龄。
早在1956年,Aldrich 等使用ID-TIMS对铌钽矿物进行了U-Pb定年,得出了反向不谐和的U-Pb同位素数据(207Pb/235U年龄<206Pb/238U年龄),随后的年代学研究也多次证明了铌钽矿物的年龄可能并不直观,出现反向不谐和或者散乱的U-Pb同位素特征。而这通常是由于铌钽矿物中含有富U包体和蜕晶化区域以及经受后期流体交代所致(e.g.,Romer and Smeds,1996; Smith et al.,2004)。而铌钽矿物U-Pb同位素数据中广泛观察到的反向不谐和被认为是由ɑ反冲导致的蜕晶化区域中发生U的相对丢失或放射性成因Pb迁移造成的(Romer and Smeds,1996; Romer,2003; Smith et al.,2004)。这些蜕晶化区域通常与铌钽矿物中高铀区域(富U包体)相邻。Romer and Wright(1992)在使用ID-TIMS进行铌钽矿物定年前使用HF酸成功淋滤掉铌钽矿物中蜕晶化区域(图6),消除了铌钽矿物U-Pb定年数据中的不谐和,但由于不完全的淋滤以及蜕晶化过程中可能形成次生矿物,该方法并不能确保消除铌钽矿物U-Pb同位素的不谐和现象。
随着原位分析技术的发展,LA-ICP-MS以及SIMS实现了高空间分辨率的测试,提供了避免分析到蜕晶化区域以及富U包体的可能,激光拉曼光谱分析也可以快速识别铌钽矿物中的蜕晶化区域(Hao Yuanyuan et al.,2023)。同时铌钽矿物标样的逐步开发也为原位铌钽矿物U-Pb定年提供了极大的便利(Gäbler et al.,2011; Che Xudong et al.,2015; Lichtervelde et al.,2017; Xiang et al.,2023; Yang Ming et al.,2023)。随着原位铌钽矿物U-Pb定年的应用,大量的原位铌钽矿物定年数据被报道,这些数据大多呈现出谐和—近谐和的特征(Legros et al.,2019; Che Xudong et al.,2019; Zhou Qifeng et al.,2021; Yuan Feng et al.,2022),记录了伟晶岩的成岩成矿年龄。也有部分数据表现出近谐和且连续变化的206Pb/238U(Melcher et al.,2015; Van Lichtervelde et al.,2017),这可能是由于后期作用造成的Pb丢失(Smith et al.,2004),但受控于LA-ICP-MS和离子探针的测试精度,数据呈现出近似谐和的特征(e.g.,Moser et al.,2009)。由于U的相对丢失,部分铌钽矿物的数据表现出反向不谐和,此时207Pb/206Pb年龄提供了最好的年龄估计(Romer and Smeds,1996; Smith et al.,2004)。而一些数据表现出了较高含量的普通铅以及T-W图中低的207Pb/206Pb截距值(Han Jinsheng et al.,2022b; Xiang et al.,2023),表明在测试过程中可能混入了次生矿物(Xiang et al.,2023)。因此伟晶岩中铌钽矿物U-Pb定年需要事先对样品进行详细的岩相学观察(光学显微镜、扫描电镜等),尽可能保证分析区域结构完好,且无矿物包体。
铌钽矿物的晶体结构和成分的变化常被用来指示伟晶岩岩浆-热液演化及成矿过程(Rao Can et al.,2009Ballouard et al.,2020Duan Zhenpeng et al.,2022; Zhang Long et al.,2023)。一般来说,随伟晶岩结晶分异演化,铌钽矿物的Ta#[Ta/(Ta+Nb)]和Mn#[Mn/(Mn+Fe)]值呈逐渐增高趋势(Linnen and Keppler,1997; Wu Mingqian et al.,2018)。伟晶岩低演化结构区带中铌钽矿物在背散射电子(BSE)图像中通常含有均匀的成分特征或具有振荡环带(图7),具有岩浆成因(Van Lichtervelde et al.,2007),而伟晶岩晚期的交代单元中铌钽矿物常含有交代结构,或出现富Ta的增生边(图7),通常被解释为晚期富挥发分熔体或流体交代所致(Van Lichtervelde et al.,2007; Rao Can et al.,2009; Wu Mingqian et al.,2018)。不同类型稀有金属伟晶岩常具有不同的铌钽矿物成分演化趋势,可以反映研究区伟晶岩的地球化学特征差异(图8)。
6采用20%HF酸溶蚀20 min后铌钽矿物的BSE图像(据Smith et al.,2004
Fig.6BSE images of columbite group minerals after leaching of 20% HF for 20 minutes (after Smith et al., 2004)
裂变径迹刻痕代表ɑ重核反冲造成U的再分布
The fission tracks reflect the distribution of U and ɑ-recoil induced damage in crystal lattice
7南阳山伟晶岩中铌钽矿物BSE图像以及能谱成分扫描(据Yuan Feng et al.,2022修改)
Fig.7BSE images and EDS composition scanning of columbite group minerals from Nanyangshan pegmatite (modified from Yuan Feng et al., 2022)
(a)—箱线图和铌钽矿线扫描成分变化,展示了不同区域铌钽矿的铌钽含量差异;(b~d)—BSE图像和能谱面扫,展示了铌钽矿的核部结构和两种边部结构以及铌钽含量差异;(e、f)—能谱线扫描揭示了核边结构的成分突变
(a) —box and whisker plots exhibit the Nb-Ta differences in zoned CGM; (b~d) —BSE images and EDS mapping display the core zone and two-type rim of CGM which have different Nb-Ta contents; (e, f) —EDS line analysis reveals the composition gap between core and rim in CGM
如今,铌钽矿物U-Pb定年已经成为伟晶岩定年的常规手段,其U-Pb年代学与地球化学数据特征很好地为伟晶岩研究提供了帮助。例如,Yuan Feng et al.(2022)对东秦岭南阳山大型稀有金属伟晶岩矿床中铌钽矿物进行研究发现,其具有振荡环带、核边结构以及补丁状交代结构,反映了晚期的富熔体环境对早期铌钽矿物的交代过程。通过LA-ICP-MS对不同区域的铌钽矿物进行U-Pb年代学分析得到一致的U-Pb同位素数据,确定了东秦岭南阳山稀有金属伟晶岩的成岩成矿年龄为407 Ma。Wu Mingqian et al.(2018)对宜春高演化花岗岩-伟晶岩中铌钽矿物进行研究发现,黄玉-锂云母花岗岩和伟晶岩“墙带”细晶岩中的铌钽矿物均具有核边结构,核部为铌锰矿,边部为钽锰矿,而伟晶岩中间带发现了大量簇状热液钽锰矿;结合微量元素分析,Wu Mingqian et al.(2018)提出宜春花岗岩-伟晶岩系统两阶段结晶模式,早期岩浆系统和晚期热液系统共同促成了宜春超大型Li-Nb-Ta矿床的形成。
8伟晶岩中铌钽矿物成分图解(据Yuan Feng et al.,2022修改)
Fig.8Chemical composition of columbite group minerals (modified from Yuan Feng et al., 2022)
2.3 独居石
独居石是伟晶岩中常见的稀土矿物,也是LCT型伟晶岩中稀土的主要赋存形式,该矿物也具有极高的U-Th含量,是常见的伟晶岩定年矿物。尽管独居石具有极高的U-Th含量,但与锆石不同的是,自然界并未发现蜕晶化独居石,这得益于其有效的自退火过程(Seydoux-Guillaume et al.,2018; Nasdala et al.,2020)。因此,独居石是一个极其适合于伟晶岩的定年矿物。
作为常见的碎屑矿物,独居石可以在沉积型砂矿中出现(e.g.,Roy,1999),这表明独居石具有极强的抗风化性以及流体抗性,可以避免独居石在后期流体过程中发生U-Th-Pb同位素系统的开放从而干扰同位素年龄,这也使得独居石U-Th-Pb同位素系统很好地记录了岩浆-变质-热液事件。由于高温熔融事件可以重置独居石U-Th-Pb同位素系统(Morrissey et al.,2015; Varga et al.,2020),继承独居石在花岗岩-伟晶岩系统中极为罕见,为伟晶岩的年龄准确厘定提供了便利。尽管独居石具有极佳的化学抗性,但在变质岩(如:石英岩、角闪岩等)和花岗岩中的矿物学研究发现,独居石可在变质过程或后期流体交代过程通过溶解-再沉淀作用发生矿物相变化,或形成次生独居石区域,从而干扰U-Th-Pb年龄(图9Finger et al.,1998; Seydoux-Guillaume et al.,2012; Budzyń et al.,2022)。独居石的实验岩石学研究表明,富Ca流体或富F流体可以促进独居石分解形成次生独居石、褐帘石和磷灰石(e.g.,Budzyń et al.,20112021),岩浆热液流体可以使独居石分解形成次生独居石从而部分-完全重置独居石年龄(Harlov et al.,2011; Williams et al.,2011; Grand'Homme et al.,2016)。伟晶岩中独居石具有极高的Th含量,因此其Th-Pb同位素系统具有更高的抗干扰能力与更高的精度(e.g.,Chen Jianfeng et al.,2023)。然而,矿物学研究表明富F流体可以提高流体中Th的活动性,从而会干扰独居石的Th-Pb同位素系统(Didier et al.,2013; Taylor et al.,2014; Zhang Haoxiang et al.,2023b)。与此同时,伟晶岩中独居石常见复杂的表面和内部结构,表现出微裂隙、孔洞以及矿物包体(Seydoux-Guillaume et al.,2007; Hetherington and Harlov,2008)。Seydoux-Guillaume et al.(2012)对伟晶岩中巨晶独居石进行研究发现,在经历低温诱导的溶解再沉淀过程中,独居石分解形成了磷钇矿、钍石、方钍石和次生独居石,其中次生独居石发生了铀的相对丢失和外源Pb积累,从而形成了在T-W图中离散的交点年龄和低的207Pb/206Pb截距值,表明在长期缓慢的冷却过程中,独居石也可能发生矿物相变从而干扰同位素年龄。因此对伟晶岩中独居石样品进行U-Th-Pb定年分析前,应通过透射光、反射光、扫描电镜等观察手段研究样品结构特征,避免分析次生独居石区域和含矿物包体区域。同时,独居石的U-Pb和Th-Pb同位素系统应相互结合,仔细评估其年龄的可靠性。
9花岗岩-伟晶岩系统中独居石BSE图像(据Sousa et al.,2023
Fig.9BSE images of monazites from granite-pegmatite system (after Sousa et al., 2023)
SA-02独居石采自花岗岩中,SR-12、SR-03独居石来自伟晶岩;(a~c)—原生岩浆独居石的结构;(d~f)—独居石的交代结构
SA-02 for granite, SR-12 and SA-03 for pegmatite; (a~c) —the texture of magmatic monazite; (d~f) —the altered texture
由于独居石在岩浆-热液以及中至高级变质过程中均可生成(Rasmussen et al.,2006; Rubatto et al.,2006; Alipour-Asll et al.,2012),因此其成因判别对数据解释至关重要。BSE图像可以很好地反映独居石内部结构与成分变化,其明暗受独居石中Th含量控制,Th含量较高区域BSE图像更为明亮。岩浆独居石通常较为均质或具有振荡环带和扇形分区(图9a~c),具有较高的Th含量(>1%)和明显的Eu负异常;而变质-热液独居石通常具有较为复杂的内部结构或富含包裹体,具有低的Th含量和不明显的Eu负异常甚至Eu正异常(Rasmussen et al.,2007; Zhu et al.,2019)。独居石作为伟晶岩中主要的稀土赋存相之一,其稀土比值可以反映花岗岩-伟晶岩的演化行为,例如巴西SãoJoão del Rei伟晶岩省中高钾花岗岩-伟晶岩具有一致的独居石年龄(约2 Ga),且随演化程度升高,表现出逐渐升高的重稀土与降低的轻重稀土比值,反映了NYF型伟晶岩结晶分异演化过程中重稀土的富集过程(Sousa et al.,2023)。同时独居石高的稀土含量也为Sm-Nd同位素分析提供了便利。Wang Cheng et al.(2023)通过对湖南仁里花岗岩-伟晶岩中独居石进行U-Th-Pb年代学和Sm-Nd同位素分析得到了一致的同位素年龄和初始Nd同位素特征,暗示仁里花岗岩-伟晶岩系统为单一源区的岩浆演化过程,而随岩浆演化逐渐降低的Sm/Nd比值指示了伟晶岩熔体出溶之前经历了不同程度的分馏。
2.4 锡石
锡石(SnO2)属于四方晶系金红石族,多富集Ti、Nb、Ta、Fe、Mn等微量元素,常见于稀有金属伟晶岩中,也是稀有金属伟晶岩中锡的主要赋存形式。锡石具有10-6级的U含量和较低的Th含量(Gulson and Jones,1992; Neymark et al.,2018)以及较高的U-Pb同位素封闭温度(560~860℃)(张东亮等,2011)。锡石在高温条件下元素扩散速率较高,会形成韵律环带,在低温条件下环带则相对不发育,提供了识别伟晶岩中岩浆锡石和热液锡石的有效手段。锡石的结构相对稳定(Jiang et al.,2004),不易受后期热液作用影响,因此成为了稀有金属伟晶岩中常用的U-Pb定年矿物。
Gulson and Jones(1992)首次运用同位素稀释—热电离质谱法(ID-TIMS)进行了锡石U-Pb定年,但由于锡石的化学溶蚀异常困难,其不完全溶解可以导致U/Pb同位素分馏,从而获得不正确的年龄,这也导致了目前常用的锡石原位分析标样大多没有经过ID-TIMS标定。Neymark et al.(2018)研究发现锡石中的Th含量极低,因此放射性成因的208Pb可以忽略不计,从而建立了适合于不含Th,但含有不均匀普通铅含量和铀含量的古老样品的Pb-Pb等时线法,获得了精确的U-Pb同位素年龄,该方法不依靠基体匹配的锡石矫正标样,从而极大地简化了测试过程,并避免了外标矫正过程中引入的不确定度,提供了标样开发的新方法(e.g.,Tabba Tabba,Denholm et al.,2021)。同时,新的锡石ID-TIMS分析方法保证了溶蚀过程中锡石U和Pb同位素的有效分离,从而获得高精度的锡石U-Pb同位素结果(Carr et al.,2020; Yang Ming et al.,2022a)。锡石中的U含量相对较低且分布不均匀,U含量是制约U-Pb定年精度的关键因素,前人研究发现CL图像中较暗的环带U含量相对较高(图10a)(Swart and Moore,1982; Neymark et al.,2018),因此在进行锡石U-Pb定年实验时应选择CL图像较暗的区域布点。锡石晶体中常常含有毒砂、方铅矿、金红石、铌铁矿、独居石等包裹体(Neymark et al.,2018Denholm et al.,2021),会对定年结果产生影响,因此在布点时要避开锡石内的包裹体。
与锆石和独居石不同,锡石中的普通铅(非放射性成因铅)含量较高,如何准确地扣除普通铅是获得精确的锡石U-Pb年龄的关键。目前通常采用Tera-Wasserburg图解法来消除普通铅的影响(Tera and Wasserburg,1972; 崔玉荣等,2017),其下交点年龄即为扣除普通铅影响的矿物形成年龄。而锡石中的Th含量极低,因此可以使用208Pb法对样品表观年龄进行普通铅矫正(Neymark,2018)。
随着锡石U-Pb定年技术的发展,越来越多的学者将这一技术应用于稀有金属伟晶岩中。Han Jinsheng et al.(2022b)在研究北秦岭地区南阳山稀有金属伟晶岩中的锡石时,在透射光和背散射照片中发现锡石具有核边结构(图10b),通过原位LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年发现核部年龄约为410 Ma,边部年龄约为370 Ma,分别代表着南阳山稀有金属伟晶岩的矿化年龄和叠加年龄。Dai Hongzhang et al.(2019)对川西甲基卡308和133号伟晶岩脉中锡石,进行LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年,认为308号伟晶岩脉的形成时代为211±4.6 Ma,133号伟晶岩脉的形成时代则为198±4.4 Ma,表明甲基卡矿床内存在两期伟晶岩成岩成矿事件,是印支旋回造山运动之后相对稳定阶段的产物。除南阳山和甲基卡之外,学者们还运用锡石原位U-Pb定年的方法厘定了西昆仑阿克塔斯石英-钠长石-锂辉石伟晶岩(218±12 Ma)、阿尔金吐格曼北白云母-锡石伟晶岩(468±8.7 Ma)和松潘-甘孜李家沟含锂辉石钠长石伟晶岩(211±3.3 Ma)等地区伟晶岩的年龄,总结了我国稀有金属伟晶岩时空演化规律(Yan Qinghe et al.,2018; 李杭等,2020; Fei Guangchun et al.,2020b; 孔会磊等,2023)。
10玻利维亚Siglo XX和Llallagua矿床锡石T-W图解及锡石CL环带图(a)(据Neymark et al.,2018);中国北秦岭地区南阳山伟晶岩锡石T-W图解及其BSE核(Cst Ⅰ)、边(Cst Ⅱ)结构图(b)(据Han Jinsheng et al.,2022b
Fig.10Tera-Wasserburg diagram of cassiterite samples from Siglo XX and Llallagua tin deposit, Bolivia, a CL image of an analyzed crystal fragment is shown as an insert (a) (after Neymark et al., 2018) ; Tera-Wasserburg diagram for cassiterite core zone (Cst Ⅰ) and rim zone (Cst Ⅱ) from Nanyangshan pegmatite, the North Qinling terrane of China, a BSE image of an analyzed crystal fragment is shown as an insert (b) (after Han Jinsheng et al., 2022b)
锡石中的微量元素对成矿物质来源和物理化学条件也起到一定的指示作用。Fe、Mn、Nb、Ta是锡石中的重要微量元素,Tindle and Breaks(1998)研究发现与稀有金属花岗岩和伟晶岩相关的锡石富含Nb、Ta,最高可达12.4%,而与热液作用有关的锡石极度贫Nb、Ta而富Fe、Mn,这可以示踪锡石的来源。赵斌等(1977)认为锡石中的Nb、Ta可以指示成矿流体的酸碱度。
2.5 榍石
榍石(CaTi[SiO4]O)是一种岛状结构硅酸盐矿物,多富集Nb、Ta、Zr、REE等微量元素,广泛发育于火成岩、变质岩和热液成因岩石中,同时也在碱性正长岩及其有关的伟晶岩中发育。榍石具有较高的U、Th含量和较低的Pb含量,同时还具有较高的U-Pb体系封闭温度(~600℃)(Cherniak,1993),是理想的U-Pb定年矿物。与锆石和独居石不同,榍石中存在较高的普通铅(非放射性成因铅),通常采用Tera-Wasserburg图解法来消除普通铅的影响(Tera and Wasserburg,1972),准确地测量207Pb含量并校正普通铅是保证数据质量的关键(袁继海等,2016; 赵令浩等,2020)。榍石在高温高压条件下不稳定,在榍石形成之后,角闪岩相变质作用会导致榍石发生Pb丢失,这会导致榍石的U-Pb同位素系统无法反映原岩年龄从而记录变质事件(Tucker et al.,2004; Krogh et al.,2011; Spencer et al.,2013)。榍石稳定性受到氧逸度的影响,其在高氧逸度的条件下较为稳定,但在高温低氧逸度的条件下会向钛铁矿转化(Angiboust and Harlov,2017)。
Tilton and Grunenfelder(1968)首次对14个样品中的榍石进行U-Pb定年,得到了与共生锆石接近的年龄。ID-TIMS和SHRIMP是进行榍石U-Pb定年的高精度工具,但是样品制备要求高、仪器昂贵,限制了榍石U-Pb技术的发展。近年来,具有原位、简单、快速特点的LA-ICP-MS技术发展迅速,越来越多的国内外学者将LA-ICP-MS榍石U-Pb定年方法应用于研究中(Stotry et al.,2006; 袁继海等,2016; Kylander-Clark,2017; 赵令浩等,2020)。挪威北部Tysfjord地区是加里东造山带中的一个构造窗,该地区的花岗片麻岩中存在古元古代(1772~1755 Ma)和泥盆纪(400~380 Ma)两个期次的伟晶岩,Zhou Haoyang et al.(2022)利用伟晶岩中榍石的U-Pb年龄和榍石温压计,结合前人研究发现了该地区泥盆纪伟晶岩的形成与加里东碰撞后的伸展作用有关,同时揭示了该地区加里东期角闪岩相变质作用的峰期变质时代为410 Ma,变质温压条件为730~750℃和1210±180 MPa。Bryden et al.(2022)对挪威西部片麻岩区Nordøyane的四个方柱石伟晶岩样品进行榍石U-Pb定年,获得了伟晶岩的结晶年龄为420~390 Ma。Zhang Haoxiang et al.(2023a)对中国小秦岭地区黄家沟古元古代稀有金属伟晶岩榍石进行U-Pb定年,得到的年龄(131.5±3.1 Ma)远远年轻于伟晶岩的古元古代结晶年龄,从而厘定了热液改造事件。
榍石的主要组成元素为Ca、Ti和Si,比较容易与其他矿物、熔体、流体发生反应,在经历复杂的热历史演化的岩石中,榍石往往具有环带,记录了多期次的岩浆、热液及变质过程,有利于查明地质体的P-T-t轨迹(Frost et al.,2000; Spencer et al.,2013)。Fe和Al通常通过替代Ti的形式进入到榍石的晶格中,火成岩中的榍石Fe/Al比值通常接近1∶1,但在变质岩中榍石Fe/Al比值通常小于1∶2(Nakada,1991; Kowallis et al.,2022),这是很好地区分榍石成因的指标。榍石中的REE特征可以指示成矿流体来源,岩浆来源的成矿流体通常更加富集LREE并具有Eu的负异常(Smith et al.,2009)。同时,榍石也是一个可靠的温压计,Zr会取代Ti进入榍石晶格中,可以利用Zr的质量分数来计算温度与压力(Hayden et al.,2008),绿帘角闪岩相中的榍石和金红石矿物对也可用于估算温度和压力(Kapp et al.,2009)。
2.6 褐帘石
褐帘石是NYF型伟晶岩中常见矿物,具有较高的U含量和极高的Th含量,是伟晶岩中钍的主要赋存形式之一。但是由于其和绿帘石、斜黝帘石的完全类质同象,通常表现出核边结构,边部由贫稀土的绿帘石组成,导致成分复杂(Armbruster et al.,2006)。褐帘石通常含有较高的普通铅(Poitrasson et al.,2002; Romer and Siegesmund,2003),使得其在伟晶岩中的应用较少。
复杂的成分以及较高的普通铅含量和潜在的继承铅等问题使褐帘石标样的开发成为难题,限制了褐帘石U-Th-Pb定年的发展(Poitrasson et al.,2002; Romer and Siegesmund,2003; Armbruster et al.,2006)。由于缺乏基体匹配的标样,学者们使用非基体匹配的矫正标样(如锆石、NIST610),实现了精确的褐帘石U-Th-Pb定年(Janots et al.,2009; Gregory et al.,2009; Darling et al.,2012; McFarlane,2016; Zhang Haoxiang et al.,2022)。测试过程中,普遍采用线扫描,低剥蚀进样量或者优化激光剥蚀参数的方式来消除褐帘石与其他矫正标样基体之间的差异,实现了非基体匹配的褐帘石定年(Darling et al.,2012; McFarlane,2016; Zhang Haoxiang et al.,2022)。最近,Yang Ming et al.(2022b)开发了褐帘石U-Th-Pb同位素和Sm-Nd同位素分析标样,也为褐帘石原位分析提供了便利。但是由于褐帘石常具有较高的普通铅,以及褐帘石可能存在的继承铅的问题(Romer and Siegesmund,2003),为褐帘石的数据解释造成了困难。继承铅可能导致褐帘石的初始铅比值低于初始熔体,从而干扰普通铅矫正过程,获得偏年轻的铅矫正年龄。此时,具有不同普通铅含量的褐帘石U-Pb数据形成的T-W等时线交点年龄具有更高的可靠性。当褐帘石具有相对较低的普通铅时,由于其极高的Th含量,褐帘石的Th-Pb系统不受低含量普通铅的影响,可以直接反映其结晶年龄。由于较高的Th含量,褐帘石受ɑ衰变的影响,可发生蜕晶化。在后期高温热事件(>550℃)或流体交代过程中,蜕晶化区域可发生晶格愈合,其中高温退火可以导致褐帘石中晶格水、Fe、Th的析出,形成晶格空洞,析出铁氧化物和钍的硅酸盐/氧化物,而流体过程导致的晶格愈合仅造成成分变化而无矿物相变(Čobić et al.,2010; Reissner et al.,2019)。褐帘石的微观结构和成分变化可通过BSE图像观察,其中多孔区域和交代区域的U-Th-Pb同位素年龄极可能反映后期高温热事件/流体交代事件,而非伟晶岩结晶年龄(e.g.,Zhang Haoxiang et al.,2023a)。
伟晶岩中褐帘石通常具有较高的La/Sm和Th/U比值以及较低的Eu/Eu*,而经过流体交代或者变质过程,其La/Sm和Th/U比值均会降低,且具有较高的Eu/Eu*,此地球化学特征可很好地区分岩浆褐帘石和变质褐帘石(图11Gregory et al.,2012)。
同时,随流体交代程度升高,褐帘石的Sr含量具有升高趋势,而Ti含量具有降低趋势,因此褐帘石的成分特征可以反映流体-矿物元素迁移行为(Zhang Haoxiang et al.,2023a)。褐帘石具有较高的Nd含量,可以通过Nd同位素分析示踪物质源区(Su Zhikun et al.,2021; Zhang Haoxiang et al.,2022)。例如,小秦岭黄家沟伟晶岩中褐帘石与锆石具有一致的U-Pb同位素年龄(约1.82 Ga),且与围岩峰期变质时间一致,其褐帘石Nd同位素和锆石Hf同位素均与小秦岭中下地壳一致,暗示黄家沟稀土伟晶岩直接形成于中下地壳的部分熔融(Zhang Haoxiang et al.,2022)。同时,黄家沟稀土伟晶岩中岩浆褐帘石具有复杂的内部结构,出现多孔、钍矿物析出的高温退火区域和边部热液交代边,分别记录了约1.75 Ga和130 Ma的高温热事件和流体交代事件,反映了伟晶岩形成之后,后期叠加的地质事件中稀土迁移行为(Zhang Haoxiang et al.,2023a)。
11褐帘石成分图解(据Gregory et al.,2012
Fig.11Allanite chemical composition diagrams (after Gregory et al., 2012)
2.7 磷钇矿
磷钇矿(YPO4)具有较高的U含量和低的普通铅含量,同时不易被流体交代改造,是一种理想的U-Pb定年矿物。前人研究认为磷钇矿中Pb体积扩散非常缓慢,因此具有较高的封闭温度(890℃(颗粒直径10 μm)~980℃(颗粒直径50 μm))(Cherniak,2006)。近年来磷钇矿也逐渐被应用于伟晶岩的U-Pb定年及示踪研究中(Lichtervelde et al.,2017; Briggs and Cottle,2018; Hetherington et al.,2021; Cao Huawen et al.,2022; Pfister et al.,2023; Joseph et al.,2023)。
通常情况下,磷钇矿不易遭受后期流体的蚀变,但是在富Ca、Na、F的流体环境中,磷钇矿可以发生明显的溶解再沉淀,形成次生矿物如富Y铈磷灰石、兴安矿、富Y绿帘石等(Majka and Budzyń,2006; Majka et al.,2011; Budzyń et al.,2017)。同时富Ca流体可以极大地促进磷钇矿分解形成帘石族矿物(Budzyń et al.,2017)。该过程可以生成次生矿物包体,且造成磷钇矿的U-Pb同位素差异性迁移,极大地影响了其U-Pb同位素系统的稳定性。在流体诱导的溶解再沉淀过程中,磷钇矿发生U-Th的迁移,形成大量亚微米—纳米尺度的含Th、U、Pb等矿物相的包裹体(Kositcin et al.,2003; Hetherington et al.,2008; Budzyń et al.,2023a),此时磷钇矿可能经历了U的相对丢失,形成反向不谐和的数据特征(Schoene.,2014; Budzyń et al.,2023a2023b),而测试过程中混入年轻的富U矿物包体则会形成更年轻的U-Pb同位素数据,使年龄结果不具有地质意义(Kositcin et al.,2003; Hetherington et al.,2008; Budzyń and Sláma,2019; Budzyń et al.,2023a)。例如,Budzyń等人在对挪威南部一处伟晶岩中磷钇矿的研究时发现,磷钇矿206Pb/238U年龄结果较老,208Pb/232Th具有很一致的加权平均年龄,说明208Pb/232Th在流体蚀变过程中受到的干扰低,并且Th4+在流体中不易运移,进而说明206Pb、207Pb、208Pb并未因流体富集,因此磷钇矿的反向不谐和年龄更可能是U丢失导致的(Budzyń et al.,2023b)。由于磷钇矿复杂的内部结构且多见次生矿物包体,使用ID-TIMS对同一块磷钇矿碎片进行U-Pb定年可能获得不同的U-Pb同位素年龄(Stern and Rainbird,2001; 刘志超等,2011),为磷钇矿标样的开发带来了极大的挑战。刘志超等(2011)利用LA-ICP-MS分别以锆石和独居石作为主标,测试了磷钇矿U-Pb同位素,认为磷钇矿和其他矿物标样之间具有很强的基体效应。但是国际上也有部分实验室采用锆石和独居石作为矫正标样进行磷钇矿U-Pb定年并未发现明显的基体效应(Briggs and Cottle,2018; Cao Huawen et al.,2022)。Luo Tao et al.(2018)利用NIST610作为外部标准,利用LA-ICP-MS在剥蚀前和剥蚀后加入水蒸气,显著降低了磷钇矿等其他副矿物的非基体匹配效应,但是其降低非基体匹配的机制仍然不清楚。在离子探针磷钇矿U-Pb定年中,其U、Th、Y(REE)元素含量不同导致强烈的U-Pb非基体匹配效应,因此需要使用不同组分的磷钇矿样品作为矫正标样,为SIMS磷钇矿定年带来了困难(Fletcher et al.,2004; Li Qiuli et al.,2013)。
目前,已经有大量研究使用磷钇矿厘定伟晶岩的形成年龄,但后期地质过程中磷钇矿的矿物相转变有可能部分—完全重置磷钇矿的同位素年龄,从而表现出不具地质意义的年龄结果。例如Majka等发现伟晶岩中的磷钇矿可被交代分解为氟磷灰石和兴安矿-(Y),形成冠状结构(Majka and Budzyń,2006; Majka et al.,2011),暗示了晚期富Ca、F的流体对伟晶岩进行了交代。Cao Huawen et al.(2022)报道新生代喜马拉雅吉隆淡色伟晶岩中锆石和独居石的年龄集中在22~23 Ma,而磷钇矿的年龄普遍较锆石和独居石年轻,集中在16.5 Ma,由于极高的封闭温度以及伟晶岩缺乏流体交代的痕迹,作者认为磷钇矿更能代表伟晶岩的结晶年龄。但是从磷钇矿背散射图像可见其中具有成分环带和大量的矿物包裹体,虽然作者并没有讨论磷钇矿中“包裹体”和成分环带的成因,但这很可能会影响磷钇矿的年龄(Kositcin et al.,2003; Budzyń and Sláma,2019)。新西兰Alpine Schist中的花岗伟晶岩中磷钇矿和独居石具有一致的206Pb/238U年龄,而磷钇矿中具有成分环带和富U矿物包裹体的部分比独居石的年龄更年轻,表明磷钇矿在晚期发生了矿物相析出,造成了放射性成因Pb的丢失(Briggs and Cottle,2018)。
磷钇矿微量元素也可用于示踪伟晶岩类型和演化。与NYF型伟晶岩相关的磷钇矿具有较高的Y含量和低的U+HREE含量(Guastoni et al.,2016),且U、Th、Si、HREE、Zr、Ca和F在磷钇矿中的替换作用可以反映伟晶岩稀土成矿过程和再活化历史(Švecová et al.,2016)。
2.8 磷灰石
磷灰石(CaPO4)作为一种常见的副矿物,富集多种重要的微量元素(Th、U、REE等)和挥发分(F、Cl、OH),含有较高的Sr、Nd含量,其同位素和微量元素示踪及U-Pb定年在伟晶岩型稀有金属矿床的研究中有广泛应用(Cao Mingjian et al.,2013; Nie Xiao et al.,2020; 白应雄等,2021; Bonzi et al.,2021; Cheng et al.,2022; Cawood et al.,2022; 严清高等,2022; 聂潇等,2023; Wang Haoyu et al.,2023)。
尽管磷灰石U-Pb定年被广泛用于伟晶岩成岩成矿年龄厘定(Bonzi et al.,2021; Cawood et al.,2022; Cheng et al.,2022; Wang Haoyu et al.,2023),但值得注意的是磷灰石具有较低的封闭温度(350~570℃,Cochrane et al.,2014),而伟晶岩的形成温度可能高于封闭温度,因此磷灰石的U-Pb年代学可能更能反映区域热历史。封闭温度与颗粒大小和冷却速率有关,矿物颗粒积越大,其中心区域具有更长的Pb扩散路径和更低的浓度差,因此Pb丢失比率较低;此时磷灰石核部的U-Pb年龄相对较老,边部年龄则记录冷却或热事件年龄(图12Chamberlain and Bowring,2001; Cochrane et al.,2014)。对粗晶—巨晶磷灰石的单颗粒TIMS年龄和原位高精度定年可以构建数学模型,从而区分冷却过程和再加热过程(Cochrane et al.,2014)。除了受到热活化体积扩散的作用,变质/岩浆流体诱导的溶解再沉淀过程也可以通过矿物相的转换以及放射成因Pb的丢失干扰磷灰石的U-Pb同位素系统(Kirkland et al.,2018; Glorie et al.,2019; Odlum and Stockli,2020; Chew et al.,2021)。研究表明,在伟晶岩等富流体系统中,岩浆流体可催化原生富REE磷灰石溶解,形成次生贫REE磷灰石、独居石和磷钇矿(Harlov,2011)。因此,磷灰石的U-Pb年代学需要对磷灰石的晶体特征(是否发生蚀变)及化学成分进行先期研究,排除后期流体对磷灰石蚀变的干扰(Paul et al.,20182019; Popov et al.,2020)。由于磷灰石富含Fe、Mn等易被流体迁移的致色离子,其阴极发光可以很好地反映这些流体活动性较强元素的含量高低,从而识别流体交代区域(图13刘晓东和华仁民,2003; Popov et al.,2020; Ma Ying et al.,2023)。同时,磷灰石晶格中可以容纳较高的普通铅,低U样品可能无法积累足够的放射性成因铅从而导致极高的普通铅比例,无法获得准确甚至有意义的U-Pb同位素年龄(Chew et al.,2021; Wang Haoyu et al.,2023)。最近,三重四极杆质谱仪的研发与应用实现了磷灰石的Sm-Nd、Lu-Hf同位素分析,同时其较高的封闭温度(>700℃)可能更能反映伟晶岩结晶年龄,对于低铀高铅的磷灰石样品,Lu-Hf、Sm-Nd的年龄可能更精确(Simpson et al.,2021; Gillespie et al.,2022)。
在伟晶岩磷灰石U-Pb定年研究中常常会考虑由Pb的热活化导致的体积扩散行为,例如,Bonzi et al.(2021)通过对西非克拉通Burkina Faso西南部Mangodara地区的伟晶岩进行锆石定年得到2094±9 Ma的年龄,但该地区片麻岩、伟晶岩中的磷灰石定年分别得到2094±21 Ma、2055±20 Ma的同位素年龄,从而记录了该区域约50 Ma的缓慢冷却历史。Cawood et al.(2022)的研究发现,美国加州东南部伟晶岩锆石年龄为63~65 Ma,而磷灰石记录了较为年轻的60.4±3.5 Ma,同时较大的磷灰石颗粒(60~450 μm),代表了相对较高的封闭温度(450~530℃),可以得到研究区在约60.4 Ma时温度冷却到450~530℃以下,从而为区域变质变形事件提供制约。中国福建南坪31号伟晶岩脉中磷灰石年龄分布在145~160 Ma,也表明该伟晶岩经历了与燕山期造山运动有关的热扰动事件(Wang Haoyu et al.,2023)。因此,伟晶岩中磷灰石可以很好地反映伟晶岩的冷却/热历史。
12经历高温热事件(>封闭温度)(a)和后期流体交代(b)的磷灰石U-Pb同位素特征示意图
Fig.12The U-Pb isotope characteristics of apatites after thermal volume diffusion (a) and fluid alteration (b)
13磷灰石阴极发光图像及U-Pb同位素特征(据Popov et al.,2021)
Fig.13CL images and U-Pb isotope characteristics of apatite (after Popov et al., 2021)
(a)—磷灰石透射光照片;(b)—大颗粒磷灰石CL图像;(c~f)—磷灰石代表性微量元素分布图像;(g)—中等颗粒磷灰石CL图像;(h)—小颗粒磷灰石CL图像;(i、j)—大(i)和中等(j)粒径磷灰石U-Pb年龄的边缘—核—边缘变化;(k)—磷灰石年龄和半径呈正相关关系图
(a) —apatite picture of transmitted light; (b) —CL images of the large-sized apatite; (c~f) —representative trace element mapping of apatite; (g) —CL images of the medium-sized apatite; (h) —CL images of the smallest apatite; (i, j) —rim-core-rim variations of U-Pb ages in the large-sized (i) and medium-sized (j) apatite; (k) —the relationship between the radii of the apatite and their U-Pb ages
除了U-Pb定年,磷灰石的主微量元素及Sr-Nd同位素示踪也广泛用于伟晶岩熔体和流体的演化中,同时磷灰石晶体结构可容纳卤族元素(F,Cl),可在流体来源和运移过程中提供重要的指示信息,示踪岩浆熔体和流体的挥发分行为(严清高等,2022; 王臻等,2022; Melfou et al.,2023)。由于Rb在磷灰石与熔体中的分配系数极低,由Rb衰变造成对87Sr/86Sr值的影响可忽略不计,因此伟晶岩中磷灰石原位87Sr/86Sr值可直接反映源区Sr同位素比值,示踪物质源区(Li Xiaochun et al.,2018)。
3 应用前景及问题讨论
伟晶岩是地质学中一类复杂多样的岩石,是全球稀土稀有金属矿床的重要载体,其形成和演化过程不仅承载着岩浆分异演化,地体变质深熔的关键信息(Kaeter et al.,2018; Lü Zhenghang et al.,20182021; Wu Fuyuan et al.,2020; Sallet et al.,2023),也记载着板块运动过程中俯冲—碰撞—造山的历史记录(Murphy et al.,1998; Aurisicchio et al.,2001; Yuan Feng et al.,2020)。伟晶岩中副矿物U-Pb年代学和地球化学特征为我们解析这些信息提供了强有力的工具,不仅有助于揭示伟晶岩岩浆活动的时空分布,还能为构造演化、板块运动等地质过程的研究提供重要线索,同时也为深入探讨其成因机制提供有益的信息。伟晶岩中副矿物的主微量元素特征常用于示踪伟晶岩形成环境、岩浆来源及分异演化过程,而原位Rb-Sr、Lu-Hf、Sm-Nd同位素分析获得的87Sr/86Sr初始比值、εHft)值和εNdt)值可以有效示踪伟晶岩的岩浆源区。通过副矿物地球化学特征,我们可以辨别成矿与贫矿伟晶岩之间的差异,揭示岩浆演化的成矿专属性,为资源勘查提供理论支持。
不同类型稀有稀土伟晶岩具有不同的副矿物组合,多种副矿物U-Th-Pb年代学可准确确定伟晶岩成岩成矿年龄,例如,LCT型伟晶岩常富含锆石、铌钽矿物、锡石等含U副矿物,其U-Pb同位素测定相结合可准确限定伟晶岩的成岩成矿时代(Xiong Yiqu et al.,2020; Yuan Feng et al.,2022; Han Jinsheng et al.,2022a2022b)。而NYF型伟晶岩中富含稀土矿物如褐帘石、独居石、磷钇矿等,也可有效厘定其成岩成矿时代(Hetherington et al.,2021; Zhang Haoxiang et al.,2022; Sousa et al.,2023)。值得注意的是,伟晶岩中富U-Th矿物的蜕晶化也给伟晶岩年龄厘定带来了挑战,同位素测试前需要进行详细的岩相学观察和必要的化学分析工作。由于伟晶岩强烈的不均匀性,常具有复杂的内部分带,其全岩数据很难具有代表性,因此伟晶岩研究通常使用贯通性矿物示踪伟晶岩演化和成矿过程(如云母,Van Lichtervelde et al.,2007; Kaeter et al.,2018; 石榴子石,Müller et al.,2012; 吕正航等,2017)。而副矿物是伟晶岩中稀有稀土元素的主要赋存载体,往往在花岗岩-伟晶岩系统均有产出,也可以很好地示踪成矿过程。例如,Mahdy(2021)通过对东非造山带花岗岩-伟晶岩中锆石-独居石-钍石的研究发现,同一岩浆演化序列中,早期花岗岩锆石和钍石与磷钇矿形成固溶体序列,演化至伟晶岩钍石与塔菲石表现出固溶体序列,且锆石出溶具有较高的Ca、Fe、Al、Th、U、Y等微量元素含量的锆石相,而随岩浆演化锆石的Hf含量逐渐升高。花岗岩中独居石具有典型的岩浆特征,不具成分分带,而伟晶岩中独居石被流体交代出现了富硫稀土相。Mahdy等的研究表明了花岗岩-伟晶岩演化过程中熔体相向出溶流体相的转变以及早期原生矿物受溶解再沉淀作用可以再次迁移活化其中的稀土元素。磷灰石作为常见的LCT型伟晶岩中副矿物,单颗粒罕见成分分带,但随着岩浆分异程度升高,可以呈现出Mn、Sr/Y、Y/Ho的升高,以及Y和REE含量的降低,这通常被认为和其他稀土稀有矿物的结晶,以及熔体中挥发分含量升高或流体出溶有关(Liu Congqiang and Zhang Hui,2005; Cao Mingjian et al.,2013)。
一直以来,关于伟晶岩的成因存在一个争议:变质深熔直接形成伟晶岩或花岗岩岩浆结晶分异形成伟晶岩。关于区域花岗岩-伟晶岩系统的源区示踪是必不可少的工作,变质深熔成因伟晶岩通常与附近花岗岩具有解耦的年龄和源区特征。例如阿尔泰地区发育了大量伟晶岩,而其同位素年龄和锆石Hf同位素组成均与同地区花岗岩存在差异,暗示了该地区伟晶岩由麻粒岩相围岩直接深熔形成(Lü Zhenghang et al.,2018; 张辉等,2019)。东秦岭铀矿化伟晶岩和附近花岗岩具有一致的U-Pb年龄和Hf同位素组成,则表明其存在亲缘关系(Yuan Feng et al.,2020)。磷灰石、褐帘石、独居石等副矿物具有较高的稀土含量,其Sm-Nd同位素系统也可以很好地示踪伟晶岩的物质源区,例如Zhang Haoxiang et al.(2023a)对小秦岭古元古代稀土伟晶岩中褐帘石、榍石、磷灰石的Nd同位素进行分析,认为伟晶岩和小秦岭中下地壳具有一致的Nd同位素特征,而榍石和磷灰石具有年轻的U-Pb同位素年龄和较高的εNdt)值,记录了白垩纪流体交代对伟晶岩稀土的晚期活化—迁移—沉淀过程。磷灰石具有较高的Sr含量,在提供Nd同位素证据的同时也可以提供Sr同位素证据。Zhao Hui et al.(2022)对川西甲基卡锂伟晶岩中磷灰石的Sr同位素进行了分析,发现富锂伟晶岩具有明显高于附近同时期二云母花岗岩(马颈子花岗岩)和西康群变泥质岩的初始Sr同位素组成,但低于区域富锂黏土岩,结合全岩Li同位素分析,作者认为甲基卡锂伟晶岩直接由富锂泥质岩5%~20%的部分熔融形成,而非马颈子花岗岩的极端结晶分异。
随着原位分析方法的进步,铌钽矿物和锡石的Lu-Hf同位素分析技术被相继开发(Kendall-Langley et al.,2020Tang Zhimin et al.,2021),有望为伟晶岩演化-成矿和源区的示踪提供帮助。Kendall-Langley et al.(2020)对西澳大利亚太古宙LCT型伟晶岩中的锡石和铌钽矿进行了U-Pb定年和Lu-Hf同位素分析,认为该地区LCT型伟晶岩由3.2 Ga古老基底的花岗质岩石重熔形成。但值得注意的是,副矿物中的放射性同位素系统可能被特殊的流体系统干扰,从而无法真实记录初始岩浆的同位素组成,而是由后期流体交代诱发的混合值。以磷灰石为例,Cao Mingjian et al.(2019)研究发现,包古图斑岩铜矿在经受后期<300℃的高盐度流体交代后,其Sr同位素出现了明显的正漂,呈现出成矿流体与晚期流体混合的特点。最近的实验岩石学结果也表明,磷灰石的Sr-Nd同位素系统在富CO2流体中不易被交代改造而富Na、Ca、F、Cl流体均可改造磷灰石的Sr同位素系统,且富Cl贫Na流体可以活化磷灰石中的稀土组分,干扰Sm-Nd同位素系统(Li Xiaochun et al.,2022a2022b)。此外,表生过程,如地下水淋滤,化学风化等可以对伟晶岩副矿物(例如锆石、铌钽矿物、独居石、褐帘石等)造成影响。漫长时间的地下水淋滤可以局部改造锆石、独居石和铌钽矿物,使其发生铀的相对丢失或者铅丢失,从而影响测试精度(Smith and Romer,2004; Sedoux-Guillaume et al.,2012; Pidgeon et al.,2013; Kitagaki et al.,2022),褐帘石的稀土组分可以在化学风化过程中大量迁移,发生矿物相转换,形成次生矿物,而丢失的稀土组分可以赋存在新的稀土矿物中或者被吸附在黏土矿物中,为离子吸附型稀土矿床提供稀土来源(冯雨周等,2023; Zhao Xu et al.,2023; Zhang Long et al.,2023)。而被改造的褐帘石区域将完全失去原本的U-Th-Pb同位素和微量元素地球化学特征,无法反映伟晶岩原岩特征。因此,在副矿物研究过程中,需要事先使用扫描电镜、阴极发光等手段对样品进行详细的微观结构观察,以及进行必要的光谱学(激光拉曼)、成分分析(能谱仪、波谱仪),识别矿物中不同成因区域,并分别进行原位U-Pb年代学分析和微量元素地球化学、同位素地球化学分析。
4 结论
(1)针对不同类型的伟晶岩,可通过多种矿物U-Pb体系联合使用对其成岩成矿年龄进行精确限定。对于NYF型伟晶岩,可采用褐帘石、磷钇矿和榍石等稀土矿物;而对于LCT型伟晶岩,则可使用铌钽矿物、锡石和磷灰石等富稀有金属矿物进行原位微区U-Pb同位素定年。
(2)伟晶岩中的定年矿物可能具有不同成因(继承或捕获)或经历了多期地质过程:① 发生蜕晶化或晶格损伤;② 后期变质及热事件或被不同性质的流体交代改造;③ 风化过程,而使其U-Pb体系不再保持封闭。因此,在进行副矿物原位微区U-Pb同位素定年前,需要事先对目标矿物进行详细的岩相学观察、阴极发光图像、拉曼光谱分析、透射电镜等分析,以厘清其矿物成因及形成世代,以确保正确理解其U-Pb年龄的地质意义。
(3)伟晶岩中副矿物主微量元素特征、原位微区U-Pb同位素定年及Rb-Sr、Sm-Nd、Lu-Hf等同位素体系的综合应用对探究伟晶岩成岩成矿过程、稀有稀土元素的富集机制及示踪物质源区具有重要的理论和现实意义,是指导伟晶岩型稀有稀土矿床的成矿规律研究与找矿预测的重要手段。
1伟晶岩中常见副矿物U-Pb同位素系统封闭温度(据Chelle-Michou and Schaltegger,2023修改;锡石封闭温度引自张东亮等,2011
Fig.1Typical range of closure temperature for the accessary minerals used for U-Pb dating in pegmatite (modified from Chelle-Michou and Schaltegger, 2023; with additional data for cassiterite from Zhang Dongliang et al., 2011)
2可可托海3号伟晶岩脉中局部蜕晶化的锆石颗粒的背散射图像(a)及各区域的拉曼光谱图(b~d)(据丁海红等,2010修改)
Fig.2Backscattered electron (BSE) image of a partial metamict zircon grain from the Koktokay No.3 granitic pegmatite (a) , and Raman spectra of different areas within the zircon grain (b~d) (modified after Ding Haihong et al., 2010)
3湖南省香花岭地区伟晶岩中不同成因类型的锆石阴极发光图像(据孙文博和李欢,2023
Fig.3CL images of zircons from pegmatite in Xianghualing region, Hunan Province (after Sun Wenbo and Li Huan, 2023)
4西班牙东北部Cap de Creus伟晶岩锆石(a~c)和磷钇矿(d)U-Pb定年结果(据Lichtervelde et al.,2017修改)
Fig.4Concordia and weighted average diagrams showing LA-ICP-MS U-Pb results of zircon (a~c) and xenotime (d) in Cap de Creus pegmatites, NE Spain (modified after Lichtervelde et al., 2017)
5锆石微量元素分类图解(底图据Hoskin,2005修改)
Fig.5Zircon trace element discrimination diagrams (modified after Hoskin, 2005)
6采用20%HF酸溶蚀20 min后铌钽矿物的BSE图像(据Smith et al.,2004
Fig.6BSE images of columbite group minerals after leaching of 20% HF for 20 minutes (after Smith et al., 2004)
7南阳山伟晶岩中铌钽矿物BSE图像以及能谱成分扫描(据Yuan Feng et al.,2022修改)
Fig.7BSE images and EDS composition scanning of columbite group minerals from Nanyangshan pegmatite (modified from Yuan Feng et al., 2022)
8伟晶岩中铌钽矿物成分图解(据Yuan Feng et al.,2022修改)
Fig.8Chemical composition of columbite group minerals (modified from Yuan Feng et al., 2022)
9花岗岩-伟晶岩系统中独居石BSE图像(据Sousa et al.,2023
Fig.9BSE images of monazites from granite-pegmatite system (after Sousa et al., 2023)
10玻利维亚Siglo XX和Llallagua矿床锡石T-W图解及锡石CL环带图(a)(据Neymark et al.,2018);中国北秦岭地区南阳山伟晶岩锡石T-W图解及其BSE核(Cst Ⅰ)、边(Cst Ⅱ)结构图(b)(据Han Jinsheng et al.,2022b
Fig.10Tera-Wasserburg diagram of cassiterite samples from Siglo XX and Llallagua tin deposit, Bolivia, a CL image of an analyzed crystal fragment is shown as an insert (a) (after Neymark et al., 2018) ; Tera-Wasserburg diagram for cassiterite core zone (Cst Ⅰ) and rim zone (Cst Ⅱ) from Nanyangshan pegmatite, the North Qinling terrane of China, a BSE image of an analyzed crystal fragment is shown as an insert (b) (after Han Jinsheng et al., 2022b)
11褐帘石成分图解(据Gregory et al.,2012
Fig.11Allanite chemical composition diagrams (after Gregory et al., 2012)
12经历高温热事件(>封闭温度)(a)和后期流体交代(b)的磷灰石U-Pb同位素特征示意图
Fig.12The U-Pb isotope characteristics of apatites after thermal volume diffusion (a) and fluid alteration (b)
13磷灰石阴极发光图像及U-Pb同位素特征(据Popov et al.,2021)
Fig.13CL images and U-Pb isotope characteristics of apatite (after Popov et al., 2021)
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