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作者简介:

刘成林,男,1963年生。博士,教授,主要从事盐湖钾、锂盐沉积研究。第四届黄汲清青年地质科学技术奖获奖者。E-mail:liuchenglin@cug.edu.cn。

参考文献
Bo Ying, Liu Chenglin, Jiao Pengcheng, Chen Yongzhi, Cao Yangtong. 2013. Saline spring hydrochemical characteristics and indicators for potassium exploration in southwestern and northern Tarim basin, Xinjiang. Acta Geoscientica Sinica, 34(5): 594~602(in Chinese with English abstract).
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Cao Yangtong, Liu Chenglin, Jiao Pengcheng, Chen Yongzhi. 2010a. Sedimentary cycles of correlation of evaporites in Paleogene-Neogene basin and formation mechanism of potash deposits in Kuqa basin. Mineral Deposits, 29(4): 657~668(in Chinese with English abstract).
参考文献
Cao Yangtong, Liu Chenglin, Yang Haijun, Gu Qiaoyuan, Jiao Pengcheng, Lu Yuhong. 2010b. Identification and correlation of the Paleogene and Neogene evaporities sedimentary cycles in Kuqa basin Xinjiang. Journal of Palaeogeography, 12(1): 31~41(in Chinese with English abstract).
参考文献
Cao Yangtong, Liu Chenglin, Yan Hui, Jiao Pengcheng, Zhang Hua, Lv Fenglin, Ding Ting. 2016. Research on evaporite deposit and its controlling factors for saline lake chain of Tarim basin and Central Asia basin during Mesozoic-Cenozoic period. Mineral Deposits, 35(3): 591~604(in Chinese with English abstract).
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Cao Yangtong, Zeng Changmin, Li Qiang, Zhu Lichun, Fu Jinggang, Zhang Liang, Xiong Zongliang, Zhang Hua. 2022. Preliminary study on evolution of sedimentary environment in Early Paleocene in the Yarkand basin, Xinjiang. Acta Geologica Sinica, 96(4): 1369~1379(in Chinese with English abstract).
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Liu Chenglin, Cao Yangtong, Jiao Pengcheng. 2008. Study on salt-formation and oil-gas storage conditions of important evaporite depressions in Tarim basin. Science and Technology Project of Tarim Oilfield Company, 1~158(in Chinese).
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Liu Chenglin, Jiao Pengcheng, Chen Yongzhi. 2010a. A preliminary study on the mineralization effect of potash transfer after multistage evaporite deposition in Tarim basin. Mineral Deposits, 29(Supplement): 383~384(in Chinese with English abstract).
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Liu Chenglin, Jiao Pengcheng, Cao Yangtong. 2010b. Study on large-scale mineralization conditions of potash formation and prospecting target prediction technology in Tarim basin. Research Report of the Eleventh Five-Year Plan, 1~451(in Chinese).
参考文献
Liu Chenglin, Jiao Pengcheng, Wang Mili. 2010c. A tentative discussion on exploration model for potash deposits in basins of China. Mineral Deposits, 29(4): 581~592(in Chinese with English abstract).
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Liu Chenglin, Cao Yangtong, Yang Haijun, Jiao Pengcheng, Gu Qiaoyuan. 2013a. Discussion on Paleogene-Neogene environmental change of salt lakes in Kuqa foreland basin and its potash-forming effect. Acta Geoscientica Sinica, 34(5): 547~558(in Chinese with English abstract).
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Liu Chenglin, Jiao Pengcheng, Xuan Zhiqiang, Cao Yangtong, Zhao Xianfu. 2013b. Research progress of potassium mineral in Paleogene evaporites in the Kuqa basin. Geological Review, 59(2): 233~234(in Chinese with English abstract).
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Liu Chenglin, Wu Chihua, Wang Licheng, Fang Xiaomin, Zhao Yanjun, Yan Maodu, Zhang Yongsheng, Cao Yangtong, Zhang Hua, Lv Fenglin. 2016. Advance in the study of forming condition and prediction of potash deposits of marine basins in China's small blocks: Review. Acta Geoscientica Sinica, 37(5): 581~606 (in Chinese with English abstract).
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Liu Chenglin, Wang Licheng, Yan Maodu, Zhao Yanjun, Cao Yangtong, Fang Xiaomin, Shen Lijian, Wu Chihua, Lv Fenglin, Ding Ting. 2018. The Mesozoic-Cenozoic tectonic settings, paleogeography and evaporitic sedimentation of Tethyan blocks within China: Implications for potash formation. Ore Geology Reviews, S0169136818300866.
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Liu Chenglin, Cao Yangtong, Zhang Hua, Jiao Pengcheng, Xu Yang, Zhao Yanjun, Shen Lijian, Zu Bo, Yang Zhen, Zhou Chuang. 2023. Study on potash-formation prospect and of Mesozoic-Cenozoic tectonic evolution of saline lake chain in Tarim basin. Procedings of the 6th National Symposium on Ore-field Structure and Deep Prospecting Prediction (in Chinese).
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Xing Wanli, Liu Chenglin, Wang Anjian, Jiao Pengcheng, Li Guowu, Zhao Xianfu, Gao Chao. 2013. Analysis of petrology, mineralogy and K-forming environment of Paleogene Evaporites in Kuqa foreland basin: A case study of drill hole DZK01. Acta Geoscientica Sinica, 34(5): 559~566(in Chinese with English abstract).
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Xu Yang, Liu Chenglin, Jiao Pengcheng, Cao Yangtong, Chen Yongzhi. 2017. Geochemical characteristics and potash formation analysis of Paleocene-Eocene evaporites in Kuqa depression of Xinjiang: A case study of borehole KL4. Acta Petrologica et Mineralogica, 36(5): 755~764(in Chinese with English abstract).
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Xu Yang, Cao Yangtong, Liu Chenglin. 2021b. Mid-Eocene sea surface cooling in the easternmost proto-Paratethys sea: Constraints from quantitative temperatures in halite fluid inclusions. International Journal of Earth Sciences, 110(7): 1713~1727.
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Xu Yang, Zhang Yongming, Cao Yangtong. 2021a. Chlorine isotopic characteristics of the Middle Eocene rock salt in the Kuqa basin and their implications for potash formation. Acta Geologica Sinica, 95(11): 3492~3500(in Chinese with English abstract).
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Xu Yang, Liu Chenglin, Cao Yangtong. 2021b. Salt-forming evolution characteristics of Middle Eocene in the Kuqa basin, Xinjiang: A case study of borehole KL4. Acta Geologica Sinica, 95(7): 2183~2192(in Chinese with English abstract).
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伯英, 刘成林, 焦鹏程, 陈永志, 曹养同. 2013. 塔里木盆地西南部和北部盐泉水化学特征及找钾指标探讨. 地球学报, 34(5): 594~602.
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曹养同, 刘成林, 焦鹏程, 陈永志. 2010a. 中新生代盆地蒸发岩沉积旋回对比及库车盆地成钾探讨, 矿床地质, 29(4): 657~668.
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曹养同, 刘成林, 杨海军, 顾乔元, 焦鹏程, 卢玉红. 2010b. 新疆库车盆地古—新近纪蒸发岩沉积旋回识别及其对比. 古地理学报, 12(1): 31~41.
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曹养同, 刘成林, 颜辉, 焦鹏程, 张华, 吕凤琳, 丁婷. 2016. 中—新生代塔里木与中亚盐湖链蒸发岩沉积及其控制因素初探, 矿床地质, 35(3): 591~604.
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刘成林, 曹养同, 焦鹏程. 2008. 塔里木盆地重要蒸发岩坳陷成盐及油气生储条件研究(报告), 塔里木油田公司科技项目, 1~158.
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刘成林, 焦鹏程, 陈永志. 2010a. 塔里木盆地多期蒸发岩沉积期后钾转移成矿效应初探. 矿床地质, 29(增刊): 383~384.
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刘成林, 焦鹏程, 曹养同. 2010b. 塔里木盆地钾盐大规模成矿条件与找矿靶区预测技术研究. 十一五研究报告, 1~451.
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刘成林, 焦鹏程, 王弭力. 2010c. 盆地钾盐找矿模型探讨. 矿床地质, 29(4): 581~592.
参考文献
刘成林, 曹养同, 杨海军, 焦鹏程, 顾乔元. 2013a. 库车前陆盆地古近纪—新近纪盐湖环境变迁及其成钾效应探讨. 地球学报, 34(5): 547~558.
参考文献
刘成林, 焦鹏程, 宣之强, 曹养同, 赵宪福. 2013b. 库车盆地古近系蒸发岩中钾盐矿物研究进展. 地质论评, 59(2): 233~234.
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刘成林, 吴驰华, 王立成, 方小敏, 赵艳军, 颜茂都, 张永生, 曹养同, 张华, 吕凤琳. 2016. 中国陆块海相盆地成钾条件与预测研究进展综述. 地球学报, 37(5): 581~606.
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刘成林, 曹养同, 张华, 焦鹏程, 徐洋, 赵艳军, 沈立建, 俎波, 杨振, 周闯. 2023. 塔里木盆地中新生代构造盐湖链演化与成钾远景分析. 第六届全国矿田构造与深部找矿预测学术研讨会论文摘要集.
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邢万里, 刘成林, 王安建, 焦鹏程, 李国武, 赵宪福, 高超. 2013. 库车前陆盆地古近系蒸发岩岩石学、矿物学与成钾环境分析——以DZK01孔岩芯为例. 地球学报, 34(5): 559~566.
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徐洋, 刘成林, 焦鹏程, 曹养同, 陈永志. 2017. 塔里木盆地库车坳陷古新统—始新统蒸发岩地球化学特征及成钾分析——以KL4 井为例. 岩石矿物学杂志, 36(5): 755~764.
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徐洋, 曹养同, 刘成林, 焦鹏程. 2018. 库车盆地始新世盐湖物源及蒸发浓缩程度研究. 地质学报, 92(8): 1617~1629.
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目录contents

    摘要

    库车前陆盆地位于塔里木盆地北部,属于副特提斯域,古近纪受副特提斯海海水补给,古近纪—新近纪发育巨厚蒸发岩。研究显示,库车盆地始新世和中新世古盐湖卤水已演化至钾盐析出阶段,在地层中广泛发现了原生钾盐矿物,如钾石盐、光卤石、杂卤石等;通过岩芯岩屑地球化学及矿物学分析,基本确定了至少3个富钾层或成钾层位,其中始新统中上部两个和中新统中上部一个,钾离子含量最高达3%,另外,上新统可能存在一个成钾层位。本文在综述此前库车盆地构造、蒸发岩、盐类矿物学、地球化学与盐湖沉积等研究基础上,建立了新的库车盆地古盐湖构造-沉积演变、成钾模式;提出了4个钾盐成矿区带,即北部克拉苏成矿带、中部秋里塔克成矿带、南部沙雅构造沉降成矿带以及东部阳霞凹地成钾区,这些关键认识为库车盆地的钾盐勘查提供了重要的理论和科学依据。

    Abstract

    The Kuqa foreland basin, located in the northern Tarim basin and part of the Para-Tethys domain, has undergone several marine transgressions during the Paleogene period. Notably, the basin has been marked by the deposition of significant evaporite formations. Extensive research shows that the Kuqa basin transitioned into a stage of potassium precipitation during the middle Eocene and Miocene. Primary potassium minerals, such as sylvite, carnallite, and polyhalite, have been widely observed within the strata. By analyzing the chemical composition of cores and rock debris from well samples, the study identifies at least three potassium-rich layers or potassium-forming layers. These include two layers in the middle and upper Eocene and one layer in the middle and upper Miocene, with potassium ion content reaching up to 3%, in addition, there may be a potash-forming layer in the Pliocene. Building upon previous studies on the Kuqa basin's structure, evaporite deposits, salt mineralogy, geochemistry, and salt lake deposition, the authors propose a new model for the tectonic-sedimentary evolution and potassium formation in the Kuqa basin. The paper introduces four divisions of potash metallogenic belts within the basin: the northern Kelasu metallogenic belt, the central Qiuritake metallogenic belt, the southern Shaya tectonic subsidence metallogenic belt, and the eastern Yangxia depression potassium formation area. These divisions provide valuable insights for understanding the distribution of potash deposits in the Kuqa basin, serving as a theoretical and scientific basis for future exploration endeavors.

  • 特提斯域中新生代发育巨量蒸发岩,并形成了一系列巨型—大型钾盐矿床。这些钾盐矿床的存在无疑给出了一个重要区域性成钾信息,即副特提斯域中亚盆地——塔里木盆地内的一系列中新生代盐湖构成了一个成钾盐湖链系统,整个盐湖链具有相似构造-沉积演化特征和气候环境条件(刘成林等,2023)。盐湖链西端的中亚盐盆,在晚侏罗世出现了巨量钾盐沉积,而盐湖链最东端的塔里木盆地罗布泊凹陷也发现了大型钾盐矿床。因此,处于塔里木盆地北部的库车盆地应具有相似的成钾环境和成钾远景。关于库车盆地成钾问题的研究,20世纪40年代袁见齐教授(袁见齐,1946)首先对库车盆地盐矿考察研究,60年代新疆库车盆地下第三系的巨厚岩盐层就被视为重点研究对象,成为找钾的直接目的层(魏斌贤等,1984),刘群等(1987)首次在库车盆地古近系含盐系中发现次生光卤石薄层,并进行了较为系统的成钾远景研究,为该区后续找钾勘查提供了重要的依据和基础。

  • 固体和水文地球化学研究显示,库车古盐湖蒸发程度较高,且有利于成钾(谭红兵等,2004许建新等,2006马万栋和马海洲,2008胡鹏等,2012徐洋等,201720182021a),在库车盆地西部始新统地层及钾盐科探井岩芯中发现了光卤石、钾石盐、钾石膏、杂卤石等钾盐矿物(刘成林等,20082013b邢万里等,2013吴坤等,2014);在塔里木盆地北部区域水文地球化学调查发现多个钾异常区(伯英等,2013)。总之,库车盆地古近纪盐湖卤水已演化至钾盐矿物析出阶段,巨量成钾物质被带入盆地中,盆地古气候和构造条件均有利于钾盐沉积;基于所建立的预测模型,预测库车盆地潜在成钾资源量近40亿t(唐敏等,2009刘成林等,2010b)。另外通过石盐流体包裹体组分分析,发现库车古盐湖中始新世卤水钾含量已达到钾盐析出阶段,且古气候条件适合成钾(Xu Yang et al.,2021a2021b)。成钾作用研究方面,发现了塔里木盆地钾盐物质的世代转移,穿层转移及水平转移,最后聚集成矿(刘成林等,2010a2010c);提出了特提斯域碰撞-湖链成钾模式(Liu Chenglin et al.,2018);预测了库车含盐盆地古近系—新近系有利成钾区和成钾层位(曹养同等,2010b刘成林等,2013a2016),并圈定了找钾靶区(刘成林等,2016)。为加快库车盆地找钾进程,本文系统梳理和总结前期所取得的成果资料,进一步划分出了库车盆地的三个钾盐成矿带和一个钾盐成矿区,以指导库车盆地下一步钾盐勘查工作。

  • 1 构造与沉积背景

  • 塔里木盆地中新生代属于副特提斯域范畴,受到多期次原副特提斯海水侵入,发育了巨厚海相和海陆交互相蒸发岩,且分布范围广,为钾盐成矿奠定了丰富的物质基础。中亚卡拉库姆-塔里木古板块(何国琦等,1995)自中生代以来,发育一系列沉积盆地,自西向东依次为:卡拉库姆盆地、阿富汗-塔吉克盆地、塔里木盆地(包括盆地西南部的莎车次级盆地、东北部的库车次级盆地)(冯锐等,1981),晚侏罗世至中新世以来,上述盆地发育不同程度的蒸发岩沉积序列,自西向东成盐时代逐渐变新,形成一条副特提斯盐湖链。上述盆地的蒸发岩与其所处的大地构造背景、海侵-海退旋回紧密相关(曹养同,2016;图1)。

  • 晚侏罗世早期,海侵自卡拉库姆盆地西部进入,并到达塔里木盆地;卡拉库姆盆地、阿富汗-塔吉克盆地、塔里木盆地发育一套碳酸盐岩建造。晚侏罗世晚期,冈瓦纳大陆北缘碎块与欧亚大陆南缘碰撞,卡拉库姆盆地隆升,海水退却,卡拉库姆盆地发育海退期蒸发岩沉积序列,古盐湖演化至干盐湖阶段,发育石盐和钾镁盐矿物沉积(如钾石盐、光卤石等),而塔里木盆地沉积了齐古组、喀拉扎组红色碎屑岩建造(杨树峰等,2002)。早白垩世—晚白垩世早期,新特提斯洋壳向北俯冲,黑海-里海残余洋盆扩大,受此构造事件影响,中亚盆地再次海侵(曹养同等,2016)。早白垩世早期,断续海侵环境下使得阿富汗-塔吉克盆地发育潟湖相(阿尔木拉德组)硬石膏岩、岩盐等蒸发岩沉积序列(图2)。

  • 早白垩世晚期,海侵才到达莎车次级盆地,表现为克孜勒苏群上段中发现海绿石及海相生物化石(王福同等,2006);晚白垩世早期,莎车次级盆地发育库克拜组、乌依塔克组、依格孜牙组碎屑岩-碳酸盐岩序列。晚白垩世晚期,莎车次级盆地在海退背景下沉积石膏岩、硬石膏岩和岩盐(雍天寿,1986钱自强等,1994),表现为吐依洛克组上部泥岩夹岩盐透镜体等蒸发岩沉积序列。古新世—中新世,黑海-里海残余洋盆再次扩大,中亚与塔里木盆地再次遭受海侵。古新世早期,莎车次级盆地在断续海侵背景下,沉积了巨厚石膏岩、硬石膏岩和岩盐,表现为阿尔塔什组石膏岩夹薄层灰岩或泥岩等蒸发岩沉积序列。

  • 古新世晚期—始新世,塔里木盆地海侵范围扩大,海水沿南天山山前,经阿克苏柯坪一带,到达库车次级盆地,表现为库车次级盆地古新统—始新统库姆格列木群底部灰岩中出现海相生物化石(郭宪璞等,2002)。祝幼华等(2012)在库姆格列木群底部和中部泥岩中发现海相钙质超微化石;莎车和库车白垩系—古近系石膏硫同位素也反映了海相沉积特征(张华等,2013曹养同等,2022)。在断续海侵环境下沉积了岩盐、石膏岩、泥岩、粉砂岩组合,形成以石膏岩、岩盐为主的蒸发岩沉积序列。库车次级盆地的苏维依组仅发育少量的石膏岩、泥岩,库车次级盆地东部的阳霞凹陷在海退环境下,中新世早期的吉迪克组发育巨厚的石膏岩、岩盐等蒸发岩沉积序列(曹养同等,2010b)。中新世初,吉沙尔西南大背斜隆起,使得卡拉库姆盆地与阿富汗-塔吉克盆地分割开来(贾承造等,2001),印度板块与青藏板块的持续碰撞使得帕米尔凸起向北西西逆冲,阿莱依地堑隆升,使得塔里木盆地与阿富汗-塔吉克盆地分割(曹养同等,2016;图2)。

  • 图1 副特提斯域盐湖链蒸发岩盆地分布示意图(据曹养同等,2016修改)

  • Fig.1 Distribution diagram of evaporite basins in the Paratethys saline lake chains (modfied from Cao Yangtong et al., 2016)

  • 1 —古生代褶皱带;2—中新生代褶皱带;3—中新生代盆地;4—塔里木盆地;5—城市

  • 1 —Palaeozoic fold belt; 2—Mesozoic-Cenozoic fold belt; 3—Mesozoic-Cenozoic basin; 4—Tarim basin; 5—city

  • 图2 盐湖链发育与构造事件、海侵-海退关系(据曹养同等,2016

  • Fig.2 The correlations on tectonic events, trangression-regression, and formation of saline lake chians (after Cao Yangtong et al., 2016)

  • 1 —砂砾岩;2—含生物化石砂砾岩;3—泥岩;4—含膏泥岩;5—灰岩;6—石膏岩;7—岩盐;8—钾镁盐

  • 1 —conglomerate; 2—fossil-bearing conglomerate; 3—mudstone; 4—gypsum-bearing mudstone; 5—limestone; 6—gypsum; 7—rock salt; 8—K-Mg salt deposit

  • 郭令智等(1992)提出渐新世—中新世,受印度-青藏板块碰撞远距离效应的影响,中亚地区发生大规模海退,而塔里木盆地海水至少在始新世末期(34 Ma)退出库车次级盆地。Carrapa et al.(2015)孙继敏等(2017)Chen Xinwei et al.(2018) 提出控制海水退出塔里木盆地的关键因素主要源于帕米尔高原向北的突刺而并非印度-欧亚板块的碰撞。目前,海水退出塔里木盆地的最终时间主要介定于47~33 Ma 之间(Yin et al.,2002; Zheng Hongbo et al.,2010; Bosboom et al.,2014; Sun Jimin et al.,2016)。

  • 2 蒸发岩分布特征

  • 库车盆地古近系—新近系中发育巨厚的蒸发岩序列。根据地表盐丘露头调查、42口钻孔岩性等统计,库车盆地古近系—新近系蒸发岩地层主要是岩盐层和膏岩层,少量的碳酸盐岩层,厚度从几米到数千米,埋深从地表一直到地下6 km处,分布层位是古近系的库姆格列木群、苏维依组、新近系的吉迪克组,覆盖了整个盆地。经遥感技术解译,目前在库车盆地中发现两条重要的近东西向盐丘构造带:北部的克拉苏-依奇克里克盐丘构造带和南部的秋里塔克盐丘构造带,共分布35个盐丘体(图3)。依据钻孔资料,通过对盆地古近系—新近系蒸发岩的研究,共识别出五期蒸发岩沉积旋回。其中库姆格列木群2个(自下而上为Ⅰ1、Ⅰ2沉积旋回),苏维依组1个(Ⅰ3沉积旋回),吉迪克组2个(自下而上为Ⅰ4、Ⅰ5沉积旋回),蒸发岩沉积具有明显的东西分带特征,古近纪(库姆格列木群和苏维依组沉积时期)蒸发岩主要发育于盆地西部,新近纪(主要是吉迪克组沉积时期)蒸发岩主要发育于盆地南部和东部。盐类物质尤其钾离子可能主要来源于原副特提斯海海水。

  • 3 盐类矿物学特征

  • 盆地古近系—新近系蒸发岩主要为岩盐和膏岩,少量白云岩和灰岩,蒸发岩中含有钙芒硝、硬石膏、光卤石、钾石盐、杂卤石、钾石膏及氯化钙等矿物。岩盐分为红盐(岩)、青盐(岩)、白盐(岩)。岩盐中发现钾石盐残晶、杂卤石、无水芒硝、氯化钙等蒸发盐类矿物,说明此时属炎热干旱气候,海水蒸发浓缩快速达到石盐饱和结晶阶段,后期干旱继续,局部地区出现杂卤石、芒硝、甚至光卤石。时代上,钾盐矿物及氯化钙主要分布于始新统上部,钙芒硝主要分布于中新统,石盐和石膏则广泛分布于整个古近纪及新近纪的吉迪克组沉积时期。

  • 图3 库车盆地构造带盐丘体分布(黄色部分为地表出露的盐丘体)(据刘成林等,2008

  • Fig.3 The distribution of salt domes (yellow and strip) in the anticline structures in Kuqa basin (after Liu Chenglin et al., 2008)

  • 岩盐和膏岩分布于整个盆地。野外地表随处可见盐霜、砂岩缝隙中渗出的盐泉、盐泉蒸发形成的盐壳等,盐丘中可见大的石盐晶体,部分盐丘已作为盐矿进行开采。膏岩一般和褐色、灰绿色砂岩、粉砂岩、泥岩互层,或呈夹层产出,地表和山坡上随处可见风化的片状石膏、柱状、板状硬石膏。灰岩和白云岩在盆地分布相对较少,一般层厚几米至十几米。

  • 4 蒸发岩富钾层位

  • 库车盆地古近纪—新近纪蒸发岩赋存层位(图4)主要为:① 古近系的库姆格列木群,下部以少量薄层灰岩、石膏沉积为开端,中部变为巨厚的岩盐、膏岩夹薄层粉砂岩、泥岩,由于盐湖水体变化的复杂性,中部同时含有部分盐质泥岩、含盐泥岩、膏质泥岩、含膏泥岩、膏质岩盐、盐质膏岩等,至上部变为泥岩夹薄层膏岩、含膏泥岩。② 古近系的苏维依组,以少量的薄层膏岩或岩盐夹粉砂岩、泥岩为特征,本层位与库姆格列木群相比,蒸发岩厚度较小。③ 新近系的吉迪克组,本层位发育巨厚的岩盐、膏岩夹薄层粉砂岩、泥岩,同库姆格列木群相比,蒸发岩厚度稍微变小,但远远大于苏维依组蒸发岩厚度。

  • 野外地质调查及钻井资料表明,古近系中的蒸发岩主要见于库车盆地西部(拜城凹陷),此时盆地东部(阳霞凹陷)为陆源碎屑岩沉积;整个盆地西部的蒸发岩沉积序列自下而上一般为:① 库姆格列木群下部的白云岩或灰岩沉积序列,但厚度不大,主要发生在蒸发岩沉积旋回的底部,含有较多的生物碎屑;库姆格列木群下中部的膏岩组合序列,主要表现为先是膏质泥岩(或泥质膏岩)与泥岩交互沉积,后为膏岩与泥岩交互沉积;库姆格列木中期,随着盐湖的进一步咸化,出现岩盐沉积序列,先是表现为膏质岩盐(或泥质岩盐)与泥岩交互沉积,后变为膏岩和岩盐交互沉积,最后为巨厚的岩盐沉积。② 库姆格列木中晚期和苏维依早期,又变为膏岩沉积序列,至苏维依中晚期,则出现泥岩、粉砂岩沉积序列,反映了盐湖水体的淡—咸—盐—咸—淡的变化。③ 新近系中蒸发岩则见于盆地的东部,此时盆地西部为陆源碎屑岩沉积,盆地东部和西南部蒸发岩沉积序列主要发生在吉迪克组沉积时期,其沉积特征同盆地西部基本一致,但膏岩沉积厚度比西部大,岩盐沉积厚度比西部小,反映了盆地东、西部盐湖在咸化期和盐化期时间段长短上的差异,这种差异应与其对应的气候条件及构造运动有关。

  • 在拜城凹陷东南部,始新统中上部岩盐层(钻井岩屑)出现二个钾离子峰含量值区(图5、图6)(刘成林等,2013a),第一个峰值(K1),钾离子含量平均约1.5%,换算成氯化钾为2.86%,镁离子含量达3%;第二个峰值(K2),钾离子最高接近3%,氯化钾5.7%,接近最低工业品位,而平均值约2.0%,相当氯化钾3.8%,镁离子含量也较高,平均值约3%。由于钾、镁离子相关性很好,这两个富钾层位是比较可靠的。

  • 图4 库车盆地古近系—新近系综合柱状图(据曹养同等,2010a

  • Fig.4 The comprehensive column of Paleogene and Neogene formations in Kuqa basin (after Cao Yangtong et al., 2010a)

  • 图5 库车盆地始新统岩盐(岩屑)化学组成特征变化(西秋2 井)(据刘成林等,20082013a

  • Fig.5 Chemical composition variation of rock salt debris of Eocene strata from well XQ-2 in Kuqa basin (after Liu Chenglin et al., 2008, 2013a)

  • 在东部的阳霞凹陷中新统上部,岩盐层中出现了钾离子相对高峰值区(K3),最高接近0.2%,这与中新世库车盆地盐湖迁移至东部有关。

  • 近年来,在库车盆地南部即塔里木斜坡带上,笔者在石油钻井勘查揭示了新近系(NK1,NK2)巨厚沉积岩中解译出多个岩盐层,并具有自然伽玛低值和电阻率高值等。在浅部地下卤水调查中发现了钾离子含量异常(伯英等,2013)。显然,库车盆地在中新世以后,由于北部抬升,南部转变为沉降区,在中新世—上新世,不仅是沉降中心,也是地表水汇集区和盐湖蒸发浓缩区。

  • 综上,根据古盐湖演化规律,确定库车盆地西部始新世出现2个钾盐沉积层位;中新世,盐湖沉积迁移至东部,形成了第3个成钾层位;上新世早期,盐湖沉积转移至库车南部沉降带区,可能形成了第4个成钾层位。

  • 5 古盐湖沉积时空演化

  • 库车盆地古近纪—新近纪早期发育巨厚蒸发岩沉积序列,自古新世至渐新世早期的库姆格列木群(E1-2K)沉积期,至中新世早期的吉迪克组(N1j)沉积期,古盐湖浓缩中心及蒸发岩沉积不断向东迁移变化。

  • 图6 库车盆地东部中新统岩盐化学组成特征变化(迪那102 井)(据刘成林等,20082013a

  • Fig.6 Chemical composition variation of rock salt debris of Eocene strata from well DN-102 in Kuqa basin (after Liu Chenglin et al., 2008, 2013a)

  • E1-2K下部的Ⅰ1沉积旋回,吐北1井和西秋2井发育盐岩和膏岩沉积,为沉积中心,南部的秋参1井缺失Ⅰ1沉积旋回、羊塔2井为白云岩沉积,北部的克拉4井为膏岩沉积、东部的东秋8井为含泥灰岩夹石膏沉积,所以羊塔2井、东秋8井分别为Ⅰ1沉积旋回南部和东部边界,西部边界应位于秋参1井以东,北部边界位于克拉4稍偏北。E1-2K上部的Ⅰ2旋回期较长,沉积区域在原来的基础上向南北和东部方向延展,吐北1井、西秋2井、大北2井、东秋8井所在的沉积中心发育了巨厚的岩盐和膏岩沉积序列,南部的羊塔2井、却勒1井及北部的克拉4井同样发育了巨厚的岩盐和膏岩,西部的秋参1井发育少量的岩盐、膏岩。可见,E1-2K沉积时期蒸发岩沉积序列包括了东秋8井在内大半个库车盆地(图7)。蒸发岩分布面积大,覆盖了拜城凹陷大部分地区,沉积中心仍然位于北部,这个期间,拜城凹陷仍然是一个南浅北深的箕状盆地。由此推测,东部有大量的河流陆源补给,而西部以及西北部有阶段性海水补给。

  • E2-3s沉积时期,沉积区域开始缩小,并形成两个沉积区(图7)。一个位于盆地西南部,主要在西秋2井、却勒1井见少量的膏岩,而羊塔2井、克拉4井、吐北1井、大北2井缺失蒸发岩(秋参1井资料不全),为碎屑岩沉积(图7);另一个位于盆地的中东部(图8),以东秋8井、东秋5井、牙哈1井发育少量膏岩、康村2井发育灰质泥岩为特征,形成一个沉积区域,其中康村2井发育的灰质泥岩应该代表当时蒸发岩序列的北部边界点。两个沉积区的位置反映了蒸发岩沉积中心在E2-3s沉积时期向南、向东迁移, N1j时期出现大范围蒸发岩沉积(图8)。

  • N1j沉积时期,盆地南部的却勒1井、羊塔2井开始发育蒸发岩,形成一个沉积区域,中部的东秋8井,东部的东秋5井、东南部的牙哈1井、康村2井、迪那102井、迪那201井形成另一个沉积区,发育巨厚的蒸发岩(图9、10)。所以,在古近纪—新近纪,整个盆地的蒸发岩沉积区域方向由北西向南东方向迁移,迁移时间为E2-3s至N1j沉积时期。

  • N1-2k沉积时期,库车盆地北部大幅度抬升,南部至沙雅县一带发生沉降,北部盐湖物质来源随之迁移(图11)。

  • 图7 库车盆地始新统岩相分布与古地理(据刘成林等,20082013a

  • Fig.7 Eocene lithofacies distribution and paleogeography of Kuqa basin (after Liu Chenglin et al., 2008, 2013a)

  • 图8 库车盆地中新世蒸发沉积岩相古地理图(据刘成林等,20082013a

  • Fig.8 Miocene lithofacies distribution and paleogeographic map of Kuqa basin (after Liu Chenglin et al., 2008, 2013a)

  • 图9 库车盆地中西部的南北向钻井剖面对比图(据曹养同等,2010b修改)

  • Fig.9 The correlation of N-S trending distribution wells in central-western part of Kuqa basin (modified after Cao Yangtong et al., 2010b)

  • 库车盆地古近纪—新近纪蒸发岩沉积旋回特征与盆地基底、海侵范围、干旱气候有关,沉积中心迁移及沉积范围的变化与中新生带构造运动密切相关。盆地蒸发岩沉积具有东西分带特征,西部的Ⅰ2沉积旋回比东部的Ⅰ4沉积旋回发育好,蒸发岩沉积范围和厚度均比东部大,应与盆地基底东高西低的地势(贾承造,1997)有关。

  • 总之,库车盆地古盐湖沉积演化规律是:古近纪盐湖蒸发沉积出现于西部,之后逐渐向东迁移;中新世,盐湖沉积中心转移至东部;到上新世,由于库车盆地整体抬升,盐湖沉积向南迁移。

  • 6 盐湖沉积成钾分析

  • 一般来说,基于相对稳定的大地构造背景,并在干旱气候条件下,盐湖卤水朝着持续蒸发浓缩方向演化,盐湖演化至晚期形成钾盐沉积。

  • 古近纪期间,库车盆地古盐湖主要发育于拜城次级凹陷(图11a),受海侵补给,大量的钾等物质进入盆内,并且随着盐湖蒸发浓缩作用不断加强,盆地分隔,在一些封闭性好的次级凹地可能会出现钾盐沉积。

  • 中新世以来,受中喜马拉雅强烈构造运动的影响,盆地西部抬升,盐湖沉积从西转移至东部(图7、8);西部发生强烈的变形抬升,形成各种盐构造,甚至部分盐层出露地表,形成各种盐丘。

  • 图10 库车盆地东部的南北向钻井剖面对比图(改自曹养同等,2010b

  • Fig.10 The correlation of N-S trending distribution wells in eastern part of Kuqa basin (after Cao Yangtong et al., 2010b)

  • 中新世末以来,库车盆地北部因构造挤压,发生褶皱抬升,相反,南部(沙雅地区)则发生大幅沉降(图11b)。而燕山晚期在库车南部形成的地堑式断裂带(汤良杰,2012;图12),可能控制着新近纪晚期南部地区次级凹地的形成。库车盆地北部古盐湖残余卤水和盐类风化产物,大量被带往南部沉降带,发生盐类的“转移成矿作用”(刘成林等,2010a)。这些丰富的物源迁移汇集到沙雅地区南部的一些地堑式次级凹地。同时,这些塔北的深部地堑式断裂带不仅控制着裂缝型油气藏(鲁新便等,2018),可能还导通深部油田水(深部流体)补给盐湖;深部流体与来自北部的残余卤水和盐类风化产物,汇集于断陷带的凹地内,经过进一步蒸发浓缩作用,出现盐类沉积,甚至钾盐成矿(图13)。

  • 图11 库车盆地盐湖迁移演化示意图

  • Fig.11 The evolution and shift illustration of Kuqa salt lake

  • 图12 沙雅地区南北向断裂剖面图(据汤良杰等,2012

  • Fig.12 South-north fault profile of Shaya area (after Tang Liangjie et al., 2012)

  • 7 成钾区带与靶区预测

  • 库车盆地沉积地球化学和矿物学的研究基本确定了库车盆地蒸发岩系中可能的成钾层位。通过构造、蒸发岩与沉积演化分析,空间上可以将库车盆地划分为3个成钾带和1个成钾区,东西向展布的成钾带即北部克拉苏成钾带、中部秋里塔格成钾带、南部沙雅沉降成钾带和东部阳霞成钾区(图14)。

  • 图13 库车盆地南部沙雅沉降带钾盐成矿模式

  • Fig.13 The potash metallogenic model of Shaya subsiding zone in southern Kuqa basin

  • (1)北部克拉苏构造中上始新统成钾带。北部成钾带,即盐类沉积层位属于始新统,沉积厚度巨大;后期因构造挤压作用,盐层发生塑性变形上涌,形成一系列盐丘构造。已在地层中发现了薄层光卤石(刘群等,1987)和钾盐矿物,并识别多期次钾盐析出事件(刘成林等,2013b徐洋等,2021bXu Yang et al.,2021a),具有成钾远景。

  • (2)中部秋里塔克构造中上始新统成钾带和东部阳霞(中新统)成钾区。中部成钾带,盐类沉积也以始新统为主,已在地层中发现了钾盐矿物和较高含量的钾离子,出现两个成钾峰值区(刘成林等,2013a);阳霞凹陷是西部古近纪盐湖转移沉积区,物源丰富,两者均具有成钾远景。

  • (3)南部沙雅上新统构造沉降区成钾带。在中新世之前,地处库车盆地南部的沙雅地区属于前陆盆地的斜坡地带,属于径流补给区,以碎屑沉积为主,沉积厚度很小;中新世之后,库车盆地北部大部分抬升成为剥蚀区,南部沙雅地区(沙南凹地)形成沉降区,出现盐湖沉积。

  • (4)成钾靶区圈定。钾盐一般聚集于成矿带晚期的次级深凹中。统计显示,一般盆地成钾区面积占总面积的4.5%(唐敏等,2009),成钾凹地面积“如此小”,需要基于盆地钾盐找矿模型(刘成林等,2010c),开展多学科、多种技术手段结合运用才能准确圈定。主要技术包括:开展精细的岩相古地理、构造分析、地球物理探测(地震、重力及电磁法),并需要结合遥感及地球化学深穿透技术,甚至开展构造模拟研究。本项研究共圈定了4个有利成钾凹地及6个靶区,探测出的成钾凹地位置,可以布置科学钻探孔,开展钻探验证。

  • 图14 库车盆地古近纪—新近纪沉积建造中成钾区带和靶区预测图

  • Fig.14 The division of potash forming belts and target sections in Paleogene and Neogene formations in Kuqa basin

  • 蓝色虚线框为成钾带/区,红色虚线框为靶区;红色五星是有关公司或中央地勘基金探矿权位置

  • The blue dotted lineframe is the potash-forming zone/area, the red dotted line frame is the target area; the red five stars are the location of the exploration rights of the relevant company or the Central Geological Exploration Fund

  • 8 结论

  • (1)库车盆地古近纪—新近纪盐湖卤水已演化至钾富集成矿阶段,析出了钾盐矿物,如光卤石、钾石盐等。

  • (2)钻井岩屑/岩芯地球化学及矿物学分析显示,库车盆地古盐湖地层可能出现四个成钾层位,即:始新统中上部2个、中新统1个和上新统1个。

  • (3)圈定了“三带一区”钾盐成矿带/区,即北部克拉苏成钾带、中部秋里塔克成钾带、南部沙雅沉降构造成钾带和东部阳霞成钾区。

  • (4)运用多学科、多技术方法综合探测,圈定了4个有利成钾凹地及6个靶区。

  • 致谢:杨思博、俄煜麒、刘蕾、张小梅、陈新宇等帮助清绘有关图件,评审专家提出宝贵修改意见,在此一并致谢!

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