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作者简介:

娄德波,男,1979年生。博士,正高级工程师,主要从事矿产资源潜力评价研究。E-mail: llddbb_e@126.com。

通讯作者:

张起钻,男,1964年生。博士,教授级高级工程师,主要从事铝土矿找矿勘查工作。E-mail: zqz126@126.com。

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目录contents

    摘要

    喀斯特型铝土矿是我国铝土矿的最主要来源,占资源总量的90%以上,主要分布于华北克拉通和华南地块西南缘。近年来,作为一种战略性紧缺矿产,铝土矿的找矿勘查工作变得迫在眉睫。本文系统总结喀斯特型铝土矿的找矿预测成果,探索找矿预测方法最优组合,从而在找矿经验中进行归纳、总结。本文从地质、地球物理、地球化学、遥感以及地学大数据等多个方面分析并结合实例,全面梳理了我国喀斯特型铝土矿的找矿预测研究成果,认为地质和地球物理方法仍是目前中国喀斯特型铝土矿最主要的找矿预测手段。此外,分析了地球化学和遥感方法在寻找古喀斯特型铝土矿方面的局限性及其原因,指出未来展开地学大数据智能找矿的深远意义。

    Abstract

    Karst bauxite is the most important source of bauxite in China, accounting for more than 90% of the total resources, mainly distributed in the North China Craton and the southwest margin of the South China Block. In recent years, as a kind of strategic scarce mineral resource, the prospecting prediction of bauxite has become extremely urgent. This paper systematically summarizes the results of karst bauxite prospecting prediction and explores the optimal combination of prospecting prediction methods, so as to summarize the prospecting experience. By combing the examples and methods of geology, geophysics, geochemistry, remote sensing and artificial intelligence of geological big data to review the research results of karst bauxite prospecting and prediction in China, it is considered that geology and geophysics are still the most major methods for Chinese karstic bauxite prospecting prediction at present. In addition, the limitation of geochemical and remote sensing methods in searching for paleo-karst bauxite and their causes are analyzed, and the far-reaching significance of intelligent prospecting with geological big data is pointed out in the future.

  • 铝是仅次于钢铁的世界第二大金属,广泛应用于建筑业、交通运输业、电力、机械制造、家电通讯、包装等领域,是国民经济发展的重要基础原材料(潘昭帅等,2019)。我国原铝的消费量约占世界总消费量的一半以上,位居世界第1(任晓娟等,2019)。铝土矿是生产金属铝的主要原材料,是铝产业链发展的源头和资源保障(韩跃新等,2019)。但长期以来,由于我国铝土矿资源禀赋相对较差,技术经济和环境成本较高,因此对外依存度一直处于高位。2021年,我国铝土矿资源对外依存度已经高达56%,资源安全形势异常严峻(王祝堂,2022观研天下,2022)。铝土矿作为紧缺大宗矿产在《全国矿产资源规划(2016~2020 年)》和《全国矿产资源规划(2021~2025 年)》中始终被列为战略性矿产加以重视(陈其慎,2021),需采取有力措施保障其供给,进而维护国家资源安全。其中,加大铝土矿的勘查和研究力度,便是重要措施之一。

  • 铝土矿可根据基岩岩性特征分为两类,分别为喀斯特型铝土矿和红土型铝土矿(Bárdossy,1982; Bárdossy and Aleva,1990)。虽然全球铝土矿主要以铝硅酸盐岩为基底岩石的红土型三水铝石为主(占比超全球铝土矿储量的88%),但在我国不具备大中型红土型铝土矿的成矿条件,而喀斯特型铝土矿超过全国铝土矿资源总量的90%(廖世范等,1991;杨卉芄等,2016Yang Shujuan et al.,2022),其找矿前景巨大,是国内铝土矿资源首选的找矿增储目标类型。此外,喀斯特型铝土矿也是Ga、Li、REEs、Sc、U、Th、Ge等关键金属的重要来源(Li Zaihua et al.,2013; Yang Shujuan et al.,2019; Zhang Shangqing et al.,2021; 刘平等,2022; 金中国等,2023),其综合利用价值较高。全球喀斯特型铝土矿主要分布于寒武纪—泥盆纪的乌拉尔—中亚、石炭纪—二叠纪和第四纪的东亚、晚二叠世—三叠纪的土耳其—伊朗—巴基斯坦-阿富汗、晚白垩世—古近纪的地中海、新近纪的加勒比、早石炭世和古近纪的美国东南部以及第四纪的西南太平洋等7个区带(Yang Shujuan et al.,2022)。我国喀斯特型铝土矿是东亚区带的重要组成部分,主要分布在华北克拉通和华南地块西南缘,从时空分布的角度可进一步细分为华南黔中地区早石炭世铝土矿、华北地区晚石炭世铝土矿、华南黔北—渝南地区早二叠世铝土矿以及华南桂西—滇东南晚二叠世和第四纪铝土矿等4个重要的次级喀斯特型铝土矿成矿区带(图1)(刘平等,2012; Yang Shujuan et al.,2019唐波等,2021),是当前喀斯特型铝土矿找矿的主要区域。

  • 近年来,中国喀斯特型铝土矿找矿勘查工作不断取得突破,仅“十三五”期间,就新发现铝土矿产地15处,并有多个老矿山实现增储,如山西省汾西县吉王沟、秋堰,乡宁县东庄—郭元,灵石县秋牧、孝义市申家庄;河南省渑池县雁岭,新安县石寺—北冶;贵州省务川县大竹园等矿床(徐林刚等,2023)。由于全球铝土矿资源非常丰富,且大部分为出露于地表的红土型铝土矿,因此其找矿方法相对简单(Bárdossy,1982; 高兰等,2014; United States Geological Survey,2020)。目前,国外(尤其是地中海北岸的欧洲各国)关于喀斯特型铝土矿成因研究的成果较多,但关于该类铝土矿找矿预测研究成果,除早期原苏联有少量著作外,近年来鲜有报道(刘平等,2022)。在我国,主要以喀斯特型铝土矿为主,在近百年的勘查开发过程中,不仅发现了大量的铝土矿,而且在找矿预测理论和方法研究方面亦取得丰富成果(张海坤等,2021),但这些成果尚需系统梳理。因此,本文将结合实例从地质、地球物理、地球化学、遥感地质以及地学大数据智能分析等多方面,对我国喀斯特型铝土矿找矿预测研究成果进行系统归纳,提炼有效的找矿预测方法并分析其发展趋势,以期对未来找矿勘查工作有所帮助。

  • 1 地质找矿预测研究进展

  • 地质找矿预测一直是寻找喀斯特型铝土矿的重要手段。迄今为止,出版的多部铝土矿找矿专著、标准等,主要是从地质的角度来阐述如何寻找铝土矿,而对于地球物理、地球化学、遥感等其他方法手段则强调相对较少(地矿部矿物原料研究所地质室,1958;廖世范等,1991;刘长龄等,1991吴国炎等,1996;《铝土矿冶镁菱镁矿地质勘查规范》编写组,2003;《矿产地质勘查规范铝土矿》编写组,2020)。

  • 图1 中国铝土矿矿床和重要喀斯特型铝土矿成矿区带分布图(据唐波等,2021修改)

  • Fig.1 Distribution of the bauxite deposits and the important karstic bauxite metallogenic belts in China (modified from Tang Bo et al., 2021)

  • 1.1 喀斯特型铝土矿地质找矿方向

  • 地质找矿预测进展主要体现在两个方面,一方面是到哪里可以找到铝土矿,另一方面是通过什么方法可以找到铝土矿。到哪里可以找到喀斯特型铝土矿,即找矿方向,其牵涉面广,主要与矿床成因有关,也与矿床的保存条件和地质地貌有关(顾皓民,1980)。在全球范围,特提斯及其周缘的演化控制着喀斯特型铝土矿在全球的产出,同时也控制着东亚成矿带的空间分布(Yang Shujuan et al.,2022)。我国在石炭纪—二叠纪期间位于赤道附近,潮湿的热带-亚热带气候条件下,华北陆块被动大陆边缘的碳酸盐岩台地以及华南陆块被动大陆边缘孤立的碳酸盐台是铝土矿形成和保存的有利条件。目前,我国大多数喀斯特型铝土矿发育在上述地区(王庆飞等,2012; Wang Qingfei et al.,2020Yang Shujuan et al.,2022)。在区内直接寻找含矿岩系或根据下伏碳酸盐岩地层间接寻找含矿岩系是寻找铝土矿的重要方向。依据铝土矿与顶板覆盖层连续沉积的特点,将矿床与顶板岩层视为同一时代的产物(顾皓民,1980)。因而,根据顶板岩层的地质年代,推断华北陆块上石炭统本溪组,华南陆块下石炭统九架炉组、下二叠统大竹园组以及上二叠统合山组是寻找喀斯特型铝土矿的主要含矿层位(刘平等,2012Liu Xuefei et al.,2020Zhao Lihua et al.,2021Sun Xuefei et al.,2023),此外,部分学者将华南陆块产于碳酸盐岩地层之上由上二叠统合山组原生沉积铝土矿风化层形成的桂西—滇东南第四系堆积型铝土矿归为第四纪喀斯特型铝土矿。因此,桂西—滇东南产于碳酸盐岩地层之上、胶结铝土矿块的第四系红土也是找矿的目标层位(何海洲和张起钻,2007张起钻,2011Liu Xuefei et al.,2017a)。在地表未发现目标层位的情况下,可以将含矿岩系的主要下伏碳酸盐岩地层作为寻找铝土矿的间接标志,如:本溪组的下伏地层中奥陶统马家沟组白云质灰岩、九架炉组下伏地层寒武系娄山关群白云岩、大竹园组下伏地层上石炭统黄龙组灰岩、合山组下伏地层下二叠统茅口组灰岩等(Liu Xuefei et al.,2013程顺波等,2021刘平等,2022)。就含矿岩系而言,前人研究证明,铁、铝、黏土和煤是同一气候条件的产物,往往具有上煤下铁中间铝的结构特点(图2a~c),是多矿种共伴生的沉积矿床成矿系列(Liu Xuefei et al.,2013Liu Xuefei et al.,2020; 胡盛等,2021刘平等,2021),只是不同矿区内煤或者铁的发育程度存在较大差异。依据矿床成矿系列理论“缺位找矿”思路,可以通过煤层(线)或铁矿(化)来间接寻找铝土矿(王登红等,2011刘平和廖友常,2014)。我国众多的铝土矿床都是在寻找或开发煤(铁)矿的过程发现的,如:贵州小山坝、林歹、长冲河、燕垅、云雾山铝土矿等,山西克俄、相王、石公、长梁沟铝土矿等,河南巩义矿田(林沟、茶店、水头、大峪沟、钟岭)、渑池—陕县矿田(曹窑和支建)铝土矿等,广西那豆铝土矿等,湖南飞山铝土矿等,辽宁红阳煤田共生铝土矿等,山东淄博铝土矿等(《中国矿床发现史·贵州卷》编委会,1996;《中国矿床发现史·山西卷》编委会,1996《中国矿床发现史·河南卷》编委会,1996《中国矿床发现史·湖南卷》编委会,1996;《中国矿床发现史·广西卷》编委会,1996;《中国矿床发现史·辽宁卷》编委会,1996《中国矿床发现史·山东卷》编委会,1996)。仅控矿构造而言,在华南地块西南缘产出的古喀斯特型铝土矿,普遍位于成矿后水平挤压作用形成的向斜内,而背斜部分则基本被剥蚀殆尽(刘平和廖友常,2012);而在华北克拉通,刘学飞(2023)在口头汇报中指出成矿后的伸展断层对矿体埋深和连续性破坏较大。此外,喀斯特地貌对含矿岩系和矿体形成与保存具有重要控制作用,含矿岩系和铝土矿体的形态和规模主要由古地貌形态(起伏的古地形)所决定,并通过后台地构造过程,矿床被带到现存的位置(Pavičić et al.,2018Xue Guoqiang et al.,2022b)。不同层次的喀斯特地貌,如溶原、溶盆、溶洼、溶沟、溶斗、溶坑等控制着不同形态和规模的矿体和含矿岩系的产出且限制其被剥蚀,是有利于铝土矿床形成和保存的重要控制因素(图2d~f)(刘学飞等,2012Liu Xuefei et al.,20132017b胡盛等,2021刘平等,2022)。许多地质学家认为,在地质历史上各种岩石在适当条件下都可能产生红土化,甚至形成铝土矿,但是大部分产在非喀斯特地貌上的铝土矿被侵蚀掉了,仅有少量保留至今,如黔北—渝南地区下志留统韩家店组泥、页岩上覆的大竹园组铝土矿含矿岩系就被保存了下来(刘平等,2021)。但产于喀斯特地貌负地形上的铝土矿,由于其良好的保存条件而有更多的机会存留至今(顾皓民,1980刘平等,2015),因此根据古喀斯特岩溶地貌寻找上覆含铝岩系是可行的。

  • 图2 华北—华南地区典型喀斯特型铝土矿含矿岩系及下伏地层野外照片

  • Fig.2 Field photographs for ore-bearing rock series and underlying stratum of typical karstic bauxites in North China and South China Block

  • (a)—桂西苹果那端喀斯特洼地内块状铝土矿层与上覆煤系地层;(b)—豫西三门峡官沟喀斯特洼地内块状铝土矿与上覆煤系地层(Liu Xuefei et al.,2020);(c)—豫西三门峡官沟喀斯特洼地内铝土矿层与下伏铁质黏土(Liu Xuefei et al.,2013);(d)—桂西苹果那端铝土矿风化铁矿层覆盖在下伏灰岩的喀斯特表面(Liu Xuefei et al.,2017b);(e)—豫西三门峡官沟铝土矿洼地和高地交替出现的古喀斯特地形(Liu Xeifei et al.,2013);(f)—桂西苹果产于喀斯特地形上的堆积铝土矿

  • (a) —massive bauxite ore occurring in a karstic depression in the Pingguo bauxite deposit and carbonaceous claystone overlying the bauxite ore; (b) —massive bauxite ore occurring in a karstic depression in the Guangou bauxite deposit and carbonaceous claystone overlying the bauxite ore (Liu Xuefei et al., 2020) ; (c) —ferric clay and overlying bauxite ore in the Guangou bauxite deposit (Liu Xuefei et al., 2013) ; (d) —the weathered iron ore overlying the karstic surface of the underlying limestone in Pingguo bauxite deposit (Liu Xuefei et al., 2017b) ; (e) —paleokarstic terrain with alternating depression and highlands in the Guangou bauxite pit (Liu Xeifei et al., 2013) ; (f) —accumulated bauxite occurring in the karst landform in the Pingguo bauxite deposit

  • 1.2 喀斯特型铝土矿地质找矿方法

  • 如何寻找喀斯特型铝土矿,即喀斯特型铝土矿地质找矿方法大致可分为“路线地质调查+探矿工程”法和“煤下铝”综合研究找矿预测方法。

  • “地质调查是基础,探矿工程是关键”,这是前人对传统地质方法勘查铝土矿的精辟总结(Zhou Qiang et al.,2019)。路线地质调查大部分可采用1∶50000~1∶5000中大比例尺地质地形测量,可以穿线法与追索法综合使用,探矿工程包括槽探、坑探、井探、钻探以及化学样分析等工作,两方面结合查明铝土矿的空间展布情况及其资源量。其中,在开展路线地质调查时,通常结合以下三种手段配合路线地质调查:

  • (1)发动当地群众提供诸如原生露头、滚石或老窿等最直接的找矿标志(刘平和廖友常,2014)。这是建国初期在地质工作程度普遍较低的情况下,地质找矿常用的方法。找矿工作者每到一处,首先要取得各级党政领导的支持以及广大群众的协助,随身携带铝土矿标本,利用一切机会(集市、开会、田头休息等)进行宣传,发动广大群众找矿报矿,有时还要访问了解情况更多的老人、放牛以及放羊人员,并充分运用他们的语言(术语)发动更多群众参与到找矿工作中来,如在河南把铝土矿石叫做“铁青石”,在辽宁叫做“洋灰石”,在山西一些地方叫做“硬驴皮石”(山西省地质局《怎样找铝土矿》编写组,1974),在目前我国西部工作程度较低的地区,这一方法仍然有效。

  • (2)河流碎石追索法,由于河流往往把上游的碎石冲到下游,所以沿着河流由下游往上游追索,也是一种有效的找矿方法。在追索的过程中,要认真仔细地观察,如果在河床中发现了铝土矿的碎块,则说明在此地区有铝土矿的存在,再根据碎块的磨圆度判断原生矿体距离,如果碎块很圆滑而没有棱角,就说明矿体距离很远,还必须继续向前追索。当发现碎块的棱角很尖锐时,则说明矿体距此不远了,甚至就在河流两侧的山坡上,这时在其上游或河流两侧开展传统路线地质调查找矿(山西省地质局《怎样找铝土矿》编写组,1974)。

  • (3)地质地貌法,即根据地势寻找矿体最适宜沉积的地方,就喀斯特型铝土矿而言,可寻找某一时期岩溶碳酸盐岩地势上的洼坑或岩溶地形的凹陷部分。对于堆积型铝土矿,由于大多出露于地表,可直接寻找岩溶洼地、峰林谷地或缓丘坡地即可(直接地质地貌法)(王瑞湖等,2010; Liu Xuefei et al.,2017a)。对于寻找古喀斯特型铝土矿,因其一般具有或薄或厚的覆盖层,只能通过地表地形研究、地层追踪及底板地势追踪等间接地质地貌法来推测隐伏的岩溶古地形(顾皓民,1980)。值得注意的是,由于使用地质地貌法是基于“喀斯特型铝土矿的沉积与地势凹洼部分有直接联系,是为预测这种铝土矿床而去发现和追踪这种凹洼地势”,因此,应当注意使用该种方法(尤其是间接地质地貌法)的间接性,其分析结果需要谨慎采用(顾皓民,1980)。

  • “煤下铝”综合研究找矿预测方法。2010年以来,随着铝土矿找矿工作的深入,华北地区地表矿、浅层矿越来越少,深部找矿工作已成当务之急。基于“煤下铝”的成矿垂向分带特征,在煤矿开采区深部寻找喀斯特型铝土矿便成为重要的找矿方向。“煤下铝”找矿的关键是寻找含矿层段本溪组和寻找铝土矿沉积漏斗。在华北地区(尤其是河南省),2000 m以浅煤炭资源已基本查明,继而“煤下铝”的含矿层段本溪组分布范围、埋深等赋存情况也已大致摸清。故现阶段“煤下铝”找矿仅须解决如何找到铝土矿沉积漏斗。由于漏斗状铝土矿严格受其基底碳酸盐岩岩溶漏斗控制,故而可以通过寻找沉积基底的碳酸盐岩岩溶漏斗间接寻找铝土矿沉积漏斗。对河南省多个典型矿区的煤、铝勘査资料综合对比研究发现:连续沉积的山西组、太原组、本溪组以及主采煤层的厚度变化具有协同性,即层状分布、厚度不稳定、局部为漏斗状。这表明山西组、太原组沉积时期仍发育继承性岩溶,山西组、太原组及主采煤层的厚度变化能在一定程度上反映铝土矿沉积时期的碳酸盐岩古侵蚀面的岩溶地形情况。因此,通过对大量已有煤勘资料的二次集成综合分析,绘制本溪组沉积相古地理图,圈定铝土矿基底的碳酸盐岩岩溶漏斗分布范围,辅助选取重点找矿靶区。该方法已在河南涉村“煤下铝”勘查项目实施过程中发现了数个厚大的铝土矿沉积漏斗(图3),充分证明了使用该方法开展“煤下铝”找矿的可行性(胡盛等,2021)。

  • 2 地球物理找矿预测进展

  • 采用地球物理方法寻找喀斯特型铝土矿主要是由我国地质工作者开展的相关工作,目前还没有见到国外此类工作的相关报道。在我国对已有露头或第四系浅层覆盖区喀斯特型铝土矿勘查,是在含铝岩系分布特征和成矿规律总体把握的基础上,开展大中比例尺地质填图、进行地表探槽、井探揭露,并对较深部矿体进行钻探验证等综合性地质找矿工作。由于钻孔深度一般不超过300 m,且浅部铝土矿体分布有一定规律可循,因此,利用物探方法虽做过一些工作,但并未得到重视。截止20世纪末,尚未发现国内哪一个成型的铝土矿床是直接通过物探方法找到的(《中国矿床发现史·物探化探卷》编委会,2002袁树森等,2006郭保健等,2014赵彦巧等,2016)。然而,进入新世纪以来,随着我国浅部喀斯特型铝土矿越来越少,找矿深度也不断增加(最深已经达到700 m),地球物理方法作为一种手段,在辅助寻找深部隐伏铝土矿以实现增储方面正在发挥着越来越重要的作用(毕炳坤,2009郭保健等,2014王中伟等,2014)。

  • 图3 河南涉村铝土矿(a)64勘探线和(b)74勘探线地质剖面图(胡盛等,2021

  • Fig.3 Geological section of No.64 (a) and No.74 (b) prospecting line from Shecun bauxite in Henan Province (after Hu Sheng et al., 2021)

  • 合理选择用于深部喀斯特型铝土矿床勘查的地球物理方法是具有挑战性的,要解决这个问题,应当从两方面考虑。首先,需总结控制铝土矿产出的重要因素,就喀斯特型铝土矿而言,下伏地层为灰岩,含矿岩系受控于碳酸盐岩古侵蚀面,古地形的起伏形态控制着含矿岩系和铝土矿体的规模和形态,这是目前学界公认的重要控制因素,可作为采用地球物理方法寻找铝土矿的主要地质依据(Xue Guoqiang et al.,2022a)。其次,含矿岩系与下伏灰岩之间要有较为明显的物性差异,且对较厚和较大的埋藏深度的覆盖区,物探方法要具有一定的穿透能力。目前,国内学者已使用重力、磁法、电(磁)法、地震以及核法等物探方法在寻找深部铝土矿方面做了大量工作,结果表明:磁法因基岩与含矿岩系磁化率差别不大而效果不佳;地震方法虽效果较好,但是价格昂贵;核法也只是做了一些初步的尝试,成效有待进一步研究。鉴于下伏碳酸盐岩与含矿岩系具有较明显的密度和电阻率差异——碳酸盐岩密度和电阻率值普遍大于含矿岩系的平均密度和电阻率值,结合重力和电磁测深法具有较大的穿透能力,使得重力和电磁法在预测喀斯特型铝土矿方面成为具有理论和技术前提、且性价比较高的物探方法(袁树森等,2006Fu Sifeng,2013; 赵彦巧等,2016杨瑞西等,2019; Guo Zhenwei et al.,2020Xue Guoqiang et al.,20202022a2022b)。

  • 目前,采用重力和电磁法开展铝土矿深部找矿时,主要需解决两个问题:① 随着铝土矿勘查深度的加大,靶区选择难度也在增大,因铝土矿体未出露,增加了勘查风险和勘查难度,因此,选择找矿前景较好的成矿有利地段,是取得勘查预期效果的关键因素(郭保健等,2014)。针对该问题,重力测量在区域上能够根据侵蚀面以下灰岩地层与侵蚀面以上包括含铝岩系在内的地层之间的密度差异来在平面上推断侵蚀面的展布情况,尤其是溶蚀洼地的分布情况,定位大型溶斗沉积成矿中心位置。② 勘查深度大,勘查成本高,需要较为准确地确定含铝岩系的埋藏深度和形态,以经济合理地部署探矿工程。针对该问题,电磁法测量能够在垂向上准确判断隐伏灰岩侵蚀面起伏情况,尤其是溶蚀洼地在垂向上的展布,确定隐伏的灰岩与含矿岩系的边界(古侵蚀面),为钻探工作部署提供依据。实践表明重力和电磁法(AMT、CSAMT以及ETM)的方法组合对发现新的矿体具有重要意义(图4)(徐新学等,2014杨瑞西等,2019)。

  • 此外,根据电阻率性质,灰岩的电阻率大部分位于2500~10000 Ω·m之间,而矿体与围岩的电阻率接近,相对较低,大部分位于20~700 Ω·m区间内(杨瑞西等,2019Xue Guoqiang et al.,2022a2022b)。因此,传统的电磁方法都是将含矿岩系作为同一电性层,很难直接采用电磁法探测铝土矿体,要想直接获取铝土矿体的空间位置,还需要研发更高精度,能有效区分含铝岩系内部铝土矿体和围岩的电磁方法。由于喀斯特型铝土矿含矿岩系层序变化复杂(王庆飞等,2012),采用电磁法直接定位铝土矿体带来了很大的挑战。因此,研究层序与矿物组成的区带性变化对于电磁方法直接探测铝土矿体也非常重要。针对铝土矿体与围岩物性差异小以及含矿岩系层序变化复杂的特点,赖耀发等(2021)根据铝土矿富集成矿与地层层序之间的规律,结合等值反磁通瞬变电磁纵向分辨能力,研发了等值反磁通瞬变电磁电阻率谱系法,并以山西沁源正和铝土矿为例分析其有效性。该方法为铝土矿勘查提供了新的找矿思路,但仍处于培育期,普适性有待进一步验证。

  • 图4 陕西省蒲城县铝土矿床重力-电磁-推断地质剖面及实测剖面对应关系图(据Xue Guoqiang et al.2022a)

  • Fig.4 Gravity-electromagnetic-inferred geological profile and measured profile of bauxite deposit in Pucheng County, Shaanxi Province (after Xue Guoqing et al.2022a)

  • (a)—高精度重力测量数据剖面;(b)—ETM测量电阻率剖面(图上所标数值为电阻率的十分之一);(c)—综合重力和瞬变电磁测深资料推断地质剖面;(d)—基于钻孔资料的实测地质剖面;Q—第四系;C2b—上石炭统本溪组;O2m—中奥陶统马家沟组

  • (a) —high precision gravity data profile; (b) —ETM resistivity profile; (c) —geological profiles inferred by integrating gravity and transient electromagnetic data; (d) —measured geological section based on drilling data;in Fig.4b, the values shown represent one tenth of the resistivity; Q—Quaternary system; C2b—Upper Carboniferous Benxi Formation; O2m—Middle Ordovician Majiagou Formation

  • 3 地球化学(含重砂)找矿预测进展

  • 地球化学找矿(化探)作为有效的找矿手段之一在有色金属和贵金属找矿方面效果显著(Xie Xuejin and Cheng Hangxin,2014; Wang Xueqiu et al.,2016; 娄德波等,2019)。然而,寻找铝土矿,尤其是古喀斯特型铝土矿方面,效果却并不明显。仅有的报道为20世纪40年代在福建漳浦进行土壤调查时,通过取样分析发现了红土型三水铝石(《中国矿床现史·福建卷》编委会,1996),除此之外,还没有资料显示哪一个古喀斯特型铝土矿床是通过化探扫面,圈定异常后发现的。从公开发表的文献可以看出,除广西平果第四纪喀斯特型铝土矿在区域化探图件中有明显的Al2O3异常外,山西、贵州、河南等主要古喀斯特型铝土矿产地,Al2O3均无明显异常显示(王瑞湖等,2010;刘平等和廖友常,2014)。笔者分别对贵州、广西等两省(区)主要铝土矿与Al2O3水系沉积物地球化学图进行对比,发现类似特征,即区域化探异常对广西的第四纪喀斯特型和红土型铝土矿有明显指示作用,而对贵州喀斯特型铝土矿则无明显指示作用(图5、6)(向运川等,2012唐波等,2021)。古喀斯特型铝土矿出露面积不大且已经固结成岩,在风化过程中Al2O3不容易被搬运(张起钻,2011),很难形成规模较大的水系沉积物异常,而堆积型和红土型铝土矿分布面积较大,且未成岩、呈松散状产于第四系红土中,容易在水系沉积物中聚集,这可能是水系沉积物异常在广西第四纪喀斯特型和红土型铝土矿发育区有较明显指示作用的原因之一。此外,笔者分析了广西、贵州低密度水系沉积物Al2O3含量数据的统计特征(程志中,2014),发现在贵州省用化探寻找古喀斯特型铝土矿效果不佳的另一个证据是,Al2O3含量在频率直方图上基本呈正态分布,变异系数小,仅有一个峰值(图7a),被认为只有一个总体,代表背景,其相对极高值区是一种随机现象,不能反映矿致异常,导致成矿有利区和不利区很难用化探数据区分;相反,在广西壮族自治区,Al2O3含量在频率直方图上不服从正态分布,变异系数较大,有两个峰值(图7b),被认为有两个总体,分别代表背景和矿致异常,从而化探数据的异常部分可以有效地指示第四纪喀斯特型和红土型铝土矿。

  • 图5 广西铝土矿床与Al2O3含量地球化学空间分布图(据向运川等,2012; 唐波等,2021修改)

  • Fig.5 Spatial distribution of bauxites and Al2O3 content in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region (modified from Xiang Yunchuan et al., 2012; Tang Bo et al., 2021)

  • 图6 贵州铝土矿床与Al2O3含量地球化学空间分布图(据向运川等,2012唐波等,2021修改)

  • Fig.6 Spatial distribution of bauxites and Al2O3 content in Guizhou Province (modified from Xiang Yunchuan et al., 2012; Tang Bo et al., 2021)

  • 自然重砂是地质体经自然风化、剥蚀、搬运、沉积等地质作用而分离出的单矿物(或矿物组合),其相对密度较大(一般在2.9以上)、机械性质和化学性质比较稳定,会从原岩中脱落下来,并被流水所搬运,堆积在附近的河床、湖滨和海滩的砂层里,蕴含有丰富的找矿信息(董国臣等,2020)。利用自然重砂进行矿床定位和勘查早已广为人知,并形成了一种叫“自然重砂测量”的找矿方法,曾在地质勘探队伍中广泛应用。虽然自然重砂方法在寻找金属矿床(如金矿、锡矿、钨矿)方面发挥了重要作用(周廷贵,1998关玉波等,2012张翔等,2014杨南坤等,2017),但在寻找喀斯特型铝土矿方面,目前为止还没有先例。喀斯特型铝土矿矿物组成主要为铝矿物、硅矿物、铁矿物和数量较少的钛矿物(刘平等,1997),主要包括一水硬铝石、一水软铝石(勃姆石)、三水铝石、高岭石、伊利石、绿泥石、赤铁矿、针铁矿、锐钛矿、黄铁矿、金红石、锆石、电气石以及罕见的刚玉等。其中,能形成自然重砂矿物的主要有金红石、锐钛矿、锆石、电气石等,这些自然重砂矿物虽然是母岩风化作用的残留物,与母岩的矿物组成有关(刘学飞等,2012崔滔和张敏,2021徐林刚等,2023),但作为贯通性的重砂矿物,并非只在铝土矿成矿过程中形成,因此对铝土矿找矿没有明确的指示意义。而喀斯特型铝土矿的主要矿石矿物,如:硬水铝石、勃姆石以及三水铝石由于其本身物理化学性质,并不能成为对喀斯特型铝土矿床找矿具有指示意义的自然重砂矿物(董国臣等,2020),这也是为什么自然重砂测量寻找铝土矿效果较差的原因。

  • 图7 贵州(a)和广西(b)水系沉积物中Al2O3含量统计直方图(据程志中等,2014

  • Fig.7 Statistical histogram of Al2O3 content of stream sediment in Guizhou Province (a) and Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region (b) (modified from Cheng Zhizhong et al., 2014)

  • 4 遥感找矿预测研究进展

  • 世界上采用遥感技术勘查铝土矿最早始于20世纪70年代(Henderson,et al.,1995),主要通过遥感地质填图来圈定红土型三水铝石的分布范围;20世纪80年代末,我国科学家也开始在广西东南部开展红土型三水铝石的遥感找矿研究工作(陈松岭,1990);到目前为止,遥感影像在国内外红土型铝土矿找矿预测方面已经得到广泛应用(高光明等,2007a2007b; 李领军等,2010黄志强等,2010彭光雄等,2012张文龙等,2015; 林坤,2018成功等,20182019Ouyang Yuan et al.,2019)。

  • 利用遥感技术对喀斯特型铝土矿进行找矿勘查工作在国外鲜有报道,在我国也主要集中在寻找桂西—黔东南第四纪喀斯特型铝土矿方面,而寻找古喀斯特型铝土矿的实例相对较少,效果欠佳。在寻找第四纪喀斯特型铝土矿方面,江海东等(2011)在成矿地质背景、成矿条件分析的基础上,针对TM、ETM和SPOT3等3种不同数据,采用彩色变换、比值分析以及主成分分析等多种方法分别对面上和重点矿区进行含矿洼地的解译和分类,根据多元异常信息的吻合性,判断其含矿性;何海洲和张起钻(2007)采用TM7、4、3波段假彩色合成影像识别岩溶洼地,岩溶洼地遥感影像异常为羟基和铁染,色调主要表现为玫瑰红色,在地貌上,为平缓的负地形,影像花纹呈片状、不规则状,植被不太发育;成功等(2009)基于堆积型铝土矿与羟基信息(OH-)和铁离子(Fe3+)关系密切的基本认识,采用主成分分析分别提取OH-和Fe3+,经对其进行综合,成功提取了苹果地区的铝土矿信息,进而圈定了远景区;成功等(20142017)在桂西针对ETM、Hyperion数据,通过定量遥感方法和回归分析,提取出原矿中Al/Si比的信息,这比单独提取Al2O3更能反映铝土矿的分布情况,从而提供了新的找矿思路。在寻找古喀斯特型铝土矿方面,罗允义(2003)在桂西-桂西南成矿区采用TM7、4、3波段合成的1∶25万遥感影像图目视解译出条带状影像区、向斜构造区边缘带作为圈定铝土矿带的主要标志;张云峰等(2012)在河南渑池地区通过对ASTER数据,选择SWIR波段B4,B8与VNIR 波段B2数据进行彩色合成,并使用IHS 变换的方法将其与B3 数据进行融合,形成渑池地区彩色合成影像,通过人工目视解译,建立该区铝土矿的地质、构造解译标志,形成了地质构造解译成果,同时使用ASTER数据B1、B3、B4、B6进行主成分分析,以其中PC4反映含Al-OH的矿物信息,形成了研究区含Al-OH矿物信息图像,作为铝土矿的找矿标志;陈绪慧等(2015)在河南济源市铝土矿使用ASTER遥感数据分别采用主成分分析和独立主成分分析方法提取Al-OH和铁染,然后求交集获得铝土矿的勘查范围;郭娇等(2016)在黔北大竹园—兴隆地区使用IOL影像数据采用目视解译提取地层、构造信息,采用比值主成分分析提取蚀变矿物信息,经综合最终圈定了多个找矿远景区。总之,遥感在第四纪喀斯特型铝土矿找矿方面,由于分布面积较大,且受地形影响,需叠加遥感提取的与铝土矿有关联的OH-和Fe3+信息,使其可信度较高,取得良好效果;而在古喀斯特型铝土矿找矿勘查方面,铝土矿在地表出露面积相对较小,约束条件少,且地表含OH-和Fe3+信息的矿物种类也较多,很容易对铝土矿形成的OH-和Fe3+信息造成大的干扰,应用相对较少,效果不明显。此外,需要注意的是,近些年来,国产高分辨率遥感卫星也得到了快速发展,形成众多遥感数据,在很大程度上改变了中国测绘遥感影像数据长期依赖国外高分遥感卫星的情况(杨诗瑞,2021),然而它们在喀斯特型铝土矿勘查中的应用却鲜有报道,有待进一步研究。

  • 5 地学大数据分析智能分析找矿预测研究进展

  • 在找矿预测方面,近些年来,随着多元异构地学大数据的海量汇聚、计算机算力的跨越式提升以及人工智能算法的创新和优化,金矿、铅锌矿、铜矿、锰矿等众多战略性矿种找矿预测评价工作也取得了积极的应用效果(娄德波等,2019毛先成等,2020Xiao Keyan et al.,2021Li Shi et al.,2021Zuo Renguang et al.,2022),因此,让数据进一步赋能找矿预测势在必行。喀斯特型铝土矿床的成因研究薄弱,在古地理、古构造、物质来源等多个方面存在争议(王庆飞等,2022);铝土矿体与围岩之间物性参数差异小,矿体规模、产状变化大、埋深程度各异,导致相应的地球物理特征在空间上表现复杂,矿致异常多解性强(赖耀发等,2021Xue Guoqiang et al.,2022b);铝土矿的边界品位一般要求Al2O3含量大于40%,换算成Al元素含量约为21%,而Al在地壳中元素丰度算术平均值为8.21%,是含量最丰富的轻金属元素,仅需富集2~3倍便有成矿的可能,这导致区分矿与非矿的地球化学元素含量界限差别并不像Au、Ag、Cu、Pb、Zn等高富集系数元素那么截然(黎彤等,1992徐林刚等,2023)。以上这些不确定性对于成矿模式为指导的找矿预测工作带来了挑战,有必要建立以揭示关联关系为先的科学观,采用新的科学研究模式开展找矿预测工作(Tolle et al,2011; 吴冲龙,2022)。

  • 目前,喀斯特型铝土矿的二维(三)维找矿预测工作均以传统成因关系研究为基础,采用定性、半定量方法开展找矿预测,如:朱永红和朱成林(2007)在研究遵义铝土矿赋存富集规律和总结找矿标志的基础上,建立了区域性找矿模式,遵循“从已知到未知”的原则,定性圈定了5个找矿远景区;董运如等(2019)通过对河南禹州铝土矿控矿因素和找矿标志分析,建立了“成矿地质体、成矿构造与成矿结构面、成矿作用特征标志”三位一体找矿模型,并定性圈定了5个远景区;卢光辉(2021)在成矿模式指导下利用上二叠统合山组地层、背斜—向斜构造以及成矿期陆地环境三个要素在桂西定性圈定了18个成矿单元。上述工作虽然取得了一些效果,但仍然难以反映成矿物质短时大规模富集的复杂非线性过程,而基于大数据机器学习(深度学习)新的科学研究模式的二(三)维找矿预测方法鲜有报道(Pavičić et al.,2018Li Shi et al.,2021),应用效果亦未得到证实。因此,针对喀斯特型铝土矿,基于大地学数据开展机器学习,从数据中深入挖掘找矿信息并同时开展找矿预测,具有重要的理论和实际意义。

  • 6 结论

  • (1)目前我国喀斯特型铝土矿找矿预测方法以地质和地球物理方法为主。地表和浅部地质方法主要为路线地质调查与探矿工程相结合的方法,深部地质找矿方法主要为“煤下铝”综合研究找矿预测方法;地球物理主要用来寻找深部铝土矿体,目前最优组合方法是重力结合电磁测深法,并主要以探测古侵蚀面为主,直接探测铝土矿体方法还有待进一步培育。

  • (2)化探(含自然重砂)在寻找古喀斯特型铝土矿方面,效果不佳。化探方法不佳的原因主要是矿床出露面积小,且Al2O3水系沉积物含量往往仅有一个峰值、近似呈正态分布,高值区往往是一种随机现象,并不代表矿致异常,因此很难发挥作用;自然重砂效果不佳的主要原因是由于硬水铝石、勃姆石以及三水铝石等矿石矿物因其相应的物理和化学属性不能满足成为对喀斯特型铝土矿床具有指示意义的自然重砂矿物,而其他贯通性自然重砂矿物因其多来源性也不能准确指示喀斯特型铝土矿床的存在。

  • (3)遥感寻找古喀斯特型铝土矿效果不太明显的原因是铝土矿在地表出露面积相对较小,约束条件少,且地表含OH-(或Al-OH)和Fe3+信息的矿物种类也较多,很容易对铝土矿形成的OH-(或Al-OH)和Fe3+信息造成大的干扰。

  • (4)基于喀斯特型铝土矿矿床成因,物探、化探及遥感信息多解性的特点,有必要改变单纯追究因果关系的定量演绎推理科学观,建立以揭示关联关系为先的新科学观,采用机器学习(深度学习)等人工智能方法开展找矿预测,以便提高找矿效果。

  • 注释

  • ❶ 地矿部矿物原料研究所地质室.1958. 中国铝土矿.北京:地矿部矿物原料研究所.

  • ❷《铝土矿冶镁菱镁矿地质勘查规范》编写组.2003. 铝土矿冶镁菱镁矿地质勘查规范.北京:中华人民共和国国土资源部.

  • ❸《矿产地质勘查规范铝土矿》编写组.2020. 矿产地质勘查规范铝土矿. 北京:中华人民共和国自然资源部.

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