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作者简介:

倪培,男,1963年生。博士,教授,主要从事成矿流体与成矿机制研究。E-mail:peini@nju.edu.cn。

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目录contents

    摘要

    华南是我国重要的钨锡成矿区。本文围绕华南与花岗岩有关的大规模钨锡成矿作用,系统收集了区内130余个主要矿床的地质和同位素年代学资料,初步总结了与花岗岩有关大规模钨锡矿床的主要类型和时空分布特征。统计结果表明,矽卡岩型和石英脉型是华南最重要的钨成矿类型,而矽卡岩型和锡石硫化物型(或碳酸盐岩交代型)是华南最主要的锡成矿类型。华南与花岗岩有关钨锡成矿作用具有多时代特点,但大规模成矿均集中于燕山期。以南岭和赣北成矿带为主要代表的钨成矿作用主要集中爆发于晚侏罗世至早白垩世早期(160~120 Ma),而右江盆地晚白垩世(110~80 Ma,峰期为90~80 Ma)和南岭成矿带晚侏罗世(160~150 Ma)锡矿床则共同构成了华南最主要的锡成矿作用。多种不同矿化或金属类型在同一矿床或矿田尺度上组合产出是华南与花岗岩有关钨锡矿床的重要特征之一,对指导找矿具有重要意义。对此,文章结合华南地区近年来的一些重要成矿机制研究成果和找矿勘查进展,分别以瑶岗仙、川口、茅坪、柿竹园、大厂和个旧等矿床或矿田为例,论述了华南与花岗岩有关大规模钨锡成矿作用的几种成矿模式和找矿方向。此外,本文在钨、锡成矿花岗岩的岩石学、地球化学和矿物学特征基础上,总结花岗质岩浆热液体系熔体-流体化学组分特征,探索花岗岩钨、锡成矿潜力判别的熔体-流体包裹体指标,初步拓展与花岗岩有关钨、锡矿床的找矿指标体系。

    Abstract

    South China is the most important tungsten and tin metallogenic region in China. Centering on the large-scale granite-related tungsten and tin mineralization in South China, this paper preliminarily summarizes their main types and temporal-spatial distribution characteristics based on a systemic review of the updated information of deposit geology and isotopic chronological data of more than 130 major deposits. The results show that the skarn and quartz-vein types are the most important tungsten mineralization styles in South China, while skarn type and cassiterite-sulfide are the most important tin mineralization styles. Granite-related tungsten and tin mineralization in South China show multiple-aged characteristic, but the major mineralization of both tungsten and tin is formed in the Yanshanian period. The tungsten mineralization represented by the Nanling and Ganbei metallogenic belts mainly occurred from the Late Jurassic to the early stage of Early Cretaceous (160~120 Ma), while the most important tin mineralization in South China is composed of the Late Cretaceous (110~80 Ma, peak period 90~80 Ma) tin deposits in the Youjiang basin and the Late Jurassic (160~150 Ma) tin deposits in the Nanling metallogenic belt. An important feature of granite-related tungsten and tin deposits in South China is that a variety of different mineralization styles or metal assemblages occur in the same deposit or ore field, and an understanding of these features is of great significance for guiding ore exploration. In this regard, by taking Yaogangxian, Maoping-Taoxikeng, Shizhuyuan, Dachang and Gejiu as examples, this paper proposes several metallogenic models and prospecting directions for granite-related tungsten and tin mineralization in South China based on recent exploration progresses and metallogenic studies. In addition, on the basis of petrological and mineralogical characteristics of tungsten and tin granites, this paper summarizes the chemical characteristics of fluid and melt of granitic magmatic hydrothermal system and accordingly explores the fluid and melt inclusion chemical index for evaluating the tungsten and tin mineralization potential of granite. This may expand the exploration index for granite-related tungsten and tin deposits.

  • 钨、锡作为重要的战略性关键金属,在能源化工、电子信息、精密仪器和国防军工等众多高新技术领域不可或缺,具有非常广泛的工业用途。在我国,钨、锡是传统优势矿种和重要战略资源,其储量和产量都位居世界前列(陈骏等,2000; 陈郑辉等,2015; 夏庆霖等,2018; Mao Jingwen et al.,2019; Ni Pei et al.,20202022)。2022年美国地质调查局最新发布的矿物产品概述显示,2021年中国钨、锡金属产量分别占世界总产量的83.5%和30.3%,均位列世界第一(USGS,2022)。此外,在美国地质调查局发布的中、美两国关键金属优势与紧缺程度对比图中,锡位列美国对外依存度>70%的十余种关键金属之内(Gulley et al.,2018)。

  • 锡矿床可分为原生矿床和砂矿两大类,超过90%的锡都是来自近300 Ma内形成的原生锡矿床,而原生锡矿床中90%以上都与花岗岩有着直接联系(Lehmann,1990)。对于钨矿床而言,虽然钨矿物或含钨矿物的种类多达20余种,但具有工业开采价值的只有黑钨矿和白钨矿两种,其在成因上更是与花岗岩具有密切关系。近年来,随着我国各地区钨锡找矿勘查工作不断取得突破,典型矿床成岩成矿作用得到广泛研究,当前对全国范围内与花岗岩有关钨锡矿床的时空分布特点、成矿类型以及矿床地质特征已取得较为全面的认识(Mao Jingwen et al.,2019; 蒋少涌等,2020)。虽然我国与花岗岩有关的钨锡矿床分布十分广泛,但华南地区始终是我国最为主要的钨锡矿床产地。本世纪初,我国学者曾集中对华南,尤其是南岭地区与花岗岩有关钨锡矿床的时空分布、花岗岩成矿专属性、成矿动力学背景以及成矿规律等方面分别做过较为系统的总结(如毛景文等,2007; 王登红等,2007; 华仁民等,2010; Chen Jun et al.,2013; 付建明等,2013; 陈郑辉等,2015)。此后近10年,华南与花岗岩有关钨锡矿床无论是在成矿理论研究还是找矿勘查实践方面均取得了长足进展。例如,众多矿床中锡石、黑钨矿等矿石矿物高精度定年工作的开展,为进一步认识华南大规模钨锡成矿作用的时空分布规律提供了丰富信息。在已知矿床的深、边部获得大量找矿突破也为矿床成因的深入研究提供了全新素材,因此亟待总结一些新的成矿模式和找矿模型来进一步指导勘查工作。特别地,不同矿化样式或金属类型在同一矿床或矿田尺度上组合产出是华南与花岗岩有关钨锡矿床的重要特征之一,详细总结这些组合特征和成矿模式对指导找矿具有重要意义。

  • 针对上述问题,本文在收集大量最新资料的基础上,对华南130余个主要钨锡矿床的地质特征和成矿成岩年龄信息进行汇总,初步探讨了华南与花岗岩有关大规模钨锡成矿作用的主要类型和时空分布规律。在此基础上,本文特别针对华南钨锡矿床中不同矿化样式或金属类型的组合特征,以瑶岗仙、川口、茅坪、柿竹园、大厂和个旧为具体案例,总结了华南与花岗岩有关钨锡成矿作用的几种成矿模式和找矿方向。此外,花岗岩作为钨锡成矿的母体,蕴含了有关钨、锡成矿专属性和成矿潜力的关键信息。本文在传统钨、锡成矿花岗岩的岩石学、地球化学和矿物学研究基础上,对花岗质岩浆热液系统中熔体和流体的地球化学特征进行总结,并探索了使用熔体-流体包裹体来进行花岗岩钨、锡成矿潜力判别的可行性,尝试拓展与花岗岩有关钨、锡矿床的找矿指标体系。

  • 1 华南与花岗岩有关钨锡矿床的主要类型和时空分布

  • 华南是我国最为重要的钨锡成矿产地,全国73%的WO3和85%的Sn都产在华南地块(Mao Jingwen et al.,2019)。华南钨锡矿床绝大多数都与花岗岩具有直接成因联系,少数为砂矿、与伟晶岩有关矿床或与金铜矿床伴生产出(如脉状金矿床伴生的钨)。严格来说,本文所讨论钨锡矿床均为与花岗岩有关的矿床。虽然不同学者对钨、锡矿床的分类方案不尽相同,但根据当前国内外主流分类观点,华南钨矿床主要可划分为石英脉型、矽卡岩型、云英岩型和斑岩型等;而锡矿床则可主要划分为石英脉型、矽卡岩型、锡石硫化物型、云英岩型和斑岩型等。诚然,华南很多钨锡矿床都发育两种或更多矿化类型,因此本文中矿床成因类型的划归本质是考虑其主要矿体的类型,这些在后文所列举的案例中会具体讨论。需要指出的是,当前一些观点将锡石硫化物型(或国际上常指代的碳酸盐岩交代型)不再作为一种成因分类,而是划归为矽卡岩型的一种。考虑到锡石硫化物型锡矿化在我国锡资源占比中非常重要,因此本文仍将其单独划分为一种类型。此外,一些矿床由于矿化特征较为特殊或复杂,其分类仍存在争议,如赣北大湖塘钨矿床主要矿化类型包括细脉浸染型、石英大脉型和隐爆角砾岩型等,将其细脉浸染状矿化归为斑岩型是否合适仍值得商榷。总之,本文对华南主要钨锡矿床的成因分类并非给这些矿床类型“盖棺定论”,而仅是对当前认识的阶段性总结。

  • 华南与花岗岩有关的钨锡矿床主要形成于新元古代到新生代之间。本节主要对华南地块与花岗岩有关的钨锡矿床进行成矿类型与时空分布统计(图1),在附表1中汇总了华南与花岗岩有关钨锡矿床的主要矿床类型、金属组合、储量以及矿化蚀变特征等信息,并统计了近年来发表的成岩成矿年龄数据。在此基础之上,本节从矿床类型和时空分布两个角度,总结了华南与花岗岩有关钨锡矿床的主要特征和规律。其中,分布在南岭成矿带(图2)、赣北成矿带(图3)和右江盆地(图4)的典型钨锡矿床是关注的重点。南岭成矿带是华南中生代爆发式钨锡稀有金属成矿的重要地区,发育有西华山、大吉山、瑶岗仙、淘锡坑、行洛坑、锡田、川口、柿竹园、香花岭、芙蓉及岩背等一大批大型—超大型钨锡多金属矿床(图2)。对南岭钨锡成矿作用的研究早在建国前就已系统开展(如Hsu,1943),此后许多学者对该区钨锡矿床及相关的花岗岩开展了大量研究工作,此处难以逐一列举,但其中一些重要成果,尤其是改造型花岗岩与钨锡成矿关系(徐克勤,1984)、南岭多时代花岗岩及其成矿专属性(陈骏等,20082014; 华仁民等,2010)、石英脉型钨锡矿的“五层楼”式找矿模式(广东冶勘932队,1966; 王登红等,2010)、大规模钨锡成矿作用与岩石圈多阶段伸展关系(毛景文等,20042007)等不仅在很大程度上丰富了钨锡成矿理论,而且进一步助推找矿勘查工作取得一系列重大突破。赣北成矿带是我国近年来发现的又一重要钨矿产区,区内发育有大湖塘、朱溪、东坪、阳储岭、香炉山等一系列大型—超大型矽卡岩型、斑岩型和石英脉型钨矿(图3,陈国华等,2012; 黄兰椿等,2012; Mao Zhihao et al.,20132015Mao Jingwen et al.,2017; Sun Keke et al.,2017; Song Shiwei et al.,2018a2018b2019; Zhang Zhiyu et al.,2019)。这其中,朱溪世界级超大型矽卡岩型钨矿的发现,使得矽卡岩型钨矿一跃成为我国最大的钨矿资源类型,而大湖塘的发现使得斑岩-细脉浸染型钨矿也成为重要的钨矿资源类型之一。右江盆地地处中越边界,东北缘以紫云-都安断裂为界,东南缘以萍乡断裂为界,西南缘以红河断裂为界,西北缘以盘县-师宗断裂为界,产出有个旧、大厂、都龙等世界著名的超大型锡多金属矿床(图4,王登红等,2004; Cai Minghai et al.,2007; 毛景文等,2008; Cheng Yanbo et al.,20132019; Xu Bin et al.,2015; Cai Jiali et al.,2023)。虽然大厂、个旧等超大型锡多金属矿床具有较高的研究程度,但近年来一些研究工作,特别是对超大型矿床中多类型锡多金属矿化精确成矿时代的重新厘定,进一步明确了多阶段、多类型锡多金属矿化的成因和联系,为指导找矿勘查工作提供重要模型(如Guo Jia et al.,2018; Cheng Yanbo et al.,2019)。

  • 图1 华南与花岗岩有关钨、锡矿床的类型、规模和时空分布(据倪培等,2020b修改)

  • Fig.1 Type, scale and temporal-spatial distribution of granite-related tungsten and tin deposits in South China (modified after Ni Pei et al., 2020b)

  • 1.1 钨锡矿床主要类型

  • 华南作为中国钨锡矿床的主要产区,累计钨、锡储量分别超过1000万t和700万t。达到大型—超大型规模的矿床有数十处,其中超大型钨矿主要有朱溪、大湖塘、柿竹园、行洛坑、瑶岗仙、新田岭和魏家7处;超大型锡矿主要有个旧、大厂、都龙、柿竹园、芙蓉和锡田6处(图1)。华南与花岗岩有关的钨矿类型主要为矽卡岩型、石英脉型、斑岩型和云英岩型。这其中,以朱溪、柿竹园、新田岭为主要代表的矽卡岩型钨矿为华南的钨矿资源提供了接近六成的贡献;瑶岗仙、西华山、大吉山、淘锡坑、大明山等石英脉型钨矿和大湖塘、行洛坑、东源、阳储岭等以斑岩型为主要矿化类型的钨矿则分别约占华南钨矿总储量的26%和14%;云英岩型钨矿仅占华南钨矿总储量的1%左右(图5a)。虽然石英脉型钨矿的总储量占比随着近年来一系列大型矽卡岩型和斑岩型(细脉浸染型)钨矿的发现而有所下降,但其至今仍是我国钨矿工业生产的主要类型。

  • 图2 南岭成矿带主要钨、锡矿床分布图

  • Fig.2 Distribution of major tungsten and tin deposits in the Nanling metallogenic belt

  • 图3 赣北成矿带主要钨、锡矿床分布图

  • Fig.3 Distribution of major tungsten and tin deposits in the Ganbei metallogenic belt

  • 图4 右江盆地主要钨、锡矿床分布图

  • Fig.4 Distribution of major tungsten and tin deposits in the Youjiang basin

  • 华南与花岗岩有关的锡矿主要类型为矽卡岩型、锡石硫化物脉型、斑岩型、石英脉型和云英岩型。作为个旧、都龙、锡田和香花岭等大型—超大型矿床中的主要矿化类型,矽卡岩型锡矿提供了华南近60%的锡金属量。以大厂为代表的锡石硫化物型锡矿,以漂塘、红旗岭、锯板坑和一洞、五地等为代表的石英脉型锡矿,以及银岩、岩背和淘锡坝等斑岩型锡矿分别占华南与花岗岩有关锡矿总储量的28%,5%和5%,而栗木等云英岩型锡矿仅占总储量的3%左右(图5b)。

  • 需要特别指出的是,上述钨、锡矿床类型划分是依据矿床主体矿化类型来确定,而华南与花岗岩有关的钨、锡矿床常存在多种矿化样式组合成矿的特点,同一矿床可以兼具两种甚至三种矿化类型。一些钨矿床,如瑶岗仙钨矿同时发育石英脉型和矽卡岩型钨矿化;大吉山、茅坪则同时发育石英脉型和云英岩型钨矿化;行洛坑、大湖塘、柿竹园等在其主体发育细脉浸染型或矽卡岩型白钨矿化以外,也均发育有石英脉型黑钨矿化。锡矿床方面,个旧、大厂、香花岭等矿床大多同时发育矽卡岩型、锡石硫化物型以及少量脉型、云英岩型锡矿化。除不同类型的钨、锡矿化组合特征之外,华南很多与花岗岩有关的钨锡矿床还具有钨、锡之间以及钨锡与其他金属之间的组合成矿特征。这其中,矽卡岩型钨矿床主要金属组合为W±Cu±Mo±Zn±Pb,多以白钨矿、黄铜矿、辉钼矿、闪锌矿等作为主要矿石矿物,如朱溪、柿竹园、新田岭等。石英脉型钨矿床主要金属组合为W±Sn±Mo,少量伴生Pb-Zn±Bi,黑钨矿、锡石、辉钼矿为主要矿石矿物,如茅坪、漂塘、珊瑚、木梓园、荡坪等,但其中Sn、Mo很少同时大规模伴生。斑岩型钨矿床主要金属组合为W±Mo±Cu,以白钨矿、辉钼矿、黄铜矿等为主要矿石矿物,如大湖塘、阳储岭等,其中也可出现黑钨矿与白钨矿同为主要W矿物的案例,如行洛坑。矽卡岩型锡矿床主要金属组合为Sn±Cu±Zn±Pb,主要矿石矿物为锡石、黄铜矿、闪锌矿等,如个旧、都龙、香花岭、大顶、锡田等。锡石硫化物型锡矿床主要金属组合为Sn±Zn±Pb±Sb,主要矿石矿物为锡石、闪锌矿、脆硫锑铅矿等,如大厂、荷花坪等。石英脉型锡矿床主要金属组合类似石英脉型钨矿床,以Sn±W±Zn±Pb为主,多以锡石、黑钨矿、闪锌矿等为主要矿石矿物,如红旗岭、漂塘、一洞-五地、西岭等。斑岩型锡矿床主要金属组合则为Sn±Cu,以锡石、黄铜矿为主要矿石矿物,如岩背、野鸡尾、银岩等。上述不同矿化样式或金属类型在同一矿床或矿田尺度上组合产出是华南与花岗岩有关钨锡矿床的一类重要特征,对该特征进一步总结和归纳,为指导矿区深边部找矿具有重要意义。

  • 图5 华南与花岗岩有关钨、锡矿床成矿类型的储量占比

  • Fig.5 Reserve proportions of granite-related tungsten and tin deposits types in South China

  • 1.2 钨锡矿床时空分布

  • 华南与花岗岩有关钨锡矿床分布十分广泛。总体上看,南岭成矿带(图2)、赣北成矿带(图3)和右江盆地(图4)是华南钨锡矿床最主要的集中区,并且整体具有东北部赣北成矿带以钨为主,西部右江盆地以锡为主,中部南岭成矿带钨锡并举的特征,且不同成矿区带的成矿类型与金属组合具有各自的独特性。赣北成矿带主要产出钨矿床而较缺乏锡矿床,该区已发现钨矿床数量虽不多,但多为大型或超大型矿床,如朱溪、大湖塘、东坪、阳储岭等,钨金属总储量(WO3)近500万t。赣北成矿带的钨矿类型主要是矽卡岩型、斑岩型和石英脉型,具有W-Cu或W-Mo的特征金属组合。南岭成矿带钨锡资源十分丰富,矿床数量众多,钨锡矿床总量可达100余处,钨(WO3)、锡金属总量可分别达400余万吨和330余万吨,体现出钨锡并重的成矿特征,且钨、锡矿床的空间分布具有一定差异。南岭东段赣南、粤北至闽西地区以钨矿密集产出为特征,主要有福建行洛坑钨矿、江西崇余犹、赣县-于都、三南、兴国-宁都等地的西华山、大吉山、盘古山、漂塘、淘锡坑钨矿等。南岭中段至西段的湘南、桂北地区则出现较多锡矿,主要有香花岭、芙蓉、锡田等锡矿床,同时也有一些钨矿产出,如新田岭、瑶岗仙、川口-杨林坳等钨矿床,以及柿竹园、珊瑚等钨锡矿床。前人将南岭及邻近地区的钨、锡矿床分布特征总结为“东钨西锡”(如徐克勤等,1987; 华仁民等,2010),即从赣南地区以钨为主的成矿特征开始,由东向西大体以郴州临武断裂为界锡矿床产出逐渐增多而钨矿床相对减少,直至南岭西缘右江盆地中的大规模锡成矿作用。值得注意的是,南岭东段虽以钨矿为主,但也有一定量的锡矿产出,如岩背、矿背、大顶锡矿等,以及赣南-粤北地区的漂塘、茅坪、八仙脑、锯板坑等钨锡矿床。但南岭西缘苗儿山-越城岭一带则仍然发育较多的钨矿床。南岭成矿带的钨锡矿床类型主要为矽卡岩型、石英脉型及少量斑岩型,具有W-Sn为主,伴生Mo-Pb-Zn-Bi的特征金属组合。右江盆地是我国最主要的锡矿产区,拥有多个大型—超大型锡矿田,如个旧、大厂、都龙等,锡金属总量达到约480万t。虽然该区内也发现许多钨矿床,但多为小型矿床或矿点,目前仅大明山钨矿规模达到大型以上。右江盆地锡钨矿床分布较为集中,主要产出于桂北丹池成矿带和滇东南锡成矿带内,并且几乎全部沿盆地周缘的断裂带分布。右江盆地的锡矿类型主要是矽卡岩型和锡石硫化物型,具有Sn-Cu-Zn-Pb-Sb等多金属矿化组合特征。

  • 华南绝大多数钨锡矿床都围绕花岗岩产出,钨锡矿床与花岗岩类岩体不仅具有紧密的时空关系,而且有着十分密切的成因联系(徐克勤等,1987; 毛景文等,2007; 陈骏等,2014)。图6在附表1统计信息的基础上,汇总了华南与花岗岩有关钨锡矿床的主要成岩成矿年龄。总体上,华南与花岗岩有关钨锡矿床从晋宁期到燕山期均有发育,但在燕山期大规模集中爆发。就钨矿床而言,主要成矿时期可以分为加里东期(440~420 Ma)、印支期(235~205 Ma)和燕山期(180~75 Ma),其中燕山期成矿尤为重要,可进一步细分为燕山早期(180~150 Ma,峰期为160~150 Ma)和燕山晚期(145~75 Ma)两个集中时期。不同时期钨矿床的空间分布具有明显规律(图1,2),如南岭成矿带中段和东段以燕山早期钨矿床占绝对主导,但在西段桂北至湘中地区则集中发育加里东期和印支期钨矿床。此外,燕山晚期钨矿床在南岭成矿带少见,而主要集中出现在南岭成矿带南、北两侧,其中赣北成矿带钨矿床年龄集中在早白垩世(145~120 Ma),而南岭南部和西缘至右江盆地丹池成矿带内钨矿床除少数形成于早白垩世外,多数形成于晚白垩世(110~75 Ma)。

  • 华南与花岗岩有关锡矿床的主要成矿时期为晋宁期(840~820 Ma)和燕山期(190~80 Ma),而加里东期(450~440 Ma)和印支期(240~200 Ma)的锡矿床数量很少,基本呈零星分布。从矿床规模上看,燕山期也是华南锡矿床集中爆发的最主要时期,与钨矿床类似,可分为燕山早期(190~150 Ma,峰期为160~150 Ma)和燕山晚期(145~80 Ma)两个集中时期。空间上看,华南晋宁期锡成矿作用几乎全部集中分布在南岭成矿带西缘桂北与黔、湘三省交界一带。燕山早期锡成矿作用与同期钨成矿作用均集中发生在南岭成矿带中段和东段,而燕山晚期锡成矿作用分布较广,可进一步划分为早白垩世和晚白垩世两大阶段,对应的空间分带性较为明显。具体地,以南岭南北向中轴线为界,轴线以东的南岭东南地区以及粤东地区均以早白垩世锡矿床为主(145~130 Ma),而轴线以西的南岭西南地区、粤西南沿海邻区以及右江盆地则以晚白垩世锡矿床为主(110~80 Ma,峰期为90~80 Ma)。从矿床储量上看,与钨成矿作用主要集中爆发于晚侏罗世和早白垩世早期不同(160~120 Ma),晚白垩世锡矿床如个旧、大厂、都龙等构成了华南最主要的锡成矿事件。

  • 图6 华南与花岗岩有关钨、锡矿床成岩成矿年龄分布直方图

  • Fig.6 Age histograms of mineralization and related rocks from granite-related tungsten and tin deposits in South China

  • (a)—钨矿年龄分布直方图;(b)—锡矿年龄分布直方图

  • (a) —age histograms of tungsten deposits; (b) —age histograms of tin deposits

  • 值得注意的是,虽然华南绝大多数钨锡矿床中都揭露了花岗岩体,但近年来的一些高精度成矿年代学研究表明,空间上与矿化密切相关的花岗岩并不一定是钨锡矿化的直接成矿母岩。例如,Yuan Shunda et al.(2018)重新厘定了赋存在加里东期花岗岩基(441~434 Ma)中的张家垄钨矿成矿年龄实为160~152 Ma,表明尽管张家垄钨矿床空间上伴生的花岗岩属于加里东期,但钨成矿实为燕山期大规模岩浆活动的产物。类似地,最近的热液锆石、锡石U-Pb、辉钼矿Re-Os和白云母Ar-Ar数据也表明,区内出露大规模印支期花岗岩的锡田、邓阜仙等地区,很多钨锡矿化实际与燕山早期花岗岩有关(孙颖超等,2017; Cao Jingya et al.,2018; He Miao et al.,2018)。此外,一些矿床内揭露的赋矿花岗岩年龄虽与成矿年龄较为接近,但实际仍非直接成矿母岩,例如湘中川口钨矿石英脉型白钨矿化和黑钨矿化年龄均集中在212 Ma,但与区内揭露赤水黑钨矿石英脉的赋矿花岗岩年龄(237.3~227.8 Ma)存在超过15 Ma以上的差异(Li Wensheng et al.,2021a),表明当前揭露的赋矿细粒含电气石白云母花岗岩并非川口钨矿床的直接成矿母岩,真实成矿岩体可能仍隐伏在矿区深部。

  • 2 华南与花岗岩有关钨锡矿床的组合特征和成矿模式

  • 从上文统计结果看出,矽卡岩型、石英脉型以及锡石硫化物型是华南与花岗岩有关钨锡矿床最重要的矿化类型。虽然华南多数钨锡矿床往往以一种矿化类型为主,但它们普遍具有的一个重要特征,即在同一矿床或矿田内发育多种不同矿化样式或金属组合。在本节中,笔者将结合近年来的主要研究进展,以华南若干典型钨锡矿床为例,重点介绍几类主要的矿化和金属类型组合特征及成矿模式,为指导找矿勘查提供参考和思路。

  • 2.1 瑶岗仙W矿床

  • 2.1.1 地质背景和矿床地质特征

  • 瑶岗仙钨矿床位于南岭成矿带中部的湘东南地区,矿区大地构造位置属华南褶皱系的赣湘粤桂褶皱带。瑶岗仙WO3总储量达到50万t,并同时发育两类主要钨矿化类型为特征,分别为石英脉型黑钨矿(约20万t)和矽卡岩型白钨矿(约30万t,徐克勤,1957)。瑶岗仙成矿相关花岗岩为瑶岗仙复式花岗岩,锆石U-Pb年龄在157 Ma左右,侵位于区内古生代碎屑岩沉积地层中(图7)。该复式花岗岩可进一步划分为粗粒黑云母花岗岩、中粒黑云母花岗岩和细粒白云母花岗岩三个连续演化的岩相,其中后两者与瑶岗仙W矿化密切相关(Peng Jiantang et al.,2006; Li Shunting et al.,2011)。

  • 矿区主要地层为寒武系浅变质砂岩和板岩,中泥盆统砂岩和页岩,上泥盆统灰岩和页岩,下石炭统灰岩和砂岩及下侏罗统的石英砂岩等。与大多数石英脉型钨矿类似,瑶岗仙石英脉型黑钨矿体与瑶岗仙复式岩体紧密伴生,共200余条黑钨矿石英脉呈放射状分布在岩体与围岩的内外接触带(图7)。瑶岗仙黑钨矿石英脉整体为陡倾斜产出,且“五层楼”空间分带明显,由下至上脉幅变化显著(图8a)。在26中段(目前开采最深位置),矿脉的宽度一般在1~1.5 m,最大可达2 m,并向上逐渐减小,至天鹅峰顶部可见大量宽度在1~2 cm的富云母石英细脉。脉石矿物主要有石英、云母、萤石、方解石等,矿石矿物主要为黑钨矿、白钨矿、黄铜矿及少量辉钼矿、锡石、闪锌矿、车轮矿等。瑶岗仙矽卡岩型白钨矿化主要发育在瑶岗仙复式花岗岩东侧泥盆纪砂岩和灰岩接触带,未与花岗岩直接接触(图8b),但与西部黑钨矿石英脉最近距离仅约500 m左右。块状矽卡岩矿体整体呈向南东缓倾的透镜体状,在倾向上延伸可达2000 m,南北向延伸达1400 m,矿体平均厚度达21.7 m。矽卡岩型白钨矿化主要矿石矿物为白钨矿、辉钼矿、磁黄铁矿和闪锌矿,脉石矿物主要有石榴子石、透闪石、符山石、萤石和长石等。

  • 图7 瑶岗仙钨矿床地质图(据Li Wensheng et al.,2018修改)

  • Fig.7 Geological map of the Yaogangxian W deposit (modified after Li Wensheng et al., 2018)

  • 图8 瑶岗仙钨矿床典型剖面图(据Li Wensheng et al.,2020修改)

  • Fig.8 Cross section of the Yaogangxian W deposit (modified after Li Wensheng et al., 2020)

  • (a)—石英脉型黑钨矿段剖面图;(b)—矽卡岩型白钨矿段剖面图

  • (a) —section map of the wolframite-quartz vein type ore section; (b) —section map of the scheelite-skarn type ore section

  • 2.1.2 成矿模式

  • 瑶岗仙同时发育大型石英脉型黑钨矿床和大型矽卡岩型白钨矿床,且二者均与瑶岗仙复式花岗岩紧密相关。徐克勤(1957)最早基于详实的野外地质观测提出这两种类型钨矿化具有成因联系。此后,Li Shunting et al.(2011)在矽卡岩矿体中获得辉钼矿Re-Os年龄为160±3.3 Ma,与笔者团队在含黑钨矿石英脉中获取的锡石U-Pb年龄(158±1.9 Ma)以及瑶岗仙复式花岗岩锆石年龄(161~157 Ma,Li Wensheng et al.,2020)一致。在当前定年精度下,瑶岗仙不同类型钨矿化可以看做同一花岗岩浆热液成矿系统的产物,不同围岩-流体相互作用过程控制了不同类型钨矿床的形成,即在硅铝质浅变质碎屑岩地层中有利于石英脉型黑钨矿化形成,而在花岗岩与碳酸盐岩接触部位,或花岗岩附近碳酸盐岩与硅铝质地层接触面有利于矽卡岩型钨矿化发育。综上,可建立瑶岗仙石英脉型和矽卡岩型钨成矿模式(图9)。

  • 值得注意的是,瑶岗仙石英脉型-矽卡岩型钨成矿组合在华南并非个例,如赣南岿美山钨矿等亦具有此类矿化组合,表现为矿区内变质砂岩与板岩是石英脉型黑钨矿化主要赋矿层位,大理岩中则产出矽卡岩型白钨矿化(Li Wensheng et al.,2022)。因此,在已知石英脉型黑钨矿区内出现碳酸盐岩地层,或在矽卡岩型白钨矿区内出现硅铝质碎屑岩地层,可能都是有利的找矿指标。

  • 2.2 川口W矿田

  • 2.2.1 地质背景和矿床地质特征

  • 川口钨矿田位于湖南省衡阳市以西约30 km处,区内有川口、白水、黄龙、三角滩等10余个钨矿,其中川口钨矿WO3储量达21万t,为区内最大钨矿床。川口钨矿床既发育大型石英脉型白钨矿又有石英脉型黑钨矿,两类矿化在空间上沿川口花岗岩体与砂岩接触带分布,并被区内南北向断裂F24隔开,分为西侧杨林坳石英脉型白钨矿床和东侧赤水石英脉型黑钨矿床(图10),WO3储量分别为16.3万t和4.9万t。

  • 川口矿区内部出露地层主要是板溪群浅变质细碎屑岩和杨林坳组砂岩、粉砂岩,分布在整个川口隆起的中间区域。地层中的W、Sn、Bi、Mo等元素含量相对较高。石英脉型钨矿体的分布和产状主要由浅变质细碎屑岩节理和层间界面、断裂控制。其中板溪群板岩在赤水矿区赋存石英脉型黑钨矿化,而杨林坳组砂岩、粉砂岩是石英脉型白钨矿化的主要赋矿围岩。川口矿区揭露的侵入体主要为准铝质-过铝质花岗岩类,在赤水矿区有少量出露,为粗、中粒含电气石和石榴子石的二云母二长花岗岩。该花岗岩体顶部本身也是黑钨矿石英脉的主要容矿岩体(图10b)。

  • 图9 瑶岗仙钨矿床成矿模式图

  • Fig.9 Metallicgenetic model of the Yaogangxian W deposit

  • 图10 川口钨矿床地质图(a)与剖面图(b)(据Li Wensheng et al.,2021a修改)

  • Fig.10 Geological map (a) and cross section map (b) of the Chuankou W deposit (modified after Li Wensheng et al., 2021a)

  • 杨林坳矿区白钨矿石英脉产于北北西向裂隙构造中,整体矿带走向长约1300 m,宽约500 m,共有脉型矿体55个,全部由密集缓倾斜含矿石英脉组成。杨林坳矿区矿石矿物主要为白钨矿和辉钼矿,白钨矿全部赋存在石英脉中,在砂岩围岩中几乎不可见。白钨矿石英脉的脉宽主要集中在2~20 cm不等,并切割地层层理。赤水黑钨矿石英脉矿区主要发育黑钨矿石英大脉,含矿石英脉与花岗岩界线清楚,赋矿花岗岩主要为弱云英岩化含电气石、石榴子石的白云母二长花岗岩。区内共揭露黑钨矿石英脉60余条,规模较大的矿体沿走向延长可达500 m,沿倾向延深约300 m,宽1~2 m,石英脉中主要矿石矿物为黑钨矿、辉钼矿,少见黄铜矿,两侧的花岗岩中常见宽约20~40 cm的云英岩化带。

  • 2.2.2 成矿模式

  • 为进一步厘定川口钨矿两类石英脉型钨矿化的成因联系,笔者研究团队近年来对川口钨矿两类矿化开展了系统的年代学和流体成矿机制研究。Li Wensheng et al.(2021a)获取杨岭坳白钨矿石英脉中辉钼矿Re-Os年龄(212.5±7.3 Ma)和赤水黑钨矿石英脉中黑钨矿U-Pb年龄(212.6±1.4 Ma)在误差范围内一致,表明两类矿化为同一岩浆热液系统产物,但二者成矿年龄均较区内揭露的含电气石、石榴子石二云母二长花岗岩(237~227 Ma)年轻至少15 Ma,暗示实际成矿花岗岩仍隐伏在矿区深部。对白钨矿石英脉和黑钨矿石英脉开展的单个包裹体LA-ICP-MS成分分析表明,杨林坳和赤水成矿流体具有完全一致的不相容元素组成,也反映二者为一致的岩浆热液来源(Li Wensheng et al.,2022)。进一步对两类石英脉围岩蚀变元素的定量分析发现,川口白钨矿和黑钨矿化主要受不同围岩蚀变造成的Ca、Fe加入控制,其中杨林坳组砂岩为富钙质砂岩,围岩中长石和磷灰石蚀变向石英脉脉壁逐渐增强,释放大量Ca进入流体形成白钨矿;而赤水含电气石花岗岩中,靠近脉壁处电气石、黑云母的蚀变强烈,释放大量Fe进入流体形成黑钨矿。对应含W流体中黑钨矿和白钨矿的沉淀可以简化为以下反应:

  • H2WO4+CaCl2=CaWO4 +2Cl-+2H+H2WO4+FeMnCl2=FeMnWO4 +2Cl-+2H+

  • 综上,川口钨矿田不同形式石英脉型钨矿化代表了同一花岗岩浆热液成矿系统在不同围岩条件下的产物,对应可建立川口矿田石英脉型黑钨矿和白钨矿成矿模式(图11)。前文提到,石英脉型黑钨矿床大多产于花岗岩或碎屑岩沉积地层中,而川口和瑶岗仙的组合模式表明,当成矿花岗岩周围存在碳酸盐岩或富钙沉积岩时,不仅可能发育矽卡岩型白钨矿化,也可能发育石英脉型白钨矿化,这为在同一矿区内寻找不同类型钨矿化提供了范例。

  • 2.3 茅坪W-Sn多金属矿床

  • 2.3.1 地质背景和矿床地质特征

  • 茅坪矿床位于江西省崇义县,为赣南崇义-大余-上犹矿集区中规模最大的钨锡多金属矿床之一,当前累计探明WO3储量达10.8万t,Sn储量5万t,矿化面积约2 km2Feng Chengyou et al.,2011)。茅坪钨锡矿具有同时发育石英脉型和云英岩型钨锡矿化的组合成矿特征,其以缓倾斜石英脉型黑钨矿-锡石矿化为主,同时在深部隐伏花岗岩顶部发育云英岩型黑钨矿-锡石矿化(W储量占比约35%,Sn储量占比约70%),区别于传统陡倾斜黑钨矿石英大脉“五层楼”模型,构成了 “五层楼地下室”的典型实例(王登红等,2010; 华仁民等,2015; Ni Pei et al.,2022)。

  • 茅坪钨锡多金属矿区出露地层主要为寒武系中下统浅变质岩系(图12),为一套韵律清楚的碎屑岩类复理式建造,厚约500 m。在区域构造影响下,矿区褶皱、断裂相当发育(图12)。褶皱构造以背斜为主,轴向近SN和NNE向,与区域主褶皱轴大致平行。成矿后的断裂均为逆断层,主要为NE和NW向的两条大破碎带。矿区岩浆岩主要为闪长玢岩脉和隐伏花岗岩体,矿区外围出露天门山复式岩体。

  • 茅坪矿床主要有两种类型的钨锡矿化,分别为缓倾斜石英脉型钨锡矿化和云英岩型钨锡矿化(图13)。石英脉型矿体中矿石矿物以黑钨矿、锡石、辉钼矿、黄铜矿、闪锌矿为主,脉石矿物以石英、黄玉、云母和萤石为主,具有富氟特征。茅坪石英脉型黑钨矿体矿物组合在空间上存在一定差异,早阶段高温的辉钼矿、黑钨矿主要富集在脉体的中下部,而晚阶段较低温的黄铜矿、闪锌矿等硫化物在浅部相对发育,具有“顺向分带”特征,矿脉厚度上窄下宽,类似“五层楼”分带模式(Chen Lili et al.,2018)。云英岩型矿体中矿石矿物除黑钨矿和锡石外,亦有辉钼矿、辉铋矿、黄铁矿、闪锌矿、黄铜矿以及铌钽矿等,呈微细浸染状或细脉浸染状分布于强烈云英岩化花岗岩中。野外可见石英脉普遍切穿上部云英岩化花岗岩及云英岩型矿体。

  • 图11 川口钨矿田成矿模式图

  • Fig.11 Metallogenetic model of the Chuankou W orefield

  • 图12 茅坪钨锡多金属矿床地质图(据Chen Lili et al.,2018修改)

  • Fig.12 Geological map of the Maoping W-Sn polymetallic deposit (modified after Chen Lili et al., 2018)

  • 图13 茅坪矿床300线剖面图(据Chen Lili et al.,2018修改)

  • Fig.13 No.300 cross section map of the Maoping deposit (modified after Chen Lili et al., 2018)

  • 2.3.2 成矿模式

  • 茅坪钨锡多金属矿床与燕山早期花岗岩侵入体关系极为密切,矿体明显受控于以隐伏岩体突起顶部为中心的围岩外接触带张扭性或张性断裂系统控制。总体上,岩体外接触带发育含矿石英大脉,并可延伸至内接触带,内接触带则主要发育云英岩型矿化(图16)。前人将茅坪两类钨锡矿化的空间组合模式概括为“上脉下体”,并推测其具有成因联系(华仁民等,2015)。最近,Chen Lili et al.(2019)对石英脉型和云英岩型钨锡矿化中的锡石以及茅坪隐伏花岗岩锆石分别开展了高精度U-Pb定年,获取石英脉型矿化和云英岩型矿化成矿年龄分别为157.0±1.3 Ma和157.1±1.3 Ma,其成矿年龄完全一致,并与隐伏花岗岩年龄(159.0±1.5 Ma)在误差范围内一致,表明两类钨锡矿化为同一岩浆热液系统产物,均与隐伏花岗岩侵入体密切相关。此外,两类矿化中锡石原位微量元素显示出一致的高Fe、Ta、Zr和低Zr/Hf比值特征,亦表明其具有密切成因联系(Chen Lili et al.,2019)。

  • 综上可建立茅坪石英脉型-云英岩型钨锡成矿模式(图14)。在深部花岗质岩浆上侵结晶过程中,演化分异出富F等挥发分的含矿热液聚集于岩体突起顶部,当内压小于静岩压力时,由于变砂质围岩的阻挡作用,成矿流体首先沿岩体突起顶面交代顶部已冷却结晶的花岗岩,形成面状云英岩化及W、Sn、Mo为主的高温热液交代成矿作用,产出云英岩型矿体,即所谓的“地下室”。随着流体不断聚集增压,当内压大于静岩压力时,促使岩体顶部破裂并产生陡立或放射状裂隙系统,成矿流体进一步从岩浆中出溶,并在沿断裂、裂隙运移过程中逐渐冷却、流体沸腾或与大气水混合,逐步沉淀出含辉钼矿、黑钨矿、锡石和其他硫化物的石英大脉,即所谓的“五层楼”。根据裂隙系统和黑钨矿石英脉产状,又可进一步分为陡倾斜和缓倾斜两类,二者具有类似的矿化分带特征。

  • 2.4 柿竹园W-Sn多金属矿田

  • 2.4.1 地质背景和矿床地质特征

  • 柿竹园矿田位于南岭中部,郴州-临武深大断裂的东侧,是我国东南部重要的钨锡产区(王昌烈等,1987; Chen Jun et al.,1992; Mao Jingwen et al.,1996; Lu Huanzhang et al.,2003),目前已探明钨储量超过90万t,锡储量超过70万t,并且具备深部进一步找矿潜力。柿竹园矿田内大中型矿床数量众多(图15),包括柿竹园矽卡岩-云英岩型多金属矿床(75万t WO3,49万t Sn,30万t Bi,13万t Mo,20万t Be,4600万t萤石,Mao Jingwen et al.,1996; Lu Huanzhang et al.,2003)、野鸡尾斑岩型锡铜矿床(11.83万t Sn,6.6万t Cu,苏咏梅等,2008)、金船塘矽卡岩型锡铋矿床(12万t Sn,10万t Bi,刘晓菲等,2012; 许德如等,2016)、红旗岭热液脉型锡多金属矿床(6.54万t Sn,1.67万 t WO3,18.82万t Pb,13.77万t Zn,417 t Ag,袁顺达等,2012a)、枞树板热液脉型铅锌矿(60.28万t Pb,40.80万t Zn,1187 t Ag,陈柏林等,1998; 许德如等,2016)、玛瑙山矽卡岩型铁锰铅锌矿、柴山热液脉型铅锌银矿和蛇形坪-才观热液脉型铅锌银矿床等,矿化样式和金属成矿组合类型十分丰富。这些矿床集中形成于侏罗纪,与晚侏罗世岩浆活动具有密切成因联系(李红艳等,1996; Zhao Panlao et al.,2018)。

  • 图14 茅坪钨锡多金属矿床成矿模式图

  • Fig.14 Metallogenetic model of the Maoping W-Sn polymetallic deposit

  • 图15 柿竹园钨锡多金属矿田地质图(据Lu Huanzhang et al.,2003修改)

  • Fig.15 Geological map of the Shizhuyuan W-Sn polymetallic orefield (modified after Lu Huanzhang et al., 2003)

  • 区内出露的地层主要包括新元古代变质基底和泥盆系沉积地层及少量第四纪沉积物(图15),其中以泥盆系出露为主。泥盆系中、上统连续沉积,从下到上可划分为跳马涧组、棋梓桥组、佘田桥组和锡矿山组。跳马涧组与下伏震旦系呈角度不整合,棋梓桥组、佘田桥组和锡矿山组岩性以碳酸盐岩为主,是区内矽卡岩型钨锡铋钼矿床主要的赋矿围岩。震旦系、寒武系主要分布于矿区东部,岩性主要为变质砂岩、砂质板岩和硅质岩,是热液脉型锡铅锌银矿床主要的赋矿围岩。区内岩浆活动频繁,主要发生于燕山期,有花岗岩、花岗斑岩、石英斑岩及少量基性岩(图15)。千里山花岗岩出露面积最大,分为早期中粗粒似斑状黑云母花岗岩和晚期中细粒等粒状黑云母花岗岩(155~152 Ma,Li Xianhua et al.,2004; Guo Chunli et al.,2015),后者是区内主要成矿岩体。花岗斑岩和石英斑岩均呈岩脉的形式产出,石英斑岩主要分布于野鸡尾地区,与斑岩型锡铜矿化有关,而花岗斑岩主要沿着NE向断裂分布并穿切前两期花岗岩及矿体(图15)。构造系统由北东向和北北东向断裂以及次一级的北西向和近东西向断裂组成,其中北东向和北北东向断裂是主要控岩控矿构造。区内矿化最强的部位位于岩体与围岩接触带附近,主矿体赋存在主断裂结合部位的强褶皱大理岩和矽卡岩中。

  • 区内矿床主要蚀变类型有矽卡岩化、云英岩化、绢云母化、绿泥石化、电气石化、黄铁矿化、萤石化及硅化等,并以花岗岩为中心,依次发育云英岩化、矽卡岩化、大理岩化及硅化等,呈现良好的蚀变分带,并且可见不同蚀变类型的相互叠加,如矽卡岩化叠加于大理岩化之上,云英岩化叠加于矽卡岩化之上。其中,矽卡岩化、云英岩化及硅化与成矿最为密切,不同蚀变类型的相互叠加导致成矿金属的进一步富集,硅化主要发育于矿区东北部的碎屑岩区,是脉状矿床的主要蚀变类型。

  • 柿竹园钨锡多金属矿床在区内矿床规模最大,其矿化类型、金属组合复杂,并呈现明显的垂直分带现象,按照矿石组成、结构-构造及矿物学特征,从矿区顶部向深部可依次划分为Ⅰ矿带、Ⅱ矿带、Ⅲ矿带和Ⅳ矿带(图16,王昌烈等,1987; Lu Huanzhang et al.,2003)。Ⅰ矿带为网脉状Sn-Be矿体,占矿床总矿石量的3.3%,主要产出于顶部大理岩内,多分布于700 m标高以上,其中锡石、绿柱石和硬羟钙铍石是主要的矿石矿物。Ⅱ矿带为块状矽卡岩型W-Bi矿体,占总矿石量的27.6%,主要产出于花岗岩与碳酸盐岩接触带,分布于500~700 m标高范围内,主要矿石矿物为白钨矿、辉铋矿、黑钨矿等。Ⅲ矿带为叠加于矽卡岩之上的网脉状云英岩型W-Sn-Mo-Bi矿体,是云英岩化沿着裂隙叠加在块状矽卡岩之上的结果,因此进一步富集了成矿元素,约占总矿石量的45.6%。Ⅳ矿带为面状云英岩型W-Sn-Mo-Bi矿体,约占总矿石量的23.5%,主要出现在矿区深处成矿岩体顶部的突起部位,是岩体顶部云英岩化的结果。主要矿石矿物有黑钨矿、白钨矿、辉铋矿、萤石和辉钼矿。

  • 区内近端多金属矿床还包括金船塘矽卡岩型Sn-Bi矿床,已探明的11个矿体呈扁豆状、透镜状,均产于千里山岩体与泥盆系碳酸盐岩的接触带中,主要矿石矿物为锡石、辉铋矿等(刘晓菲等,2012)。远端多金属矿床为包括柴山、横山岭、蛇形坪、百步垅矿床在内的脉型Pb-Zn-Ag矿床,位于千里山岩体西南数百米至数千米不等。脉体主要产于泥盆系碳酸盐岩中,呈NE向分布,延伸数十至数百米,主要矿石矿物为方铅矿、闪锌矿和银黝铜矿等(Wu Shenghua et al.,2018)。矿区中部产出与石英斑岩有关的野鸡尾大型铜锡矿床,矿床主要分布于510 m标高以上的石英斑岩体及周围接触带中,主要矿石矿物为锡石和黄铜矿等(苏咏梅,2008)。矿区东北部震旦系变质岩中产出多个热液脉型锡铅锌银矿床,包括近端红旗岭热液脉型锡多金属矿床和远端枞树板及南风坳热液脉型铅锌银矿床。红旗岭锡多金属矿床深部存在隐伏的黑云母花岗岩体,浅部已发现矿脉14条,均呈N(N)E向分布,矿石主要呈细脉状、浸染状、块状构造等,主要矿石矿物为锡石、黑钨矿及白钨矿(袁顺达等,2012a)。枞树板铅锌银矿床,矿脉主要呈NE向分布,矿石主要呈块状、细脉状、浸染状、团块状构造等,主要矿石矿物为方铅矿、闪锌矿及硫锑铜银矿等(陈柏林等,1998)。

  • 2.4.2 成矿模式

  • 对区内多个矿床的研究显示,除柿竹园钨锡多金属矿床外,在玛瑙山、红旗岭、枞树板等地区发育的等粒黑云母花岗岩代表了千里山岩体在侵位过程中形成的多个侵位中心。矿集区内W-Sn-Mo-Bi-Pb-Zn-Ag矿化集中在较短时间内近同时形成(Zhao Panlao et al.,2018)。矿化类型主要受控于围岩,形成近端的W-Sn-Mo-Bi矿床(包括柿竹园、金船塘矿床)和远端的Pb-Zn-Ag矿床(包括柴山、横山岭、蛇形坪、百步垅矿床),对应可初步建立柿竹园多金属矿田成矿模式(图17)。黑云母花岗岩侵位至碳酸盐岩围岩,在外接触带形成大量矽卡岩,并可在内接触带形成云英岩。该过程伴随大量CO2的释放,造成系统压力增加以及裂隙的发育,有利于稍晚的云英岩网脉状矿化形成,叠加在早先的矽卡岩型矿化之上,由此形成近端的矽卡岩-云英岩型W-Sn-Mo-Bi矿床(包括柿竹园、金船塘矿床)。侵入体演化至晚期时,释放出的流体随断裂系统运移至较远的碳酸盐岩地层中,冷却后形成远端的脉型Pb-Zn-Ag矿床(包括柴山、横山岭、蛇形坪、百步垅矿床);当侵入体侵位至震旦系变质沉积岩中时,花岗岩浆热液不易与围岩发生反应,含矿热液沿NE向断裂运移,形成近端脉型Sn多金属矿床(红旗岭矿床)和远端脉型Pb-Zn-Ag矿床(枞树板、南风坳矿床)。此外,在更浅部位侵位的石英斑岩岩枝附近可形成斑岩型-矽卡岩型Sn-Cu矿床(野鸡尾矿床)。

  • 图16 柿竹园矽卡岩-云英岩型W-Sn-Mo-Bi矿床剖面图(据Lu Huanzhang et al.,2003修改)

  • Fig.16 Section map of the Shizhuyuan skarn-greisen-type W-Sn-Mo-Bi deposit (modified after Lu Huanzhang et al., 2003)

  • 图17 柿竹园钨锡多金属矿田成矿模式图

  • Fig.17 Metallogenetic model of the Shizhuyuan W-Sn polymetallic orefield

  • 2.5 大厂Sn多金属矿田

  • 2.5.1 地质背景和矿床地质特征

  • 大厂锡多金属矿田位于广西省河池市南丹县,地处右江盆地北缘与江南造山带西南缘交界地带的丹池褶皱带内,已探明Sn储量147万t,以及锌、铅、锑、铜、银等伴生金属综合储量近1200万t(其中锌680万t,铅176万t,锑138万t,铜37万t),是我国规模最大的锡多金属矿集区之一,以往研究程度较高(如陈毓川等,19851993; 周怀阳等,1987; 韩发等,19891991; Fu et al.,19911993; Jiang Shaoyong et al.,1999; Pašava et al.,2003; Cai Minghai et al.,2007; Zhao Kuidong et al.,2007; 梁婷等,2008; Guo Jia et al.,2018; 赵海等,2018; Zhao Hai et al.,2018; Zhao Kuidong et al.,2021)。矿区内最主要的地层为泥盆系和石炭系,为一套碎屑岩-碳酸盐岩-硅质岩建造(图18),区内锡多金属矿床主要赋存于泥盆系。泥盆系由老到新,主要为纳标组、罗富组、榴江组、五指山组和同车江组(或下石炭统鹿寨组)。其中纳标组主要为生物礁灰岩,是高峰100和105号锡石硫化物矿体的主要赋矿围岩;罗富组主要为钙质泥岩、泥质灰岩、生物碎屑灰岩以及页岩与泥质灰岩互层,是铜坑94、95、96号矽卡岩型Zn-Cu矿体的主要赋矿围岩;榴江组主要为层状硅质(页)岩,也是重要的赋矿地层,其内产出有铜坑92号锡石硫化物矿体;五指山组主要由灰岩组成,同时有泥质岩硅质岩等呈条带状互层产出,是铜坑91号锡石硫化物矿体及拉么矽卡岩型Zn-Cu矿体的主要赋矿围岩;同车江组是大厂矿田主要出露地层,主要由泥岩、灰岩、炭质页岩、粉砂岩和粉砂质泥岩构成,下部有脉状矿体赋存。此外,区域上还有石炭系地层出露,主要为寺门组石英砂岩和黄龙组白云岩、灰岩等。区内揭露的岩浆活动相对较少,主要为位于矿田中部的笼箱盖复式花岗岩体,出露面积较小(图18)。同时,位于长坡-铜坑矿床两侧也有少量花岗斑岩脉(东岩墙)和闪长玢岩脉(西岩墙)出露。笼箱盖岩体主要为黑云母花岗岩,具有多个不同岩相,虽然其在地表出露面积很小,但深部有大面积揭露,可延伸至铜坑-长坡矿床深部,一般被认为是区内主要成矿相关花岗岩,成岩时代主要为97~91 Ma(蔡明海等,2006; 李华芹等,2008; 梁婷等,20082011)。区域构造活动较为复杂,主要为分布在东西两个矿区的NW和NS向大厂断裂和丹池断裂,以及一系列NE向小型断裂,同时在东西两个矿区也发育有大厂背斜和笼箱盖背斜(图18)。

  • 图18 大厂锡多金属矿田地质图(据Cai Jiali et al.,2023修改)

  • Fig.18 Geological map of the Dachang Sn polymetallic orefield (modified after Cai Jiali et al., 2023)

  • 大厂矿田以笼箱盖花岗岩体为中心,可划分为东、西两个矿带(图18)。西矿带主要有铜坑(长坡)、高峰和巴力锡多金属矿床,其中铜坑和高峰是区内最主要的两个超大型锡多金属矿床,合计Sn储量超过100万t,占全区总储量的近70%。东矿带主要由大福楼、灰乐、亢马等中小型锡多金属矿床构成;中部则发育拉么锌铜矿和茶山锑钨矿床等。区内矿化类型以矽卡岩和锡石硫化物型为主,此外也发育大脉-细脉带型矿体。以区内最重要的铜坑矿床为例(图19),其深部靠近隐伏花岗岩的罗富组发育多层状矽卡岩型Zn-Cu矿体,在中部榴江组硅质岩和五指山组灰岩中分别发育层状锡石硫化物型Sn-Zn-Pb-Sb矿体,在浅部同车江组则发育细脉带型和大脉型Sn多金属矿体。大厂锡多金属矿田主要矿化类型的具体特征如下:

  • (1)锡石硫化物型:多以硅质岩、碳酸盐岩和泥质岩中层状-似层状矿体分布在铜坑、亢马、灰乐、大福楼等矿床,在高峰矿床主要发育在纳标组生物礁灰岩的礁核相中。以Sn-Zn-Pb-Sb多金属矿化为主,围岩蚀变主要有硅化、方解石化;主要矿石矿物包括锡石、磁黄铁矿、黄铁矿、铁闪锌矿、毒砂、脆硫锑铅矿、黄铜矿、黝锡矿、方铅矿等;主要脉石矿物包括石英、方解石、电气石、萤石等。大厂锡石硫化物主要为一类碳酸盐岩交代型矿化,虽然其经常构成宏观上的层状矿体(如铜坑91、92号矿体),但微观上主要由穿层细脉、顺层交代、浸染状等主要矿化形式构成。

  • (2)矽卡岩型:主要发育在花岗岩与碳酸盐岩接触部位,如拉么及铜坑深部矽卡岩矿体,其多以Zn-Cu多金属矿化为主,Sn品位较低或低于边界工业品位。主要围岩蚀变为硅化、矽卡岩化、大理岩化等,其中退变质阶段的绿泥石化与Zn-Cu矿化关系十分密切。主要矿石矿物有铁闪锌矿、黄铜矿、黄铁矿、毒砂、磁黄铁矿、锡石、脆硫锑铅矿、方铅矿、菱铁矿等;主要脉石矿物有石榴子石、透辉石、透闪石、阳起石、绿泥石、方解石、石英等。

  • (3)热液脉型:在层状锡石硫化物矿体或矽卡岩矿体浅部或外围可发育热液脉型矿体,如铜坑浅部大脉型和细脉带型矿体、灰乐含锡石硫化物石英脉以及拉么层状矽卡岩型矿体上部的大脉型矿体等。通常热液脉型矿化主要矿石矿物与对应的层状锡石硫化物或矽卡岩型矿体一致,具有较高品位,如铜坑顶部大脉型矿体Sn平均品位达2.1%,Zn平均品位达8.3%。

  • 图19 大厂矿田铜坑锡多金属矿床剖面图(据Cai Jiali et al.,2023修改)

  • Fig.19 Cross section map of the Tongkeng Sn polymetallic deposit in the Dachang orefield (modified after Cai Jiali et al., 2023)

  • 2.5.2 成矿模式

  • 大厂矿田矽卡岩型和脉型矿化与燕山期花岗质岩浆热液作用的成因关系较为明确。但关于最具工业价值的层状锡石硫化物矿体的成因类型和成矿金属来源,尚存在较大争议,主要有两种观点:①与泥盆纪海底喷流沉积相关(如周怀阳等,1987; 韩发等,19891991; Jiang Shaoyong et al.,1999; Zhao Kuidong et al.,2007);②燕山期岩浆热液成因(如陈毓川等,19851993; Fu et al.,19911993; Pašava et al.,2003; Cai Minghai et al.,2007)。近年来,原位微区锡石U-Pb定年技术的发展为解决上述争议提供了关键证据,Guo Jia et al.(2018)Cai Jiali et al.(2023) 系统获取了铜坑、高峰、大福楼、灰乐、亢马等矿区内主要层状锡石硫化物矿体的锡石U-Pb年龄,结果均集中在95~90 Ma,与笼箱盖复式花岗岩锆石年龄在误差范围内一致,表明区内主要层状锡石硫化物矿化均为燕山期花岗质岩浆热液成矿产物。最近,Zhao Kuidong et al.(2021)系统对比了大厂矿区内各类成因电气石的地球化学特征和B同位素组成,也证实了铜坑层状锡石硫化物成矿流体为岩浆热液来源。

  • 综上,大厂锡多金属矿床与笼箱盖花岗岩或矿床深部隐伏花岗岩密切相关,成矿时代集中,不同矿化类型主要受围岩的岩性和构造条件控制,在前人研究基础上可进一步归纳大厂锡多金属成矿模型(图20):岩浆经历高分异和演化后侵位,岩浆热液在近端与碳酸盐岩或泥质岩地层接触带附近顺层交代,形成层状矽卡岩型锌铜矿体;流体向远端和浅部迁移时,可在碳酸盐岩或硅质岩地层中形成切层细脉、大脉和浸染状矿化,同时也可顺层交代,最终形成宏观上的层状锡石硫化物矿体和浅部大脉状矿体。流体迁移过程中,温度降低、大气水混合、流体沸腾、与碳酸盐岩发生中和反应(Heinrich,1990),流体中的Sn(II)与CO2或H3AsO3等物种的氧化还原反应(Heinrich et al.,1986)都可能导致锡石大量沉淀,最终形成高品位、规模巨大的锡石硫化物矿体。

  • 图20 大厂锡多金属矿田成矿模式图(据陈毓川等,1993修改)

  • Fig.20 Metallogenetic model of the Dachang Sn polymetallic orefield (modified after Chen Yuchuan et al., 1993)

  • 2.6 个旧Sn多金属矿田

  • 2.6.1 地质背景和矿床地质特征

  • 个旧锡多金属矿田地处云南省个旧市,位于华南地块西缘,北邻扬子克拉通,西邻三江褶皱带,有世界上最大规模的锡资源。个旧地区地层主要由下三叠统飞仙关组和永宁镇组,中三叠统个旧组和法朗组,上三叠统鸟格组和火把冲组组成。其中,飞仙关组由杂色砂页岩组成,永宁镇组由砂泥岩组成,个旧组主要为碳酸盐岩,下部夹有基性火山岩,法朗组由细粒碎屑岩及煤系地层组成,鸟格组和火把冲组由细粒碎屑岩组成。矿田内岩浆活动丰富,主要发育白垩纪大规模岩浆侵位事件。区内岩浆岩主要有白沙冲斑状和等粒状花岗岩、北炮台等粒状花岗岩、龙岔河似斑状花岗岩、神仙水碱长花岗岩、白云山霞石正长岩、贾沙辉长岩、玄武岩和煌斑岩等,锡多金属成矿与矿区深部隐伏斑状和等粒状花岗岩密切相关(308地质队,1984; 王新光等,1992; 毛景文等,2008)。区内构造作用较为复杂,主要包括南北向个旧断裂,北北东向龙岔河、轿顶山和杨家田断裂以及北西向白沙冲断裂(图21)。矿田内主要锡多金属矿床均分布在个旧断裂以东,自北向南分别为马拉格、松树脚、高松、老厂和卡房五个主要矿床(图21)。

  • 个旧矿田Sn-Cu-Pb-Zn总金属储量约为1000万t,其中Sn储量为327万t,Cu储量为325万t,Pb和Zn总储量为429万t,次生氧化矿和原生锡矿各约占锡总储量的一半(308地质队,1984; 庄永秋等,1996; 杨宗喜等,2008; Cheng Yanbo et al.,20102019)。个旧原生锡矿化的主要类型有矽卡岩型、云英岩型、锡石硫化物型和脉型等,这其中相当一部分锡石硫化物矿体已在次生氧化作用下转化为占矿田Sn储量近一半的层间氧化矿。此外,在三叠纪玄武岩层内或与个旧组大理岩层间接触带中可发育层状铜锡矿体,这种矿化与碳酸盐岩交代成因的锡石硫化物矿化类似,为玄武岩围岩参与的岩浆热液交代作用产物(毛景文等,2008)。以个旧矿田内规模最大的老厂锡多金属矿床为例,在同一矿床或矿段内常可发育不同类型锡矿化组合(图22)。虽然不同矿化类型多数以锡为主,但当玄武岩出现时,会形成以铜为主体的铜锡矿化。结合毛景文等(2008)程彦博(2012)等描述,个旧主要矿化类型的特征可总结如下:

  • (1)矽卡岩型:矽卡岩型矿化在个旧矿田普遍发育,是个旧矿田最主要的成矿类型。个旧矿田具有从北到南锡矿化逐渐减少,铜矿化逐渐增加,矽卡岩型矿化具有这种典型金属组合特征,即富铜矽卡岩型矿化主要出现在矿田南部的卡房和老厂矿区,往往伴随玄武岩出现。矽卡岩型矿化主要以透镜状、层状、脉状分布在花岗岩与碳酸盐岩地层接触的部位,矿体厚度变化较大,从5~100 m不等,延伸可达100~500 m。个旧矿田矽卡岩种类繁多,主要有透辉石矽卡岩、透辉石—石榴子石矽卡岩、钙铁榴石矽卡岩、符山石矽卡岩和方柱石矽卡岩等。锡多金属矿化主要发生在矽卡岩退变质阶段,矿石矿物主要为锡石、磁黄铁矿、黄铜矿、黄铁矿、毒砂、黝锡矿、辉铋矿、磁铁矿、方铅矿、闪锌矿、白钨矿和辉钼矿等。脉石矿物主要有石榴子石、透辉石、方柱石、符山石、透闪石、阳起石、金云母、绿泥石。

  • 图21 个旧锡多金属矿田地质图(据Cheng Yanbo et al.,2013修改)

  • Fig.21 Geological map of the Gejiu Sn polymetallic orefield (modified after Cheng Yanbo et al., 2013)

  • (2)锡石硫化物型:锡石硫化物或碳酸盐岩交代型矿化构成了个旧矿田最重要的工业矿体类型,在所有主要矿床中均发育。其主要以脉状、层状、似层状矿体广泛分布在碳酸盐岩地层中,以致密块状硫化物富集为主要特征,部分硫化物已经发生氧化作用,形成矿区广泛分布的氧化型矿体。矿石矿物以锡石、磁黄铁矿、黄铜矿、毒砂、铁闪锌矿、黄铁矿等为主;脉石矿物主要有萤石、石英等。

  • 图22 个旧矿田老厂锡多金属矿床大陡山矿段剖面图(据Cheng Yanbo et al.,2012修改)

  • Fig.22 Cross section of the Dadoushan ore section of the Laochang Sn polymetallic deposit in the Gejiu orefield (modified after Cheng Yanbo et al., 2012)

  • (3)云英岩型:云英岩型矿化主要出现在花岗岩侵入体顶部,同时构成矽卡岩的内接触带,在个旧矿田发育规模较小。脉石矿物主要为石英、白云母、钾长石、钠长石、绿柱石、电气石、萤石、锂云母以及黄玉;矿石矿物主要为锡石和少量黑钨矿。

  • (4)热液脉型:个旧矿田发育多种脉状矿化,前人根据其矿物组合差别提出过多种分类方案。其中较为重要的两种分别是分布于老厂矿区碳酸盐岩地层中的含电气石脉型矿体和分布于老厂、卡房等矿区花岗岩中的石英脉型矿体。含电气石脉包括电气石与石英、钾长石、矽卡岩、金云母、硫化物等不同矿物构成的多种脉体,是老厂矿区主要成矿类型之一,主要矿石矿物为锡石、绿柱石和一些硫化物矿物。石英脉型矿化在个旧矿田发育较少,主要以黑钨矿-石英脉、锡石-石英脉等形式产出,此类矿化主要矿石矿物为黄铁矿、黑钨矿和锡石等。

  • 2.6.2 成矿模式

  • 个旧锡多金属矿田的形成与区域内白垩纪S型花岗岩有着密切关系,其花岗岩具有多阶段侵位和多阶段成矿的特征。Cheng Yanbo et al.(2019)对个旧锡矿田云英岩型、矽卡岩型、氧化物型以及脉状矿化的锡石进行了系统的U-Pb定年,结果分别为80.8±1.0 Ma,77.9±1.2 Ma,81.9±1.4 Ma和83.6±1.3 Ma,与早先获得的不同矿化中云母40Ar/39Ar定年结果(95.3 ± 0.7 Ma到77.4±0.6 Ma,Cheng Yanbo et al.,2013)和矿区内花岗岩形成年龄范围(85.8±0.6 Ma到77.4±2.5 Ma,程彦博,2012)相吻合。此外,Guo Jia et al.(2018)对个旧矿田高松矿区的锡石硫化物型矿床中的锡石定年结果为84.3±1.4 Ma,85.1±1.0 Ma 和83.5±2.1 Ma,锡石形成年龄也与区内高峰山岩体年龄(85.8±0.6 Ma)在误差范围内一致。以上年代学证据表明个旧矿田的锡成矿事件与白垩纪花岗岩密切相关,不同类型锡矿的形成之间可能具有多阶段特征,但整体形成时间相对集中。结合毛景文等(2008)程彦博(2012)等提出的成矿模型,个旧锡多金属矿田不同矿化类型组合的综合成矿模式可归纳如下(图23):在花岗岩浆演化结晶过程中,挥发组分和W-Sn-Be-Bi等元素不断在上部富集,在岩体顶部形成云英岩和相关矿化,有部分会在花岗岩中形成锡石-黑钨矿-石英脉,也可在围岩中沿断裂和节理形成层状交代矿体和脉状、网脉状矿体。同时,岩浆热液与碳酸盐岩围岩发生矽卡岩化,并且在矽卡岩退变质过程中形成大量Sn多金属矿化。当围岩包括富Cu的三叠纪玄武岩时,矿化金属组合由以Sn为主转变为富Cu或以Cu为主。玄武岩可能是个旧矿区中Cu矿化的主要物质来源,而Pb-Zn等贱金属可能主要来源于碳酸盐岩地层。

  • 图23 个旧锡多金属矿田成矿模式图(据毛景文等,2008修改)

  • Fig.23 Metallogenetic model of the Gejiu Sn polymetallic orefield (modified after Mao Jingwen et al., 2008)

  • 3 与花岗岩有关钨、锡矿床的成矿潜力判别

  • 无论是从华南还是全球范围看,钨矿和锡矿虽然多数与高分异花岗岩具有密切成因联系,但并非所有高分异花岗岩都能成矿,即使成矿也往往具有一定选择性,即以其中一种金属为主导,另一种金属较少或不发育,钨锡以相似规模同时产出的矿床则相对较少(华仁民等,2010; Schmidt et al.,2020; Zhao Panlao et al.,2022)。显然,如何有效评价花岗质岩浆热液系统的钨锡成矿潜力,始终是矿床学研究和找矿实践中面临的重大问题。

  • 岩浆和热液过程是花岗质岩浆热液系统的两大组成部分,花岗岩作为岩浆过程的最终产物,一直是用来反映岩浆热液系统成矿潜力的主要研究对象。对于我国华南和其它地区钨锡成矿花岗岩的岩石地球化学特征以及矿物学特征,前人已经进行了较为系统的总结(如陈骏等,2014; Mao Jingwen et al.,2019; 吴福元等,2023),特别是对华南多时代花岗岩的成矿专属性问题已有较为详尽的研究(陈骏等,20082014; 华仁民等,2010)。值得注意的是,近年来单个流体和熔体包裹体LA-ICP-MS成分分析技术的应用,使得直接获取花岗质岩浆热液系统中熔体成分和初始流体成分成为可能,特别是花岗质岩浆初始流体化学组分的精确测定,为从热液角度探索成矿潜力提供了全新视角(Audétat,2019)。此外,相比于全岩和单矿物分析,利用熔体包裹体解析岩浆过程也具有很大优势,可较为准确的限定岩浆演化不同阶段中成矿金属等微量元素浓度变化(Halter et al.,2004; Audétat,2006; Monecke et al.,20072011)。不过,目前对钨、锡矿床有关的流体-熔体成分分析和成矿潜力研究仍主要局限于国外少数中小型矿床(Audétat,2019),尚缺乏针对大型—超大型钨锡矿床,特别是华南地区典型矿床的系统研究总结。鉴于此,本节将在前人研究基础上,结合一些最新实测数据,从岩石学、矿物学和流体-熔体成分角度对华南与花岗岩有关钨锡矿床的成矿潜力和成矿专属性进行归纳总结(表1),以期进一步拓展花岗岩钨、锡成矿潜力评价指标体系,服务找矿实践。

  • 3.1 钨、锡成矿花岗岩的岩石学和矿物学特征

  • 近年来,对华南成钨和成锡花岗岩地球化学差异研究较多集中在南岭成矿带。陈骏等(2014)对南岭地区主要含钨、锡花岗岩的统计研究表明,含锡花岗岩以准铝质-弱过铝质(含角闪石)黑云母花岗岩为主,Rb/Sr 比值相对偏低,ASI(铝饱和指数)范围为0.9~1.1,分异程度相对较低;而含钨花岗岩则以二云母花岗岩及白云母花岗岩为主,Y,Rb和Rb/Sr比值较高,ASI(铝饱和指数)大于1.1,分异程度较高,同时两种花岗岩都具有明显的负Eu异常。总体上看,华南地区与钨有关的花岗岩具有高分异壳源的特征,而与锡有关的花岗岩除了与分异高的S型花岗岩有关,还与A型花岗岩、中酸性花岗闪长岩、基性岩等多种岩石类型有关,同时在湘南、桂北、滇东南等地的含锡花岗岩中广泛发育暗色包体,而含钨花岗岩中少有暗色包体发育,暗示两者对应的岩浆活动中地幔物质参与程度不同(朱金初等,2006; 李献华等,2009; 赵葵东等,2009; 华仁民等,2010; Cheng Yanbo et al.,2012; Chen Jun et al.,2013)。对华南主要钨、锡花岗岩全岩εNdt)值和锆石εHft)值(如Cheng Yanbo et al.,2010; Guo Chunli et al.,20122015; 黄兰椿等,2012; Zhao Kuidong et al.,2012; Huang Lanchun et al.,2014; Mao Zhihao et al.,2015; Mao Jingwen et al.,2017; Li Huan et al.,2018; Su Qiangwei et al.,2018; Wang Tingyi et al.,2019; Cao Jingya et al.,2020; Li Wensheng et al.,2020; Zhang Di et al.,2020; Wang Hui et al.,2021)的统计表明:含钨花岗岩全岩εNdt)分布范围主要在-13~-5,有两个峰值,分布的范围分别为-11~-12和-8~-5。含锡花岗岩全岩εNdt)分布范围主要是-12.5~-5.5,也有两个峰值,分布的范围分别为-10.5~-12和-8.5~-7,与含钨花岗岩峰值的分布范围基本相同。含钨花岗岩锆石εHft)范围主要在-15~-2,峰值分布在-12~-9和-5~-2之间,而含锡花岗岩锆石εHft)范围主要在-12~-3,具有1个较宽峰值,范围在-8~-1。全岩Nd同位素和锆石Hf同位素统计结果表明含钨花岗岩物源以壳源为主,含锡花岗岩有更多地幔物质参与。此外,在一些锡矿床中与锡石共生硫化物的He同位素具有明显高于地壳端元的组成,也揭示出成矿流体中有地幔组分的参与(如芙蓉、大厂,Li Zhaoli et al.,2006; Cai Minghai et al.,2007)。最近,Yuan Shunda et al.(2019)Zhao Panlao et al.(2022)对成锡和成钨花岗岩开展的对比研究中提出源区熔融条件不同是造成花岗岩钨、锡成矿潜力差异的关键因素之一。低温下(750℃以下)以白云母脱水为主的低程度部分熔融导致钨在初始熔体中富集,而较高温(800℃以上)以黑云母脱水为主的部分熔融则有利于锡的富集。

  • 表1 花岗质岩浆热液系统的钨、锡成矿潜力判别指标汇总

  • Table1 Summary of evaluation indexes of tungsten and tin mineralization potential of granitic magmatic-hydrothermal system

  • 注:① 一般指演化至晚期与成矿直接相关的具体花岗岩相,而非广义上的成矿相关花岗岩。

  • 含锡花岗岩一般具有相对较低的氧逸度特征,如右江盆地的个旧和大厂锡矿,其成矿花岗岩氧逸度和世界上大多数锡矿的成锡花岗岩一致,往往低于NNO或者与QFM相近(Ishihara,1977; Heinrich,1990),属于钛铁矿系列花岗岩(郭佳,2019),此时熔体中锡往往以Sn(II)形式存在,因此在结晶分异过程中更易富集于熔体,而副矿物则相对贫锡。不过,南岭成矿带主要含锡花岗岩,特别是湘南至桂东北地区的一系列准铝质A型含锡花岗岩往往具有较高的氧逸度(NNO-HM之间),磁铁矿为主要钛铁氧化物矿物(陈骏等,2014)。这些含锡花岗岩中原生黑云母表现为富钛特征,更有利于Sn(Ⅳ)与Ti(Ⅳ)的置换(Wang Rucheng et al.,2013)。因此,准铝质含锡花岗岩中含锡黑云母被当作成矿能力的判别标准之一,黑云母含有越多的锡,则可能表明锡在原始岩浆中越高,其形成锡矿的能力也可能越强。此外,锡也会以类质同象形式存在于其它含钛或者含铁矿物中,比如磁铁矿和榍石,这些矿物也是含锡花岗岩成矿能力的判别标志(Linnen et al.,2005)。南岭骑田岭、花山和姑婆山等含锡花岗岩就含有富锡的榍石,而其它贫锡花岗岩中榍石则具有贫锡的特征(王汝成等,2011)。因此,花岗岩中榍石是否富集锡元素和磁铁矿中能否发现钛铁矿以及微米级锡石也可以作为含锡花岗岩成矿能力的判别标准之一。而对于含钨花岗岩,钨矿物是否出现也可作为判别花岗岩钨成矿潜力的矿物学指标之一,例如王仙岭花岗岩中含有黑钨矿、西华山花岗岩中出现铌黑钨矿以及彭公庙细晶岩中出现白钨矿等(Wang Rucheng et al.,2003; 张文兰等,2011)。

  • 3.2 钨、锡成矿系统的流体-熔体新指标

  • 成矿流体相对非成矿流体是否更加富集成矿元素,以及成矿岩体相对非成矿岩体是否经历了显著的成矿元素预富集,是花岗岩与成矿研究需要解决的一个根本性问题。近年来的一些研究表明,在岩浆和热液过程中被直接记录的熔体和流体包裹体可以作为评价成矿潜力的重要依据(如Audétat et al.,200020082017; Lerchbaumer et al.,2013; Zhang Daohan et al.,2018; Han Liang et al.,2023)。例如,钼成矿与非成矿系统在熔体和初始成矿流体Mo含量方面均没有显著差别,因此Mo在热液系统中的富集成矿可能并不需要更富Mo的熔体或初始流体(Audétat et al.,2017)。对于与花岗岩有关钨、锡成矿系统,少量国外案例研究发现成矿系统中初始流体Sn含量显著高于非成矿系统,而成矿系统W含量可略高于非成矿系统(Audétat,2019)。但是,这一认识目前主要是基于少数中小型矿床得到的,尚缺少大型—超大型矿床研究进一步验证。

  • 对此,本文在国外报道的锡钨成矿花岗岩和贫矿花岗岩初始流体成分数据基础上,对我国若干典型大型—超大型钨锡矿床(如瑶岗仙、漂塘、淘锡坑、大厂、维拉斯托等)以及一个贫矿的高演化花岗岩(乌山岩体)中初始或成矿流体成分进行了统计分析(图24)。由于Cs在大多数矿物中不相容,Cs/Na比值可以排除流体盐度影响并反映深部岩浆的相对演化程度。从流体中Sn、W浓度与Cs浓度关系可以发现,Sn、W元素在成矿流体中的相对浓度总体上均随Cs浓度增高而增高,其中W与Cs的正相关关系较Sn与Cs更明显。这可能反映了随岩浆结晶分异程度增加,W、Sn均可在残余熔体和对应出溶的初始流体中富集,但W的富集基本只受到结晶分异程度控制,而Sn的富集可能还受到其他因素(如岩浆氧逸度和岩浆热液转换过程等)影响。与成矿系统相比,贫矿系统中Sn/Na比值则明显偏低,表明富Sn的成矿流体是形成Sn矿床的必要条件;而成矿系统中W/Na比值可略高于或近似于贫矿花岗岩。值得注意的是,与贫矿系统相比,Sn、W成矿系统的1000×Cs/Na值整体分布在较窄的范围(10~100)内,这可能暗示成矿流体的形成需要对应适中的岩浆结晶程度,如果熔体结晶程度过高,则出溶成矿流体量较少,而当结晶程度过低,则锡/钨元素的富集程度可能不足,均不利于大型锡钨矿床的形成(Han Liang et al.,2023)。

  • 与钨锡矿床具有时间和空间上紧密联系的花岗岩体通常是钨锡成矿的主要金属来源。以往的研究认为成矿岩体经历了预富集源区的熔融和高度岩浆演化,进而导致岩浆中成矿金属高度富集,是成矿的先决条件(Romer et al.,2016; Lehmann,2021)。虽然成矿花岗岩中钨、锡含量已有大量全岩数据被报道,但由于这些岩体通常蚀变较强,难以避免钨、锡等成矿元素在流体活动中交换,导致所报道的数据具有很大范围,难以代表原始的岩浆成分。因此,作为重要参数的成矿岩浆中钨、锡含量目前尚未被很好限定,这不仅限制了对岩浆成矿过程的认识,也阻碍了对岩体成矿潜力的直观评价。花岗岩造岩矿物(如石英、长石等)中保存的熔体包裹体是花岗质岩浆的直接样本,且在捕获后不易受蚀变作用影响,能够很好地反映岩浆中原始金属含量。但是,目前针对成钨、锡花岗岩中熔体包裹体成分研究的报道依然十分缺乏,仅有个别案例报道(Audétat et al.,2000; Zajacz et al.,2008)。

  • 图24 典型钨锡矿床与贫矿花岗岩初始或成矿流体成分对比(数据来源: Audétat,2019和Pan Junyi et al.,未发表数据)

  • Fig.24 Comparison of initial or ore fluid compositions between typical tungsten and tin deposits and barren systems (data sourced from Audétat, 2019 and Pan Junyi et al., unpublished data)

  • 图25 典型成矿钨、锡花岗岩与斑岩铜、钼及贫矿花岗岩熔体包裹体成分对比(数据来源: Audétat et al.,2000和Chi Zhe et al.,未发表数据)

  • Fig.25 Comparison of melt inclusions composition in typical tungsten and tin granites, porphyry Cu, Mo and barren granitic system (data sourced from Audétat et al., 2000 and Chi Zhe et al., unpublished data)

  • 为对这一问题开展探索,本文汇总了笔者最近获取的华南右江盆地和南岭成矿带若干典型钨、锡矿床(如都龙、个旧、大厂、木梓园、荡坪、大吉山等)成矿花岗岩熔体包裹体成分分析结果,并比较了其与贫矿花岗岩和斑岩铜、钼矿床成矿岩浆的金属含量差异(图25)。初步分析结果表明,锡主导的矿床成矿花岗岩熔体Sn含量在11×10-6~155×10-6,平均约50×10-6×10-6,熔体W含量为9×10-6~254×10-6,平均约45×10-6;钨主导的矿床成矿花岗岩熔体Sn含量在8×10-6~107×10-6,平均为46×10-6,熔体W为5×10-6~134×10-6,平均为22×10-6。综上所述,成钨和成锡花岗岩中熔体W、Sn含量没有显著区别,一般W含量近似或低于Sn含量,在一些成钨花岗岩(如木梓园、荡坪、大吉山等)中熔体Sn含量甚至可以显著超过W含量,但并未形成Sn矿化。相比于贫矿花岗岩和斑岩系统,成钨、锡花岗岩具有较高的熔体W含量和显著更高的熔体Sn含量,但斑岩钼矿成矿岩体的熔体W含量可以与成钨、锡花岗岩大致相当。以上数据表明,熔体包裹体中W、Sn含量可以一定程度上作为判别花岗岩钨、锡成矿潜力的依据。此外,成钨、锡花岗岩中熔体W、Sn含量并无显著对应性,可能暗示花岗岩钨、锡成矿的专属性还受到岩浆热液转换过程和热液过程的影响,不过仍有待进一步研究。

  • 4 结论与展望

  • 华南钨锡成矿作用不仅是中国,也是全世界研究与花岗岩有关稀有金属成矿不可多得的宝库。本文结合近年来的勘查进展和研究成果,对华南与花岗岩有关钨、锡成矿作用的主要类型、时空分布以及几类重要成矿模式进行了阶段性总结和探讨,主要认识如下:

  • (1)华南与花岗岩有关钨、锡矿床合计储量分别达到1000万t和700万t,少数大型矿床贡献了主要储量。矿床类型上看,矽卡岩型、石英脉型、斑岩型和云英岩型矿床构成了华南钨成矿作用的主体,矽卡岩型、锡石硫化物型、石英脉型、斑岩型以及云英岩型矿床构成了华南锡成矿作用的主体。

  • (2)南岭成矿带、赣北成矿带和右江盆地是华南最主要的钨、锡成矿集中区,整体具有东北部赣北成矿带以钨为主,西部右江盆地以锡为主,中部南岭成矿带钨锡并举的特征。华南与花岗岩有关钨锡成矿作用具有多时代特点,但最大规模成矿均集中于燕山期。其中,钨成矿作用在印支期、加里东期也有少量发生,而锡成矿作用在晋宁期也有少量发生。从矿床规模上看,以南岭和赣北成矿带为主要代表的钨成矿作用主要集中爆发于晚侏罗世至早白垩世早期(160~120 Ma),而右江盆地晚白垩世(110~80 Ma,峰期为90~80 Ma)锡矿床和南岭成矿带晚侏罗世(160~150 Ma)锡矿床则共同构成了华南最主要的锡成矿作用。

  • (3)多种不同矿化样式或金属类型在同一矿床或矿田尺度上组合产出是华南与花岗岩有关钨、锡矿床的一类重要特征,瑶岗仙W矿床、川口W矿田、茅坪W-Sn多金属矿床、柿竹园W-Sn多金属矿田、大厂Sn多金属矿田和个旧Sn多金属矿田代表了其中几种主要的成矿组合类型。

  • 诚然,除本文所重点关注的方面外,华南钨锡成矿作用研究仍然存在大量悬而未决的问题。这其中,高精度成岩成矿年龄的进一步获取将可能对现有成岩成矿模式产生较大影响。近年来的一些高精度年代学研究揭示出与花岗岩有关热液金属矿床成矿过程的瞬时性,大型—超大型热液成矿过程的时间尺度常常可以被限定在万年以内(如Quadt et al.,2011; Li Yang et al.,2023),这对我们如何精确识别钨锡成矿与花岗岩关系提出了挑战。华南钨锡矿床相关花岗岩往往具有多个阶段或岩相,当前无论是对花岗岩锆石还是矿床金属矿物的年龄测定,所获取的时间跨度或者误差经常达到5~10 Ma,这导致在现有数据精度下很难对它们的演化关系和成因联系进行更精准的识别。因此可以预见,当前得到的很多阶段性认识仍将在未来的研究中不断修正和完善。

  • 此外,我们在以往花岗岩钨、锡成矿潜力判别的岩石学、矿物学研究基础上,通过汇总花岗质岩浆热液系统熔体-流体化学组分特征,探索了花岗岩钨、锡成矿潜力判别的熔体-流体包裹体指标,一定程度上拓展了与花岗岩有关钨、锡矿床的找矿指标体系。目前,一些较为明显的规律包括:①成矿或初始流体是否富Sn是判别花岗岩锡成矿潜力的有效指标;②钨、锡成矿流体均具有较为限定的Cs/Na比值,这一比值也可以作为判别花岗岩钨、锡成矿潜力的重要参考;③花岗岩熔体包裹体中钨、锡含量一定程度上可以区分成矿和贫矿花岗岩。尽管当前已报道的花岗岩初始流体和熔体包裹体成分数据尚十分有限,但它们可能是判别花岗岩钨、锡成矿潜力的有效手段,需要在未来的研究中被更多关注。

  • 致谢:谨以此文纪念《地质学报》创刊100周年。本研究得到国家自然科学基金(92062220、41830426)和中央高校基本科研业务费(2023300131)资助。陈衍景教授、丰成友研究员、史仁灯研究员为本文修改提出宝贵意见和建议,在此一并致谢!

  • 附件:本文附件(附表1)详见http://www.geojournals.cn/dzxb/dzxb/article/abstract/202311096?st=article_issue

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