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作者简介:

旷红伟,女,1969年生。教授,博士生导师,主要研究方向为前寒武纪地层学与事件沉积学。E-mail:kuanghw@126.com。

柳永清,男,1960年生。研究员,博导,主要从事区域地质与沉积大地构造研究。E-mail:liuyongqing@cags.ac.cn。

耿元生,男,1950年生。研究员,主要从事前寒武纪变质岩与年代地层学研究。E-mail:ys-geng@cags.ac.cn。

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目录contents

    摘要

    本文系统梳理了中国地层表(2014)中—新元古界尚存的地层学问题,并以十多年来有关专家及本课题组地层年代学成果为基础,结合地质事件的时空发育和对比关系,重点研究了中元古界底界、中元古界待建系、中—新元古代过渡时期地层关系、成冰系底界的划分及震旦系罗圈冰期的时代归属。在此基础上提出了中—新元古代地层划分和对比方案建议,并进一步讨论和对比了中国华北、扬子和塔里木三大陆块中—新元古代地质特征异同。研究表明:中国中元古界以1800 Ma(或1780 Ma)为底界,比1600 Ma更合理;中元古界待建系虽在华北陆块北缘和南缘、扬子陆块北缘和南缘均发育,但以扬子陆块北缘神农架地区神农架群最佳,建议暂以神农架群为待建系候选层型进行重点研究;华北胶辽徐淮吉豫的原青白口纪地层很可能跨越了1000 Ma界线,有一部分地层属于中元古界;建议与国际接轨,原南华系与成冰系对应(720~635 Ma);青白口系以820 Ma构造面为界两分,下部称青白口系下统(1000~820 Ma),上部称青白口系上统(820~720 Ma),待以后证据更充分时再决定是否分为两个系;华北陆块南缘以罗圈冰川为代表的罗圈组及相应地层归入震旦系上部。以上研究为中国地层表“中—新元古界”划分对比方案的修订和完善提供了基础资料、划分依据和参考方案。

    Abstract

    This paper systematically sorts out the Meso-Neoproterozoic stratigraphic problems on the Stratigraphic Chart of China (2014), based on the achievements of relevant experts and the author's team in stratigraphic chronology in the past 10 years. By combining the results with the spatio-temporal development and correlation relationship of geological events, the study focuses on studying the definition of the bottom boundary of the Mesoproterozoic and the Mesoproterozoic Undefined System, the stratigraphic relationship in the Meso-Neoproterozoic transition period, and the division of the lower boundary of the Cryogenian, as well as the timing of the Tonian Luoquan glaciation. On this basis a subdivision and correlation framework of the Meso-Neoproterozoic strata of China are presented and the similarities and differences among the North China, Yangtze, and Tarim block discussed. The research indicates that it is more reasonable to set 1800 Ma (or 1780 Ma) as the lower boundary of the Mesoproterozoic than 1600 Ma. Although the Mesoproterozoic Undefined System is developed in both the northern and southern margins of North China and South China block, the Shennongjia Group in the northern margin of the Yangtze block is more favorable than others and as a result, suggested as the temporary stratotype of the Undefined System in China for focused research. The proto-Qingbaikou System in Jiao-Liao-Xuhuai-Ji-Yu of the North China block, is probably older than 1000 Ma, i.e., parts of it belong to the Mesoproterozoic. We propose that the proto-Nanhuan System corresponds to the international Cryogenian (720~635 Ma). The Qingbaikou System is bounded by a tectonic plane dated to 820 Ma-its lower part is named as the Lower Series of the Qingbaikou System (1000~820 Ma), and the upper part is named as the Upper Series of the Qingbaikou System (820~720 Ma). The decision on whether to divide these into two systems will be made when more evidence becomes available. The Luoquan Formation and coeval strata in the southern margin of North China block probably belong to the upper Sinian (Ediacaran). Our research provide data, evidence and the reference subdivision, to revise and improve for “the Meso-Neoproterozoic” division and correlation in the Stratigraphic Chart of China.

  • 高林志等(2007)测得北京西山下马岭组年龄1368±12 Ma后,在赵家山、青白口、平泉双洞等地又获得一系列斑脱岩(高林志等,2008a2008bSu Wenbo et al.,2008苏文博等,2010Zhang Shuichang et al.,2015)和侵入到下马岭组的辉绿岩墙(床)斜锆石年龄(李怀坤等,2009Zhang Shuanhong et al.,2012),分别为1384~1366 Ma和1325~1320 Ma,这也迫使中国中新元古代地层表作出了重新划分,将华北陆块下马岭组归入中元古界(殷鸿福,2014全国地层委员会《中国地层表》编委会,2014)。

  • 在华南地区,高林志等(2008c)在华南双桥山群横涌组和安乐林组斑脱岩中获得锆石SHRIMP U-Pb加权平均年龄831±5 Ma(横涌组)、829±5 Ma(安乐林组),在河上镇群上墅组中获得加权平均年龄767±5 Ma,表明该地区广为发育的双桥山群应归入新元古界。此后陆续发表的大量相关论文(高林志等,20092011a耿元生和陆松年,2014),将扬子陆块原定为中元古代的地层划归了新元古代早期。

  • 2013年中国地层表修订完成,2014年正式出版,将长城系的时限由原来的1800~1400 Ma调整为1800~1600 Ma,蓟县系由原来的1400~1000 Ma调整为1600~1400 Ma。由于下马岭组同位素年龄的变更调整,在中元古代出现了一段3亿多年的地层缺失,故1400~1000 Ma暂命名“待建系”(高林志等,2011b殷鸿福,2014)。需要说明的是,该地层表主要反映了截止至2009年的研究成果(殷鸿福,2014),2010年以后的新资料并未反映在该地层表中。

  • 锆石原位精确测年技术的发展、大量精确年代学数据的获得,带动了前寒武纪地层划分与对比的重大变革,建立起了较合理的中—新元古代地层年表(全国地层委员会《中国地层表》编委会,2014),同时出现一系列新的问题。

  • (1)长城系(1800~1600 Ma)年代地层序列的厘定及其标准剖面的建立问题:如,在长城系底界,由于新的年代学数据,有一小段缺失(全国地层委员会《中国地层表》编委会,2014),其底部空缺如何填补的问题;年代地层术语“长城系”和岩石地层术语“长城群”重名的问题(耿元生等,2019李怀坤等,2020);其次,国际上中元古界底界为1600 Ma,中国地层表为1800 Ma,中元古界底界如何确定问题(耿元生等,2019)。

  • (2)待建系年代地层单位的建立和标准剖面的建立问题(李怀坤等,2020):下马岭组被下移至中元古界以后,龙山组—景儿峪组由于没有新的精确年代学数据限定,而仍然放在新元古代,是否有重新定义的可能?中国地层表中待建系的位置能否由神农架群来填补?

  • (3)青白口系厘定和标准剖面的建立:华北的青白口系(胶辽徐淮吉),由于没有精确的年代学数据约束,应如何归位尚无定论;虽然在扬子陆块,前期被定义为中元古代、甚至古元古代的地层中,获得了大量新元古代早期精确年代学数据,已被划归青白口系(高林志等,20092011a2015耿元生和陆松年,2014),但扬子陆块新元古代中期地层,特别是莲沱组与板溪群的关系问题(平行关系还是上下关系)还存在争议(尹崇玉和高林志,2013Lan Zhongwu et al.,2014Song Gaoyuan et al.,2017)。

  • (4)成冰系底界问题:2014年以前的国际地层表,成冰系底界在850 Ma,但从2015年开始,国际地层表将成冰系底界调整为720 Ma(Cohen et al.,2013Shields-Zhou et al.,2016);以冰期开始发生的时间为界还是以冰川最盛期(雪球事件)为界?有关成冰系底界争议不断,中国成冰系如何划分对比?扬子和塔里木陆块的成冰系如何对比?华北是否存在成冰系?等等。

  • (5)中国埃迪卡拉系(震旦系)如何对比的问题:特别中国北方震旦纪罗圈冰期时代及与上下地层之间的关系如何?

  • 近年来新的研究进展和年代学工作不断取得新的突破,如孙枢和王铁冠(2016)《中国东部中新元古界地质学与油气资源》一书的出版,对华北中—新元古界地层、沉积、油气、盆地与构造演化等作了全面的总结;耿元生等(2019)赵太平等(2019)对中元古界底界位置和年龄的深入探讨;扬子陆块北缘神农架地区年代学的突破(李怀坤等,2013)和沉积地层格架的重新厘定(旷红伟等,2018a)、扬子陆块西缘-北缘中元古代地层格架的建立(耿元生等,2017),扬子陆块西缘昆阳群的重新厘定(高林志等,2018)及祝禧艳等(2020)在华北陆块南缘获得白术沟组凝灰岩年龄(1330±10 Ma和1332±10 Ma),表明华北陆块南缘与燕辽地区具有良好的可对比性,下马岭组与龙山组的接触关系在新的证据下暂定为连续沉积(旷红伟等,2023a),为待建系的层型确立和深入研究带来了一线曙光;大量碎屑锆石年代学数据的发表(Luo Yan et al.,2006初航等,2011高林志等,2011aYang Debin et al.,2012Hu Bo et al.,2012陆松年等,2012Li Guangjin et al.,2019李振生等,2020Zhao Hanqing et al.,2020Zhang Wen et al.,2021)和综合地层学研究(庞科等,2021a),并结合事件地层学研究(旷红伟等,2023b),使胶辽徐淮豫地区元古宙沉积盖层的地层学问题有了新的进展;而扬子陆块新元古代早期地层框架中最主要的问题是820~720 Ma间地层划分对比问题,随着一系列年代学新数据的发表及沉积事件研究有了较确切的认识(汪正江等,2015高林志等,2015Lan Zhongwu et al.,2015Song Gaoyuan et al.,2017景先庆等,2018王玉冲等,20182023a);有关罗圈冰期事件深入研究和形成时代的进一步论证(Le Heron et al.,2018Chen Xiaoshuai et al.,2020Li Meng et al.,2020Zhang Biyun et al.,2022柳永清等,2023),基本确定了华北陆块南缘罗圈组—东坡组发生的时限及与上下地层的关系(周传明等,20192021柳永清等,2023)。

  • 继2012年初版(Gradstein et al.,2012)后,国际地层委员会于2020年再次出版了《Geological Time Scale》的修订版(Gradstein et al.,2020);Shields et al.(2022)基于化学地层,特别是Sr同位素,对国际地层表中新元古代特别是成冰纪的划分提出了新建议。事件地层(如以冰川事件等作为地层划分的界线)、化学地层以及新元古代生物地层的研究进展为前寒武纪地层的精确划分注入了新的材料和活力。越来越多的中国学者参与了国际地层表的修订工作,彰显着中国地质学家对国际地层学的贡献。

  • 本文依托国家重点研发计划课题“中国中新元古界地层时空格架与沉积-地层事件对比(2016YFC0601001)”、“中元古代地层格架和关键转折期沉积过程(2022YFF0800302)”和中国地层表(2014版)发表以后十多年来我国在前寒武纪地层学方面的研究进展,以中国华北、扬子与塔里木三大陆块中—新元古代地层为研究对象,以新的年代学数据为基础,结合系列地质事件,以上述地层学中关键问题为导向,对中—新元古代部分关键地层层位进行了重新厘定,进而提出了以中国中—新元古代三大陆块为主体的地层划分方案。地层表的研制是一项需要与时俱进、不断依据新的证据进行修订和完善的千秋伟业,任重而道远。由于前寒武纪缺少化石,精确的年代学数据难能可贵且分布不均,地质证据的精准度和密度不均衡,尽管采用了多种方法,也难以保证完全准确可靠。仅期望本文提供的基础资料、划分依据和参考方案能为中国地层表“中—新元古界”划分与对比方案的修订和完善作出些许贡献。

  • 1 中元古界底界的确定

  • 中国地层表(全国地层委员会《中国地层表》编委会,2014)将中元古界底界置于1800 Ma。长城系常州沟组不整合于太古宇之上,为一套碎屑岩沉积组合,缺乏准确年龄。高维等(2008)在密云环斑花岗岩中获得锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄为1685±15 Ma,这一年龄结果表明燕辽裂谷最早启动于1700 Ma;和政军等(2011a2011b)在北京密云环斑花岗岩之上古风化壳碎屑岩中获得碎屑锆石 U-Pb 年龄值为1682±20 Ma,长城群底界年龄应不老于1682 Ma;与此同时,李怀坤等(2011)发现了被常州沟组不整合覆盖、侵入于太古宇密云群角闪斜长片麻岩中的花岗斑岩岩脉,其年龄为1671±13 Ma。因此,长城群的底界在1.7~1.65 Ga之间(李怀坤等,2014)。串岭沟组获得的准确年龄分别为:1634.8±6.9 Ma(刘典波等,2019)、1638±14 Ma(高林志等,2009)和1634±9 Ma(张拴宏等,2013),团山子组获得了锆石SHRIMP或LA-ICPMS年龄为1683±67 Ma(李怀坤等,1995)、1637±15 Ma(张拴宏等,2013)、1634±18 Ma(张健等,2021)。陆松年和李惠民(1991)Lu Songnian et al.(2008)高林志等 (2008a)张健等(20152021)分别从大红峪组火山凝灰岩中获得1625.3±6.2 Ma、1622 Ma、1626 Ma和1624±9 Ma、1605±19 Ma、1630±10 Ma的锆石年龄结果。因此,大红峪组最小年龄为1605 Ma(Lu Songnian et al.,2008)。迁西马蹄峪高于庄组底砾岩的发现(朱士兴等,2005),使中国地层表(2014)蓟县群底界被置于1.6 Ga,即高于庄组底部。从而进一步修改限定了长城群的大概时限是1650~1600 Ma。其后大量精确年代学数据的出现(李怀坤等,2014刘欢等,2021),非常明确地确定了长城群底界的年龄为1.65 Ga,这就使得中国地层表中长城系底界出现了一段缺失(耿元生和陆松年,2014)。其4个组构成的长城系仅能代表1800~1600 Ma这个系的上部,仅相当于一个岩石地层单元,而非年代地层单元。一系列的精确测年数据,已较为准确地确定了蓟县群的年龄为1.6~1.4 Ga(李怀坤等,2020),本文不再赘述。

  • 1.1 华北陆块南部熊耳群可作为长城系下部地层

  • 华北陆块南缘发育一套由火山岩夹沉积岩组成的地层序列,被命名为熊耳群。火山岩的地球化学研究表明,熊耳群火山岩形成于裂谷环境(孙枢等,19811982),同时由熊耳群火山岩向北辐射的广泛的基性岩墙群(赵太平等,20012015Zhao Taiping et al.,20022004Hou Guiting et al.,2008He Yanhong et al.,2009Wang Xiaolei et al.,2010Cui Minli et al.,20112013侯贵廷,2012Peng Peng,2015彭澎,2016)都表明熊耳裂谷在华北陆块固结后很快就进入伸展环境。从裂谷盆地的开启时间看,熊耳裂谷开启的时间更早(耿元生等,2019),故华北陆块固结后的沉积盖层应以熊耳裂谷盆地的火山-沉积岩为最早的盖层。

  • 传统上将熊耳群分为4个组,除了大古石组碎屑岩之外,之上地层主要为火山岩(翟明国等,2014),依据该火山岩年龄,其沉积时限被确定为1800~1750 Ma(耿元生等,2019赵太平等,2019),燕山地区长城群底部至1800 Ma之间的这段空缺就由熊耳群来替代(赵太平等,20152019耿元生等,2019庞岚尹等,2021)。汝阳群底部(云梦山组)最年轻碎屑锆石年龄1711 Ma(汪校锋,2015)和熊耳群顶部1750 Ma之间还有不整合,但熊耳群上部地层汝阳群(渑池),与之相当的有官道口群(熊耳山)及五佛山群(嵩箕),其中官道口群底部钾玄质火山熔岩锆石SHRIMP年龄为1759±5 Ma(He Yanhong et al.,2009),表明其恰好能补全1750~1700 Ma这段地层缺失(图1)。近年来在渑池—确山地区洛峪口组凝灰岩中获得了6个精确年代学数据:1611±8 Ma(苏文博等,2012)、1640±16 Ma及1662±20 Ma(汪校锋,2015)、1638±9 Ma和1634±10 Ma(李承东等,2017)、1639±13 Ma(彭楠等,2018)、1592±15 Ma(高林志等,未发表数据)、1647.8±4.3 Ma(Lyu Dan et al.,2021),无可辩驳地证明洛峪口组不会晚于1600 Ma。因此,华北南部熊耳群-汝阳群-洛峪群能够代表完整的长城系(1800~1600 Ma)。洛峪群上部在时代上与长城群上部(团山子组和大红峪组)相当(耿元生等,2019)。

  • 在地层年代和岩石地层命名上,国际上一直强调年代地层不要与岩石地层重名,由于我国长期和习惯的使用,年代地层和岩石地层经常重名,严格说这并不符合年代地层和岩石地层命名的原则。燕山地区的“长城系”并不能涵盖这一时间段的全部地层,但鉴于我国长期使用长城系表示1.8~1.6 Ga的年代地层,建议仍保留这一年代地层的名称;而为了不让岩石地层单位和年代地层单位重名,耿元生建议将燕山地区“长城系”的四个组改称“长城群”(耿元生和陆松年,2014耿元生等,2019)。根据以上讨论,我们建议1.8~1.6 Ga的长城系由两套岩石地层组成,即下部(1.8~1.75 Ga)的熊耳群和上部(1.75~1.60 Ga)的汝阳-洛峪群(耿元生等,2019)。

  • 1.2 扬子陆块于1.8 Ga前在陆块西缘启动

  • 扬子陆块中元古代早期地层仅发育于其西缘(川西—滇东—滇中),中元古代早期有大红山群,东川群,河口群,通安组一段至四段(耿元生等,2017)。

  • 中元古代早期大红山群的年龄:曼岗河组变质凝灰岩年龄1675±8 Ma、石英钠长岩年龄1681±13 Ma、粗粒玄武岩年龄1659±16 Ma、变酸性火山岩年龄1711±4 Ma,变基性火山岩年龄1688±16 Ma,表示其为中元古代早期的产物(Greentree et al.,2006Zhao Xinfu and Zhou Meifu,2011杨红等,2012)。中元古代早期东川群分为4个组,青龙山组主要是一套碳酸盐岩组合;黑山组为一套黑色板岩夹凝灰质火山岩的火山沉积组合,孙志明等(2009)在东川地区黑山组凝灰岩锆石中获得SHRIMP U-Pb 加权平均年龄为 1503±17 Ma,明确了黑山组隶属东川群;落雪组主要为具硅质条纹、条带状或硅质层的硅质白云岩;因民组由灰紫、紫色板岩、砂质白云岩、砂岩、角砾岩、中基性火山岩(主要为凝灰岩,少量熔岩)所组成,杨斌等(2015)发表了武定地区因民组大竹棚流纹岩锆石 SHRIMP U-Pb 年龄加权平均值为 1730±4 Ma。东川群年龄多在1700~1500 Ma左右(耿元生等,2017)。河口群年代学数据在1700~1600 Ma,也都属于中元古代早期,如钠质火山岩年龄1680±13 Ma(周家云等,2011)、1722±25 Ma(王冬兵等,2013)和1659±23 Ma(耿元生等,2017),凝灰岩年龄1703±5 Ma、1708±8 Ma和1679±13 Ma(Chen Wei Terry et al.,2013),侵入的基性岩脉年龄1710±8 Ma(关俊雷等,2011)。

  • 通安组分为5段,一段至四段之间为整合接触,五段与四段之间为断层接触。通安组一段年龄1720±7 Ma(任光明等,2014)、1833±2 Ma(庞维华等,2015);耿元生等(2017)在通安组二段凝灰岩中获得了1744±14 Ma的锆石U-Pb年龄;通安组四段年龄1508±15 Ma(庞维华等,2015)。通安组五段下部以砂岩—粉砂岩为主,夹薄层的板岩;中部以板岩和页岩为主,夹薄层的火山凝灰岩,年龄为1082±13 Ma(尹福光等,2011);上部以板岩为主,顶部为一层砂岩。因此,通安组一段至四段为中元古代早期,而五段属中元古代晚期(耿元生等,2017)。

  • 由此可见,扬子陆块裂谷盆地约于1800 Ma前在其西缘启动。

  • 1.3 1.8 Ga左右大火山岩省发育和连续沉积记录的存在是裂谷盆地启动和持续发育的直接证据

  • 国际前寒武纪地层表中始终把古/中元古代的界限置于1.6 Ga,我国则一直将这一界限置于1.8 Ga,这种差异的根本原因是对这一时期地质事件性质的理解和认识。大量的地质事件信息和年代学数据显示(耿元生等,2019耿元生等,2020),哥伦比亚超大陆从1.8~1.75 Ga开始裂解,形成一系列陆内盆地,如北美(劳伦古陆)的Thelon盆地(Hahn et al.,2013; Scott et al.,2015)、澳大利亚北部的Leichhardt超级盆地(Jackson et al.,2000; Scott et al.,2000; Neumann et al.,2006; Gibson et al.,2012)、南美巴西圣弗兰西斯科盆地(Alkmim and Martins-Neto,2012)、俄罗斯乌拉尔盆地(Bartley et al.,2007高林志等,2007)、中国华北陆块南缘的熊耳裂谷盆地(乔秀夫和王彦斌,2014庞岚尹等,2021王彦斌等,2022)以及扬子陆块西南缘东川裂谷(朱华平等,2011耿元生等,2017)等。这些盆地从早期陆相粗碎屑岩和较广泛火山喷发事件,至中晚期浅海碳酸盐岩台地沉积,实质上是一个拉伸裂解过程中对沉积与火山地质事件的响应,如从古元古代末期—中元古代的红层、干热与氧化甚至风成事件(巴西、北美、中国)最初都发生在1.8~1.6 Ga,而不是首现在1.6 Ga(耿元生等,2019)。华北陆块从1.8 Ga到1.4 Ga的拉张是连续的,无法从1.6 Ga将二者分开:燕山地区1.65~1.4 Ga是大致连续沉积的,从豫西看基本也是连续的(图1和图2)。尽管哥伦比亚超大陆上的许多盆地在1.6 Ga左右经历了一次广泛的抬升,可能经历了短暂沉积间断,但持续的盆地发育和沉积作用则未受影响,并一直延续到1.4~1.3 Ga左右(图3)。特别是前述与裂解有关的岩浆事件也从1.78 Ga断续持续到1.4~1.32 Ga左右(Li Sanzhong et al.,2019耿元生等,2020)。

  • 图1 华北燕辽一熊耳地区地层对比格架(岩性柱据胡国辉等,2013修改; 年龄来源参考文献见附录1)

  • Fig.1 Stratigraphic correlation framework in Yanliao-Xiong'er areas, North China (lithologic column modified from Hu Guohui et al., 2013; see Appendix 1 for cited references of age data)

  • 自1.8 Ga以来的中元古代早期,扬子陆块西缘也至少发育了3期岩浆事件,其性质与华北陆块早期相似,均属于拉张伸展特征(耿元生等,2020)。此外,复原的哥伦比亚超大陆内广泛分布有1.78~1.72 Ga的非造山岩浆岩,包括AMCG组合(斜长岩、纹长二长岩、紫苏花岗岩、花岗岩)、环斑花岗岩、A型花岗岩等,以及广泛分布的基性岩墙群,这些岩浆岩都反映了拉伸裂解的地质特征(耿元生等,2020)。因此,不论1.8~1.6 Ga的沉积事件还是岩浆事件都与超大陆的拉伸裂解有关,并未显示造山作用、大陆固结和陆块化的特点,用稳化纪(固结纪)来概括这一阶段地质事件的性质可能并不合适(耿元生等,2020)。

  • 因此,从1.8 Ga(或1.78 Ga)到1.4~1.3 Ga,不论是盆地的沉积事件还是与裂解有关的岩浆事件基本是连续的。以1.6 Ga作为年代界限划分古/中元古代,人为地隔断了连续的沉积事件和岩浆事件,显然与“尽可能少地截断沉积作用、火成侵位或造山运动的主要序列”的前寒武纪地层划分原则(Gradstein et al.,2004)相悖,因此,我们同意将古/中元古代的界限置于1.8 Ga或1.78 Ga(耿元生等,2019赵太平等,2019)。

  • 2 待建系标准地层剖面选取

  • 2.1 扬子陆块西缘昆阳群能否作为待建系建系剖面

  • 中元古代晚期地层主要由新昆阳群的4个组组成:黄草岭组以条带板岩夹砂岩为主,底部富铁质或产赤铁矿;黑山头组是厚层韵律石英砂岩夹粉砂岩、板岩,其中的富良棚段主要为火山岩;大龙口组是中—厚层灰岩,顶底为薄层灰岩、泥灰岩、板岩,产菱铁矿;美党组是灰绿色条带板岩夹粉砂岩、砂岩、灰岩及“空洞”的板岩(吴懋德等,1990高林志等,2018)。Greentree et al.(2006)张传恒等(2007)在黑山头组富良棚段安山质熔结凝灰岩(层凝灰岩)分别获得锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄为995±15 Ma和1032±9 Ma,高林志等(20152018)通过野外地层追踪,同时获得了柳坝塘组一系列890~834 Ma不等的凝灰岩锆石同位素年龄,表明柳坝塘组属于青白口系,在滇东地区建立新的“系”一级地层单位“玉溪系(1.2~1.0 Ga)”。早前乔秀夫等(2007)在华北建立西山系(1.4~1.2 Ga)。纪星星等(2016)在建水—石屏龙湖地区黄草岭组、黑山头组和美党组变质砂岩中分别获得984.0±13.7 Ma、945.0±11.4 Ma、954.0±13.6 Ma锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年龄,同时出现了约1.0 Ga、1.35 Ga、1.73 Ga和2.44 Ga的统计峰值,进一步限定昆阳群黄草岭组-黑山头组-富良棚段-美党组的时限应为1.2~1.0 Ga。耿元生等(2007,2017)尹福光等(2011)在会理群天宝山组上部酸性火山岩中分别获得多个SHRIMP U-Pb年龄:1028±13 Ma、1018±11 Ma、1021±7 Ma和1036±11 Ma,与昆阳群上部对比关系较好。也即昆阳群4个组及其同期川西—滇中地层仅相当于高林志命名的昆阳群“玉溪系”(高林志等,2018),仅涵盖1.2~1.0 Ga左右的地层,与东川群可能存在近0.3 Ga的不整合(1.5~1.2 Ga之间是缺失的),显然,作为待建系是不完整的,昆阳群仅对应待建系上部。

  • 图2 1.8 1.0 Ga国内外主要陆块沉积地层充填序列(年龄来源参考文献见附录2)

  • Fig.2 Filling sequence of sedimentary strata of the main blocks in the world from 1.8Ga to 1.0Ga (see Appendix 2 for cited references of age data)

  • 图3 神农架群地层序列、岩石组合、叠层石组合与沉积环境

  • Fig.3 Stratigraphic sequence, rock association, stromatolite association, and sedimentary environment of the Shennongjia Group

  • ①—1165±14 Ma(凝灰岩,SHRIMP U-Pb,邓奇等,2013);②—1157±19 Ma(凝灰岩,Wang et al.,2011);③—1139±29 Ma(凝灰岩,LA-ICPMS,邱艳生等,2013);④—1215.8±2.4 Ma(凝灰岩,SHRIMP U-Pb,李怀坤等,2013);⑤—1180±14 Ma(凝灰岩,Du Qiuding et al.,2016);;⑥—1115±9 Ma(辉绿岩,SIMS U-Pb,李怀坤等,2013

  • ①—1165±14 Ma (tuff, SHRIMP U-Pb, Deng Qi et al., 2013) ; ②—1157±19 Ma (tuff, Wang et al., 2011) ; ③—1139±29 Ma (tuff, LA-ICPMS, Qiu Yansheng et al., 2013) ; ④—1215.8±2.4 Ma (tuff, SHRIMP U-Pb, Li Huaikun et al., 2013) ; ⑤—1180±14 Ma (tuff, Du Qiuding et al., 2016) ; ⑥—1115±9 Ma(diabase, SIMS U-Pb, Li Huaikun et al., 2013

  • 2.2 扬子陆块北缘神农架群可否作为待建系的建系候选剖面?

  • 神农架群由江涛和华媚春(1962)在湖北省神农架地区创建,由于神农架山高林密、地势险峻,除道路两侧地层出露较好外,空间上可追索性较差,先前也缺乏可靠的年代学数据,其划分方案颇具争议。1974年湖北省地矿局将神农架群划分为8个组,其后天津地质矿产研究所和湖北省地质调查院又划分为11个组(李铨和冷坚,1991),1∶25万填图时原神农架群的多个地层组被合并或建立新组,仅划分为4个组(刘成新等,20042013)。近10年,在神农架群获得了一批精确的同位素年龄数据(Qiu Xiaofei et al.,2011李怀坤等,2013邱艳生等,2013Wang Jian et al.,2013邓奇等,2013Du Qiuding et al.,2016),特别是野马河组获得了1216±2 Ma凝灰岩年龄(李怀坤等,2013),进一步将神农架群的时限限定在约1400~1000 Ma,被认为是除蓟县剖面外,出露最好的中元古界沉积层系,作为中国地层表中1320~1000 Ma时期空白记录的候选层型剖面,前景很好(全国地层委员会,2014);苏文博(2016)也曾建议建立“神农系”。

  • 组成神农架群的地层单位来自4个不同的剖面(图4):鹰窝洞组-大岩坪组-马槽园组位于兴山马槽园村—神农架庙坪—摩天岭—徐家庄林场一带;乱石沟组-大窝坑组-矿石山组-台子组下部,分布于神农架穹隆东西两翼;台子组上部-野马河组-温水河组-石槽河组剖面沿209国道从黑水河(铁厂河)直至鸭子口,在神农架穹隆东翼出露良好;木鱼官门山剖面由温水河组上部-石槽河组-送山园组下部构成,而送子园组-瓦岗溪组主体出露于两河口剖面(旷红伟等,2018a彭楠等,2023)(图3)。解决神农架群的地层序列和剖面之间地层接触关系,即剖面间地层组如何叠置的问题是确定神农架群能否立典的关键,其中最重要的是马槽园群的归属与不同剖面台子组的衔接问题。

  • 过去认为马槽园群覆于神农架群之上,属于青白口系(李铨和冷坚,1991),但Wang Jian et al.(2013)邓奇等(2013)邱艳生等(2013)分别在马槽园群火山岩中获得1157±19 Ma、1165±14 Ma及1139±29 Ma的年龄数据,证明马槽园群沉积年龄大于1.1 Ga。马槽园群与大岩坪组之间的接触面为冲刷面,系整合接触(邓奇等,2013Wang Jian et al.,2013);野外调查发现神农架东部兴山新华地区的大岩坪组黑色粉砂岩直接下伏于乱石沟组叠层石白云岩之下;前人研究也曾指出,猴子包东沟乱石沟组位于大岩坪组之上(李铨和冷坚,1991)。从沉积序列来看,从大岩坪组到马槽园组是一个由细粒沉积逐渐减少,粗粒沉积逐渐增多,最后全部变为粗粒沉积的过程(柳永清等,2017旷红伟等,2018a2018b),马槽园组巨厚砾岩层出现之前,已经历了砾岩—砂泥岩的多个旋回渐次演替,因此,我们也认为二者之间为连续沉积。基于以上证据,将原马槽园群下放到中元古界;同时,考虑到原马槽园群主体为一套斜坡滑塌碎屑流沉积体,大岩坪组的分布范围远大于原马槽园群;将其由群降格为组,放置于大岩坪组之上,乱石沟组之下(彭楠等,2023)。尽管现今将马槽园组下放下来,年代学上还存在一些矛盾,但从现今神农架群中获取的火山岩及侵入岩脉的年代学数据看,神农架群各层位很可能经历的是1.3~1.1 Ga同一期岩浆事件(彭楠等,2023),年代学数据差异的真正原因有待今后进一步调查研究。由于沉积学和地层接触关系的证据是支持的,依目前的研究程度,暂时按此方案(图3)。

  • 在神农顶剖面,台子组不整合于矿石山组之上,而在铁厂河剖面的台子组黑色粉砂岩、泥岩逐渐过渡到野马河组砂质白云岩。神农顶剖面台子组上部与铁厂河剖面台子组下部细粒沉积的共同特征是均含铁、含钒,黄铁矿条带和团块丰富,地球化学指标一致(田辉等,2018),其下伏地层均为单层厚度向上减薄的石英砂岩,并且砂岩中被超过50 m厚的辉绿岩脉侵入。本课题组最近从神农顶台子组及铁厂河台子组共获得6个碎屑锆石年代学数据(另文发表),与中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所获得的铼锇年龄(与高炳宇口头交流)及斑脱岩SHRIMP锆石年龄(与祝禧艳口头交流)表明,其时代为1.3~1.2 Ga之间。因此,尽管神农顶剖面台子组上部泥岩与铁厂河剖面泥岩直接相接,可能会导致地层之间有一定重复或缺失,应不会影响地层的叠置关系。

  • 神农架群主要为由碎屑岩-碳酸盐岩构成的裂谷盆地充填沉积,这符合前寒武纪盆地发育特征(旷红伟等,2018a),因此,在地层划分时,不应人为割裂地层岩石组合关系。“乱石沟组”与“野马河组、温水河组﹑石槽河组(下部)”均为碳酸盐岩台地沉积,其中叠层石极为发育,不同地层组中叠层石类型及其组合形态和特征表现出极大的差异(旷红伟等,2018;Kuang Hongwei et al.,2019a)。因此,将乱石沟组、野马河组、温水河组和石槽河组作为同期地层显然不妥。最近碳酸盐岩原位微区U-Pb同位素测年获得矿石山组中部锥状叠层石和野马河组柱状叠层石U-Pb年龄分别为1285.7±58.3/66.6 Ma、1233±149/152 Ma(Jiang Yuxiang et al.,2023),尽管其误差还比较大,但为我们获取更多神农架地层年龄提供了新的参考。

  • 重新厘定后的神农架群地层序列和叠置关系为:由下至上,将神农架群分为12个组,依据沉积序列和岩石组合,发育由3个从碎屑岩到碳酸盐岩向上变浅序列构成的巨型沉积旋回(旷红伟等,2018a),构成3个亚群,即:鹰窝洞组(?)-大岩坪组-马槽园组-乱石沟组-大窝坑组-矿石山组为下亚群,台子组-野马河组-温水河组-石槽河组为中亚群,送子园组与瓦岗溪组为上亚群(图3)。神农架群虽然具备了立典剖面的基本条件,但还存在一些问题有待解决:神农架群基底未出露(Kuang Hongwei et al.,2019a),底部—下部的最大沉积年龄尚无可靠数据,鹰窝洞组归属尚未确定、马槽园组下放后年代学数据存在矛盾等。因此,神农架群虽具有建系的基本条件,但还需做更深入的工作。

  • 2.3 华北陆块南缘待建系地层记录新发现

  • 祝禧艳等(2020)在华北陆块南缘栾川地区白术沟组上段碳硅质板岩-千枚岩中识别出凝灰岩夹层;获得岩浆锆石的LA-MC-ICP-MS U-Pb年龄分别为1330±10 Ma和1332±10 Ma,精确限定华北陆块南缘白术沟组主体应沉积于1.33 Ga前后,表明该组属于华北中元古界“待建系”,与燕辽地区下马岭组黑色页岩有较好的对比关系,为厘定华北陆块南缘中—新元古界相关沉积序列提供了关键的年代学资料。但华北陆块南缘白术沟组上覆栾川群与其为不整合接触关系,目前的年代学数据支持栾川群属于新元古代拉伸系(青白口系)(胡国辉等,2019; 李振生等,2020)。因此,在华北陆块南缘尽管找到了与下马岭组相当的待建系,但1.3~1.0 Ga的间断或空白仍然没有解决。此外,白术沟组由于区域构造运动的影响,原岩早已发生变质,要恢复其与华北陆块北缘下马岭组间的沉积或地球化学对比,还有一定难度。

  • 图4 中国华北陆块与扬子陆块待建系对比关系(柱状图未按比例绘制;年龄来源参考文献见附录3)

  • Fig.4 Correlative relationship of the Undefined System between the North China and the Yangtze blocks (no scale shown in logs; see Appendix 3 for cited references of age data)

  • 2.4 华北陆块北缘待建系研究新进展

  • 自下马岭组被下放至中元古界以后,青白口系(骆驼岭组/龙山组和景儿峪组)年代学一直未获突破,其在地层柱的位置依然有重新定位的可能(高林志等,2011,2013a)。已有资料表明,下马岭组和龙山组由不同级别、厚度不等、由粗到细的砂泥正旋回组成,由下至上发育局限台地(潟湖)—浅海陆棚—潮坪—滨岸—潮滩沉积序列,近期研究不支持下马岭组与龙山组间存在大型不整合面(旷红伟等,2023a)。证据有:① 龙山组底部含砾砂岩不具有大地构造意义的底砾岩属性;② 龙山组和上覆景儿峪组砂岩最年轻碎屑锆石年龄均老于1.6 Ga,尤其是未发现来自下马岭组中1.32~1.2 Ga大火山岩省的(锆石)物源;③ 元素及Li同位素等地球化学指标不支持下马岭组与龙山组界面处具风化壳特征,相反却指示着界面附近由下往上有大陆风化强度减弱的趋势等。虽然以上认识还有待精确年代学数据验证,但无疑将推进待建系的深入研究(旷红伟等,2023a)。

  • 通过对扬子陆块西北缘东川群-会理群/昆阳群以及神农架群进行对比研究,表明神农架群与滇中昆阳群、川西通安组上部及随县打鼓石群同属待建系,有较好对比关系(耿元生等,2017)。昆阳群可能仅代表1.2~1.0 Ga的地层记录,而神农架群尽管未见底,却包括了1.4~1.0 Ga的全部地层,可以较好地承接下马岭组之后1.3~1.0 Ga之间的空缺。华北陆块南缘目前仅发现白术沟组要略年轻于待建系下马岭组或可能仅与其上部相当,白术沟组变质程度较深,且与上下地层均为不整合接触,不宜作为候选层型;而北缘下马岭组—龙山组—景儿峪组很可能为连续沉积。据此,对待建系候选层型选取提出以下建议:① 神农架群作为待建系层型(1.4~1.0 Ga),昆阳群为辅助层型;② 以下马岭组为待建系底部层型(1.4~1.3 Ga),接续神农架群中亚群—上亚群作为上部层型(1.3~1.0 Ga);③ 以下马岭组—龙山组(含景儿峪组)为待建系底部层型(1.4~1.2 Ga)(乔秀夫等,2007旷红伟等,2023a),接续昆阳群为上部层型(1.2~1.0 Ga)(高林志等,2018)。近10年来,中元古界待建系层型的曲折选取是中—新元古代地层格架完整建立的卡脖子问题,尽管有所进展,但仍任重道远。

  • 3 新元古代早期地层划分对比问题

  • 3.1 扬子陆块新元古代地层划分问题

  • 在扬子陆块,新元古代早期地层以820 Ma武陵运动面为界,分为上下构造层,大部分原认为属于中元古代的地层单位已被修订为新元古代(图5)(高林志等,2011a2015耿元生和陆松年,2014汪正江等,2015)。遗留问题主要有两方面:一是随着国际成冰系底界上移至720 Ma,中国地层表中南华系界线是否需要同步上移?其次是,如果南华系界线上移,则青白口系不仅跨越了280 Ma(1000~720 Ma),而且有一个区域不整合面介于其间,不太符合系的划分原则(耿元生口头报告,2016)。

  • 3.1.1 青白口系是否再分?

  • 中国青白口系处于1000~800 Ma,如果按照2015年国际地层表,成冰系的底界为720 Ma,青白口系(对应国际上拉伸系)范围1000~720 Ma,跨度达到280 Ma,与新元古代其他系相比,时间跨度明显偏大。从华南看目前的青白口系中包括了冷家溪群和板溪群(及相应地层),二者之间存在明显的不整合(高林志等,2011a),在一个系中包括明显不整合的两套地层也并不合适。扬子陆块青白口系是否要划分为两部分,这也是晚前寒武纪地层学家及全国地层委员会非常关注、但又十分棘手的一个问题。不少学者都已提出了大青白口系再分问题。汪正江(2008)提出以850 Ma为界,从850~740 Ma为板溪系,下部不整合于四堡群之上;陈建书等(2016)则提出以820 Ma为界,下部为青白口系,上部从820~720 Ma为下江系,而将南华系约束在720~635 Ma之间。高林志等(2018)测得云南柳坝塘组下部最老凝灰岩年龄为892.3±4.8 Ma,美党组变质砂岩最年轻碎屑锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年龄为954.0±13.6 Ma,锆石最年轻统计峰值约1.0 Ga(纪星星等,2016),接近1.0 Ga的新元古界底界,从而可大致确定下构造层的底界。

  • 图5 扬子陆块地层对比关系(年龄标注参看图9)

  • Fig.5 Stratigraphic correlation of the Yangtze block (see the Fig.9 for age labels)

  • 长久以来,板溪群能否与莲沱组对比的问题也一直存在争议,因而对两分心存疑虑。尹崇玉和高林志(2013)认为莲沱组在板溪群和下江群或丹州群之上。也有人认为,从莲沱组向南,它是一个相变过程,与板溪群及其相关地层同时代(Lan Zhongwu et al.,20142015Song Gaoyuan et al.,2017)。高维和张传恒(2009)在田家园子剖面莲沱组顶部获得724±12 Ma的年龄,Lan Zhongwu et al.(2015)分别获得732±10 Ma与714±8 Ma的锆石年龄,可见来自莲沱组顶部的凝灰岩锆石U-Pb年龄数据可以推知莲沱组顶部年龄为714 Ma。湘西湘北的板溪群(红板溪)自下而上依次为宝林冲组、横路冲组(820±3 Ma,Meng Qingxiu et al.,2013)、马底驿组、通塔湾组、五强溪组(809.3±8.4 Ma,张世红等,2008)、多益塘组、百合垄组、牛牯坪组(725±10 Ma,张启锐等,2008)。该区莲沱组可与板溪群上部的多益塘组、百合垄组、牛牯坪组对比。滇西澄江组、陆良组、苏雄组的沉积时限在800~720 Ma,中上部与莲沱组对比较好。下扬子地区浙皖赣一带,休宁组凝灰岩先后获得过785±2.5 Ma(邓奇等,2019)、780±10 Ma(尹崇玉等,2007)、727.5±7.3 Ma(顶部,邓奇等,2019),与下伏的上墅组和虹赤村组流纹岩等酸性火山岩年龄,分别是797±11 Ma(Li Zhengxiang et al.,2003)、797±5 Ma(李献华等,2002)、792±5 Ma(Wang Xiaolei et al.,2012)、767±5 Ma(高林志等,2009),共同将休宁组大致限定在800~720 Ma。结合本课题组在莲沱组及相当地层中获得6个凝灰岩锆石年龄(王玉冲等,2023a),能够充分限定莲沱组沉积于780~720 Ma左右,并与澄江组/开建桥组/苏雄组或西乡群中上部、江南造山带西段板溪群或下江群上部以及江南造山带东部休宁组为同时期沉积。特别是莲沱组出现的砂岩冻融构造(王玉冲等,20182023a),广泛发育于休宁、莲沱、板溪、澄江等扬子广大地区;近期对环扬子地区莲沱期沉积古地理与古气候的研究还进一步发现,雪球地球事件前,无论是板溪群还是莲沱组等内部,都普遍经历了温室气候向冰室气候转换时期(Wang Yuchong et al.,2023b)。数10个凝灰岩和碎屑锆石年代学数据及相关沉积地质事件发生的一致性证明,板溪群上部与莲沱组对比关系良好(汪正江等,2015Song Gaoyuan et al.,2017王玉冲等,2023aWang Yuchong et al.,2023b)。因此综合上述年代学数据以及沉积特征,我们的观点是:既然青白口系存在上下两个构造层,那就以该界线为界两分。尽管柳坝塘组获得了系列凝灰岩数据,但下构造层的底界年代学数据还太少,特别是柳坝塘组在区域上如何对比,下构造层的底界到底覆盖在什么层位之上还需要更多的工作积累。

  • 3.1.2 如何应对国际成冰系底界的变更?

  • 2009年定义的成冰系底界,是指一个露头剖面上新元古界最老的、明确的冰川沉积层之下,能精确定义的一个地层点位(Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Points,GSSP)(International Stratigraphic Chart,2009)。被选定的剖面必须证明可以进行全球C和Sr同位素地层对比,而且有利于开展微体化石生物地层学、同位素年代学以及其他如磁性地层学等的全球对比研究(萨尔瓦多,2000)。有人提出异议,认为“最老的明确的冰川沉积的概念”不合适,要突出“广泛分布的”的限定语。底界的定义曾一度被变更为新元古代“广泛分布的最老冰川地层”之下(Shields-Zhou et al.,2012)。2015年,国际地层委员会成冰纪分会认为最老的冰期可能是局部的,全球性Sturtian和Mainoan冰期才具有代表性,并将成冰系底界定在720 Ma(Shields-Zhou et al.,2016)。这一变更突出了“广泛分布”这个限定词,倾向于认为成冰系只应该包含两次全球冰川事件。

  • 中国仅在新疆库鲁克塔格发育完整的四套冰碛岩(徐备等,2008高林志等,20102013b)(图6),中国现今地层表(2014版)南华系底界为780 Ma,是基于桂西地区板溪群拱洞组及长安组底部凝灰岩(碎屑?)锆石测年数据得到最早的冰川发生于780 Ma(高林志等,2013c2015)。而扬子地区曾被认为发育3次冰期,即江口冰期先前分为长安冰期和古城冰期以及南沱冰期(张启锐等,2008),但后续发现前期划分的间冰期富禄组中包含若干次小冰期事件(陈建书等,2016);近年来研究证明从长安组—富禄组—古城组,实际上整体相当于Sturtian冰期(Lang Xianguo et al.,2018Chen Xiaoshuai et al.,2021),而且若不考虑最年轻碎屑锆石年龄或峰值年龄的限定,而主要依据凝灰岩年代学数据的话,冰川发育的时限与国际上相当匹配(Lan Zhongwu et al.,2015周传明等,2019)。不管是Sturtian还是Mainoan冰川都具有幕式发育特征 (Lang Xianguo et al.,2018Chen Xiaoshuai et al.,2021),从而在扬子地区可以清晰地划分两次大冰期:720~660 Ma为长安冰期,649~635 Ma为南沱冰期,二者间为大塘坡组间冰期(周传明等,2019)。华北没有南华系的沉积,仅存在震旦纪晚期的冰川(罗圈冰期)(Chen Xiaoshuai et al.,2020)。

  • 应对国际地层表成冰系底界的更改(850 Ma改为720 Ma),中国的南华系底界年龄(780 Ma)与国际成冰系不完全对应。鉴于江南造山带及扬子陆块南缘820 Ma构造面的存在,以及越来越多的年代学数据揭示长安冰期可能更大程度上始于720 Ma(图6),我们建议中国地层表扬子地区中—新元古界采用四分方式,即:1000~820 Ma青白口系下统(对应拉伸系下部),820~720 Ma为青白口系上统(对应拉伸系上部);是否直接划分为两个系,目前划分证据还不完备,划分方案没有完全成熟,先提出两分的建议,等条件完全成熟后可进一步划分为两个系;原南华系底界对应的地层时代780 Ma变更为720 Ma,即720~635 Ma为南华系(对应国际上成冰系);635~538.8 Ma为震旦系(对应2023年4月最新的国际地层表上埃迪卡拉系界线)。这样既解决原有青白口系一个系280 Ma时限的不适,而且修改后的地层关系更加清晰,应用起来更容易掌握,同时又与国际接轨。

  • 3.2 华北陆块新元古代地层划分

  • 华北新元古代早期地层主要赋于华北陆块西北缘以狼山群为代表的渣尔泰—白云鄂博地区、华北东部胶辽吉徐淮豫地区,以及新元古代末期分布于华北陆块南缘以罗圈组—东坡组为代表地层,至今未见成冰系(图6)。

  • 在华北陆块,新元古界的划分存在两方面的问题:一是胶辽吉徐淮豫的地层序列的合理性及其时代限定,二是华北不发育南华纪地层,但在新元古代末期,发育了以罗圈冰碛岩为代表的冰川沉积(Guan Baode et al.,1986),由于没有凝灰岩年龄,它们的沉积时代和可对比性也一直存在争议(Chen Xiaoshuai et al.,2020)。

  • 3.2.1 华北陆块胶辽徐淮吉的新元古界

  • 在华北陆块东缘的榆树砬子群、蓬莱群、土门群及华北陆块南缘等沉积地层相继发现约1.2~1.0 Ga 的碎屑锆石(庞科等,2021a)(图7),即在辽东半岛细河群钓鱼台组获取的最年轻碎屑锆石年龄为1232~1074 Ma(高林志等,2011;Yang Debin et al.,2012Zhao Hanqing et al.,2020Zhang Wen et al.,2021);辽宁榆树砬子(岩)群获得的两组年龄主峰中,较年轻的一组为1.37~1.05 Ga,估计榆树砬子(岩)群沉积年龄可能在1.05~0.9 Ga(Luo Yan et al.,2006);山东蓬莱群被认为沉积于1.1~0.8 Ga;辅子夼组碎屑锆石出现1.6 Ga左右和1.2~1.1 Ga两个年龄峰值,其中最年轻锆石为1045~986 Ma(Li Xianghui et al.,2007初航等,2011);山东土门群佟家庄组最年轻锆石也大于1.0 Ga(1096~1063 Ma)(Hu Bo et al.,2012陆松年等,2012Li Guangjin et al.,2019);苏北徐淮群新兴组最年轻碎屑锆石年龄谱峰值为1121 Ma(Yang Debin et al.,2012)。甚至北朝鲜平南盆地祥原超群也具有相似的碎屑锆石年龄谱系,如1170~984 Ma(Hu Bo et al.,2012李忠等,2016Park Hyo Nuk et al.,2016)。由此可见,胶辽徐淮吉等地的原“新元古界”很可能跨越了中—新元古界界线而并不完全属于青白口系(拉伸系)。

  • 基于20世纪区调工作建立起来的地层序列与对比关系,还有待更深入的地层学工作来验证其可靠性和合理性。如,宿州灵壁地区魏集剖面魏集组上部仅有23 m左右黑色泥岩当作史家组,认为与魏集组整合接触,并将其作为史家组置于魏集组之上的证据(徐学思,1981),史家组之上叠置望山组,从而导致徐淮地区“新元古界”厚度巨大。然而,在创建史家组时,全区无完整剖面,下部和上部分别以宿县解集乡黑峰岭剖面和史家村剖面为标准,对比拼接而构成(DGMRAP,1987)。事实上,这两条剖面相隔上百千米远,互不接触(乔秀夫等,2001),地球化学(乔秀夫等,2001)和古生物角度都不支持魏集剖面的黑色泥岩与宿县史家村建组剖面史家组为同一层位(郑文武等,1994),而且从建组剖面史家组中发现的宏观藻类表明其可能与刘老碑组相当(郑文武等,1994)。此外,在淮北宿州栏杆地区望山组与下伏地层史家组之间并非前人所述的上超不整合接触(乔秀夫等,2001),而是断层接触(郑文武等,1994)。因此,二者的关系也存在不确定性,且厚度难以估计。能够说明其时代的是侵入魏集组下部倪园组和史家组之上望山组中的辉绿岩脉,测年数据表明(柳永清等,2005王清海等,2011)(图7),二者为同一期岩脉侵入,并不能说明这些地层的新老关系,仅能说明它们可能都沉积于中—新元古代过渡时期。因此,本次暂将史家组—望山组这一碎屑岩至碳酸盐岩序列,对比新兴组—兰陵组—城山组—赵圩组—倪园组—九顶山组—张渠组—魏集组这一系列地层构成的完整碎屑岩-碳酸盐岩序列;从沉积旋回角度看,这也与以碎屑岩开始沉积至碳酸盐岩结束的其他同期沉积序列演变过程相一致。

  • 图6 中国三大陆块新元古代冰期对比(年龄来源参考文献见附录4)

  • Fig.6 Comparison of the Neoproterozoic glaciations of the Tarim, Yangtze and North China blocks in China (see Appendix 4 for cited references of age data)

  • 图7 胶辽徐淮地区 “新元古界” 岩石地层特征(年龄来源参考文献见附录5)

  • Fig.7 Lithostratigraphic characteristics of the "Neoproterozoic" in the Jiao-Liao-Xu-Huai areas (see Appendix 5 for cited references of age data)

  • 形成现今地层划分与对比关系的依据还有叠层石和臼齿碳酸盐岩(molar tooth carbonate,MTC)(图7)。叠层石的兴衰和MTC的繁盛与消失均不是孤立事件,而是与海洋、大气、生物、环境等条件密切相关,与多种全球性事件协同演化(旷红伟等,2019b2023b)。而且,在中国胶辽徐淮吉地区“新元古界”和豫西新元古界五佛山群葡峪口组—何家寨组碳酸盐岩中,均大量发育臼齿碳酸盐岩(Kuang Hongwei,2014旷红伟等,2023b);中国扬子陆块西缘发育MTC的昆阳群大龙口组时限介于1032~1000 Ma(即富良棚组—美党组之间)(张传恒等,2007纪星星等,2016高林志等,2018);西非毛利塔尼亚Atar群(1200~1100 Ma)发育MTC和叠层石(Kah et al.,2009)。鉴于MTC发育时代的特殊性和全球同期可对比性(Kuang Hongwei,2014),大量发育MTC和叠层石的中国胶辽吉徐淮豫“新元古界”与上述不同地区地层岩石、相关沉积地质事件以及时限上均具有一定的可对比性(旷红伟等,2023b)。但迄今为止胶辽徐淮吉的“新元古界”仍未见凝灰岩精确年龄数据发表,因此,华北陆块胶辽徐淮吉的“青白口系”还不能精准定位,暂将其置于1200~800 Ma区间。

  • 3.2.2 中国北方埃迪卡拉纪罗圈冰期及其时代

  • 埃迪卡拉纪冰碛地层在豫西地区广泛分布,由罗圈组和东坡组组成。罗圈组之下与基底中元古代不同地层呈平行或角度不整合接触,其上与东坡组整合接触,或直接被寒武系第二阶辛集组覆盖。与豫西相邻的陕西洛南(张思纯和唐尚文,1982王翔和王战,1993王树洗等,1998)、山西永济和安徽凤台(郑文武和斗守初,1980李振生等,2018),以及中国西北地区新疆库鲁克塔格、甘肃柴达木全吉山、宁夏贺兰山(蔡雄飞等,2013)等地区也都发育与罗圈组层位相同,沉积特征和时代一致的冰川杂砾岩(张文堂等,1979; 顾其昌,1982; 杨式溥和郑绍昌,1985; 郑昭昌等,1987; 张抗,1991; Xiao et al.,2004;张艳等,2006; 杨瑞东等,2007; Shen Bing et al.,20102011Zhu Maoyan and Wang Haifeng,2011)(图8)。由于罗圈冰川没有确切的年代学数据,国内对其发育时代争议较多。

  • 几十年来,不同学者开展过较系统的同位素年龄测定,罗圈组上下地层的年龄数据如下:最高层位的底板是董家组,该组下段海绿石的K-Ar平均年龄为650±33 Ma(邢裕盛等,1989)(董家组的时代可能还需更多证据才能界定)。罗圈组上覆地层为东坡组,为一套非冰川成因的海相灰绿色纹层状粉砂岩、细砂岩夹页岩,页岩的Rb-Sr等时线年龄为528±23 Ma(邢裕盛等,1989)。近年来,许多学者(胡波等,2015; 张文龙等,2016; Dong Xiaopeng et al.,2017康昱等,2018; 李振生等,2018)系统研究了罗圈组(和等同沉积)的碎屑锆石年龄谱系。分析结果表明,华北陆块西缘贺兰山无论是正目观组冰碛岩,还是下寒武统碎屑岩,碎屑锆石谱系中最年轻锆石年龄为0.91~0.82 Ga(Dong Xiaopeng et al.,2017);鄂尔多斯南缘西安礼泉唐王陵昭陵组下部冰碛岩最年轻锆石为0.85~0.82 Ga(张文龙等,2016);洛南石门罗圈组冰碛岩最年轻锆石为1.1~1.2 Ga(胡波等,2015);淮南霍邱凤台组黑色冰碛岩与基质最年轻锆石为0.92~0.87 Ga(李振生等,2018);中国洛南罗圈组和北朝鲜飞狼洞组冰碛岩最年轻锆石为0.88 Ga(胡波等,2015)。因此也只能指示华北陆块罗圈组及相当层位年轻于1.0~0.8 Ga。但由于有确凿地质证据表明华北陆块缺失成冰系(Lu Songnian et al.,2008),且塔里木陆块汉戈尔乔克(罗圈组相当层位) 冰碛杂岩之下地层的火山岩年龄为615 Ma(Xu Bei et al.,2009),排除了它们属于成冰系的可能性。因此,据碎屑锆石分析结果推断罗圈组时代上限介于埃迪卡拉系—下寒武统之间。另外,在北祁连山的埃迪卡拉系白杨沟组底部一套相当于罗圈组的杂砾岩之下,于朱龙关群顶部的浅海相碳酸盐岩和细碎屑岩系中发育的玄武质火山熔岩的锆石U-Pb SIMS年龄为583±3 Ma,从而限定了罗圈组底界最大年龄(Xu et al.,2015)。

  • 豫西罗圈组及之上东坡组产Micrhystridium-like spinose acritarchs,属于梅树村阶下部疑源类Asteridium-Heliosphaeridium-Comasphaeridium(AHC)组合(Yin Leiming and Guan Baode,1999;Ahn and Zhu,2017)。AHC组合广泛见于加拿大Avalonia、印度和南澳大利亚、西班牙及中国扬子和塔里木陆块下寒武统(Ahn and Zhu,2017),因此,埃迪卡拉纪—寒武纪过渡时期冰川沉积(Edicaran-Cambrian transition diamictite,ECTD)时代最晚已延伸至早寒武世早期。尤其华北豫西、宁夏贺兰山和西北柴达木ECTD上部滨海相或湖相沉积物产丰富Shannxilithes(陕西迹),柴达木ECTD(红铁沟组)上覆皱节山组同时产ShannxilithesHelanoichnusShen Bing et al.,2007)及Charnia(恰尼虫)(Pang Ke et al.,2021b)。Shannxilithes早于或与小壳动物群,为埃迪卡拉纪晚期标准(遗迹化石)分子,多和Vendotaenia共生。洲际上的Shannxilithes见于印度、西伯利亚,我国扬子陆块,包括滇东(晋宁、澄江)、黔中(清镇)、陕南(宁强、勉县)等地埃迪卡拉系灯影组中上部也都广泛发育Shannxilithes,属于西陵峡/高家山/江川生物群(张志亮等,2015; 张海军等,2016)。ECTD上部产Shannxilithes,可对比扬子陆块同产Shannxilithes的灯影组中上部,而扬子峡东地区灯影组底界为551 Ma(Condon et al.,2005Zhang Shihong et al.,2005);塔里木陆块ECTD(汉戈尔乔克组)下伏火山岩为615 Ma(Xu Bei et al.,2009);Charnia是埃迪卡拉纪晚期固着生长于海底的叶状体生物,也是埃迪卡拉生物群中最典型的化石之一,其最早出现在距今约574~560 Ma的阿瓦隆组合,最晚出现在距今约550~540 Ma的纳玛组合(Pang Ke et al.,2021b)。由此限定了中国北方ECTD底界应在615~540 Ma年龄区间。

  • 图8 中国塔里木、扬子和华北三大陆块中一新元古代事件地层对比关系(年龄来源参考文献见附录6)

  • Fig.8 Meso-Neoproterozoic strata-events correlation among Tarim, Yangtze and North China blocks in China (see Appendix 6 for cited references of age data)

  • 扬子陆块西缘云南东部埃迪卡拉纪—寒武纪过渡期灯影组顶部白岩哨段富宏体藻类化石,往上(寒武系底界小歪头山段)底部出现小壳化石,向上仍可见疑似Shannxilithes;而继续向上主要成磷段(中谊村段)顶部凝灰岩实测U-Pb年龄为538 Ma(Jenkins et al.,2002Sawaki et al.,2008),紧邻其上的澄江动物群始现层位之下凝灰岩实测U-Pb年龄为518 Ma(周明忠等,2008; 朱茂炎等,2019),但该层位仍低于寒武纪早期沧浪铺阶。故此,得ECTD最年轻上限年龄为538 Ma。

  • 碎屑锆石年龄谱系和具有年代学意义的地层时代约束,同时结合中国扬子陆块埃迪卡拉纪—寒武纪过渡期标准剖面的凝灰岩实测年龄及古生物证据,将东亚—中亚局部地区发育的埃迪卡拉纪冰碛杂岩沉积时代大致限定在583~538 Ma(柳永清等,2023),说明中国北方冰期属于埃迪卡拉纪冰期,沉积时限明显晚于成冰纪(Sturtian和Marinoan),属于埃迪卡拉纪冰川(图6)。除此外,与中国东北相邻的朝鲜半岛平南地区新元古代飞狼洞组(Pirangdong)同样具与罗圈组同期的埃迪卡拉纪—寒武纪过渡期的冰川杂砾岩(Hu et al.,2012;胡波等,2015; 金明哲等,2016);与中国西北塔里木陆块相邻的中亚吉尔吉斯斯坦和哈萨克斯坦和蒙古等地区,同样发育埃迪卡拉纪—寒武纪过渡期的Baykonur冰川杂砾岩(Chumakov,20092011),甚至伊朗(Karhar组)(Etemad-Saeed et al.,2016)等的冰川沉积序列、与上下地层接触关系和岩石组合特征等,都完全可以和中国西部和华北周缘罗圈组冰期及其冰川杂砾岩对比,而且冰碛岩空间分布范围广,在亚洲超过5000 km的范围。而加拿大纽芬兰~580 Ma Gaskiers(Pu et al.,2016)等在全球超过12个大陆被发现(Hoffman and Li,2009Li Zhengxiang et al.,2013),与这一时期的冰川记录具有广泛的可对比性(图6)。

  • 前期研究表明,新元古代雪球事件并非铁板一块,而是经历了多次冰进—冰退的幕式沉积过程(Lang Xiangguo et al.,2018;Chen Xiaoshuai et al.,2021);从现有年代格架看,埃迪卡拉纪冰期经历了大约30~40 Ma,也可能经历了2期冰川事件(~580 Ma,~551 Ma),一期以加拿大的阿瓦隆580 Ma的Gaskiers为代表,其次有西非、劳伦廷及西澳大利亚;而另一期则跨越Shuram事件的C同位素负漂事件,大约发生于560~550 Ma左右,以罗圈冰期为代表的冰期时间最长,规模最大(Le Heron et al.,20182019)。

  • 3.3 塔里木陆块新元古代地层划分与对比

  • 塔里木陆块较为复杂,同时出露地层有限,相比较中元古代多为浅变质地层来说,塔里木陆块新元古代沉积地层具有相对完善的年代学数据和全球可追踪对比的冰期沉积物的制约,从南华纪开始接受新元古代盖层沉积(Xu Bei et al.,2009)。本研究主要针对新元古代拉伸纪以来的地层,即新元古界青白口系(拉伸系)、南华系(成冰系)和震旦系(埃迪卡拉系)。同时,塔里木地区的元古宙地层多集中在3个地区,库鲁克塔格、阿克苏和叶城地区,可能代表了3个或2个新元古代以来裂谷系构造背景及相应地层。

  • 库鲁克塔格地区位于塔里木陆块东北缘,该地区广泛分布的新元古代超镁铁质—镁铁质杂岩和镁铁质岩墙群被认为是与Rodinia超大陆裂解地幔柱活动有关(Zhao and Cawood,2012);出露的库鲁克塔格群为一套裂谷盆地沉积建造,厚度超3 km,主要为海相硅质碎屑沉积,从下至上依次沉积了贝义西组、照壁山组、阿勒通沟组、黄羊沟组、特瑞爱肯组、扎摩克提组、育肯沟组、水泉组和汉格尔乔克组。依据He Jingwen et al.(2014)研究总结,将特瑞爱肯组及其下伏地层划入南华系,将扎摩克提组及其上覆地层划入震旦系(埃迪卡拉系)。其中贝义西组、阿勒通沟组、特瑞爱肯组和汉格尔乔克组为冰碛岩地层,可能分别对应着国际上的Kaigas、Sturtian、Marinoan和Gaskiers冰期,是全球范围内新元古代冰期追踪的标志层。

  • 塔里木陆块阿克苏和铁克里克地区分别位于陆块西北缘和西南缘,其中阿克苏地区新元古代地层从老至新分别为乔恩布拉克群、尤尔美那克组、苏盖特布拉克组和奇格布拉克组,铁克里克地区新元古代地层从老至新分别为苏库洛克群、牙拉古兹组、波龙组、克里西组、雨塘组、库尔卡克组和克孜苏胡木组,都是主要以滨海相、冰川沉积为特征。考虑到巧恩布拉克群、尤尔美那克组、波龙组和雨塘组都包含厚层冰碛岩,与库鲁克塔格地区南华纪地层可进行对比,且前人在这些地层中获得约760~720 Ma碎屑锆石年龄(高林志等,2013bHe Jingwen et al.,2014),因此可将其归入原南华系(780~635 Ma)。近年来,有关塔里木陆块新元古代年代学及古生物地层方面进展不大。

  • 本次研究在前人成果基础上,通过野外踏勘与剖面实测发现:① 新元古界原南华系盖层覆于阿克苏群及其相应层位之上,之间存在角度不整合面,界面上具有冰川擦痕;② 叶城的波龙组至少存在2~3期冰进冰退沉积,很可能代表的是早期Kaigas至Sturtian连续沉积,应可对比阿克苏地区的巧恩布拉克群以及库鲁克塔格的贝义西组,但叶城地区雨塘冰期不发育或是仅见冰水沉积,其原因待查;③ 阿克苏地区则正好相反,在巧恩布拉克群中夹的一套含大圆砾石的砾岩是否是冰川沉积值得商榷(陆松年和高振家,1990),而其上覆沉积尤尔美纳克组代表着Marinoan冰期没有疑义(Vandyk et al.,2019),因为其上盖帽具“Marinoan盖帽”特征(旷红伟等,2019b),而且上覆层位苏盖特布拉克组的准确火山岩年龄为615 Ma(Xu Bei et al.,2009)。但震旦系Gaskaiers冰川在阿克拉苏和叶城地区均未见,仅发育于东北库鲁克塔格(高林志等,2013b)。由此可见,从北—西北—西南,塔里木陆块的原南华系与震旦系特征差异巨大,其原因有待进一步深查。依据上述认识,仅对塔里木陆块新元古代地层方案作了微调。

  • 承接华北与塔里木陆块的欧龙布鲁克微陆块位于中国西北柴达木盆地北缘,属于塔里木陆块东南缘微陆块群之一。欧龙布鲁克陆块全吉群盖层长期以来被归属新元古界成冰系—震旦系。本研究新近在冰碛岩之下碳酸盐岩夹层凝灰岩SHRIMP锆石U-Pb定年数据结果分别为1658 Ma和1631 Ma(另文发表),与张海军等(2016)刊发同层位凝灰岩ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年结果1646 Ma和1640 Ma完全吻合,因而认为全吉群主体并非成冰系,而是中元古代早期沉积物。欧龙布鲁克地块基底建造组成、岩浆活动、变质作用和地壳生长事件都大致可以对比华北和塔里木陆块,但与扬子陆块差异较大,或者说欧龙布鲁克地块基底更亲华北和塔里木陆块。全吉群下部1.8~1.6 Ga期间的沉积层序和岩石组合特征与华北陆块南缘和西南缘豫西熊耳坳拉槽完全一致,在基底之上都最先发育老于1.65 Ga的中元古代早期粗碎屑岩、石英岩状砂岩到碳酸盐岩(白云岩)巨厚沉积序列,之后又经历了长期的隆起和剥蚀,最终沉积了震旦纪末期冰碛岩。进一步结合中元古代沉积地层序列和岩石组合,冰碛岩及之下不整合的对比等证据,将全吉群解体为下部中元古界碎屑岩-碳酸盐岩沉积序列,与豫西地区的熊耳群—汝阳群—洛峪群对比,并共同置于华北陆块中元古界长城系,代表华北陆块晋豫陕裂谷系充填建造,也表征该裂谷系是华北陆块固化以来最早启动的裂解作用;上部震旦系冰碛岩层序对比塔里木、阿拉善、华北陆块西缘、西南缘与南缘同时代冰碛岩地层;其间为一超过1.0 Ga以上的巨型不整合(Chen Xiaoshuai et al.,2020柳永清等,2023)。通过对比欧龙布鲁克微陆块和中国三大稳定陆块塔里木、华南和华北陆块基底、盖层沉积序列、岩石组合,冰川事件与沉积大地构造背景认为,中元古代早期,欧龙布鲁克微陆块与华北陆块具有更近的亲缘性,而与扬子和塔里木陆块有差异(旷红伟等,2019b)。因此,有理由推测,中元古代早期欧龙布鲁克微陆块位于华北陆块西南缘,中元古代古地理位置同属华北陆块西南缘豫西熊耳坳拉槽,属于华北克拉通西南缘晋豫陕坳拉槽向西延分支。震旦纪时期,欧龙布鲁克微陆块与塔里木陆块以及阿拉善等其他微陆块群和华北陆块西部逐渐接近,发育可对比的古气候环境、寒冷事件与大陆冰川沉积物(旷红伟等,2019b柳永清等,2023)。

  • 4 中国三大陆块中—新元古代地层划分与对比方案

  • 4.1 中—新元古代地层划分和对比原则

  • 本项研究在高度概括华北、扬子与塔里木三大陆块各自中—新元古代地层发育总体特征(沉积类型、沉积相、相序、岩石组合、火山活动和变质程度等)基础上,以中国地层典为基础,划分7个地层区,分别为Ⅰ阿尔泰-兴安区、Ⅱ北天山-阿拉善区、Ⅲ塔里木区、Ⅳ祁连-昆仑区、Ⅴ华北区、Ⅵ西藏-滇西区和Ⅶ华南区。在华北地层区内进一步划分为6个次级地层分区:Ⅴ1燕辽地区、Ⅴ2吉辽胶徐淮、Ⅴ3熊耳区、Ⅴ4白云鄂博-渣尔泰-狼山地区、Ⅴ5北秦岭-大别山、Ⅴ6鄂尔多斯及周边地区;华南地层区内分4个地层分区,即Ⅶ1巴颜喀拉-南秦岭-大别区、Ⅶ2扬子陆块西—北缘和四川盆地区、Ⅶ3江南区和Ⅶ4东南区。各地层区和地层分区的地理位置以及地层剖面所在地详见程裕淇等(2009)。本文重点研究了Ⅶ区(华南区)的Ⅶ2和Ⅶ3分区,并进一步分4个地层分区(扬子陆块西缘、北缘、江南、东南)(图9);Ⅴ区(中朝区)的Ⅴ1~Ⅴ3分区(图10);Ⅲ区(塔里木区),又分为西北、西南、东南及其周边的阿尔金与柴达木地区欧龙布鲁克(图11);同时兼顾其他分区,分别建立三大陆块中—新元古代地层对比格架。岩石地层单位则以中国地层典中各区划代表性岩石地层单位及中国地层表(2014版)为主要依据,并参考各省区域地质志、分省岩石地层清理以及公开发表的影响力大、公众接受程度高的部分论文中观点(详见附录7)。将中元古界划分为3个系,下部为长城系,中部为蓟县系,上部待建系。随着对中元古代研究的深入,证明华北陆块最早于其南部开始启动,因此,又以豫西地区(河南北部)汝阳-鲁山剖面的熊耳群—汝阳群—洛峪群为中元古界长城系层型;以天津市蓟县剖面为中元古界蓟县系层型;待建系以扬子陆块北缘神农架群为暂定层型,但待进一步研究探讨(本文提出3个方案,详见2.4节最后)。新元古界划分为青白口系、南华系和震旦系。

  • 2004国际地层表建议方案把中元古代底界放到了1.8 Ga,该建议划分方案强调地质界线以综合地质事件为依据(Gradstein et al.,2004)。这种划分原则,打破了以往在显生宙是以某一古生物属种首现作为地质界线的划分原则(Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point,GSSP)(萨尔瓦多,2000),也避免了以全球标准地层年龄(Global Standard Stratigraphic Age,GSSA)作为界线层型厘定方法的弊端(陆松年等,2005)。2012年国际地层委员会出版的《Geological Time Scale》一书(Gradstein et al.,2012),倡导以地质事件为依据,建立“自然的”前寒武纪地质年代表,并详细介绍了以1780 Ma为中元古界底界的划分依据(Van Kranendonk et al.,2012)。尽管直到现在,国际地层表中元古界底界仍然以1600 Ma为界,但事件地层学以等时性的突变为界,以多学科综合对比为主要手段,用于地层界线的研究,既深化了界线本身的意义,也促进了地层学方法的全面发展,它的优越性应予以充分估计(王鸿祯,1989; Gradstein et al.,2012; 苏文博,2014; 梅冥相,2016; 张海军等,2016)。该方法的普遍被认同,也成为本次中—新元古代地层学研究的主要方法论之一。

  • 中—新元古代早期,扬子与华北陆块古环境经历了同样复杂的演化过程,发生了—系列区域性或全球性地质事件,如:① 中元古代早期的干热气候和碳酸盐岩(蒸发盐)事件;② 成冰纪寒冷-冰期与成锰、成铁事件;③ 雪球地球后的盖帽白云岩沉积事件;④ 臼齿碳酸盐岩(MTC)与叠层石沉积事件;⑤ 黑色页岩与红层的发育与分布。通过对中—新元古代沉积序列中丰富沉积事件的梳理(图8)不难发现,跨越华北陆块南缘和西缘晋豫陕裂谷系是华北陆块固结以来最早开始裂解演化的(图1,图8),也是Columbia超大陆裂解在中国大地上的首次响应。而北部狼山-渣尔泰山-白云鄂博和中东部燕辽-太行等裂谷系直到1.65~1.32 Ga期间才发育;中—新元古代最晚期震旦纪冰碛岩层序在塔里木、阿拉善、华北陆块西缘、西南缘与南缘有较好的对比关系,表明此期塔里木陆块与华北陆块的亲缘关系更加强烈。尽管华北陆块1.32~1.0 Ga整体与Rodinia超大陆汇聚时间上吻合,但在构造变形、岩浆-火山活动等重点地质事件发育和特征上差距甚远,显然不应盲目地将其与北美格林威尔造山运动或Rodinia超大陆汇聚联系。1.0~0.8 Ga沿东部胶辽吉带和北部狼山—渣尔泰山—白云鄂博发育新的裂谷系(Hu Jianming et al.,2014),沉积了下部粗碎屑岩和中上部巨厚碳酸盐岩的巨厚沉积序列。无论是欧龙布鲁克、塔里木,还是华北陆块南缘和西缘都发育可对比的震旦纪末期大陆冰川,唯独扬子陆块缺失该期寒冷事件沉积物,因此推断,震旦纪末期的华北陆块西南缘、塔里木陆块及周围欧龙布鲁克、阿拉善等微陆块已十分接近,统一发育震旦纪末期冰川覆盖,之后又统一被下寒武统浅海含磷岩系覆盖(柳永清等,2023)。

  • 扬子陆块西缘昆阳群与北缘神农架群—打鼓石群等从年代学数据上填补了1400~1000 Ma地层柱上的空白(李怀坤等,2013耿元生等,2017)。燕辽地区下马岭组与龙山组和景儿峪组处于同一裂谷阶段(旷红伟等,2023a),尔后整个华北陆块抬升为陆,遭受了超长时间剥蚀,直到前寒武纪末才接受新的沉积。而以胶辽徐淮鲁豫为代表的中—新元古代过渡期沉积地层虽没有精确的年代学数据制约,但其中广泛发育的辉绿岩脉、臼齿碳酸盐岩事件、叠层石事件以及红、黑岩层的交替、沉积层序的一致性,特别是新元古代以来,沉积系统的显著变化包括:① 新元古代冰期开始之前碳酸盐岩中特征性的“臼齿构造”在冰期结束前消失;② 前寒武纪曾经大量繁盛的叠层石在冰期结束后快速衰退;③ 新元古代冰期结束之后,磷加速沉积,地层中磷矿大量出现;④ 发生大量富含有机质的页岩沉积等。均较好地反映了它们沉积时所处大地构造背景的一致性,是对Rodinia超大陆裂解的响应。本研究在年代学框架约束下,以沉积事件为对比标志,建立了中国主要陆块中—新元古代对比格架(图9~11),对应着超大陆的演变过程。

  • 图9 扬子陆块中一新元古代地层划分方案(年龄来源参考文献见附录7)

  • Fig.9 Meso-Neoproterozoic stratigraphic division and correlation scheme of the Yangtze block (see Appendix 7 for cited references of age data)

  • 图10 华北陆块中—新元古代地层划分与对比方案(年龄来源参考文献见附录7)

  • Fig.10 Meso-Neoproterozoic stratigraphic division and correlation scheme of the North China Craton (see Appendix 7 for cited references of age data)

  • 4.2 扬子陆块中—新元古代地层划分与对比方案

  • 扬子陆块由西往东,由北往南,发育四大裂谷系,分别为西缘康滇裂谷、北缘南秦岭裂谷,江南造山带西南为湘黔桂裂谷,东南为浙皖赣裂谷,其特征各不相同(图5)。西缘康滇裂谷,东川群的时代没有争议,最近测年数据表明,昆阳群黄草岭组可能在1.2~1.1 Ga(还需更多年代学数据证明,也可能更老至1.5 Ga(与段向东及刘军平口头交流)),大龙口组发育MTC,其时代应在1.0 Ga左右(富良棚凝灰岩年龄为1032 Ma)。因此,至少昆阳群大龙口组—美党组基本为连续沉积。高林志等(2018)在柳坝塘组获得凝灰岩锆石SHRIMP年龄892~872 Ma,而在澄江组获得年龄783±5 Ma;扬子陆块西缘新元古界澄江组底部玄武岩年龄为804±6 Ma,卓皆文等(2015)在川西新元古界开建桥组底部沉凝灰岩获得801.3 ±7.2 Ma锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄,刘军平等(2019)获得滇中易门地区新元古界澄江组底界凝灰岩锆石U-Pb年龄812±6 Ma;这与早前李献华等(2002)首次测得苏雄组锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄803±12 Ma基本一致,表明这些地层都是同期沉积。因此,在扬子陆块西缘晋宁运动面位于柳坝塘组与澄江组之间是无疑义的。江卓斐等(2017)获得川西苏雄组上覆列古六组杂砾岩中最年轻锆石U-Pb年龄加权平均值为724±12 Ma,认为该列古六组是Sturian冰期产物。但区域上列古六组整体是富凝灰质和火山碎屑的(吴根耀,1991江卓斐等,2017),扬子陆块南沱冰碛岩总体是贫火山碎屑的(刘鸿允和沙庆安,1963; 吴根耀,1991);富凝灰质和酸性火山碎屑是澄江组及其同时代地层(800~720 Ma)的主体岩性特征(张长俊,1991)。而且,杂砾岩的碎屑锆石也不能作为准确定年的依据。因此,不管江卓斐等(2017)测得的年龄为724±12 Ma的列古六组底部杂砾岩是否是严格意义上的Sturtian冰碛岩,本次将其置于澄江组/苏雄组之上。而将本课题组在滇西发现的冰下剥蚀作用强烈、具擦痕砾石和面状砾石极其发育、砾石成分明显来自昆阳群和澄江组砂岩的一套厚度在几米到几十米的冰碛岩暂时定义为南沱冰碛岩(图10),不整合置于列古六组之上,即青白口系上统顶部(拉伸系顶部)。详细的工作留待研究者今后进一步证实。扬子陆块北缘裂谷,本次主要依据城口、神农架和峡东为代表的中—新元古代地层划分(图3、图5、图6、图8和图9),依据已刊发的年代学数据以及成冰系地层组合,耀岭河组与成冰系可对比(Huang Hanyu et al.,2021陈骁帅等,2023)。大量年代学数据表明板溪群沉积开始早(820 Ma)(汪正江等,2015Lan Zhongwu et al.,2015刘军平等,2019王玉冲等,2023a),而莲沱组沉积晚(780 Ma)(Song Gaoyuan et al.,2016;景先庆等,2018);莲沱组(780~714 Ma)对比板溪群(820~716 Ma)上部(图10)。

  • 图11 塔里木陆块中一新元古代地层划分方案(年龄来源参考文献见附录7)

  • Fig.11 Meso-Neoproterozoic stratigraphic division and correlation scheme of the Tarim block (see Appendix 7 for cited references of age data)

  • 江南造山带早新元古代开启了扬子陆块与华夏陆块拼合碰撞之旅。晋宁运动面(820 Ma)自西至东在扬子陆块发育,将原青白口系(1000~780 Ma)以820 Ma为界,分为上下构造层。2015年国际地层委员会将成冰系底界划在720 Ma(Shields-Zhou,2016),莲沱组及与莲沱组相当的板溪群上部代表了成冰纪前由热—冷的过渡时期沉积,因此,将具有Sturtian冰期特征的长安组底界作为成冰系的底界,将板溪群或莲沱组及其相当层位(820~720 Ma)作为一个新系可能是合适的。因此,我们建议中国地层表南华系以Sturtian长安冰期的底界720 Ma(前已述及)为界;顶界不变,即以南沱冰期的结束,盖帽碳酸盐岩首现之前的635 Ma为界(周传明等,2021)。为了便于应用,以尽可能最小改动为原则,兼顾820 Ma的构造运动面和新元古界第一个全球性冰期Sturtian的底界720 Ma,同时使青白口系这一人尽皆知的年代地层名称能继续与国际上拉伸系(1000~720 Ma)对应,暂将青白口系一分为二:下统(1000~820 Ma)和上统(820~720 Ma); 720~635 Ma为南华系,对应国际上的成冰系;震旦系划分和中国地层表(2014)一致,或者还可以依据2022年10月发布的国际地层表(Cohen et al.,2013;International Commission on Stratigraphy,2022)向上延伸到原寒武系下部相关地层组内部,将震旦系与寒武系界线置于538.8 Ma,这在中国扬子地区有较多的证据支持(杨犇等,2020王伟等,2020)。

  • 扬子陆块的中元古代地层主要分布在西南缘—北缘,以昆阳群、神农架群和打鼓石群为代表,前面已经详细讨论其特征和方案,主要变化在于暂时将昆阳群底部(黄草岭组底界)置于1200 Ma,而神农架群则放在1300 Ma,其依据还包括碎屑锆石和系列地质事件,如黑色页岩事件(1.1~1.0 Ga)与红层事件(1.3~1.2 Ga)(Kuang Hongwei et al.,2022),它们发育的全球性可作为地层对比标志。从沉积层序看,很可能黄草岭组—大龙口组对应着华北胶辽徐淮地区南芬组—万隆组—青沟子组/佟家庄组—石旺庄组/刘老碑组—九里桥组—四顶山组,即胶辽徐淮的黑色或灰色页岩—MTC发育的白云岩或灰岩沉积序列。

  • 4.3 华北陆块中—新元古代地层划分与对比方案

  • 华北陆块中—新元古代地层自下至上发育有长城系、蓟县系、待建系、青白口系与震旦系,南华系缺失。

  • 中元古界底界置于1.8 Ga,华北陆块中元古代地层主要以南缘1.8~1.6 Ga的熊耳群及汝阳群—洛峪群和燕辽地区1.6~1.3 Ga的长城群—蓟县系—待建系作为标准地层,新元古界以胶辽徐淮青白口系及豫西罗圈组和东坡组为标准地层,再和其他区域进行对比(图9)。贺兰山—狼山地区主要依据苏文博(2016)方案,将该区域的黄旗口群划入长城系,王全口群叠层石发育,与蓟县系特征相似;狼山群(816±4 Ma)(Hu Jianming et al.,2014)归入青白口系,正目观组和罗圈组为同期冰川沉积,发育于震旦系顶部。阴山地区依碎屑锆石年龄,将都拉哈拉组、尖山组划归为长城系,哈拉霍疙特组、比鲁特组划分为蓟县系,白音布拉格组、呼吉尔图组划分为青白口系。可与胶辽徐淮青白口系对比的有洛南—栾川地区栾川群。由于白术沟组凝灰岩锆石年龄为1.3 Ga(祝禧艳等,2020),上覆和下伏地层均为不整合接触,故将其从栾川群中解体,下置于待建系,对比下马岭组。栾川群大红口组有确切的年代学数据850 Ma(胡国辉等,2019),同时发育MTC,为青白口系没有疑义。在华北陆块南缘,由于近年来在五佛山群下部兵马沟组和马鞍山组中均获得了1800 Ma以老的碎屑锆石年龄(胡国辉等,2013李承东等,2017);而其上部地层何家寨组的碎屑锆石年龄在1.2~1.0 Ga左右(贾超,2018Sun Fengbo et al.,2022),同时,何家寨组MTC非常发育,其下葡峪组和骆驼畔组尽管获得的最年轻碎屑锆石年龄老于1.7 Ga,但同样发育MTC,同时还发育叠层石,从岩性、沉积组合、地质事件综合考虑,这三个组沉积特征与经历的地质事件一致,还考虑到MTC在胶辽徐淮的发育层位,故将五佛山群解体,兵马沟组和马鞍山组置于长城系,而葡峪组、骆驼畔组和何家寨组暂归青白口系,或略向下延伸至中元古界。华北陆块东部胶辽徐淮吉等地的原“新元古界”可能跨越了中—新元古界界线而分属于待建系—青白口系(前已述及),华北东部中—新元古界界线对应的地层组目前暂不能完全划定(图7、图10)。以罗圈组为代表的震旦系置于前寒武系顶部,对应扬子陆块陡山沱组上部—灯影组。华北陆块北缘燕山地区龙山组—景儿峪组,按新的证据(旷红伟等,2023a),暂将其与下马岭组连在一起,共同归入待建系。

  • 4.4 塔里木陆块新元古代地层划分方案

  • 通常新疆的新元古代划分,首先是东天山库鲁克塔格地区所发现的4套含冰碛岩岩系(贝义西岩系、阿勒通沟岩系、特瑞爱肯岩系和育肯沟岩系;高林志等,2013b)为特征。随着年代学数据的逐渐丰富(尹崇玉等,2007徐备等,2008Xu Bei et al.,2009高林志等,2010He Jingwen et al.,2014王海培等,2016Zhang Chuanlin et al.,2016)以及对塔里木盆地周边冰川沉积(陆松年和高振家,1990Xiao Shuhai et al.,2004崔海峰等,2016任荣等,2017Chen Hanlin et al.,2019Long Xiaoping et al.,2019)的深入研究,其对比方案更趋合理。结合冰川发育特征及岩浆事件发育期次,本次对塔里木陆块新元古代地层格架基本沿用中国地层典上的地层构架,而地层上下关系依据新的年代学数据和冰川事件做了较小调整(图11)。但塔里木陆块东缘,特别是全吉地块,地层系统进行了修订,将全吉群一分为二:红藻山组以下为长城系,其后经历了1.0 Ga以上的沉积间断,直到黑土坡组黑色页岩沉积,代表了以震旦系为主体的沉积序列(图11)。

  • 4.5 中国三大陆块中—新元古代地层发育的共性与差异性

  • 通过进一步系统总结和对比华北、扬子与塔里木三大稳定陆块岩石和年代地层格架可以看出,中—新元古代时期三大陆块共性较为局限,仅在以下几方面有所表现:① 具有基本相同时代和相同构造属性的古元古代基底,陆块固化时间较为一致,结合其他证据进一步说明了三大稳定陆块同时卷入了哥伦比亚超级大陆的形成,并可能同时启动或经历了1800 Ma之后大陆地壳的伸展改造过程和初始的裂谷系演化和沉积作用;② 1000~820 Ma时期,三大稳定陆块均同时经历了相对强烈的岩浆-火山等热事件,扬子与塔里木陆块属于罗迪尼亚超级大陆汇聚事件,而华北陆块可能并未参与罗迪尼亚超级大陆的汇聚过程(耿元生等,2020)。三大陆块更多地是表现出相异性(仅保持在两陆块的共性则相对较多)。

  • (1)中元古界:不同于塔里木陆块前青白口系的浅变质岩系,华北和扬子陆块共同具有1.8~1.0 Ga地层层序和基本一致的沉积-地层序列;华北陆块中元古代早期层序相对较为齐整和连续,但普遍缺失1.3~1.0 Ga地层层序(个别地区除外),而扬子陆块则中元古代层序间沉积间断频繁,但1.3~1.0 Ga 地层层序(盆地)较齐全;华北和扬子陆块中元古代初期(1.8 Ga)的伸展裂解启动时间也十分一致,并具有全球可对比性。

  • (2)新元古界:1.0~0.8 Ga时期,华北、扬子和塔里木陆块大地构造背景与沉积古地理和原型盆地显现重大差异;华北陆块新元古界底部普遍发育巨厚粗碎屑岩(砾岩与砂岩组合),环周缘则为被动边缘型裂谷系,充填巨厚陆源碎屑岩及浅海相碳酸盐岩;扬子陆块周缘则继承中元古代末期的伸展背景(海相裂谷系盆地),并逐渐发育成活动陆缘背景下的俯冲、增生的汇聚大地构造背景;塔里木陆块则发育被动边缘裂谷系(盆地),堆积了巨厚的深海复理石与浅海相沉积岩系。0.8~0.58 Ga时期,华北陆块与扬子和塔里木陆块的大地构造背景与沉积古地理和原型盆地仍然差别巨大,华北陆块整体缺失0.8~0.58 Ga 地层层序,但扬子与塔里木陆块共同发育被动陆缘大陆裂谷、雪球地球事件和震旦纪早期(陡山沱组)浅海相陆缘碎屑岩与碳酸盐岩台地,具有大致(年代期次)相同的响应雪球地球的冰期演化和沉积产物(地层建造),发育基本相似、相同年代学约束下的可以对比的成冰系至埃迪卡拉系(不含埃迪卡拉纪冰期)地层系统。0.58~0.54 Ga时期,扬子陆块继承前期(灯影组)碳酸盐岩台地背景,但华北与塔里木陆块及周边微陆块群则共同发育具有广泛全球对比性的震旦纪晚期大陆冰川事件。华北陆块和塔里木陆块之间具有完全可对比的埃迪卡拉纪冰期和沉积建造以及埃迪卡拉纪至寒武纪早期含磷岩系的过渡沉积层序和构造背景,它们那时是否卷入到冈瓦纳大陆的演化范畴需要进一步研究和对比。

  • 5 中—新元古代地层研究尚存问题与进一步研究方向

  • (1)不仅华北、扬子与塔里木三大陆块上裂谷系发育极为不均衡,裂谷系随时间具有时空上的(位置)频繁转换,同时在时间演化尺度上,地层和沉积层序完整性普遍偏差或极差,中—新元古代地层层序间不整合极为发育。熊耳群分布局限,与其他裂陷盆地不易对比;最年轻的数据1.75 Ga虽然在官道口群(1759±5 Ma,He Yanhong et al.,2009)可以对接,但与汝阳群底界(1711 Ma,汪校锋,2015)还有差距,而与北缘长城群底界(1.68~1.65 Ga)差距更大。由于在年代上不能直接与长城群底界衔接,还需在上部地层继续工作。有些间断沉积时间长达1.0 Ga,如华北南部和我国西部地区豫西汝阳群—洛峪群与罗圈组之间和柴达木全吉群红藻山组(最新凝灰岩年龄1.65 Ga,张海军等,2016),缺失1.6~0.6 Ga长达1.0 Ga的地层;燕山地区中—新元古界之间前期认为缺失~300 Ma,但实际上很可能缺失长达700~800 Ma(旷红伟等,2023a)。这可能不是简单地认识便可了解的:它或许是1.6 Ga全球性构造运动的一个印记,也或许是国外更为发育,是国际地层委员会认定1.6 Ga作为中元古代地层底界的重要依据?这一巨型不整合的形成是否还有可能与冰期发育或大陆冰川的剥蚀作用有关?亦或与大陆裂解进程中裂谷系时空频繁转换有关?这是今后应加强研究和对比的科学问题。

  • (2)是否存在扬子陆块中—新元古代过渡时期?现有的年代学数据表明,华北东部胶辽徐淮吉地区,以及扬子地区西部中元古代地层柱是否跨越中—新元古代(1.0 Ga)界线存在不同观点,越来越多的证据表明这很可能是事实。主流观点不承认中元古代末期发育区域性构造运动,但如何解释昆阳群顶部的巨型风化壳以及赤铁矿发育?在神农架地区也同样发现神农架群顶部层位具有赤铁矿以及古风化壳,它们是否可以对比?还需要进一步工作。

  • (3)完整的中—新元古代地层层序,特别是过渡时期的地层序列的识别,有助于理解扬子陆块中元古代以来至新元古代早期(0.82 Ga)是一个持续的裂解过程、还是经历了1.0 Ga的短暂多陆块聚合过程。而在华北,胶辽徐淮裂谷系始终未能获得精确的年代学数据,从现有碎屑锆石数据结果看,似乎其最小峰值都大于1.0 Ga,因此,胶辽徐淮地区的青白口纪地层是否向下跨越中—新元古代界线也是值得追寻探索的问题。

  • (4)需要进一步研究的重大科学问题还包括:事件沉积中的冷与热,风与火,红与黑,事关地球构造、沉积、古生物、地球化学、古气候相互协同演化关系,即地球圈层演化相互关系的探讨,也直接影响着深地资源的勘查与开采、深地油气勘探及相关沉积矿产资源的成因、聚集与分布等问题的研究。

  • 6 结论

  • 通过大量前期成果、文献调研和野外与室内工作,梳理了中国(华北、扬子和塔里木)三大主要陆块中—新元古代岩石地层序列,重新厘定了在年代框架约束和事件地层辅助下的岩石地层格架,取得了一系列创新性成果,同时也引发了新的思考,促使我们更深入地研究和探索前寒武纪地层学问题。同时为中国地层表的修订,以及提升我国前寒武纪地层学研究水平与国际地位具有重要意义。

  • (1)从年代学、沉积学与地质事件重新厘定并建议,将华北中元古界底界置于1.8 Ga,同时,将华北陆块南缘熊耳群、汝阳群—洛峪群划归长城系;燕山地区原“长城系”仅代表长城系上部层位,建议作为岩石地层单位,改称长城群。

  • (2)完善和建立扬子陆块北缘神农架地区中—新元古代地层层序、沉积序列,研究了华北陆块北缘下马岭组与龙山组接触关系,重点分析了扬子陆块西缘、北缘,华北陆块北缘和南缘待建系研究进展后,建议暂将神农架群作为我国中元古界待建系候选层型进行重点研究。

  • (3)梳理和分析了华北、扬子和塔里木陆块新元古代地层研究现状,对扬子陆块新元古代提出四分建议方案,讨论了以中国北方华北罗圈冰期为代表的埃迪卡拉纪冰川的时代约为570~539 Ma。

  • (4)重点分析和系统研究了中国三大主要陆块中—新元古代岩浆岩发育特征和具有全球性及对超大陆恢复具有重要指示意义的主要地质事件(群),包括叠层石、臼齿碳酸盐岩、冰期、黑色与红色岩系、盖帽碳酸盐岩等,夯实了中—新元古代地层对比格架建立的基础,进而提出了华北、扬子和塔里木三大陆块中—新元古代地层划分和对比的建议方案。

  • (5)通过对中国三大陆块基底、盖层沉积序列、岩石组合,冰川事件和沉积大地构造背景的全面对比与综合研究认为,中元古代华北、扬子和塔里木陆块于1.8 Ga同时启动了具有全球对比意义的大规模伸展裂解,原型沉积盆地同属由陆块边缘伸向核部的三叉裂谷;新元古代早期三大陆块大地构造背景与沉积古地理和原型盆地显现重大差异,华北底部普遍发育巨厚粗碎屑岩,环周缘则为被动边缘型裂谷系;扬子陆块周缘则继承中元古代末期的伸展背景,并逐渐发育成活动陆缘背景的俯冲、增生和汇聚大地构造背景,塔里木陆块则发育被动边缘裂谷系(盆地);中—新元古代欧龙布鲁克微陆块与华北陆块具有明显共性和亲缘性,震旦纪晚期的塔里木陆块与周边微陆块群和华北陆块西南缘彼此近邻。

  • 致谢:本文为集体研究成果。得到国家重点研发计划、中国地质调查局、国家自然科学基金委和神农架国家公园管理局等项目共同资助。尤其感谢国家重点研发计划深地资源勘查开采专项项目课题《中国中新元古界地层时空格架与沉积-地层事件对比》的资助。研究过程中,得益于本课题合作单位山东科技大学杨锋杰、陈雷和毛光周教授及其团队,中国矿业大学(北京)赵峰华教授和刘东娜副教授(太原理工大学)团队,吉林大学王德海副教授团队,成都理工大学王昌勇教授团队,长江大学宋换新和唐永教授团队的协助和支持。本研究团队先后参与野外工作和(或)室内研究的还有许欢、章朋、王能盛、范正秀、安伟、朱志才、夏晓旭、杨振瑞、郑海峰、邹雨、张懿、张继彪、王新宇、乔大伟、师晶、崔明明等博士(后)和硕士(研究生)及易治宇副教授和张恒副研究员。中国地质科学院地质研究所高林志研究员和丁孝忠研究员等人为本研究提供资料,并多次讨论地层问题,全国地层委员会王泽九研究员对神农架待建系研究给予了支持和肯定,湖北省地质调查院瞿乐生研究员、河南省地质调查院王世炎研究员、山东省地质调查院许克民研究员、山东省地质科学院宁振国研究员、山西省地质调查院李建荣研究员、中国地质调查局天津地质调查中心苗培森研究员等人在地质考察方面所给予的帮助和为地层划分方案提出的建设性建议,在此一并表示衷心感谢。同时,还要感谢以同济大学杨风丽教授为首席的深地资源勘查开采专项项目《中新元古代大陆重建与原型盆地分布预测研究》项目组全体成员的支持和帮助。感谢评审人对本文认真细致的评审。

  • 附件:本文附件(附录1~7)详见http://www.geojournals.cn/dzxb/dzxb/article/abstract/202312089?st=article_issue

  • 注释

  • ❶ 全国地层委员会.2014. 全国地层委员会神农架会议纪要.

  • ❷ 耿元生.2016. 我国中—新元古代年代地层研究进展及存在问题. 国家重点研发计划课题“中国中新元古界地层时空格架与沉积-地层事件对比(2016YFC0601001)”开题会议上的报告.

  • ❸ International Commission on Stratigraphy.2009. https://stratigraphy.org/chart

  • ❹ 郑昭昌,李玉珍,陆松年.1987. 贺兰山区震旦纪正目观组研究报告.

  • ❺ International Commission on Stratigraphy, October 2022, URL: http://www.stratigraphy.org/ICSchart/ChronostratChart2022-10.pdf.

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