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作者简介:

于晓卫,男,1982年生。高级工程师,矿产普查与勘探专业。E-mail:412102439@qq.com。

通讯作者:

王来明,男1952年生。教授级高级工程师,主要从事区域地质调工作。E-mail:wanglm1952@163.com。

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目录contents

    摘要

    胶东金矿集区是世界著名的黄金资源基地,截止2020年底,累计查明金矿资源量已达5400余吨。胶东地区中生代花岗岩分布广泛,岩石类型多,并与金矿关系极为密切。本文按时代+岩浆事件+岩性的划分方法,将胶东区域性广泛分布的中生代花岗岩划分为晚侏罗世玲珑期、早白垩世早期郭家岭期、早白垩世晚期伟德山期和崂山期,对上述四期花岗岩与金矿的空间展布、成矿物质来源、形成时代等关系进行了研究。金矿石硫同位素组成特征与玲珑期花岗岩、郭家岭期花岗岩的相近,特别是与玲珑期花岗岩范围重叠,金矿石铅主要为再活化的下地壳铅,即前寒武纪结晶基底铅,有幔源铅加入。金矿石的Sr-Nd同位素数据大部分与前寒武纪变质基底、玲珑期花岗岩、郭家岭期花岗岩及中生代脉岩的重叠,暗示Sr、Nd主要来自地壳源区。同位素测试结果说明胶东金矿床Au元素可能来源于胶东岩群、新太古代TTG岩、玲珑期花岗岩和郭家岭期花岗岩,主要来源于下地壳(初始为华北板块和扬子板块前寒武纪结晶基底),有壳幔相互作用的地幔物质加入。空间上,88%的金资源量赋存在玲珑期花岗岩中,7%的金资源量赋存于郭家岭期花岗岩中,伟德山期和崂山期花岗岩中金资源量仅占0.1%。时间上,晚侏罗世玲珑期、早白垩世早期郭家岭期、早白垩世晚期伟德山期和崂山期花岗岩形成时间分别为166~146 Ma、135~123 Ma、123~110 Ma、118~108 Ma,金矿成矿年龄有162~146 Ma、133~120 Ma、120~105 Ma、110~105 Ma四个区间范围,这四个金矿成矿年龄区间与四期花岗岩年龄具有较好的对应关系,成矿事件一般同步或略滞后于同源岩浆活动,即162~146 Ma成矿期对应玲珑期重熔花岗岩的侵位事件,133~120 Ma成矿期对应郭家岭期花岗岩的侵位事件,120~105 Ma的成矿期对应伟德山期和110~105 Ma矿化期对应崂山期花岗岩侵位事件,据此将胶东金矿成矿期划分为玲珑金成矿期、郭家岭金成矿期、伟德山金及多金属成矿期和崂山钼矿化蚀变期。

    Abstract

    The Jiaodong Gold Mine Cluster is a world-famous gold resource base. By the end of 2020, the total amount of gold resources identified reached 5400 tons. The Mesozoic granites in the Jiaodong area are widely distributed with many rock types and closely related to gold deposits. According to the division method of age+magmatic event+lithology, the Mesozoic granites widely distributed in Jiaodong region are divided into the Late Jurassic Linglong stage, the early Early Cretaceous Guojialing stage, the Late Early Cretaceous Weideshan stage and the Laoshan stage. The relationship between the above four stages of granites and gold deposits, including spatial distribution, source of ore-forming materials, and age of formation are studied. The sulfur isotope of gold ore is similar to the Linglong granite and the Guojialing granite, especially overlapping with the Linglong granite. The lead of gold ore is mainly the reactivated lower crust lead, i.e. the Precambrian crystalline basement lead, with the addition of mantle-derived lead. The data of Sr-Nd allotrope of gold ore mostly overlaps with the Precambrian metamorphic basement, the Linglong granite, the Guojialing granite and the Mesozoic vein rock, suggesting that Sr-Nd mainly comes from the crustal source area. The Au elements of the Jiaodong gold deposit may come from the Jiaodong magmatic rock group, the Neo-Archean TTG rocks, the Linglong granite and the Guojialing granite, mainly from the lower crust (initially the Precambrian crystalline basement of the North China plate and the Yangtze plate), with the addition of crust-mantle interaction mantle materials. Spatially, 88% of the gold resources are hosted in the Linglong granite, 7% in the Guojialing granite, and only 0.1% in the Weideshan and the Laoshan granites. In terms of time, the formation time of granite in Linglong stage of Late Jurassic, Guojialing stage of Early Cretaceous, Weideshan stage and Laoshan stage of Late Cretaceous are 166~146 Ma, 135~123 Ma, 123~110 Ma, 118~108 Ma respectively, and the age of gold deposit is 162~146 Ma, 133~120 Ma, 120~105 Ma, 110~105 Ma, which have good corresponding relationship. The mineralization events are generally synchronous or slightly lagged behind the homologous magmatic activities, i.e. the 162~146 Ma mineralization period corresponds to the emplacement event of the Linglong period remelted granite, the 133~120 Ma mineralization period corresponds to the emplacement event of the Guojialing period granite, the 120~105 Ma mineralization period corresponds to the Weideshan period and the 110~105 Ma mineralization period corresponds to the Laoshan period granite emplacement event. Therefore, the Jiaodong gold mineralization period can be divided into the Linglong gold mineralization period, the Guojialing gold mineralization period, the Weideshan gold and polymetallic mineralization period and the Laoshan molybdenum mineralization alteration period.

  • 胶东金矿集区是世界著名的黄金资源基地,截止2020年底,累计查明金矿资源量已达5400余吨,属世界第三大金矿区。区内广泛分布的中生代花岗岩与金矿有着密切的关系,主要有晚侏罗世玲珑期花岗岩、早白垩世早期郭家岭期花岗闪长岩—二长花岗岩、早白垩世晚期伟德山期闪长岩—石英二长岩—花岗闪长岩—二长花岗岩和崂山期二长花岗岩-正长花岗岩-碱长花岗岩。出露面积最大的为玲珑期花岗岩,包括玲珑岩体、毕郭岩体、昆嵛山岩体、鹊山岩体、磁山等岩体。其次为郭家岭期花岗岩,包括郭家岭岩体、丛家岩体、七甲岩体(曲家)、范家店岩体、三山岛岩体、上庄岩体、北截等岩体。再次为伟德山期花岗岩,包括伟德山岩体、艾山岩体、牙山岩体、院格庄岩体、海阳岩体、南宿岩体、周官岩体、北峰顶等岩体,崂山期花岗岩包括崂山岩体、招虎山岩体、大柱山等岩体(王来明等,2021)。

  • 近年来,不同学者对胶东金矿与中生代花岗岩关系进行了研究。李士先等(2007)认为胶东75%以上的金矿床分布于早白垩世郭家岭期花岗闪长岩岩体与晚侏罗纪玲珑期花岗岩岩体接触带1~3 km内,以胶西北最为明显,胶东地区的金矿与玲珑期、郭家岭期花岗岩关系密切,郭家岭期花岗岩尤为突出。宋明春等(2013a)认为,白垩纪中国东部地幔隆起,在胶东产生壳幔同熔型花岗岩(伟德山花岗岩),诱发成矿流体活动,同时形成花岗岩穹隆-伸展构造,产生了大规模金矿。叶天竺等(2014)根据金矿体与不同时代地质体的时空关系,将与金成矿密切相关的地质体分为含矿地质体和成矿地质体,认为栾家河及玲珑岩体都是成矿的先期围岩,为含矿地质体,郭家岭岩体是成矿地质体。

  • 不同学者对胶东金矿床的形成年龄进行了详细的研究(杨进辉等,2000陈衍景等,2004翟明国等,2004范宏瑞等,2005杨立强等,2006宋雪龙等,2014Song Mingchun et al.,2015),部分研究者认为金矿主要形成于早白垩世(120±5 Ma),也有研究者认为,胶东金矿成矿划分为晚侏罗世早期成矿事件、早白垩世早期主成矿事件及早白垩世晚期叠加成矿事件(于学峰等,2012李洪奎等,2013李逸凡等,2019)。丁正江(2015)等,将胶东金及多金属成矿作用划分为,~205 Ma、160~155 Ma、135~125 Ma、125~115 Ma、115~100 Ma、100~90 Ma 等六个时期。

  • 鉴于以上,我们进行了胶东地区中生代花岗岩和金矿关系调查研究,通过调查测试分析等手段,开展花岗岩与金矿空间展布、形成时代、物质来源等方面相关性对比研究,探讨中生代花岗岩与金矿的关系及花岗岩形成演化对金矿成矿的贡献程度,划分成矿期次,以期为胶东地区金矿找矿提供依据。

  • 1 地质背景

  • 胶东地区,即胶莱河以东陆域地区(大胶东),行政区划隶属烟台市、威海市及青岛市。隶属于华北板块(I级)之胶辽隆起区(Ⅱ级)和秦岭-大别-苏鲁造山带(I级)之胶南-威海隆起区(Ⅱ级)。

  • 地层发育有新太古界胶东岩群,古元古界荆山群、粉子山群以及胶南威海造山带变质表壳岩组合,新元古界震旦系蓬莱群。中生代断陷盆地内有白垩系莱阳群、青山群、王氏群分布。新生代盆地(龙口盆地)内则发育古近系五图群,另外在栖霞地区零星发育新近系临朐群基性—超基性火山岩,蓬莱地区发育第四系史家沟组火山岩,在沿河流、沟谷、滨海岸带及平原地区则分布有大面积的第四系松散堆积物(图1)。

  • 侵入岩十分发育,发育新太古代TTG岩、南华纪片麻状二长花岗岩、中生代花岗岩,以广泛和大面积中生代花岗岩为特征。主要有新太古代栖霞序列TTG岩,南华纪荣成序列片麻岩,晚三叠世宁津所正长岩和槎山正长花岗岩,晚侏罗世玲珑期花岗岩、垛崮山绿帘石花岗闪长岩、文登二长花岗岩,早白垩世早期郭家岭期花岗闪长岩—二长花岗岩,早白垩世晚期伟德山期闪长岩—石英二长岩—花岗闪长岩—二长花岗岩和崂山期二长花岗岩—正长花岗岩—碱长花岗岩。此外,胶东地区脉岩极为发育,岩性包括煌斑岩、辉绿岩、闪长( 玢)岩、花岗斑岩、伟晶岩等,多为北东、北北东向成群、成带分布。空间上与矿体关系密切,成岩时代贯穿侏罗纪和白垩纪。

  • 胶东地区包括胶辽隆起区和胶南-威海隆起区两个二级大地构造单元,二者以牟平-即墨-五莲断裂带为界。三级构造单元则为胶北隆起、胶莱盆地和威海隆起。研究区内韧性和脆性构造均十分发育。韧性构造主要发育在前寒武纪结晶基底和片麻岩穹隆构造内。断裂广泛发育,以北东、北北东向为主,其次为东西向和北西向断裂,北东向和北北东向断裂与金矿成矿关系最为密切,如三山岛断裂、焦家断裂、招远-平度断裂、郭城断裂、牟平-乳山断裂,金矿床(点)都与其有关,主要分布于断裂成矿带及其之间的区域,著名的三山岛、焦家、新城、台上、大尹格庄、夏甸、邓格庄、金青顶等大型、超大型金矿床均分布其中。

  • 2 中生代花岗岩

  • 胶东中生代花岗岩具有区域性广泛分布的特点,这些花岗岩是同一期区域性岩浆活动事件的产物,对其按时代+岩浆事件+岩性的划分方法进行划分,将胶东区域性广泛分布的岩性相同、形成时代相近的花岗岩划分归并为期,是时代“纪”内的岩浆事件单位,划分为晚侏罗世玲珑期、早白垩世早期郭家岭期、早白垩世晚期伟德山期和崂山期(王来明等,2021)。

  • 2.1 晚侏罗世玲珑期花岗岩

  • 是指形成时代为晚侏罗世,形成年龄为166~146 Ma的一期岩浆活动事件的产物,其岩性主要由细粒混合花岗岩—细粒二长花岗岩—中粒二长花岗岩—中粗粒二长花岗岩组成,是由地壳(主要是中—新太古代变质地层和TTG岩以及部分古元古代变质地层)重熔作用形成的花岗岩(苗来成等,1998罗镇宽,2002田杰鹏等,2016),是胶东地区具有典型性和代表性的地壳重熔型花岗岩。与金矿在空间上关系极为密切。

  • 玲珑期花岗岩广泛分布于招远、平度、莱州、牟平和乳山地区,总体上呈近东西向展布,主要岩体有玲珑岩体、毕郭岩体、昆嵛山岩体、鹊山岩体、磁山岩体等,以玲珑岩体最具代表性。

  • 图1 胶东地区区域地质图

  • Fig.1 Regional geological map of Jiaodong area

  • 1 —第四系;2—古近系;3—白垩系;4—震旦系;5—新元古界;6—古元古界;7—新太古界;8—崂山期花岗岩;9—郭家岭期花岗岩;10—伟德山期花岗岩;11—玲珑期花岗岩;12—晚侏罗世花岗岩;13—晚侏罗世花岗闪长岩;14—晚三叠世正长岩;15—晚三叠世石英正长岩;16—断裂;17—推测断裂;18—脉岩

  • 1 —Quaternary; 2—Paleogene; 3—Cretaceous; 4—Sinian; 5—Neoproterozoic; 6—Paleoproterozoic; 7—Neoarchean; 8—Laoshan granite; 9—Guojialing granite; 10—Weideshan granite; 11—Linglong granite; 12—Late Jurassic granite; 13—Late Jurassic granodiorite; 14—Late Triassic syenite; 15—Late Triassic quartz syenite; 16—fault; 17—concealed fault; 18—vein

  • 2.2 早白垩世(早期)郭家岭期花岗岩

  • 指形成时代为早白垩世早期,形成年龄为135~123 Ma的一期岩浆活动事件的产物,岩性主要由中粒二长闪长岩—斑状石英二长岩—斑状花岗闪长岩—斑状二长花岗岩组成。该期花岗岩是由于构造体制转换阶段,岩石圈开始减薄(初期),地幔岩浆上涌,壳幔混合岩浆上侵而形成,是胶东地区具有典型性和代表性的壳幔混合型花岗岩(关康等,1997罗镇宽,2002杨进辉等,2003)。与金矿在空间上和时间上关系密切。

  • 郭家岭期花岗岩广泛分布于莱州、招远、栖霞和蓬莱地区,总体上呈东西向展布,主要岩体有郭家岭岩体、三山岛岩体、上庄岩体、北截岩体、从家岩体、七甲岩体、范家店岩体,以郭家岭岩体最具代表性。

  • 2.3 早白垩世(晚期)伟德山期花岗岩

  • 指形成时代为早白垩世晚期,形成年龄为123~110 Ma的一期岩浆活动的产物,岩性主要由细粒角闪闪长岩—中粒二长闪长岩—斑状石英二长岩—斑状二长花岗岩组成。该期花岗岩是地壳减薄强烈期,地幔岩浆大规模上涌,壳幔混合岩浆上侵而形成(刘春华等,1997),是胶东地区以及胶南地区具有典型性和代表性的壳幔混合型花岗岩,与铜、铅锌、银、钼矿关系密切(宋明春等,20032015)。

  • 伟德山期花岗岩广泛分布于蓬莱、栖霞、牟平、海阳、荣成地区,主要岩体有伟德山岩体、艾山岩体、南宿岩体、牙山岩体、院格庄岩体、海阳岩体,以伟德山岩体最具代表性,该期花岗岩在胶南地区也广泛分布。

  • 2.4 早白垩世(晚期)崂山期花岗岩

  • 指形成时代为早白垩世晚期,形成年龄为118~108 Ma的一期岩浆活动的产物,岩性主要由晶洞二长花岗岩—晶洞正长花岗岩—晶洞碱长花岗岩组成,为高分异花岗岩。该期花岗岩形成于区域隆升伸展环境,地壳深部岩浆沿北东向断裂上侵就位,是典型的裂解型花岗岩——A型花岗岩(赵广涛等,1997)。野外调查发现该期花岗岩晶洞内有辉钼矿化,说明该期花岗岩与钼矿化关系密切。

  • 崂山期花岗岩广泛分布于崂山、平度、蓬莱、海阳和荣成地区,总体呈北东向展布,明显受北东向断裂控制,主要岩体有崂山岩体、北峰顶岩体、天崮山-大柱山岩体、招虎山岩体、成山头岩体,以崂山岩体最具代表性,该期花岗岩在胶南地区也广泛分布。

  • 3 胶东金矿概况

  • 胶东金矿成矿类型的认识一直处于不断研究和发展过程中。早期的研究者将胶东金矿划为绿岩带型金矿(杨敏之等,1996),认为胶东金矿的形成与新太古代的胶东花岗-绿岩带有关。20世纪初,部分研究者提出胶东金矿应属造山型金矿(Goldfarb et al.,2001Qiu Yumin et al.,2002陈衍景等,2004),认为导致胶东矿集区形成的主导因素是中生代华北板块与扬子板块的碰撞造山运动,在碰撞造山过程的挤压向伸展转变期发生了强烈的成矿作用。近年来,许多研究者认为胶东金矿是与国际上已知金矿不同的成矿类型,分别提出了克拉通破坏型金矿(Zhu Rixiang et al.,2015)、胶东型金矿(杨立强等,2014宋明春等,2014李洪奎等,2017)、热隆-伸展成矿(宋明春等,2013a)等认识。

  • 胶东地区金矿床产于不同类型围岩、不同性质构造中,表现为不同的矿化蚀变特征,矿床(化)类型非常复杂,前人将其划分了若干矿化类型,建立了较多的矿床模式。破碎带蚀变岩型金矿和石英脉型金矿是胶东地区2种最主要类型,二者累计资源储量占胶东金资源总量的94%,其中破碎蚀变岩型金矿有三山岛、焦家、大尹格庄、南墅等矿床;石英脉型金矿有玲珑金矿田、台上、旧店、黑岚沟等矿床。金矿化类型还包括硫化物石英脉型,典型金矿床有金牛山、邓格庄、金青顶金矿床;破碎带石英网脉带型,典型矿床河西金矿床;层间滑动构造带型,典型金矿床杜家崖金矿床;盆缘断裂角砾岩型,典型矿床有蓬家夼、宋家沟金矿床;黄铁矿碳酸盐脉型,典型矿床有辽上、郭城金矿床(李国华等,2016李洪奎等,2017)。

  • 胶东地区金矿床主要分布在中生代晚侏罗世玲珑期花岗岩和早白垩世郭家岭期花岗闪长岩中,少数分布在新太古代—古元古代变质岩中以及中生代早白垩世地层中,并严格受断裂构造控制。

  • 胶东地区已探明资源储量的金矿床主要分布于烟台市的莱州、招远、蓬莱、栖霞、福山、牟平等市(县、区),青岛市的平度、莱西市和威海市的乳山、文登市也有分布,可划分为胶西北(莱州—招远)、栖蓬福(栖霞—蓬莱—福山)、牟乳(牟平—乳山)3 个成矿小区,三山岛、焦家、招远—平度、栖霞—大柳行、牧牛山、牟平—乳山6条成矿带,三山岛、焦家、灵北、鞍石、大庄子、玲珑、大尹格庄、旧店、栖霞、大柳行、莱山、蓬家夼、邓格庄13处金矿田(宋明春等,2014)(图2)。

  • 本次对已探明的金矿床进行统计,矿床数量共计247处(岩金矿床),超大型金矿床14处,大型金矿床36处,中型金矿床71处,小型金矿床126处。截止到2020年累计查明金资源量5400余吨。目前,胶东地区最深的金矿勘探研究钻孔深度达4006.17 m。近年来深部找矿取得重大突破,探明深部超大型金矿床10处、大型金矿床8处,尤其是莱州市境内探明了三山岛北部海域、西岭、纱岭等3个资源储量分别为470.47 t、580 t和309.93 t的超大型金矿。

  • 4 中生代花岗岩与金矿关系研究

  • 4.1 空间展布关系

  • 4.1.1 玲珑期花岗岩

  • 胶东金矿床主要分布在玲珑期花岗岩边缘、内部及与前寒武纪变质岩接触带上,在玲珑岩本中有焦家-新城超大型金矿床、岭南-水旺庄超大型金矿床、大尹格庄、夏甸超大型金矿床、玲珑大型金矿床等。在鹊山岩体中分布的金矿床有郭城、辽上、西涝口等大型金矿床,蓬家夼等中型矿床等。在昆嵛山岩体中有邓格庄、金青顶大型金矿床,西直格庄、金牛山等中型金矿床。

  • 玲珑期花岗岩中赋存超大型金矿床14处,大型金矿床30处,中型金矿床45处,小型金矿床56处,共计145处。金矿数量占整个胶东金矿数量59%,而资源量占88%。根据金矿赋存围岩岩性统计结果,玲珑岩体中金矿主要赋存在中粒二长花岗岩和中粗粒二长花岗岩中,含石榴子石细中粒二长花岗岩和斑状中粗粒二长花岗岩及混合花岗岩中有少量金矿分布。昆嵛山岩体中金矿主要赋存在中粒二长花岗岩中,中粗粒二长花岗岩及中细粒二长花岗岩中有少量分布。磁山岩体中金矿赋存于斑状中粗粒二长花岗岩中。鹊山岩体中金矿赋存于中粒二长花岗岩。金矿分布数量及规模见表1。

  • 图2 胶东中生代花岗岩与金矿地质图

  • Fig.2 Geological map of Mesozoic granite and gold deposit in Jiaodong

  • a—超大型金矿; b—大型金矿; c—中型金矿; d—小型金矿; 1—第四系; 2—古近系; 3—白垩系; 4—震旦系; 5—新元古界; 6—古元古界; 7—新太古界; 8—崂山期花岗岩; 9—伟德山期花岗岩; 10—郭家岭期花岗岩; 11—玲珑期花岗岩; 12—晚侏罗世花岗岩; 13—晚三叠世花岗岩; 14—地质界线; 15—断层; 16—推测断层; 17—脉岩

  • a—super-large gold deposit; b—large gold deposit; c—medium gold deposit; d—small gold deposit; 1—Quaternary system; 2—Paleogene; 3—Cretaceous; 4—Sinian; 5—Neoproterozoic; 6—Paleoproterozoic; 7—Neoarchean; 8—Laoshan granite; 9—Weideshan granite; 10—Guojialing granite; 11—Linglong granite; 12—Late Jurassic granite; 13—Late Triassic granite; 14—geological boundary; 15—fault; 16—concealed fault; 17—vein

  • 4.1.2 郭家岭期花岗岩

  • 郭家岭期花岗岩与胶东地区金矿的关系十分密切。从空间上看,金矿与郭家岭期花岗岩紧邻。但数量和资源量上远不及玲珑期花岗岩。上庄岩体(巨斑状中粒花岗闪长岩)中发育大型金矿床2处,中型金矿床1处,小型金矿床1处,如上庄、河东大型金矿床。北截岩体(斑状粗中粒含角闪花岗闪长岩)中发育中型金矿1处,小型金矿1处。丛家岩体(斑状粗中粒含角闪花岗闪长岩)中发育小型金矿床6处。七甲岩体(斑状中粒角闪石英二长岩)中发育中型金矿2处,小型金矿1处。范家店岩体(斑状中细粒花岗闪长岩)中发育中型金矿1处。郭家岭岩体(斑状中细粒含黑云二长花岗岩)中分布的金矿床则更为发育,其中大型金矿床2处,中型金矿床12处,小型金矿床15处,如黑岚沟、燕山-上岚子大型金矿床。

  • 郭家岭期花岗岩赋存大型金矿床4处,中型金矿床17处,小型金矿床24处,金矿床总计45处。金矿床数量占整个胶东金矿数量18%,而资源量占7%。

  • 4.1.3 伟德山期与崂山期花岗岩

  • 伟德山期花岗岩中金矿分布很少,仅在泽头岩体中发育小型矿床3处,总资源量4.3 t,资源量占比不及0.1%。其他岩体均没有金矿赋存。崂山期花岗岩中没有金矿床产出,在空间上其与金矿接触关系不明显。

  • 表1 胶东地区各地质体中金矿分布数量表

  • Table1 Gold deposit distribution in various geological bodies Jiaodong area

  • 4.1.4 其他地质体

  • 中生界莱阳群林寺山组砾岩中发育1处大型金矿床,即宋家沟金矿。元古宙地层及花岗岩质片麻岩也有金矿产出,共发育大型金矿床1处,中型金矿床3处,小型金矿床18处,合计22处;矿床数量占胶东金矿数量的9%,资源量占2%。新太古代TTG岩,产于新太古代TTG中的的金矿床主要在栖霞地区,发育中型9处,小型22处,合计31处,矿床数量占胶东金矿数量的3%,资源量占3%。

  • 5 成矿物质来源

  • 胶东金矿床成矿物质的来源分歧较大(Qiu Yumin et al.,2002; Chen Yanjing et al.,2005),绝大多数学者强调了其多元性和复杂性。这可能主要是由于成矿过程的长期性和成矿作用的复杂性,导致同一样品中通常存在多期和多元信息的叠加;另外部分研究在数据获取、成果表达和地质意义的解释上还存在一些问题,也导致对一些关键性问题认识的不一致。通过不同地质体成矿元素丰度及S、Pb、Sr-Nd同位素探讨成矿物质来源。

  • 5.1 不同地质体金丰度

  • 本次工作对胶东地区出露的主要地质体进行了系统的岩石地球化学取样,样品主要在地质剖面上按一定间距采取,基本代表了各地质体的元素丰度(表2)。

  • 晚侏罗世玲珑期花岗岩体北部的Au含量为 0.1×10-9~29.22×10-9,平均0.52×10-9;玲珑重熔型花岗岩体南部的Au含量为 0.1×10-9~30.15×10-9,平均0.51×10-9。早白垩世早期郭家岭期郭家岭岩体的Au含量为 0.1×10-9~6.86×10-9,平均0.45×10-9。胶北隆起早白垩世晚期伟德山期艾山-南宿-周官-北峰顶岩体的Au含量为 0.1×10-9~1.44×10-9,平均0.26×10-9;威海隆起早白垩世晚期伟德山岩体Au含量0.1×10-9~1.77×10-9,平均0.27×10-9。中基性脉岩(煌斑岩、闪长玢岩、辉绿玢岩等)Au含量为0.1×10-9~1.77×10-9,平均0.33×10-9;酸性脉岩Au含量为0.1×10-9~1.10×10-9,平均0.38×10-9

  • 表2 胶东主要地质体主要元素地球化学参数一览表

  • Table2 Major geochemical data of major geological bodies in the Jiaodong region

  • 代号:胶东岩群(78),78表示参与统计样品数量; X’—平均值; S—标准差(S=1n-1i=1n xi-x2); Cv—变异系数(=S/X’)。

  • 变异系数体现元素在某一地区或某种地质体中的分布、分配不均匀,离散程度大,分异性强,易于活动迁移形成矿化体或强异常,通常使用成矿元素或伴生元素或指示元素计算变异系数。表2显示,变异系数大于1的有胶东岩群Au、As,新太古代TTG岩Au、W、Mo、As,荆山群W、Mo、As、Bi,玲珑岩体北部Au、Ag、Cu、Mo、Bi,玲珑岩体南部W、Mo、Bi,郭家岭岩体Au、Ag、Cu、W、As、Bi,艾山、南宿、周官等岩体Ag、Cu、Zn、W、Mo、Bi,德山岩体Cu、Zn、W、Mo、Bi等。Au元素变异系数大于1的地质体包括胶东岩群、新太古代TTG岩、玲珑岩体、郭家岭岩体,说明其在上述地质体中分布不均匀,离散程度大,分异性强,易于活化迁移富集。

  • 金是亲地核和下地幔的元素,而胶东岩群具有这种来源,由于胶东岩群(中基性—中酸性火山建造)具有初始金的富集,在成矿作用过程中可能贡献部分金质。胶东金矿床(点)附近常有胶东岩群分布的事实,说明胶东岩群具有提供金等成矿元素的可能。胶东岩群、新太古代TTG岩、玲珑花岗岩体北部和郭家岭岩体变异系数均大于1,Au元素有来源于胶东岩群、新太古代TTG岩、玲珑期花岗岩、郭家岭期花岗岩的可能。

  • 5.2 硫同位素

  • 在热液矿床中,硫源主要有3类:① 地幔硫:接近于陨石的硫同位素组成,其δ34S值接近0,并且变化范围小;① 地壳硫:在沉积、变质和岩浆作用过程中,地壳物质的硫同位素发生了很大的变化,各类地壳岩石的硫同位素组成变化很大,其中海水或海相硫酸盐的硫以富34S为特征,生物成因硫则以贫34S为特征;③ 混合硫:成矿流体在上升迁移过程中混染了地壳物质,硫同位素组成变化也较大。

  • 胶东主要地质体δ34S为:胶东岩群(广义)0.1‰~7.8‰,平均4.6‰,极差为7.9‰(黄德业,1994杨忠芳等,1998高太忠等,2001王义文等,2002;毛景文等2005;王中亮,2012张潮等,2014Yuan Zhongzheng et al.,2019),变化较大,主要集中在0~5‰、6‰~7‰两组,说明硫同位素组成远未达到均一化,在区域变质过程中未达到熔融状态(黄德业,1994王义文等,2002);荆山群5.6‰~10.74‰,平均9.15‰,极差为5.14‰(高太忠等,2001夏林,2003毛景文等,2005张竹如等,1999);粉子山群7.0‰~10.2‰,平均9.3‰,极差3.2‰(严育通等,2011姜晓辉等,2011a),古元古代变质地层以富集重硫为特征;晚侏罗世昆嵛山花岗岩3.97‰~15.1‰,极差为11.3‰(杨忠芳等,1998;高太忠等2001);玲珑花岗岩4.2‰~14.9‰,(黄德业,1994杨忠芳等,1998Mao Jingwen et al.,2008),晚侏罗世花岗岩硫同位素变化较大,不同研究者统计的δ34S平均值介于7.3‰~9.5‰之间,总体以富集重硫为特征;早白垩世早期郭家岭花岗岩2.7‰~10.0‰,平均6.7‰、7.33‰,(李兆龙等,1993王义文,2002张潮等,2014);早白垩世晚期艾山花岗闪长岩3.9‰~9.9‰,平均6.6‰,极差6.0‰(黄德业,1994);中生代长英质脉岩0.8‰~8.5‰(张潮等,2014);中基性脉岩1.8‰~6.3‰,平均2.96‰,极差8.1‰(黄德业,1994)。重熔型的玲珑和昆嵛山花岗岩富集重硫可能是继承前寒武纪变质基底富集重硫并在部分熔融过程中进一步富集的结果;而郭家岭和艾山岩体属壳幔混合花岗岩,地幔物质的加入导致其δ34S值降低。中基性脉岩主要来自富集地幔,混入了少量壳源物质,其δ34S值接近并略大于地幔值。

  • 金矿床硫同位素以富含重硫为特征,组成范围集中在6‰~12‰之间,不同矿床类型、不同成矿区带甚至不同成矿阶段δ34S值变化不大,呈现明显的塔式分布(图3a)。金矿床中黄铁矿、方铅矿、黄铜矿、磁黄铁矿和闪锌矿δ34S值的变化具有相似的特征,说明其具有相同的硫源,没有引起硫同位素的强烈分馏,保持着均一的特征,与胶东主要地质体δ34S分布范围对比,矿石硫与胶东岩群(含太古宙TTG)、荆山群—粉子山群、玲珑期花岗岩、郭家岭期花岗岩及中生代中基性脉岩范围相近,特别是与玲珑期花岗岩范围重叠,具有岩浆热液硫同位素变化小的特点,玲珑期花岗岩、前寒武纪变质地层、白垩纪早期郭家岭花岗岩、中生代脉岩对硫源有所贡献,金矿矿石硫与围岩硫有继承关系(杨立强等,2014)。δ34S值虽然普遍较高,但还有少量样品的值位于幔源硫附近,说明了硫源中有幔源硫的贡献。胶东地区蚀变岩型金矿床的δ34S值较石英脉型要大(图3b),可能与赋矿构造性质有关,蚀变岩型金矿床主要赋存于区域性大而连通的弥散空间中,构造相对封闭,含矿流体在构造中流动性较慢,降温减压迟缓,与围岩长时间进行水岩交换,混入更多的围岩硫;而石英脉型金矿主要赋存于区域性断裂的次级或低序次的引张扩容空间中,构造相对开放,含矿热液活动性大,在构造中存留时间短,迅速降温减压,与围岩水岩交换弱,可能更能接近原始成矿流体的硫源。蚀变岩型金矿床自西至东δ34S值逐渐降低,可能与西部更靠近渤海,含矿断裂直接与海水沟通、海水加入成矿流体有关。范家埠金矿床的硫同位素组成(δ34S=9.1‰~5.5‰)与胶东其他金矿床及前寒武纪变质地层、中生代花岗岩、中基性脉岩等的硫同位素组成有明显差异,普遍为负值,成矿环境可能为富含有机质的还原条件,有生物成因硫的加入(李建威等,2010)。

  • 图3 胶东金矿床硫同位素组成分布图(a)及直方图(b)

  • Fig.3 Distribution features (a) and histogram (b) of the sulfur isotopic composition of the Jiaodong gold deposits

  • 数据来源:黄德业,1994; 杨忠芳等,1998; 张竹如等,1999; 高太忠等,2001; 王义文等,2002; 徐贵忠等,2002; 夏林,2003; 张群喜等,2003; 侯明兰等,20042006; 宋玉财等,2004; 庞绪成,2005; 王君亭等,2005; 李士先等,2007; Mao Jingwen et al.,2008; 郭春影,2009; 陈海燕,2010; 蓝廷广等,2010; 李红梅等,2010; 李建威等,2010; 周起凤,2010; 蔡亚春等,2011; 姜晓辉等,2011a; 李旭芬,2011; 陆丽娜等,2011; 戴雪灵,2012; 李建中,2012; 王枫,2012; 张佳楠,2012; 宋明春等,2013b; 孙兴丽,2013; 王佳良等,2013; Deng Jun,2014; 桂飞,2014; Tan Jun et al.,2014; 张潮等,2014; 陈昌昕,2015; 陈扬,2015; 丁正江等,2015; 姜盛洪等,2015; Li Yujie et al.,2015; Mills et al.,2015; 孙丽伟,2015; 卫清等,2015; 陈玉民等,2016; 郭林楠,2016; Wen Baojie et al.,2016; Yang Liqiang et al.,2016a; 张瑞忠等,2016; 陈炳翰,2017; Feng Kai et al.,2017,2019; Yang Kuifeng et al.,2017; Zhu Zhiyong et al.,2017; Cai Yachun et al.,2018; 薛建玲等,2018,2019; 张义东,2018; 杜佛光,2019; 税棚,2019; Yuan Zhongzheng et al.,2019; 张铭等,2019; 王金辉等,2020; 王来明等,2020

  • Data source:Huang Deye, 1994; Yang Zhongfang et al., 1998; Zhang Zhuru et al., 1999; Gao Taizhong et al., 2001; Wang Yiwen et al., 2002; Xu Guizhong et al., 2002; Zhang Lianchang et al., 2002; Xia Lin, 2003; Zhang Qunxi et al., 2003; Hou Minglan et al., 2004, 2006; Song Yucai et al., 2004; Pang Xucheng, 2005; Wang Junting et al., 2005; Li Shixianet al., 2007; Mao Jingwen et al., 2008; Guo Chunying, 2009; Chen Haiyan, 2010; Lan Tingguang et al., 2010; Li Hongmei et al., 2010; Li Jianwei et al., 2010; Zhou Qifeng, 2010; Cai Yachun et al., 2011; Jiang Xiaohui et al., 2011b; Li Xufen, 2011; Lu Linan et al., 2011; Dai Xueling, 2012; Li Jianzhong, 2012; Wang Feng, 2012; Zhang Guinan, 2012; Song Mingchun et al., , 2013b; Sun Xingli, 2013; Wang Jialiang et al., 2013; Zhang Chao et al., 2014; Deng Jun, 2014; Gui fei, 2014; Tan J et al., 2014; Wen Baojie et al., 2014; Chen Changxin, 2015; Chen Yang, 2015; Ding Zhengjiang et al., 2015; Jiang Shenghong et al., 2015; Li Yujie et al., 2015; Mills et al., 2015; Sun Liwei, 2015; Wei Qing et al., 2015; Chen Yumin et al., 2016; Guo Linnan, 2016; Wen Baojie et al., 2016; Yang Liqiang et al., 2016a; Zhang Ruizhong et al., 2016; Chen Binghan, 2017; Feng Kai et al., 2017, 2019; Yang Kuifeng et al., 2017; Zhu Zhiyong et al., 2017; Cai Yachun et al., 2018; Xuan Jianling et al., 2018, 2019; Zhang Yidong, 2018; Du Foguang, 2019; Shui Peng, 2019; Yuan Zhongzheng et al., 2019; Zhang Ming et al., 2019; Wang Jinhui et al., 2020; Wang Laiming et al., 2020

  • 总之,胶东地区金矿床的硫源是多来源的,主要来源于前寒武纪变质基底硫源和其重熔或同熔形成的花岗岩硫,有幔源硫和生物硫加入。

  • 5.3 铅同位素

  • 铅元素不仅从矿源岩中浸取时不会产生同位素分馏,而且在转移进入成矿热液并随之迁移的过程中,即使成矿热液的物理化学条件发生变化,同位素组成一般也不会发生变化(沈渭洲,1987)。矿石铅是指在各种热液环境中沉淀出的一些金属矿物(矿石矿物),如方铅矿、闪锌矿、黄铁矿等硫化物中的铅,由于矿物中不含U、Th或含量极低,与矿物中铅的质量分数相比可忽略不计,且矿物形成后不再有放射性成因铅的明显加入,可以反映原始热液中金属物质来源区的U-Th-Pb体系及其初始铅同位素组成特征(魏菊英等,1988; 张理刚,1988)。因此,通过对矿石铅同位素组成的分析可以逆推源区的U-Th-Pb体系特征,从而获得有关成矿物质来源的信息(张建芳等,2009)。胶东地区不同位置、不同类型的金矿床铅同位素比值没有明显差别,显示其铅源的统一性,即不同地区和类型金矿床的成矿物质来源大体一致。在Zartman et al.(1981) 的增长曲线图解中,胶东岩群变质岩、玲珑花岗岩、昆嵛山花岗岩、郭家岭花岗岩、艾山花岗岩、中生代脉岩与金矿床的铅同位素数据点主要位于造山带铅和地幔铅演化线之间,投点位置一致,大范围重叠,矿石Pb同位素总体略显分散、主体相对集中,相较胶东主要地质体,矿石Pb投点更为分散,除落在造山带铅和地幔铅演化线之间外,还有部分落在造山带与上地壳、地幔与下地壳之间(图4),说明了金矿相较主要地质体物质来源更为复杂;区域各地质体和矿石铅主要为壳、幔混合源铅;在构造环境图解中,各地质体和金矿床投点主要位于下地壳铅范围,部分靠近造山带或落入造山带范围(图5);在朱炳泉(1998) 矿石铅同位素的Δγ-Δβ成因分类图解中(图6; △β、△γ为同时代原始地幔Pb同位素相对偏差值),胶东主要地质体投点集中落在地幔源铅区域,少量落入造山带铅和壳幔混合俯冲带铅范围,而矿石铅投点更为分散,更多投点落入了壳幔混合铅和造山带铅区域,说明了矿石铅源的多源性,既有壳源又有幔源,矿石铅可能主要来源于富含上地幔物质的古老结晶基底岩石,并混入了上地壳和地幔物质。玲珑花岗岩和昆嵛山花岗岩主要是由前寒武纪变质基底岩石部分熔融形成,而郭家岭岩体和艾山岩体是壳幔同熔形成的,可以认为玲珑和昆嵛山花岗岩中的铅来自前寒武纪结晶基底岩石;而郭家岭和艾山花岗岩铅源来自于前寒武纪结晶基底岩石和壳幔相互作用背景下幔源铅的混合。在太平洋板块俯冲释放流体交代岩石圈地幔的强烈的壳幔相互作用背景下,金大规模成矿才能具备充分有利条件。因此,胶东金矿床矿石铅既有再活化的下地壳铅,又有壳幔相互作用的幔源铅加入。

  • 图4 胶东主要地质体(a)与金矿床(b)的206Pb/204Pb-207Pb/204Pb图解(底图据Zartman and Doe,1981

  • Fig.4 206Pb/204Pb-207Pb/204Pb diagram (after Zartman and Doe, 1981) of major geological bodies (a) and gold deposits (b) in Jiaodong region

  • A—地幔;B—造山带;C—上地壳;D—下地壳;(a)中数字含义: 1—胶东岩群,2—昆嵛山岩体,3—玲珑岩体,4—郭家岭岩体,5—伟德山岩体,6—中基性脉岩;(b)中数字含义: 1—胶西北蚀变岩型金矿,2—玲珑-旧店石英脉型金矿,3—栖霞石英脉型金矿,4—蓬莱石英脉型金矿,5—胶莱盆地东北缘金矿,6—牟乳成矿带石英脉型金矿; 数据来源:杨士望等,1986; 陈光远等,1993; 李兆龙等,1993; 杨敏之,1996; 关康等,1997; 林文蔚等,1999; Yang Jinhui et al.,2001; 曾庆栋等,2002; 周新华等,2002; 侯明兰等,20042006; 宋玉财等,2004; Yang Jinhui et al.,2004; 庞绪成,2005; 辛洪波,2005; 郑培玺等,2006; 胡芳芳等,2007; 李士先等,2007; 谭俊,2009; 陈海燕,2010; 李红梅等,2010; 吕文杰,2010; 周起凤,2010; 李旭芬,2011; 罗贤冬,2012; 马广刚,2011; 严育通等,2011; 刘玖芬,2012; 王枫,2012; 张旭,2012; Cai Yachun et al.,2013; 孙兴丽,2013; 王佳良等,2013; Tan Jun et al.,2014; 张良等,2014; 姜盛洪等,2015; 李太兵等,2015; 郭林楠,2016; 刘跃,2015; Yang Liqiang et al.,2016a; 赵睿,2016; 刘晓阳等,2018; 张然,2018; Chai Peng et al.,2019; 杜佛光,2019; Yuan Zhongzheng et al.,2019; 张铭等,2019; 王来明等,2020

  • A—mantle; B—orogenic belt; C—upper crust; D—lower crust; numbers in (a) :1—Jiaodong Group, 2—Kunyushan pluton, 3—Linglong pluton, 4—Guojialing pluton, 5—Weideshan pluton, 6—intermediate-basic dikes; numbers in (b) :1—altered rock type gold deposit in northwestern Jiaodong, 2—Linglong-Jiudian quartz vein type gold deposit, 3—Qixia quartz vein type gold deposit, 4—Penglai quartz vein type gold deposit, 5—gold deposits in the northeastern margin of Jiaolai basin, 6—Quartz vein type gold deposit in Mouru metallogenic belt; data source:Yang Shiwang et al., 1986; Chen Guangyuan et al., 1993; Li Zhaolong et al., 1993; Yang Minzhi, 1996; Guan Kang et al., 1997; Lin Wenwei et al., 1999; Yang Jinhui et al., 2001; Zeng Qingdong et al., 2002; Zhang Lianchang et al., 2002; Zhou Xinhua et al., 2002; Hou Minglan et al., 2004, 2006; Yang Jinhui et al., 2004; Pang Xucheng, 2005; Xin Hongbo, 2005; Zheng Peixi et al., 2006; Hu Fangfang et al., 2007; Li Shixian et al., 2007; Tan Jun, 2009; Chen Haiyan, 2010; Li Hongmei et al., 2010; Lv Wen jie, 2010; Zhou Qifeng, 2010; Li Xufen, 2011; Ma Guanggang, 2011; Yan Yutong et al., 2011; Li Xiandong, 2012; Liu Jiufang, 2012; Wang feng, 2012; Yan Yutong, 2012; Zhang Xu, 2012; Cai Yachun et al., 2013; Sun Xingli, 2013; Wang Jialiang et al., 2013; Zhang Liang et al., 2014; Song Yucai et al., 2004; Tan Jun et al., 2014; Jiang Shenghong et al., 2015; Li Taibing et al., 2015; Liu Xiangdong, 2015; Liu Yue, 2015; Guo Linnan, 2016; Zhao Rui, 2016; Yang Liqiang et al., 2016a; Liu Xiaoyang et al., 2018; Zhang Ran, 2018; Chai Peng et al., 2019; Du Foguang, 2019; Yuan Zhongzheng et al., 2019; Zhang Ming et al., 2019; Wang Laiming et al., 2020

  • 5.4 锶-钕同位素

  • 通常认为锶、钕等放射性同位素在地质地球化学过程中不会发生显著的同位素分馏,特别是在热液活动过程中没有显著的钕同位素交换(De Paolo et al.,1996),从而为地球化学源区研究提供了良好的示踪剂(刘建明等,2003);87Sr/86Sr是判断成岩成矿物质来源的重要指标,一般认为,87Sr/86Sr值小于0.705代表地幔特征,大于0.709为地壳物质,介于0 .705~0.709之间为壳幔混源(王德滋等,2002),因此,在矿床地质研究中常利用其来示踪成矿物质来源、岩浆流体、深源流体的壳幔混染作用。

  • 玲珑期花岗岩Sr-Nd同位素组成上相对均一,(87Sr/86Sr)t介于0.7080~0.7141,集中在0.7090~0.7125,平均0.7113,众数0.7113,属壳源花岗岩范围;εNdt)=-23.92~-16.77,平均-20.25,众数-20.68,变化范围小;具有高的87Sr/86Sr和低的εNdt)特征。岩浆源区主要为扬子板块和华北板块物质的混合,反映了古老地壳基底的特征(周新华等,2002)。郭家岭期花岗岩的(87Sr/86Sr)t介于0.70938~0.71263之间,平均0.7112,众数0.71073,变化范围较大,但仍属于壳源花岗岩范畴;εNdt)=-22.02~-11.29,平均16.106,众数11.89,组成范围较大,相较玲珑期花岗岩,具有相似的87Sr/86Sr、高的εNdt)值,由于胶东地区晚中生代岩石圈地幔主要为富集的岩石圈地幔,具有高87Sr/86Sr、低εNdt)值,表明幔源物质参与成岩作用,在岩浆上升或形成过程中受到中、上地壳物质的混染(杨进辉等,2003);伟德山期花岗岩的(87Sr/86Sr)t介于0.70629~0.71207之间,平均0.7096;εNdt)=-20.44~-14.67,平均-17.36,众数-16.75,总体上较郭家岭期花岗岩87Sr/86Sr值更低,εNdt)值变化不大,显示了物源的壳幔混源成因。中基性脉岩的Sr、Nd同位素组成和Sr-Nd同位素相关图解显示,形成于120 Ma左右的中基性脉岩源区主要受太平洋板块俯冲释放流体交代富集的大陆岩石圈地幔影响(玲珑期花岗岩、郭家岭期花岗岩和伟德山期花岗岩Sr-Nd同位素衰变后的值均按照t=120 Ma来推算)。

  • 本文收集胶东金矿床89件样品的Sr-Nd同位素数据。测试矿物包括全岩、热液钾长石、绢云母、方解石、白云石、菱铁矿、黄铁矿等,胶东金矿的主成矿期在120 Ma左右,按120 Ma时87Sr/86Sr同位素初始值介于0.70669~0.73629,平均0.7133,众数0.71074,主要高于0.709,来源于大陆地壳(王德滋等,2002),分布于前寒武纪变质岩系范围,大部分与玲珑期花岗岩、郭家岭期花岗岩、中生代中基性脉岩的ISr初始值高值区一致,也有部分与新元古代荣成序列花岗片麻岩范围一致,表明成矿物质来源的复杂性,很可能与变质基底岩系、玲珑花岗岩、郭家岭花岗岩以及中生代脉岩源区物质组分有关。εNdt)=-36.42~-7.4,平均-19.75,Nd同位素组成不均一,变化较大,但范围总体上与前寒武纪变质基底、玲珑期花岗岩、郭家岭期花岗岩及中生代脉岩重叠。不同成矿区带Sr-Nd同位素组成特征类似,并没有明显差异(图7)。但也有样品的εNdt)值明显偏大或偏小,暗示Sr、Nd等溶解金属组分主要来自地壳源区(刘建明等,2003)。

  • 图5 胶东主要地质体(a)与金矿床(b)的206Pb/204Pb-207Pb/204Pb构造环境判别图解(底图据Zartman and Doe,1981

  • Fig.5 206Pb/204Pb-207Pb/204Pb tectonic discrimination diagram (after Zartman and Doe, 1981) for the major geological bodies (a) and gold deposits (b) in Jiaodong area

  • LC—下地壳;UC—上地壳;OIV—洋岛火山岩;OR—造山带; 数据来源同图4

  • LC—lower crust; UC—upper crust; OIV—ocean island volcanic rock; Or—orogenic belt; data source same as Fig.4

  • 图6 胶东金矿床(a)与主要地质体(b)铅Δγ-Δβ成因判别图解(底图据朱炳泉,1998

  • Fig.6 LeadΔγ-Δβ genetic discrimination diagram of Jiaodong gold deposit and main geological bodies (according to Zhu Bingquan, 1998)

  • 1 —地幔源铅;2—上地壳铅;3—上地壳与地幔混合的俯冲带铅(3a—岩浆作用; 3b—沉积作用); 4—化学沉积型铅; 5—海底热水作用铅; 6—中深变质作用铅; 7—深变质下地壳铅; 8—造山带铅; 9—古老页岩上地壳铅;10—退变质铅; 数据来源同图4

  • 1 —mantle derived lead; 2—upper crust derived lead; 3—lead derived from subduction zone mixed with upper crust and mantle (3a—magmatism; 3b—sedimentation) ; 4—chemical sedimentary derived lead; 5—submarine hydrothermal derived lead; 6—medium-high grade metamorphism derived lead; 7—high grade metamorphic lower crust derived lead; 8—orogenic lead; 9—ancient shale derived lead; 10—degenerative lead; data source same as Fig.4

  • 综上同位素示踪显示,胶东金矿床的成矿物质来源既有来自于下地壳(初始为华北板块和扬子板块前寒武纪结晶基底),又有壳幔相互作用的地幔物质加入。

  • 6 形成时代

  • 6.1 花岗岩形成时代

  • 对近20年来获得的单颗粒锆石SHRIMP U-Pb及LA-ICPMS U-Pb年龄数据进行统计(图8),玲珑期花岗岩年龄范围166~146 Ma,峰值160~159 Ma,郭家岭期花岗岩年龄范围135~123 Ma,峰期133~125 Ma,伟德山期花岗岩范围123~110 Ma,峰值119~118 Ma,崂山期花岗岩范围118~108 Ma。

  • 6.2 金矿形成时代

  • 通过分析了K-Ar、40Ar/39Ar、Rb-Sr、Re-Os和U-Pb等放射性同位素测年方法在各种矿物上的应用,认为矿石全岩和钾长石Rb-Sr、K-Ar年龄为“混合”年龄、热液石英和黄铁矿含有大量次生流体包裹体而不适合Rb-Sr年龄测定、辉钼矿与金矿化的成因关系不确定导致Re-Os定年不能用于确定金矿化年龄、黄铁矿Re-Os定年尚未获得高精度的年龄,而与金同时形成绢云母的高精度40Ar/39Ar年龄以及热液独居石和锆石的U-Pb年龄是胶东金矿床可靠的年龄数据(Zhang Liang et al.,2020)。

  • 图7 胶东金矿床ISrNdt)图解

  • Fig.7 ISrNd (t) diagram of Jiaodong gold deposit

  • (a)—胶北蚀变岩型金矿床,1—三山岛金矿,2—焦家金矿,3—大尹格庄-夏甸金矿,4—台上金矿;(b)—石英脉型和胶莱盆地东北缘金矿,1—旧店金矿,2—玲珑金矿,3—黑岚沟-大柳行金矿,4—栖霞金矿,5—胶莱盆地东北缘金矿,6—牟乳成矿带金矿,7—上口王李金矿; 金矿数据来源:郑建平等,1996; Yang Jinhui et al.,2001; 周新华等,2002; 刘建明等,2003; Li Xiaochun et al.,2013; 程韩宇,2019; 杜佛光等,2019; 王来明等,2020; 底图数据来源: 周新华等,2002; 刘建明等,2003; 杨进辉等,2003; 唐俊,20042005; Yang Jinhui et al.,2004; 闫峻等,2007; Zhang Juan et al.,2010; Li Xiaochun et al.,2012; 罗贤冬,2012; Yang Kuifeng et al.,2012; Jiang Neng et al.,2012; Cai Yachun et al.,2013; Ma Liang al.,2013; 王朝,2013; 阳琼艳,2013; 王中亮等,2014; 刘跃,2015; 刘晓阳等,2018; 杜佛光等,2019; Li Xinghui et al.,2019

  • (a) —Jiaobei altered rock type, 1—Sanshandao gold deposit, 2—Jiaojia gold deposit, 3—Dayingezhuang Xiadian gold deposit, 4—Taishang gold deposit; (b) —quartz vein type and gold deposit in the northeast margin of Jiaolai basin, 1—Jiudian gold deposit, 2—Linglong gold deposit, 3—Heilangou Daliuhang gold deposit, 4—Qixia gold deposit, 5—gold deposits in the northeastern margin of Jiaolai basin, 6—gold deposit in Mouru metallogenic belt, 7—Shangkou Wangli gold deposit. Data source of gold deposits: Zheng Jianping et al., 1996; Gold mine:Yang Jinhui et al., 2001; Zhou Xinhua et al., 2002; Liu Jianming et al., 2003; Yan Jun et al., 2007; Li Xiaochun et al., 2013; Cheng Hanyu, 2019; Du Foguang et al., 2019; Wang Laiming et al., 2020. Data source represented by shade area: Zhou Xinhua et al., 2002; Yang Jinhui et al., 2003; Liu Jianming et al., 2003; Tang Jun, 2004, 2005; Yang Jinhui et al., 2004; Zhang Juan et al., 2010; Li Xiaochun et al., 2012; Luo Xiandong, 2012; Yang Kuifeng et al., 2012; Jiang Neng et al., 2012; Cai Yachun et al., 2013; Ma Liang al., 2013; Wang Zhao, 2013; Yang Qiongyan, 2013; Wang Zhongliang et al., 2014; Liu Yue, 2015; Liu Xiaoyang et al., 2018; Du Foguang et al., 2019; Li Xinghui et al., 2019

  • 为此,本文收集了近年报道和本次测试(王来明等,2020)的86个金矿石白云母40Ar/39Ar、白云母Rb-Sr、黄铁矿Rb-Sr、独居石等热液蚀变矿物的U-Pb年龄数据(表3),利用这些年龄数据制作年龄分布直方图(图8),对于研究程度较高有多个年龄数据的金矿床统计其众数或中位数参与直方图制作(有争议的数据不在统计范围内),从图8看出,胶东金矿床成矿年龄范围大致有162~146 Ma、133~120 Ma、120~105 Ma、110~105 Ma四组年龄数据,分别对应玲珑期花岗岩、郭家岭期花岗岩、伟德山期花岗岩和崂山期花岗岩。主要集中在127~116 Ma区间,峰值在120 Ma。

  • 6.3 成岩成矿关系

  • 同源岩浆成因金矿的成岩成矿时差是确定矿床与岩浆岩成因关系的重要基础。通过统计分析国内一些典型金矿的成矿和相关同源岩浆岩的同位素测年数据,结果显示,成矿事件一般同步或略滞后于同源岩浆活动,成岩成矿时差在95%置信度下服从正态分布,介于16.0~0 Ma,均值约为7.0 Ma。若金矿成岩成矿存在着≤16.0 Ma的时差,二者之间具有同源成因联系(谭俊等,2006年)。

  • 姜晓辉等(2011a2011b)报道了留村金矿强蚀变黄铁绢英岩中单颗粒黄铁矿Rb-Sr等时线年龄151.0 ±2.7 Ma,认为存在着150 Ma左右的小规模金矿化事件,与东部玲珑岩体的侵位有关;张良(2016)获得了平里店金矿石英白云母黄铁矿矿石中的白云母40Ar/39Ar坪年龄162.5±0.8 Ma,认为是蚀变矿化的时间,认为是晚侏罗纪金成矿事件;丁正江等 (2012)测得邢家山钼钨矿床中透辉石榴矽卡岩中的辉钼矿Re-Os等时线年龄为158.70±2.06 Ma。该期铜钼多金属矿化与区内地壳重熔型花岗岩具有密切的时间和成因关系。上述数据说明胶东地区存在162~146 Ma的金及多金属矿成矿事件(丁正江等,2015李洪奎等,2017),该成矿期对应于玲珑期重熔型花岗岩岩浆活动事件,该期重熔岩浆活动持续时间较长,可达20 Ma左右,岩浆重熔作用使金元素充分活化、迁移和富集,在成矿有利部位成矿。目前该期成矿事件年龄数据较少,其原因可能是由于之后发生多期构造岩浆事件,将其原始成矿矿物改造而只保存了部分痕迹的结果。

  • 图8 胶东金矿床成矿年龄和中生代花岗岩成岩年龄直方图

  • Fig.8 Histogram of Jiaodong gold deposit metallogenic age and Mesozoic granite age

  • Yang Liqiang et al.(2014)报道了大尹格庄金矿热液白云母的40Ar/39Ar坪年龄132.74~126.8 Ma,认为是一次重要的金成矿事件,但Zhang Liang et al.(2020)认为该年龄为成矿前韧性变形引起的成矿前蚀变年龄;Yang Kuifeng et al.(2017)报道了2件栖霞笏山金矿热液独居石U-Pb年龄,分别是128.2±2.7 Ma、120.0±3.1 Ma,认为128.2±2.7 Ma为早期成矿阶段的年龄,120.0±3.1 Ma是主成矿阶段年龄;胡芳芳等(2006)报道了乳山(金青顶)金矿强蚀变绢英岩的热液白云母40Ar/39Ar坪年龄128.8±0.1 Ma,认为是成矿早期热液蚀变时间;蔡亚春等(2011)报道了乳山胡八庄金矿黄铁绢英岩中绢云母单颗粒的Rb-Sr等时线年龄126.5 ±5.6 Ma,87Sr/86Sr初始比值为0.7108±0.0014(MSWD=1.6),该年龄值为金成矿时代;王来明等(2020)在望儿山金矿等获得的白云母40Ar/39Ar坪年龄为125.02±1.52 Ma,在焦家金矿等获得的白云母40Ar/39Ar坪年龄为125.37±1.43 Ma,认为该成矿期对应于郭家岭期花岗岩岩浆事件,一般晚于郭家岭期花岗岩5 Ma左右。

  • 付超等(2019)获得土堆金矿黄铁矿Rb-Sr等时线年龄107.1±5 Ma、辽上金矿黄铁矿Rb-Sr等时线年龄105.5±9 Ma,认为是该矿床成矿年龄;Li Jianwei et al.(2006)获得乳山(金青顶)金矿白云母40Ar/39Ar坪年龄109.3~108.0 Ma。王来明等(2020)在三山岛、寺庄、玲珑、大尹格庄金矿获得的白云母40Ar/39Ar坪年龄118.81±1.25~115.60±1.16 Ma,认为该成矿期对应于伟德山期花岗岩岩浆事件,一般晚于伟德山期花岗岩5~2 Ma。

  • 根据金矿年龄数据综合分析,认为胶东地区金成矿至少有3个成矿期,即162~146 Ma、133~120 Ma、120~105 Ma。162~146 Ma成矿事件对应于玲珑期重熔花岗岩的侵位,可能是玲珑期期花岗岩重熔作用使得胶东地区前寒武纪变质基底金等成矿元素活化、迁移和较大规模的“预富集”,并在局部构造有利部位形成金矿;133~120 Ma的成矿事件对应于郭家岭期岩体的侵位和莱阳群火山岩喷发时间131.1±1.7 Ma(张志刚等,2020),郭家岭期花岗岩的侵位和火山喷发,带来了幔源的成矿物质和流体,并进一步活化、叠加了早期已富集的Au成矿物质,在局部构造有利部位富集形成金矿;120~105 Ma是胶东地区金及多金属成矿期矿,也是青山群大规模双峰式火山岩喷发的时间,其对应于华北克拉通东部构造体制转折、岩石圈减薄的峰期(翟明国等,2003李洪奎等,2013),120~105 Ma对应于伟德山期花岗岩的侵位,伟德山期大规模岩浆活动,金及多金属热液加热和叠加了赋存金元素的花岗岩以及金矿化体,使部分地段的金元素进一步富集,形成金及多金属矿,该期金矿化同时也是胶东重要的铜钼多金属矿化时间。

  • 表3 胶东主要金矿床成矿年龄测定结果表

  • Table3 Determination results of metallogenic age of main gold deposits in Jiaodong

  • 续表3

  • 7 成矿作用(成矿过程)及成矿期探讨

  • (1)中—新太古代胶-辽陆块形成,形成了一套近陆缘的浅海相环境下形成的以基性—中性火山岩为主并伴有碎屑沉积和硅铁建造,基性—中性火山岩中有多层富含金元素,现表现为成层性明显、韵律性清楚的一套黑云变粒岩和斜长角闪岩组合,为胶东金矿的主矿源层(岩)(图9)。

  • (2)由于地壳范围扩大,其能量得到进一步的聚集,形成新的地幔柱,引发原始地壳和新形成的中基性火山沉积建造(绿岩带)下部发生重熔,形成TTG岩,富含金元素的黑云变粒岩和斜长角闪岩-矿源层(岩)中的金元素活化,并进入TTG岩中。

  • (3)古元古代由于地幔上隆作用,在地表形成近东西向的拗拉槽,伴随着中基性火山活动和海相碎屑沉积,形成一套碎屑沉积岩和中基性火山岩建造,其中底部古风化壳和中基性火山岩含有较富的金元素,现表现为一套黑云片岩和黑云变粒岩组合,为胶东金矿的次矿源层(岩)(图9)。

  • (4)古元古代末期(1867 Ma)在近南北向挤压应力作用下,盆地闭合,随后发生了陆陆碰撞,陆壳加厚,发生强烈的变质作用,古元古代形成的一套碎屑沉积岩和中基性火山岩建造发生强烈变质,并形成了平度-莱西-栖霞高压麻粒岩带(栖霞热背斜)。

  • 图9 中生代花岗岩与金矿成矿作用关系

  • Fig.9 Relationship between Mesozoic granite and gold mineralization

  • (5)三叠纪—侏罗纪(220~145 Ma),220 Ma左右,扬子板块与华北板块碰撞造山,碰撞之后扬子板块俯冲到华北板块之下,随着板块的继续挤压俯冲作用,在166~152 Ma造成胶北隆起地壳加厚而发生重熔,或扬子板块向下俯冲到一定深度发生垮塌重熔作用而上涌,熔融了华北板块胶北隆起的中—新太古代变质地层和TTG岩以及古元古界荆山群底部岩层,形成了晚侏罗世玲珑期原地—半原地重熔型花岗岩,在重熔作用过程中金元素发生了极大地活化迁移,熔融作用内部强烈、温度高,金元素便向外迁移,在其外部带富集或岩体与变质基底接触带富集成矿,产生了第一期成矿作用——玲珑成矿期(约162~142 Ma),可分为二期:早期162 Ma,晚期152 Ma(图9)。

  • (6)早白垩世早期(133~125 Ma),郭家岭期岩浆活动,这期岩浆热液本身富含金、铜等成矿元素,岩浆活动中在成矿有利条件下可以富集成矿,同时,岩浆上侵活动可活化、叠加和改造玲珑期花岗岩中的金元素或玲珑成矿期形成的金矿体而成矿,形成第二期成矿作用—郭家岭成矿期(133~120 Ma),是胶东金矿主要的成矿时期。该期成矿作用可分为2期:早期为133~125 Ma,是郭家岭期花岗岩的同岩浆期成矿作用,该期矿化作用相对较弱,或者成矿作用痕迹被后期成矿作用叠加;晚期为123~120 Ma,为郭家岭岩浆期后热液成矿作用(成矿时间晚于成岩时间5 Ma),是主要成矿期,成矿高峰期(图9)。

  • (7)早白垩世晚期(123~110 Ma),伟德山期岩浆大规模和持续的活动,其岩浆活动热液作用强烈,岩浆中主要含铜、铅、钼、银及少量金成矿元素,长时间持续的热液活动可以活化玲珑期花岗岩和郭家岭期花岗岩中的金元素,使其迁移到成矿有利部位富集成矿,也可叠加和改造早期金矿体而形成新的矿体,为第三期成矿作用——伟德山成矿期(120~105 Ma),可分为二期:早期120~114 Ma,晚期110~105 Ma,主要为金及多金属矿成矿期(图9)。

  • (8)早白垩世晚期(118~110 Ma),崂山期岩浆活动,因其沿构造侵位,冷却较快,岩浆热液作用较弱,仅形成一些钼、黄铁矿化蚀变,目前未发现形成的矿体(图9)。

  • 根据以上分析研究,胶东地区广泛发育的玲珑期、郭家岭期、伟德山期和崂山期花岗岩的岩浆活动时间都与金矿形成时间相对应或略晚,一般情况下同源岩浆成岩成矿时间差在5~10 Ma,既成矿时间可晚于成岩时间5~10 Ma。通过大量的同位素年龄数据分析研究,将胶东地区的金矿划分为三个成矿期和一个矿化蚀变期,并与胶东地区区域性岩浆活动相对应,初步提出建立了玲珑成矿期、郭家岭成矿期、伟德山成矿期和崂山矿化蚀变期。

  • 玲珑成矿期,是玲珑期岩浆活动所形成的金矿,其成矿时间为晚侏罗世162~146 Ma,该成矿期形成的金矿主要为含金石英脉型金矿床,代表性金矿有平里店金矿,玲珑、大尹格庄、金青顶、留村金矿均有该成矿期年龄的痕迹。该期金矿形成之后,经历了后期强烈的构造岩浆事件叠加和改造作用,造成玲珑期金成矿年龄数据偏少。

  • 郭家岭成矿期,是郭家岭期岩浆活动所形成的金矿,其成矿时间为早白垩世早期133~120 Ma,可以分为早期:133~125 Ma,晚期:123~120 Ma。该成矿期形成的金矿主要为含金石英脉型和蚀变岩金矿床,胶东地区多数金矿是该成矿期形成的,该期成矿是胶东地区主成矿期,代表性金矿为望儿山、焦家、玲珑、大尹格庄-夏甸等金矿。

  • 伟德山成矿期,是伟德山期岩浆活动所形成的金及多金属矿,其成矿时间为早白垩世晚期120~105 Ma,可以分为早期:120~114 Ma,晚期:110~105 Ma。该成矿期形成的金矿主要为多含金多金属硫化物石英脉型和蚀变岩金矿床,代表性金矿为土堆、辽上、金青顶等金矿。

  • 崂山矿化蚀变期,是崂山期岩浆活动所形成的矿化蚀变,主要为黄铁矿化、辉钼矿化,目前尚未发现矿床。

  • 8 结论

  • (1)胶东玲珑期花岗岩中赋存金矿146处,数量占整个胶东金矿数量57%,而资源量占88%。郭家岭期花岗岩赋存金矿45处,数量占整个胶东金矿数量18%,而资源量占7%。

  • (2)通过对不同地质体和金矿测试分析,认为胶东金矿床Au元素可能来源于胶东岩群、栖霞TTG岩、玲珑期花岗岩、郭家岭期花岗岩,主要来源于下地壳(初始为华北板块和扬子板块前寒武纪结晶基底),有壳幔相互作用地幔物质加入。

  • (3)通过对中生代花岗岩与金矿在空间展布、成矿物质来源、形成时代对比研究,认为胶东地区金成矿至少有3个成矿期,即162~146 Ma、133~120 Ma、120~105 Ma,与胶东地区区域性岩浆活动相对应,既玲珑成矿期、郭家岭成矿期、伟德山成矿期,以及崂山矿化蚀变期(110~105 Ma)。

  • 致谢:本次获取的锆石 HRIMP U-Pb 及 LAICP-MSU-Pb年龄数据分别在北京离子探针中心和武汉上谱分析科技有限责任公司完成;硫、铅、锶、钕同位素测试在核工业北京地质研究院完成;白云母Ar-Ar定年在中国地质科学院地质研究所完成;岩石化探样品测试在山东省地质矿产勘查开发局第四地质大队完成。在此,对上述单位实验室工作人员表示感谢,对本文提出宝贵意见、建议的审稿专家表示感谢。

  • 注释

  • ❶ 王来明.2020. 胶东地区中生代花岗岩调查及与金矿关系研究. 济南. 山东省地质调查院.

  • ❷ 付超.2019. 山东1∶5万栖霞县幅、桃村幅、山前店幅矿产地质调查报告. 天津: 中国地质调查局天津地质调查中心.

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