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作者简介:

严兆彬,男,1978年生。副教授,博士,从事铀成矿作用研究。E-mail:zbyan@ecut.edu.cn。

通讯作者:

张成勇,男,1983年生。副教授,博士,从事铀成矿作用研究。E-mail:850359679@qq.com。

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目录contents

    摘要

    砂岩型铀矿是世界和我国最主要的工业铀矿床类型。勘查和研究发现,部分砂岩型铀矿床中不仅有表生氧化流体作用而且也存在深部流体作用,因此,梳理和明晰盆地深部流体活动的类型及其与砂岩型铀成矿之间的关系对开展“三新”(新区、新层位和新类型)找矿至关重要。本文从宏观和微观角度分析深部流体活动参与砂岩型铀成矿的现状,结合矿床实例,探讨其对铀富集的影响。本次研究将盆地深部流体活动分为深部烃类流体、岩浆火山热液和深部建造水等3种类型,总结了不同类型流体的典型特征与识别标志,分类论述了深部流体活动与铀矿化的时-空关系;阐述了深部流体活动参与下铀矿物、共-伴生矿物、矿体形态和含矿砂岩物性等的变化特征。结果表明,深部流体活动主要通过提供新的成矿物质和改变成矿环境两个方面影响砂岩型铀矿的形成,与构造-岩浆活动有关的流体和深部地层水,对成矿铀源和温度的影响最显著,而深部烃类流体对成矿环境的影响最大,其显著的还原性可弥补或强化赋矿层的还原能力,形成地球化学障或叠加富集效应。深部流体活动参与下的砂岩型铀矿成矿作用与浅部表生氧化流体成矿存在明显的差异,随着铀矿勘查向深部迈进,需要加强深部流体活动参与铀成矿过程的精细研究,丰富砂岩型铀矿成矿理论,推动铀矿勘查的突破。

    Abstract

    Sandstone type uranium deposits have become the most important type of industrial uranium deposits globally. Exploration and research have found that, supergene oxidation fluids and deep fluids both involved in some sandstone type uranium deposits. Therefore, it is crucial to exeute “three new” (new areas, new horizons and new types) prospecting through reviewing and clarifing the types of fluid activities in the deep basin and uranium mineralization. In this paper, the research status of deep fluid activities involved in sandstone-type uranium mineralization has been discussed from macro and micro perspectives, based onreal examples. To probe the influence on uranium endowment, the fluid activity from the deep basin is divided into three types: hydrocarbon fluid, magmatic hydrothermal fluid and formation water, and related typical characteristics and recognition marks are summarized, aiming to reveal the spation-temporal link between deep fluid activity and uranium mineralization and the paragenetic variation of uranium minerals, co-associated minerals, ore body morphology and physical properties of ore-bearing sandstone. The results show that the deep fluid activities mainly affect the formation of sandstone-type uranium deposits by providing new ore-forming materials and changing the ore-forming environment. The formation water from the deep basin and geothermal brine related to tectono-magmatic activity have a significant influence on the uranium source and mineralization temperature, while the hydrocarbon-bearing deep fluid activity can efficiently change the environmental conditions, strengthening and/or improving the reduction ability of ore-bearing strata, through the formation of geochemical barriers or superimposed upgrade. Regarding the ore-forming processes, there are obvious differences between deep fluid activities and shallow supergene oxidized fluid involvements. As uranium exploration moves towards deep area, it is necessary to strengthen a refined model with respect to deep fluid activities in uranium ore-forming process, promoting the development of conceptual theory of sandstone-type uranium deposits, and the break through of uranium exploration.

  • 砂岩型铀矿是世界和我国最主要的工业铀矿床类型(IAEA,2016)。一般认为,砂岩型铀矿以表生层间氧化或潜水氧化作用为主(Cuney and Kyser,2008Dahlkamp,2009)。具有表生氧化流体作用明显、蚀变分带清晰、砂体疏松、易于地浸等特点,铀矿石的品位多在0.01%~0.1%之间。但随着研究的深入,在澳大利亚Beverley砂岩型铀矿床、俄罗斯外贝加尔Khiagda矿床、捷克地块的拉贝铀矿床及非洲尼日尔阿泽里克铀矿床,中国的鄂尔多斯盆地东胜铀矿、松辽盆地钱家店矿床等(聂逢君等,2010Wulser et al.,2011Ingham et al.,2014林双幸等,2017张成勇等,2021),均发现沉积盆地中砂岩型铀矿与深部流体活动存在一定的关系,深部流体活动与砂岩型铀成矿的关系逐渐受到大家的关注和重视。

  • 地浸砂岩型铀矿,其具有地球扰动小,绿色高效的特点,是我国铀矿勘查的首选目标类型(焦养泉等,2022)。“十四五”以来,国家对铀资源勘查更加重视,勘查工作量大幅增加,砂岩型铀矿的勘查开始向深部和构造活动区迈进(秦明宽等,2022),深部流体活动在砂岩型铀成矿过程中的作用引起学者们的普遍关注。因此,梳理和明晰盆地深部流体的类型及其与砂岩型铀成矿之间的关系对开展“三新”(新区、新层位和新类型)找矿至关重要。

  • 存在深部流体活动的砂岩型铀矿床,具有典型层间氧化带型铀矿化特征,同时又存在明显的“个性”。该类铀矿床,传统成矿理论(如层间渗入的成矿概念)很难解释铀矿化的成因及有效定位矿体的空间分布。以往的研究中多将整个过程简单地归结为深部流体活动的叠加富集,但是,这个过程如何作用?影响的主要因素和方式又如何?这尚缺乏细致和深入的探讨。因此,本文通过系统的梳理和归纳砂岩型铀矿深部流体活动发育的现状,结合具体的矿床实例,探讨盆地流体活动与铀富集之间的关系,以期丰富砂岩型铀矿成矿理论,为砂岩型铀矿的勘查提供思路。

  • 1 盆地深部流体类型与识别标志

  • 1.1 盆地深部流体来源与类型

  • 深部流体活动在沉积盆地中的活动不仅对油气的生成、运移、聚集、保存、破坏等产生重要影响(张旗等,2016),同时对密西西比型(MVT)铅锌矿、砂岩型铜矿等金属矿床的形成和改造也有重要意义(顾雪祥等,2010)。从盆地多能源共生角度来看,作为盆地浅层产出的砂岩型铀矿在空间上也与深部流体活动存在一定的关系(刘池洋等,2007)。虽目前对诸如热流体的定义、热流体活动的主要特征、热流体活动的类型、热效应及其研究方法等缺乏统一、足够的认识(Anderson,1992叶加仁和杨香华,2001胡文瑄,2016),但根据前人的研究,来自盆地的深部流体基本可以分为三类:① 来自盆地深部与烃类有关的流体。该类流体成分以CH4、H2、H2S、CO2和有机酸等为主,特征是具有强还原性。广泛的水-烃-岩反应随时改变着盆地流体及其周围环境的物理化学参数,深刻影响着成矿金属组分在盆地流体中的迁移能力、方式和沉淀机制(刘建明等,2000),有机质的参与对改变溶液的pH、Eh值,进而导致氧化还原环境变化,致使有用组分沉淀富集(张文淮等,1996)。在盆地埋深和地温梯度因素影响下(郝芳等,1996),深部含烃类流体常具有中低温还原性的特征,多呈气态或液态上移,扩散分布至上部砂岩型铀矿含矿层中,因此砂岩型铀矿矿体多定位于大型油气田的上方和边缘部位。② 与构造-岩浆活化或火山喷溢(侵位)作用有关的热液流体(Liu Entao et al.,2017)。该类流体普遍特征为温度较高且富含金属元素和CO2等,盐度变化范围较大。岩浆流体与地下水混合形成的热液体系在运移的过程中与岩石发生反应形成围岩蚀变,使成矿元素的溶解度增大而从围岩中萃取出来,并在合适的位置沉淀(谭文娟等,2005)。热液活动引起的温度场增加会加速有机酸的形成,热液携带的二氧化碳进入砂岩储层后,促使长石及一些不稳定的组分发生蚀变,并形成新矿物沉淀,进而造成成岩作用过程发生改变。中国中东部地区中新生代活动频繁,火山岩浆活动也是造成砂岩型铀矿后期深部流体改造的重要来源之一。③ 深部地层水(建造水),主要为深部热卤水。该类型流体来自地表大气降水,在沉积、成岩作用的进行过程中形成随时间和深度变化的高矿化度流体,该类型流体矿化度高,常具中低温的特点。大气降水的深循环流体在局部构造区出露则表现为现代热泉,其也可造成一些碱金属矿床的形成。构造-热演化作用促进大气降水进行深部循环,并与周围围岩发生水-岩相互作用,萃取围岩中金属元素,导致非含矿流体向成矿流体转化(谭凯旋等,1999)。卤水既作为金属元素的活化剂,又作为金属元素的重要载体,其迁移-汇聚直接关系到金属成矿作用,盆地内常见的层控低温热液矿床(包括铅锌矿、铜矿和铁矿等)的形成也与热卤水活动存在直接的关系(祝新友等,2014方维萱等,2016)。

  • 学者通过地质、地球物理、地球化学计算机数值模拟技术对温度场、压力场、化学场等进行综合研究,并通过微观手段追踪反演深部流体的性质和来源(解习农等,2003曹江骏等,2022),研究显发现,来自盆地深部的流体多具有中低温、成分复杂、还原性明显等特点,主要从盆地内部的高压区向盆缘和浅部的低压区扩散、运移,其所造成的矿化的类型与分布随深部流体的性质和作用方式不同而出现明显的差异。

  • 1.2 深部流体活动的识别标志

  • 深部流体与砂岩相互作用后,在砂岩中可留下一系列可以识别的宏观、微观标记,常见的识别标志有宏观脉体穿插、蚀变矿物组合,微观识别标志有流体包裹体和地球化学特征等。

  • 宏观标志是识别热流体活动存在的最有利的证据,常见的有如脉体穿插、油(气)斑、中低温热液矿物、褪色蚀变、固结变硬等。穿插地层的热流体,在地球物理剖面和钻孔中可见到明显的岩脉或矿脉,如松辽盆地中的辉绿岩、塔木素矿床中密集出现的节理脉和宁东地区含矿层中出现的方解石脉、滇西腾冲地区砂岩中出现的硅化脉等(图1a~d)。盆地深部烃类的逸散则常造成含矿层砂岩中出现二次还原(绿泥石化蚀变)、油斑和高岭石化漂白现象等(图1e、f)。深部流体在流动性减弱时会沉淀特征矿物(如热液石英、萤石、黄铁矿、闪锌矿、鞍状白云石及重晶石等),矿物类型由流体所携带的物质成分及流体-围岩相互作用特征决定,因此,必须见到多种特征矿物组合才能判定深部流体活动的参与(李忠等,2010张藜等,2021)。

  • 流体包裹体分析是研究盆地内流体最常用且最为有效的手段(Chi Guoxiang et al.,2003欧光习等,2006)。研究表明,深部热流体运移至浅部地层通常会比所至地层高至少 5~10℃,有的甚至高达 50~80℃(Davies et al.,2006),因此可以用流体包裹体均一温度异常作为深部热液流体响应。砂岩型铀矿中流体包裹体研究,常采用脉石矿物和碳酸盐胶结物、石英次生加大边等部位的包裹体进行观察测试(修晓茜等,2015聂逢君等,2017),同时辅以C、H、O稳定同位素分析,确定热流体的温度性质和来源。很多学者认为这里面的包裹体可代表成矿流体,但也有一些学者并不认同,因为很多碳酸盐胶结物或石英次生加大边中并没有铀异常,然而目前的矿相学分析,并没有找到更好的含铀成矿流体的成矿期透明矿物。研究显示,产铀盆地后期深部流体改造以中低温热液为主,包裹体温度多集中在100~220℃之间,包裹体具有中—高盐度且多具含烃类气体的特征(欧光习等,2006吴柏林等,2016赵兴齐等,2016)。与岩浆或火山活动有关的深部流体温度会略高,这也与观察到的后期储层强烈蚀变改造现象相吻合(Zhang Chengyong et al.,2019)。

  • 图1 含矿目的层中的深部流体活动特征

  • Fig.1 Characteristics of deep fluid activity in the ore bearing target bed

  • (a)—含矿砂砾中出现的顺层铁质脉及其边缘的次生铀矿物,尼日尔阿加德兹盆地特吉达铀矿床露天采区,阿萨乌阿组;(b)—粉砂岩中的方解石脉和斑铜矿脉,巴音戈壁盆地塔木素铀矿床,巴音戈壁组下段;(c)—砂岩中的硅质脉,滇西腾冲-梁河盆地601铀矿点,南林组;(d)—泥岩中的方解石脉,鄂尔多斯盆地西缘磁窑堡铀矿床,直罗组;(e)—灰绿色砂岩中见到的紫红色氧化残留,鄂尔多斯北部东胜铀矿田北部神山沟露头,直罗组;(f)—灰色含矿砂岩层中的多个油气斑点,松辽盆地钱家店铀矿床,姚家组下段

  • (a) —parallel iron veins and secondary uranium minerals at their margins in ore-bearing gravels of the Assaoua Formation in the open-pit area of the Teguida uranium deposit, Agadez basin, Niger; (b) —calcite veins and bornite veins in siltstones of the lower section of the Bayingobi Formation at the Tamusu uranium deposit, Bayingobi basin; (c) —siliceous veins in sandstones of the Nanlin Formation at the601 uranium site in the Tengchong-Lianghe basin, western Yunnan, China; (d) —calcite veins in mudstones of the Zhiluo Formation from the Ciyaopu uranium deposit, western margin of the Ordos basin; (e) —purple-red oxidized residue seen in gray-green sandstones of the Zhiluo Formation at the outcrop of Shenshangou in the northern part of the Dongsheng uranium orefields, northern Ordos; (f) —spots of oil and gas in the gray mineral-bearing sandstone layer in the lower part of the Yaojia Formation of the Qianjadian uranium deposit, Songliao basin

  • 受深部热液作用影响而形成的常见蚀变矿物通常带有深部流体特有的元素地球化学特征,其中元素异常是深部流体作用的重要特点,是区别于正常沉积物、判别深部流体参与沉积成矿的重要标志。深部流体影响的沉积岩普遍富集Si、Fe、Mn、P、Cu、Pb、Zn、B、As、Ba、Sr、Sb、U、Se等元素,较正常沉积岩高出数至数十倍,而Al、Ti、Mg、Cr、Th、Zr、Y、Rb、V等元素则表现为亏损(贾智彬等,2016)。深部流体在进入含矿层之后会与围岩进行水岩作用,发生同位素交换,致使新形成的次生矿物和遭受流体作用的围岩的同位素组成发生改变(胡文瑄,2016)。来自深部的富烃类流体多具有显著偏轻的C、O同位素组成,负δ34S值,较高的放射性成因87Sr 含量,较高的 Fe、Mn 等元素含量, Eu正异常等特征( 金之钧等,2006曹江骏等,2022)。卤素元素(F-、Cl-和 Br-)是不相容元素,水-岩反应基本不改变Cl-浓度和Br-/Cl-值,一般结合其他地球化学指标(稀有气体、铅同位素和其他挥发组分含量),可用来判断流体中盐分的来源、岩浆热液相分离和混合、水岩反应、蒸发过程和成矿环境等( Bernal,2015崔月菊等,2022)。

  • 以表生氧化流体为主的砂岩型铀矿,铀矿石中多以沥青铀矿为主,也见少量的铀石,铀矿物一般与碎屑颗粒、黄铁矿和炭屑等共生。受深部热流体改造的影响,含矿层砂岩中表现出非常温下矿物的出现、新矿物的形成、矿物重结晶作用、伊蒙混层的出现和镜质组反射率的增大等。砂岩胶结物中出现自形白云石、铁白云石和绿泥石等,受热流体改造的影响,细晶或微晶黄铁矿和方解石等重结晶变成粗粒自形颗粒,方铅矿、闪锌矿等金属硫化物常与铀矿物伴生。除了易变价的Re、Mo、Se等元素富集与U富集正相关外(Harshman,1972Wulser et al.,2011Liam and John,2017),还出现指示热液成因的Zn、Y、Pb、Cu、As等元素和矿物的富集(李子颖等,2009潘家永等,2009Zhang Long et al.,2017)。

  • 2 深部流体与铀矿体的时、空关系

  • 砂岩型铀矿一般产于盆地边缘浅部层位,而来自盆地深部的流体向浅部运移时会穿插、覆盖和靠近含矿目的层,进而造成目的层成岩成矿环境的改变。因此,查明含矿目的层和铀矿体与深部流体之间的空间和时间关系,对揭示矿体定位和成因至关重要。

  • 2.1 空间关系

  • (1)中基性岩层作为盖层。在俄罗斯外贝加尔地区维季姆高原上的希阿格达金-铀矿床、蒙古塞音山达砂岩型铀矿、西西伯利亚马林诺夫古河谷砂岩型铀矿床和我国滇西盆地铀矿床等均可见中基性岩层作为盖层的现象(丁万烈等,2001赵凤民,2005孙泽轩等,2007)。这些矿床中基性火山喷发形成玄武岩熔岩多覆盖在含矿目的层之上(图2a),与湖相泥岩、粉砂岩一起组成盆地内稳定的隔水层。熔岩火山期后热液中富含CH4、H2、H2S等多种强还原性气体,对含矿层砂岩进行改造,出现岩浆活动年龄与铀成矿存在时间上的重叠。

  • (2)穿插地层。深部流体以岩脉或断裂的形式穿插含矿目的层,对含矿层砂岩产生影响和改造。如捷克拉贝盆地的克尼格斯坦和哈姆尔矿床、尼日尔阿泽利克铀矿床、加蓬的奥洛克铀矿床、中国钱家店-白兴吐铀矿田(图2b)、中国塔木素铀矿床和川北铀矿床等,表现出构造部分控矿的特征。深部流体沿着断裂构造上升,沿断层两侧和含矿层砂岩型发育板状铀矿体,或使得断层两侧的铀矿石品位增高。

  • (3)深部埋藏增温成因富烃热流体的大规模逸散。在中亚大型产油气盆地、美国南德克萨斯海岸地区和中国北方的铀-油共生盆地等地区,盆地深部的埋藏增温成因富烃类热流体在后期的构造抬升中会产生逸散作用,沿着盆缘大型、中小的型断层或含矿层砂岩中逸散渗出,对含矿层和矿体进行改造,影响着砂岩型铀矿成矿作用过程。乌兹别克斯坦中央卡兹库姆地区在区域构造发育的同时,后期还原性蚀变顺断裂带形成大范围的扩散晕,使氧化-还原电位降低,控制铀矿化的产出,其主要铀矿床有乌奇库杜克矿床、苏格拉雷矿床、毕克拿依矿床等(姚振凯等,2011)。在美国德克萨斯沿海平原地区大多数铀矿(超过70%)产出在区域断层2 km以内,并且发现了许多靠近构造高点的铀矿床,例如盐穹顶和页岩底盘(Goldhaber et al.,1978Hall et al.,2017)。

  • 图2 深部流体与铀矿层的空间关系

  • Fig.2 Spatial relationship between deep fluid and uranium deposit

  • (a)—俄罗斯希阿格达铀矿区地质剖面;(b)—中国松辽盆地钱家店铀矿床含矿层中见到的辉绿岩穿插地层

  • (a) —geological profile of the Khiagda uranium deposit, Russia; (b) —diabase interspersed strata can be seen in the Qianjiadian uranium deposit in Songliao basin, China

  • 2.2 深部流体活动与铀成矿的时间关系

  • 按照深部流体活动时间与铀成矿事件的先后关系,可将其分为三种类型,深部流体活动晚于主成矿期、深部流体活动与主成矿期同期、深部流体活动早于主成矿期(图3)。

  • 深部流体的活动发生在主成矿期之后及大规模层间氧化成矿作用之间,其表现主要为大规模层间氧化被改造,但仍存在改造后的古层间氧化前锋线,深部流体活动导致局部铀矿化的再次富集。典型的如鄂尔多斯北部纳岭沟、大营、孙家梁等古层间氧化带型铀矿床,受后期大规模深部油气逸散的改造,层间氧化带变为灰绿色,但部分保留了早期紫红色古氧化的特征(李子颖等,2020)。

  • 深部流体活动时间与铀成矿期活动时间一致,即在发生大规模氧化活动的同时,深部流体也在活动,二者相互作用造成铀的沉淀富集。如我国的巴音戈壁塔木素铀矿床、滇西的龙川江诸矿床等。塔木素铀矿床含矿层沉积不久即开始掀斜,氧化流体开始渗入,其后苏红图期岩浆活动强烈,沿阿尔金断裂南北两侧发育大面积玄武岩,玄武岩活动的时间为116.7~104.4 Ma(钟福平等,2014陈志鹏等,2019),铀成矿的年龄为111.6±8.1 Ma(Zhang Chengyong et al.,2019),二者年龄一致。

  • 深部流体活动早于成矿期。深部流体活动早于发生大规模氧化流体活动,其主要作用是弥补或丰富了成矿地层本身还原剂的不足,从而造成铀的沉淀富集。代表性的矿床为喀什凹陷的巴什布拉克矿床,含矿层下白垩统克孜勒苏群为干旱背景下形成的紫红色不含有机质的粗碎屑岩沉积(江德昕等,2006),白垩纪—古近纪,深部含烃类流体沿着渗透性较好的岩性段、不整合面和泥岩破碎带浸入到下白垩统克孜勒苏群赋矿砂砾岩中,提高了地层还原容量,后经氧化流体渗入作用,造成铀围绕地沥青分布(图4a、b)。铀成矿年龄(76 Ma和16 Ma)也晚于该到期油气侵位的时间(李盛富和王成,2008刘章月等,2016刘正义等,2021)。

  • 图4 巴什布拉克矿床铀矿化与地沥青的空间产出关系(据李炳谦等,2022修改)

  • Fig.4 Spatial occurrence relationship between uranium mineralization and asphaltum in Bashbulak deposit (modified after Li Bingqian et al., 2022)

  • (a)—巴什布拉克矿床横剖面;(b)—克孜勒苏群一段沥青与铀矿化强度分布剖面图;等值线数值代表U含量(×10-6

  • (a) —cross-section of the Bashibulake deposit; (b) —intensity distribution profile of bitumen and uranium mineralization of the first section of the Kizilsu Group; contour values represent U content (×10-6)

  • 3 深部流体对含矿层砂岩和铀矿化的改造作用

  • 3.1 铀矿物类型及其伴生矿物的多样性

  • 受氧化还原成因的控制,砂岩型铀矿一般以细粒、无自形的沥青铀矿为主,多与黄铁矿和炭屑密切相关。而在深部流体参与下,形成的矿物并不限于沥青铀矿,也见到钛铀矿、铀钼矿等,如鄂尔多斯盆地砂岩型铀矿以铀石为主,也见少量的钛铀矿,准噶尔盆地南缘砂岩型铀矿石中的铀钼矿等(图5b、d)。在砂岩型铀矿床中出现的方解石-钛铀矿、白云石-钛铀矿、闪锌矿-铀石和重结晶黄铁矿-沥青铀矿等多种共生组合,有力地证明了深部流体改造过程中铀的活化和再富集过程(图5a)。有深部流体参与的砂岩型铀矿矿石中除了普遍存在的黄铁矿,还出现方铅矿、闪锌矿、辉锑矿、黄铜矿、辉钼矿、硒铅矿等金属硫化物,颗粒细小,部分具自形或半自形晶,显然不是后生阶段的产物(图5c、e、f)。这类金属硫化物在沉积岩中并不常见,其形成多与低温热液活动密切相关。

  • 砂岩型铀矿矿石中的伴生元素主要为外生后生矿床中典型的一系列元素Se、Re、Mo和V等。而受热流体改造的矿床伴随着铀的富集也出现很多其他元素,如Zn、Cu、Y、La、Sc、Pb、As、W等,这些是外生后生矿床不典型而为热液矿化特有的元素。研究认为,氧化还原过渡带是一个酸性带,成矿元素富集,认为部分元素可以发生水解作用,Sc、Y、La是典型代表。例如,在哈萨克斯坦北哈拉桑铀矿床的氧化还原前锋线上就见到Sc、Y、La和U富集明显相关。但中国鄂尔多斯盆地纳岭沟矿床中可见Y元素与U正相关,巴音戈壁盆地塔木素矿床中则Zn与U正相关,可见金属硫化物与铀矿物共生(图6),并发育晶型较好的金属硫化物,证明部分热液元素参与了成矿过程。

  • 3.2 矿体形态变化

  • 砂岩型铀矿品位一般很低,品位多在分布在0.01%~0.08%之间。而受后期是热流体改造影响的砂岩型铀矿矿床,矿石品位则明显增高,经常出现铀品味达1%以上的铀矿体(康世虎等,2017刘波等,2020)。在表生和深部流体相互作用下,矿体的形态也发生了明显的变化,不再出现卷状矿体而出现板状、透镜状矿体或囊状矿体等,且在断层附近出现超高品位铀矿石的富集。在中国松辽盆地钱家店-白兴吐铀矿床中普遍存在矿体呈悬浮状发育在氧化带中的现象,两侧受断层夹持(聂逢君等,2017封志兵等,2021),最为典型的是捷克地块拉贝盆地的克尼格斯坦和哈姆尔矿床,玢岩墙在有些地段切穿矿体,在其他地段(科尼格斯坦)热水从基底沿裂隙渗透到矿卷中,造成部分铀发生再分配并以高品位脉型矿石富集(李田港,2001)。巴音戈壁盆地塔木素铀矿床中也出现多达63层的高品位薄层铀矿体等(图7)。

  • 图5 深部流体参与下铀矿物的共生与伴生金属矿物

  • Fig.5 Paragenesis and associated metal minerals of uranium minerals under the participation of deep fluids

  • (a)—铀矿物产于白云石矿(Dol)物颗粒的边缘或内部,样品ZKH72-48,巴音戈壁盆地塔木素铀矿床;(b)—U-Ti紧密共生,准噶尔盆地南缘硫磺沟地区;(c)—铀矿物与方铅矿(Gn)、黄铁矿(Py)共生,滇西梁河盆地龙川江铀矿床;(d)—沥青铀矿(U)与锆石(Zr)共生,准噶尔盆地南缘硫磺沟地区;(e)—铀石(Cof)周围伴生黄铜矿(Cp)和硒矿物(Cla),巴音戈壁盆地塔木素铀矿床;(f)—赛汉组含矿砂岩中的黄铁矿(Py)与自形闪锌矿(Sp)共生,二连盆地哈达图铀矿床

  • (a) —uranium minerals in sample ZKH72-48 from the Tamusu uranium deposit in the Bayingobi basin were produced at the edges or within the grains of dolomite (Dol) mineral grains; (b) —close coexistence of U-Ti in the Liuhuanggou area of the southern margin of the Junggar basin; (c) —co-occurrence of uranium minerals with galena (Gn) and pyrite (Py) in the Longchuanjiang uranium deposit, Lianghe basin, western Yunnan; (d) —co-occurrence of uraninite (U) with zircon (Zr) in the Liuhuanggou area of the southern margin of the Junggar basin; (f) —co-occurrence of pyrite (Py) with idiomorphic sphalerite (Sp) in the Saihan Formation of the Hadatu uranium deposit in the Erlian basin

  • 3.3 储层物性的变化

  • 以伊犁盆地为代表的表生氧化流体作用形成的砂岩型铀矿矿体严格受氧化-还原地球化学障的控制,砂体疏松,一般以低品位、高岭土化、二价/三价铁共存为主要识别标志,铀矿物以沥青铀矿为主,或出现少量铀石,与有机质关系密切(张金带,2016)。而受到深部流体改造的砂岩型铀矿床,其含矿层胶结物、铀矿物共生组合类型、储层物性、矿石品位和伴生元素等均出现明显的不同(图8)。

  • (1)新矿物的出现。碳酸盐和黏土矿物是砂岩型铀矿成岩过程中常见的胶结物,在温度增加和流体成分的影响下往往或发生明显的变化,白云石、铁白云石、绿泥石伊利石、方沸石和蓝铜矿等常作为新生矿物出现。在巴音戈壁盆地的塔木素、松辽盆地的白兴吐和鄂尔多斯盆地的宁东铀矿床中,可见到大量的自形程度好的白云石(图8a)和铁白云石(图8b)胶结物(贾俊民等,2018张成勇等,2021)。产于含油气盆地边缘的铀矿床受深部含烃类流体逸散的影响,使得早期氧化砂岩出现灰绿色的绿泥石化(图8c)褪色蚀变,部分砂岩型铀矿床中大量出露方沸石(图8d)及局部可见蓝铜矿(图8e)等,如鄂尔多斯北部铀矿田、俄罗斯马林诺夫矿床和尼日尔阿泽利克矿床等(丁万烈等,2003夏菲等,2016许强等,2019)。

  • (2)黄铁矿和碳酸盐的重结晶。黄铁矿和碳酸盐作为砂岩型铀矿含矿目的层中常见的矿物,在受到后期热流体改造作用下,往往会发生明显的形态变化。沉积和早成岩阶段方解石一般为泥晶或微晶,黄铁矿则为莓球状或细晶状,受到后期热流体的改造,在含矿层砂岩中则发育很多亮晶粗粒方解石和粗粒立方体黄铁矿,并部分与铀矿物共生(张龙等,2015)。在巴音戈壁塔木素等矿床、准噶尔硫磺沟矿床中很多样品记录了亮晶方解石(图8f)、草莓状黄铁矿向粗粒立方体黄铁矿重结晶(图8e、h、i)的转变过程(张成勇等,2021)。

  • 图6 塔木素铀矿床含矿层空间蚀变分带的微量元素变化特征与铀富集关系(据Zhang Chengyong et al.,2019

  • Fig.6 Relationship between trace element variation characteristics and uranium enrichment in the spatial alteration zoning of the ore bearing beds of the Tamusu uranium deposit (after Zhang Chengyong et al., 2019)

  • (3)储层物性的改变。在深部流体的参与下,含矿层砂岩中出现的新生黏土矿物和胶结物,往往会改变整个储层的结构,多造成储层渗透性降低。含矿层砂岩的储层的物性变化主要与深部流体的成分及性质,流体改造的强度和含矿层沉积的气候背景等有关。富烃类热流体多造成二次还原形成以黏土为主的胶结物和局部钙质层,对储层物性的影响并不是很大。而伴随着岩浆活动形成的热流体,同时存在热烘烤作用可使得储层物性变化较大。潮湿气候下形成的富含煤屑的砂岩,沉积和早成岩期受有机酸的溶蚀作用,孔隙较大,后期也不容易被堵塞,而半干旱下背景下形成的砂砾岩层,沉积和早成岩期钙质含量就较高,后期热流体的可使得早期沉积形成的碳酸盐再溶解、沉淀,并堵塞孔隙,如巴音戈壁盆地塔木素矿床和塔里木盆地巴什布拉克矿床中的含矿砂岩层(张成勇等,2015)。

  • 4 深部流体参与对铀的迁移-沉淀的控制机理讨论

  • 典型的砂岩型铀矿以表生氧化流体渗入成矿为主,而深部流体的参与,使得氧化流体渗入成矿过程发生了改变,铀源、铀迁移和沉淀环境也随之发生改变。并且深部流体活动的空间位置、物质成分、流体性质及活动时间导致其对铀成矿作用的差异。具体表现为铀成矿提供新的成矿物质和改变成矿环境条件两种类型。

  • 图7 深部流体改造下的铀矿体形态

  • Fig.7 Ore body shape under deep fluid transformation

  • (a)—美国南得克萨斯与不整合断层有关的铀矿床典型倾斜产状的理想横剖面图;(b)—捷克拉贝盆地科尼格斯坦和哈姆尔铀矿床综合剖面;(c)—巴音戈壁盆地塔木素铀矿床矿体剖面图;(d)—松辽盆地通辽地区白兴吐矿床剖面图; 1—灰色砂岩;2—氧化砂岩;3—泥岩;4—中基性喷出岩、玢岩;5—铀矿体;6—高品位铀矿体;7—褪色与铀迁出带;8—断裂

  • (a) —ideal profile of typical inclined production of uranium deposits associated with unconformity faults in South Texas, USA; (b) —comprehensive profile of the Koenigstein and Hamr uranium deposits in the Rabe basin, Czech Republic; (c) —profile of the ore body of the Tamusu uranium deposit in the Bayingobi basin; (d) —profile of Baixingtu deposit in Tongliao area, Songliao basin; 1—gray sandstone; 2—oxidised sandstone; 3—mudstone; 4—medium-basic ejecta and porphyrites; 5—uranium ore body; 6—high grade uranium ore body; 7—fading and uranium migration zones; 8—fault

  • 4.1 提供新的成矿物质

  • 相对于表生砂岩型铀矿成矿过程来讲,深部流体活动主要以外来形式介入成矿过程中。因此,深部流体对表生砂岩型铀矿成矿过程的影响,首先需要考虑,外来成矿物质是否直接参与成矿(即是否提供深部铀源)。深部流体能够多在上升过程中萃取地层中的铀并在脉体内沉淀形成铀矿物,这与内生热液型矿床类似。

  • 来自盆地深部的流体多具有还原性(含H2S、CH4等气体),且具中低温的特征。深部封存的流体尤其是地层卤水其本身或存在铀的早期富集,但往往但达不到工业品级,盆地中后期的岩浆活动多以基性为主,其铀含量的本底值也很低。因此,盆地深部的流体本身很少出现铀异常。研究发现,富有机质沉积建造在演化过程中派生的流体和卤水对矿化元素铀及其共伴生元素钴、镍、铅、锌、硫、砷、磷、钙、铁及硅等元素具有较强的溶解迁移能力(李子颖等,2022),实验表明鄂尔多斯盆地深部富铀烃源岩排烃过程中也可排出铀(吴柏林等,2022)。因此,深部流体在上移的过程中,可萃取含矿层之下地层中的铀,形成富铀流体而为浅部砂岩型铀矿的形成提供铀源。鄂尔多斯盆地、松辽盆地、辽河盆地等原油中铀含量测量显示,流体包裹体(含烃热卤水)中U含量处于n×l0-1~n×l01 μg/g范围,通常在n×l00 μg/g以上;远高于石油中U含量处于n×l0-3~n×l0-1 μg/g,通常在n×l0-3 μg/g以上的值;而盆地蚀源区花岗岩、火山岩地表水中含铀水U含量仅n×l0-3~n×l0-2 μg/g,铀矿层水中U含量仅仅n×l0-5~n×l0-2 μg/g,其他地表氧化水中U含量仅仅为n×l0-6~n×l0-3 μg/g,且这些地表、近地表水中的U含量通常都低于n×l0-2 μg/g(欧光习等,2006)。原油中的铀质量浓度比蚀源区及矿区地层水中的铀质量浓度要高出2个数量级,因此,石油及油田水本身可能也是一种丰富的铀源。

  • 图8 深部流体作用下含矿目的层中出现的中低温蚀变矿物

  • Fig.8 Medium low temperature altered minerals in the ore bearing target layer under the action of deep fluid

  • (a)—含矿砂岩中的粗粒自形白云石(Dol),巴音戈壁盆地塔木素铀矿床;(b)—含矿砂岩中的铁白云石(Ank)胶结,松辽盆地白兴吐铀矿;(c)—直罗组中出现的绿泥石(Chl)化蚀变,鄂尔多斯盆地东胜铀矿床;(d)—中粗粒砂岩中圆粒状方沸石(Ana)集合体包围着砂屑,尼日尔阿泽里克地区;(e)—碳酸盐化形成的方解石(Cal)中包裹的柱状蓝铜矿(Azu),尼日尔阿泽里克地区;(f)—围绕碎屑颗粒出现的碳酸型重结晶,巴音戈壁盆地铀塔木素矿床:(g)—砂岩中的黄铁矿(Py)重结晶,巴音戈壁盆地铀塔木素矿床;(h)—含矿层砂岩中的莓球状黄铁矿(Py)发生的重结晶,二连盆地哈达图矿床;(i)—重结晶形成的立方体黄铁矿(Py),准噶尔盆地硫磺沟地区

  • (a) —coarse-grained idiomorphic dolomite (Dol) in the ore-bearing sandstone of the Tamusu uranium deposit in Bayinggobi basin; (b) —ankerite (Ank) cementation in ore-bearing sandstones of the Baixingtu uranium deposit, Songliao basin; (c) —chlorite (Chl) alteration occurring in the Zhiluo Formation of the Dongsheng uranium deposit, Ordos basin; (d) —sandstone fragment is surrounded by an aggregate of medium round and granulous analcite (Ana) in medium coarse-grained sandstone in Azelik area, Niger; (e) —columnar azurite (Azu) encapsulated in calcite (Cal) formed by carbonatization in Azelik area, Niger; (f) —recrystallization of carbonate type occurring around clastic particles in the Tamusu uranium deposit, Bayinggobi basin; (g) —recrystallization of pyrite (Py) in sandstones of the Tamusu uranium deposit in Bayinggobi basin; (h) —recrystallization of framboidal pyrite (Py) —occurring in the ore-bearing sandstone of the Hadatu deposit, Erlian basin; (i) —recrystallized cubic pyrite (Py) in the Liuhuanggou area of the Junggar basin

  • 深部流体在沿断裂或裂隙上移过程中,萃取地层中的铀,逐渐形成富铀流体,其与热液型铀矿有类似之处。其典型特征是断裂控矿,铀矿体出现脉状矿石和热液成因的铀矿物,但矿石品位普遍较高,且矿体连续性不强。四川盆地的303铀矿床、滇西腾冲地区的601和602铀矿床、尼日尔阿泽利克铀矿床等均存在热液型铀矿化。笔者对滇西腾冲盆地601铀矿床矿石开展电子探针分析发现,硅质脉中沥青铀矿与立方体黄铁矿、毒砂共生,形成高品位热液型铀矿。尼日尔阿泽利克铀矿体产于白垩系阿萨乌阿组,阿萨乌阿组为干旱炎热环境下的富酸性火山碎屑的粗碎屑沉积,其形成之后存在潜水氧化作用,后被上部伊腊泽尔组封盖,其后,早白垩世晚期构造拉张活动造成深部含烃类流体沿断层上升,流体萃取了侏罗系及其以前地层中的铀,由于泥岩的封堵作用而进入阿萨乌阿组砂体,并侧向运移,在油气和低价铁的作用下,于流体经过的地段发生还原作用成矿(聂逢君等,2010)。其中存在的同心圆环带状沥青铀矿和原生钛铀矿证实了其为热液成因的产物,同时前人测得的沥青铀矿物成矿年龄 101.3±2 Ma也与该期构造活动时间相当(许强等,2014)。

  • 此种类型铀矿化产铀砂岩层一般都存在铀的预富集阶段,沉积初期存在相对较短的潜水氧化作用或早成岩阶段有机质的吸附作用。后期富铀的深部热流体进入含矿层中以后,深部的含烃类富铀流体与地层中的氧化流体相遇,发生氧化还原作用,造成深部流体中铀的沉淀富集,断层附近热液蚀变显著且铀矿化品位较高,而地层中远离断层带的区域铀矿化的品位则普遍较低。

  • 4.2 改变成岩成矿环境

  • 深部含烃类热流体一般沿断裂或不整合界面等通道运移,其直接影响的范围很局限,但构造-岩浆有关的深部热流体其热辐射和所含气体逸散的范围一般都很大,表现为改变含矿层的成岩成矿环境,进而影响了铀的沉淀富集。目前我们勘探到的大部分产于含油气盆地内的砂岩型铀矿床中的深部流体活动多属于此种类型。深部流体与浅部表生氧化流体相比,具有温度相对较高、还原性强、明显的酸性或碱性等特征。因此,对深部流体活动参与铀成矿过程的讨论也从这几个方面进行。

  • (1)温度。砂岩型铀矿氧化带一般为碱性环境,铀以碳酸铀酰离子形式溶存、迁移,因此,铀的溶解和迁移与H2CO3、H2SO4、H2S等密切相关(李盛富等,2004)。碳酸和硫酸的电离度以及CO2和SO2在水溶液中的溶解度均随着温度升高而下降,因而CO32-,SO42-的活度也随之降低,则不利于形成UO22+的各种络离子,进而使铀溶解度降低,造成铀的沉淀(吴伟成,1995)。因此,当CO2含量和pH值不变时,升高温度会降低铀在氧化带溶液中的浓度,促使沥青铀矿的沉淀。同时,深部流体一般具有还原性,随着深部流体的参与,在温度升高的同时,也可能会造成含矿目的层中Eh、pH降低有关,进而促使铀的沉淀。

  • (2)Eh。已有的实验和野外勘查证实,无论是内生还是外生铀矿床,氧化还原作用都是成矿的核心条件,砂岩型铀矿富有机质的灰色砂岩中的氧化前锋线控矿更是有利的证据,以伊犁为代表的煤系地层成矿即是良好的实例。在我国北方很多地区,含矿目的层层形成于半干旱—干旱环境下,地层整体以红色为主,如松辽盆地开鲁地区姚家组、塔里木盆地喀什巴什布拉克地区下白垩统克孜勒苏群、柴达木盆地新近系油砂山组、第四系七个泉组等。地层中虽存在灰色砂岩,但灰色砂岩中有机质含量很低,相比于侏罗系煤系地层,地层本身的还原能力很弱。因此,仅仅依靠地层本身的还原物质,形成的氧化-还原地球化学障显然反差度较低,以及Eh的差值突变相对较小,此时外部还原介质(富烃类深部流体)的参与则显得很重要。低温低压下沥青铀矿合成试验显示,沉积岩中的炭屑、黄铁矿、H2S和H2都能还原碳酸铀酰离子形成沥青铀矿(王驹等,1995)。深部流体富含H2S和CH4,气体扩散的范围更大,作为外部还原介质,促使了铀的沉淀富集。深部富烃类流体的加入会提升地层的还原能力,因此,深部含烃类流体尤其是油气对贫有机质含矿目的层大规模的还原改造对铀成矿至关重要,甚至不可或缺。深部流体除为贫有机质地层成矿提供必须的还原物质以外,对本身富有机质地层中已经形成的铀矿化也具有晚期的叠加富集和保矿作用。鄂尔多斯盆地北部的铀矿床中,含矿目的层直罗组为富炭屑的还原砂体,在早期成矿作用过程中,地层预富集和早期层间氧化作用已经形成了大规模的铀矿体,晚期油气的逸散,则主要表现为对早期整个直罗组地层的整体叠加还原作用,掩盖了早期层间氧化带的特征,形成以灰绿色为识别标志的古氧化带(李子颖等,2020)。大规模铀矿化的形成受古层间氧化带控制,即在油气还原之前已经大规模成矿,这在勘探中已被证实,因此,后期深部含烃类流体的逸散,并不造成大规模成矿,但深部含烃类中低温流体加速了煤和烃源岩的热裂解产生大量的有机酸,促进了铀的迁移,对铀矿化起到还原富集叠加及保矿作用(李子颖等,2009顾雪祥等,2010曾江萍等,2016)。

  • (3)pH。在砂岩型铀矿氧化带的弱碱性环境中,铀以碳酸铀酰离子的形式和搬运。当含铀含氧流体由碱性变为酸性时,pH的降低影响了含铀溶液中铀酰络离子的稳定性,会引起碳酸合铀酰络离子分解,分离出来的UO2+离子在水解或还原作用下形成沥青铀矿(闵茂中等,1992)。在弱氧化带中赤铁矿与黄铁矿、炭屑共存证实了这个过程中pH降低的过程,而石英次生加大和普遍出现的高岭石化则证实了pH酸化的过程(陈祖伊等,2007)。在砂岩型铀矿地浸实验中,根据浸出液的pH属性,将地浸工艺分为酸法、中性和碱法三大类,实际上也是强调了pH值变化与含矿层中铀的迁移-沉淀富集作用有关(周义朋等,2015)。产于煤系地层中的有机质分解形成的有机酸是造成地层弱酸化的重要原因,也是煤系地层中常见高岭石化的重要原因。而我国中东部地区铀矿化多产于白垩系地层中,炭屑并不发育,依靠自身有机质和黄铁矿等氧化造成pH降低明显不足。而在深部流体的参与会影响成矿环境的pH变化,一方面温度的升高会造成有机质加速分解有机酸,另一方面,深部流体携带的H2S等作为外部酸性物质的参与造成了成矿带内pH的降低,促使铀矿化沉淀富集。研究发现,深部流体也存在部分弱碱性流体,如鄂尔多斯盆地普遍出现的绿泥石化,其形成与大面积的弱碱性低温热流体有关,酸碱界面控制着铀矿体的产出(李荣西等,2011)。碱性水的地层中有利于硅的迁移,同时温度升高增加了二氧化硅在水中的溶解度,这是鄂尔多斯北部砂岩型铀矿中铀矿物以铀石为主的主要原因。巴音戈壁盆地塔木素铀矿床中也普遍存在构造-岩浆深部热流体活动改造的情况,在含矿层下白垩统巴音戈壁组沉积不久即出现了大规模表生氧化流体事件,形成了围绕氧化-还原界面存在的低品位砂岩型铀矿石。早白垩世末期发生的构造-岩浆活动导致苏红图组期玄武岩的喷发,造成了整个盆地温度的增高,深部酸性还原热流体的参与降低了成矿环境的pH条件,形成酸-碱过渡界面进而控制着高品位的铀矿石的产出(张成勇等,2021),铀成矿年龄与构造-岩浆深部热流体活动时间一致也证实了二者属于同期发生(Zhang Chengyong et al.,2019)。

  • (4)CO2。碳酸铀酰络合物是砂岩型铀矿中铀的主要搬运方式,而深部流体中通常会含有大量 CO2,因此, CO2变化对铀的迁移、沉淀以及储层物性的变化也会产生明显的影响。来自深部的与岩浆火山活动有关的热流体和卤水通常是一个中高温-高压的流体循环系统,铀工艺矿物学研究可知,增温和增压对于铀的浸出均是有利的,高温热水从围岩中汲取铀的能力要远高于常温地下水(戴杰敏等,1986)。来自深部的流体中CO2浓度较大,HCO-离子浓度也增大,有利于流体对围岩中铀的萃取与迁移,形成含铀流体。当含铀热液进入开阔含矿目的层的构造体系时,压力降低,溶液去气作用使CO2逸散,铀酰络合物大量分解,铀发生沉淀(王剑锋,1980李延河等,2016王大钊等,2022)。同时,中基性岩脉侵入过程中释放的CO2也会使砂岩发生强烈的碳酸盐化蚀变,如,松辽盆地钱家店砂岩型铀矿化中出现的铁白云石化和较明显的碳酸盐脉。深部流体进入含矿目的层中,由于CO2也会使得目的层中的pH发生改变,进而影响储层物性。与岩浆活动有关的深部流体携带的无机二氧化碳进入砂岩储层后,使砂岩孔隙介质呈弱酸性,打破了原来已经形成的水-岩平衡,促使一些不稳定的组分和长石发生溶蚀,导致次生溶孔的出现和流体中铀等成矿物质增加。随着温度的降低,溶蚀减弱并以碳酸盐岩矿物为特征的新矿物(胡文瑄,2016)。而来自深部的富烃类流体中携带的CO2则通过油气逸散的形式,进入到含矿层中,并随着温度压力的降低生成大量的碳酸盐自生矿物沉淀,如鄂尔多斯盆地直罗组中出现的多个钙质层(焦养泉等,2018)。

  • 4.3 深部流体活动在砂岩型铀矿成矿过程中的作用

  • 随着砂岩型铀矿研究的深入,砂岩中存在深部流体活动和改造的痕迹逐渐被发现,但深部流体在铀成矿过程中的作用,是困扰矿床成矿模式的建立和找矿方向的关键问题。对提供铀源型的深部流体来讲,其参与在成矿中属于不可或缺条件,如滇西梁河盆地601矿床、川北303矿床、尼日尔阿泽利克矿床等,其特征与热液成矿存在相似之处。而对改变成矿环境的深部流体,则需要分析其在铀成矿当中是否属于必备的条件。对于产于干旱—半干旱环境下的砂岩中的铀矿化,如鄂尔多斯盆地白垩系红层(风成砂)、准噶尔盆地中新近系和柴达木第四系中的铀矿化(朱强等,2022),其特征是红色、黄色砂岩与红色泥岩互层,砂体中有机质含量很低。这类砂岩地层本身的还原能力太弱,靠自身的还原物质难以形成有效的还原地球化学障,深部含烃类流体的参与则属于必需条件(图9)。而对产于富有机质砂岩的铀矿床来讲,外部还原剂的注入似乎并不是很重要,如伊犁、吐哈和鄂尔多斯盆地侏罗系地层中的铀矿化,虽然存在后期油气逸散的叠加改造,但其发育对大规模成矿并不起主导作用。

  • 不同类型流体在成矿过程中的作用也存在明显的差异。与构造-岩浆活动有关的深部流体,对提供铀源和温度的影响最为显著,断裂等构造强化部位可形成热液型铀矿化。同时,岩浆活动影响造成较大范围的地温增高,促进地层内有机酸的分解也加速铀的活化与迁移。热卤水以高矿化度为特点,携带的成矿元素较多,且流体活动过程中对铀的萃取能力较强,因此,在参与浅部铀成矿过程中可提供明显的铀源,同时,卤水中含有大量金属元素,造成铀矿化与其他低温层控金属矿床共生。深部含烃类流体活动对环境条件的影响最大,其显著的还原性可弥补或强化地层的还原能力,为铀的沉淀和富集提供地球化学障或造成叠加富集效应。

  • 图9 深部流体活动在铀成矿过程中的作用示意图

  • Fig.9 Function of deep fluid activity in uranium mineralization

  • 1 —灰色泥岩;2—灰色砂岩;3—浅红色泥岩;4—氧化砂岩;5—后生还原蚀变;6—花岗岩;7—断层;8—铀矿体;①—提供铀源型;②—后期还原叠加型(地层自身富有机质);③—提供还原剂型(地层自身贫有机质)

  • 1 —gray mudstone; 2—gray sandstone; 3—light red mudstone; 4—oxidized sandstone; 5—epigenetic reducing alteration; 6—granite; 7—fault; 8—uranium ore body; ①—provide uranium source type; ②—later reduction superposition type (the formation itself is rich in organic matter) ; ③—providing reduction dosage type (the formation itself is poor in organic matter)

  • 5 找矿方向与找矿启示

  • 5.1 重视砂岩型铀矿中深部流体的参与

  • 稳定斜坡带和次造山带区一直是寻找砂岩型铀矿的首选有利地段,但随着勘查程度的进一步加强,对这类构造背景地区的浅部地区都已进行了工程覆盖,勘查范围也逐渐开始向构造活动区推进,如天山两侧的准噶尔盆地和塔里木盆地,四川盆地周缘和柴达木盆地等。这些盆地盆缘构造活动较强和存在多期性,同时岩浆-构造热流体活动较明显,同时也是盆地深部的含烃类或热卤水等流体的重要逸散区。因此,必须扩展思路,以层间氧化带铀成矿为基础,充分考虑除氧化还原条件外其他因素的参与和控制,重点对半干旱—干旱环境下形成的红层或红色泥岩与灰绿色砂岩互层的地层中的深部流体改造事件加以重视,既要立足于层间氧化带砂岩型铀矿成矿理论,又要不仅限于该成矿理论,才能实现“新类型、新层位、新地区”铀矿勘查的突破。

  • 5.2 加强深部流体参与作用方式与贡献的评价

  • 砂岩型铀矿成矿过程是分散的U元素经过氧化流体的改造,进行聚集的过程,氧化带的发育是形成大规模砂岩型铀矿化的基础,但是以往,我们过分强调了氧化还原地球化学障成矿的概念,而对成矿化学障其他因素的重视不足。很多矿床的研究表明,作用在砂岩型铀矿中的热流体并没有带来大量的铀或形成脉状铀矿物,这也正是一些学者不赞成热流体利于成矿的重要原因。热流体作用在早期层间氧化砂岩型铀矿上,并不带来明显的U,但深部流体改变了铀的迁移沉淀的物理化学环境。以往我们主要强调Eh变化对铀沉淀的作用,而对pH值变化在U沉淀富集中所起的作用重视不够。pH值变化是碳酸铀酰络合物分解的重要原因,矿体附近广泛出现的高岭石化,正是酸碱度变化的重要证据。在砂岩型铀矿勘查中应重视深部流体的性质、活动时间、影响范围、期次等与氧化流体活动和成矿事件之间的关系,从铀成矿物质来源、迁移过程、沉淀机理等方面明确热流体活动的地位和成矿贡献。

  • 5.3 加强储层砂岩物性变化的评价

  • 尽管很多证据表明,热流体对铀的再造富集有利,但不可否认的是,热流体作用下,重结晶和深部物质的参与,加速了砂岩型铀矿的成岩过程,尤其是与构造-岩浆活动有关的热液作用,增加了砂岩的成岩作用强度,降低了砂岩的孔隙度和渗透率,增加了地浸开采的难度。因此,要加强深部流体参与下岩石物性的微观变化特征与成因研究,查明深部热流体活动的影响范围、对孔隙度和渗透率影响的机理与强度,加强成岩过程和成岩强度时空规律变化的研究,为铀矿勘查和后期开采提供依据。

  • 6 结论

  • (1)系统地梳理了盆地深部流体类型,按照其性质和来源可分为深部烃类流体、构造-岩浆火山热液和深部建造水(主要为热卤水)等三类,深部流体与砂岩相互作用后,在砂岩中可留下一系列可以识别的宏观、微观标志,常见的宏观识别标志有宏观脉体穿插、流体包裹体和蚀变矿物组合等。

  • (2)砂岩型铀矿一般产于盆地边缘浅部层位,而来自盆地深部的流体向浅部运移时会穿插、覆盖和靠近含矿目的层,造成含矿层砂岩和铀矿化发生变化,形成多样的铀及伴生矿物组合,改变矿体形态,形成新的蚀变矿物,并影响和改变储层的物性。根据深部流体活动时间与铀成矿事件的先后关系,表现为深部流体活动晚于主成矿期、与主成矿期同期和早于主成矿期等三种形式。

  • (3)深部流体的参与,使得氧化流体渗入成矿过程发生了改变。深部流体一般通过提供深部铀源、改变成岩成矿环境以及弥补、强化还原作用等方式参与铀成矿过程,参与方式差异也造成其在铀矿床形成过程中的作用、地位和成矿贡献存在明显的不同。

  • (4)随着砂岩型铀矿的勘查开始向深部和构造活动区迈进,深部流体参与铀成矿的过程必须要加以重视,加强深部流体在铀成矿过程中的参与方式和其对铀矿体的最终形成的贡献的研究与评价,推动砂岩型铀矿成矿理论和勘查的突破。

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