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作者简介:

杨继媛,女,1989年生。讲师,古生物学与地层学专业。E-mail:yangjiyuan@yxnu.edu.cn。

通讯作者:

陈爱林,男,1972年生。副教授,进化生物学专业。E-mail:ailinchen@yxnu.edu.cn。

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目录contents

    摘要

    本文描述了云南寒武纪早期澄江生物群中原始单轴针海绵化石一新属种——群体小卵海绵Ovulispongia multa gen. et sp. nov.。群体小卵海绵为小型薄壁海绵,整体呈卵形,骨骼双层,由四个方向的单轴骨针穿插成网状,左倾方向和右倾方向骨针与水平骨针和纵向骨针斜交呈45度角;骨针之间无叠接;海绵体无口须和根须。群体小卵海绵在外部形态和骨架类型上与其他的原始单轴针海绵存在明显差异,其半紧密型骨架处于无规则排列的鬃毛海绵骨架和规则排列的细丝海绵骨架之间。另外新材料显示在海底固着取食的生态环境中,新属种用高密度的个体分布来获得竞争优势。群体小卵海绵独特的过渡形态的骨架结构和高密度生态分布为研究古生代原始单轴针海绵的骨架演化与生态空间扩张之间的关系提供了线索,也为研究寒武纪早期海绵动物的起源和多样化提供新的化石材料。

    Abstract

    This paper describes Ovulispongia multa gen. et sp. nov. from the Early Cambrian Chengjiang biota, Yunnan Province, China. O. multa gen. et sp. nov. is characterized by samll-sized, thin-walled sponges with double-layered skeletons. Skeletons consist of four series of monaxons in directions, namely the oblique spicules of left and right direction with the angle of 45 degrees to the horizontal spicules and vertical spicules; monaxons untouched each other; without the prostalia marginalia and prostalia basalia. New species distinguishes from other protomonaxonids for its external form and special type of skeletons, and probably represents an intermediate evolutionary status from saetaspongiids with irregular arranged skeletons to leptomitids with regular arranged skeletons for its extraordinary semi-dense skeleton. In addition, new species gains competitive advantage by their high-density individual distribution in the ecological environment of sessile epibenthos. The unique transitional skeleton type and high-density distribution of new species provide clues for the study of the relationship between the skeleton evolution and ecological spatial expansion of Paleozoic protomonaxonids sponges, and also for research of origin and diversity of sponge in Early Cambrian.

  • 在现存动物门中,海绵动物门代表了现存的、进化历史最长的动物类别,是确定动物在新元古代(1000~550 Ma前)演化水平的最好证据(Müller,1998),对研究早期后生动物的起源与演化具有非常重要的作用(王圆等,2017)。海绵动物被认为有一个显著的前寒武纪的历史(Glaessner,1984),相关分子生物学研究提供了海绵动物起源和分异大致的时间框架,认为海绵动物与其他后生动物可能在750 Ma前就已经发生分离(Sperling et al.,2010; Erwin,2020; Fernández and Gabaldón,2020; Zhang Xingliang and Shu Degan,2021)。然而,前寒武纪的完整海绵化石稀少(Laflamme,2010; Maloof et al.,2010; Brain et al.,2012; Muscente et al.,2015; Zumberge et al.,2018),且缺乏骨针,因而是否具有真正的海绵属性也有待更多的证据支撑。寒武纪早期的海绵化石多以离散的骨针形式保存(Bengtson et al.,1990; Steiner et al.,1993; Zhang Xiguang and Pratt,1994; Antcliffe et al.,2014; Chang Shan et al.,2017),由于离散骨针在辨别海绵属性方面具有天然缺陷,以其为基础建立的新属种就不等同于一般意义上以完整海绵化石建立起来的属种。因此完整海绵实体化石的发现就成为解决骨针属性和海绵演化的关键。

  • 中国寒武纪地层是保存完整海绵实体化石的主要产区之一,如在澄江生物群(Wu Wen et al.,2014; Chen Ailin et al.,2015; Hou Xianguang et al.,2017)、清江生物群(Fu Dongjing et al.,2019; Yun Hao et al.,2022)、荷塘生物群(Yuan Xunlai et al.,2002; 陈哲等,2004; Botting et al.,2012)、凯里生物群(Yang Xinglian et al.,2017a2017b)、牛蹄塘生物群(杨兴莲和赵元龙,20002005a2005b2010)等主要的寒武纪特异埋藏化石库中,均产出了大量保存精美的海绵动物实体化石,这些海绵动物化石作为最古老的后生生物,其独特的造型和发育方式对认识动物起源和早期演化具有重要的指示意义(Botting et al.,2014; Yun Hao et al.,2022),这些生物化石群也成为了探索海绵动物辐射演化的重要窗口。

  • 云南寒武纪早期澄江生物群中保存了丰富的海绵动物化石,且海绵化石物种分异度高,是仅次于节肢动物的第二大类群(Zhao Fangchen et al.,2014),其物种数量达40种以上(陈爱林,2015)。已报道的澄江生物群海绵化石中,以单轴针普通海绵占优势。他们包括:小块肠状海绵Allantospongia mica Rigby and Hou,1995,小滥田斗蓬海绵Choiaxiaolantianensis Hou et al.,1999,辐射小斗蓬海绵Choiaella radiata Rigby and Hou,1995,软骨海绵Halichondritesellisa Walcott,1920,锥形小细丝海绵Leptomitellaconica Chen,Hou and Lu,1989,困惑小细丝海绵Leptomitellaconfusa Chen,Hou and Lu,1989,后小细丝海绵LeptomitellamettaRigby,1983),螺旋小细丝海绵Leptomitella spiralis Chen and Hou,2019(杨继媛等,2019),次圆柱形细丝海绵Leptomitusteretiusculus Chen,Hou and Lu,1989,网格拟小细丝海绵Paraleptomitelladictyodroma Chen,Hou and Lu,1989,球状拟小细丝海绵Paraleptomitellaglobula Chen,Hou and Lu,1989,簇状四层海绵Quadrolaminiellacrassa Chen,Hou and Li,1990,对角四层海绵Quadrolaminielladiagonalis Chen,Hou and Li,1990,密集鬃毛海绵Saetaspongiadensa Mehl and Reitner in Steiner et al.,1993,斜针麦粒海绵Triticispongiadiagonata Mehl and Reitner in Steiner et al.,1993,二街尖头细丝海绵Styloleptomituserjiensis Jiao and Han,2013,帽天山羽海绵Ptilispongiamaotianshanensis Wu et al.,2014,树形细海绵Ischnspongiadendritica Wu et al.,2014。另有部分鉴定性报道,但并未深入研究,如卡特斗篷海绵Choiacarteri Walcott,1920,包氏汉普顿海绵Hamptoniabowerbanki Walcott,1920,钱包海绵Crumillospongiabiporosa Rigby,1986,掌状海扎海绵Hazeliapalmata Walcott,1920,塔卡瓦海绵Takakkawialineata Walcott,1920陈良忠等,2002; 陈均远,2004)。会议论文表明瓣状九村囊Jiucuniapetalina Hou et al.,1999为单轴针海绵(陈爱林等,2018)。六射海绵从分异度和个体数量均不如普通海绵,占次要位置(Wu Wen et al.,2014)。此外,澄江海绵动物化石群在个体高度上出现了明显的分化,海绵动物群在争取取食空间的竞争过程中呈现明显的分层现象,形成了不同的生态空间(陈均远等,19891990; Wu Wen et al.,2014)。近年来随着新化石点的发现和持续的化石挖掘,不断有新的海绵实体化石从华南寒武纪地层中发现(陈爱林,2015; Chang Shan et al.,2017; 马海丹等,20182019; 杨继媛等,2019; Luo Cui et al.,2019; 罗翠等,2021; Wei Fan et al.,2021; Yun Hao et al.,2022),这些新化石材料的发现为研究海绵动物的早期起源和演化提供新的信息。

  • 本文主要对采自云南昆明黑林铺组玉案山段海口耳材村剖面的海绵化石新材料进行初步研究,新材料在外部形态和骨针类型上与其他的原始单轴针海绵存在明显差异,因此建立一新属种——群体小卵海绵Ovulispongiamulta gen. et sp. nov.,根据其骨针的组成和结构被归入原始单轴海绵目。新材料的发现增加了寒武纪早期普通海绵化石的物种多样性,其骨针排列方式为研究骨针组合类型与生态空间扩张的关系提供了重要的化石证据。

  • 1 研究区域地质背景

  • 研究区域位于云南东部昆明海口地区(图1),化石层位为寒武系第二统第三阶黑林铺组玉案山泥岩段,Eoredlichia-Wutingaspis三叶虫生物带,锆石铀-铅同位素测年表明地质年龄距今约518 Ma(Yang Chuan et al.,2018)。寒武纪早期滇东地区位于扬子地台的西南缘,其基底是由古元古界大红山群和中元古界昆阳群组成。自前寒武纪末期“澄江运动”之后,该地区乃至上扬子地台的构造活动开始减弱,至寒武纪早期已进入构造发展的稳定时期,整个滇东地区都处于一种海底坡度不大、海水较浅的陆表海沉积环境。玉案山段的沉积环境位于扬子台地沉积盆地的浅海环境,普遍接受风暴沉积(Zhang Xingliang et al.,2001; Hu Shixue,2005)。玉案山段之上的红井哨段发育红层,其与同时期中国北方海侵形成的红层不同,可能与海退有关(李明等,2022),而同时期的湘鄂西地区牛蹄塘组发育一套页岩气储存构造(李海等,2022)。

  • 研究材料采自昆明市西山区海口镇耳材村剖面(距海口西约4.5 km,东经102°34′,北纬24°47′)玉案山段帽天山页岩段的事件层泥岩中。地层出露较好,产状平缓,与下伏地层石岩头段整合接触,与上覆地层中泥盆统海口组不整合接触。玉案山段上部地层保存不全,但化石产出层位保存较好,含有丰富的保存软躯体的动物化石(Hou Xianguang et al.,2017),海绵动物化石从黑林铺组下部灰绿色页岩开始出现,在中部黄绿色页岩层中大量繁盛。

  • 图1 昆明海口化石点附近地质简图

  • Fig.1 Geology sketch of the fossil site, Haikou, Kunming

  • Q—第四系; N—新近系; J—侏罗系; T—三叠系; P—二叠系; C—石炭系; D—泥盆系; ∈—寒武系; Z—埃迪卡拉系(震旦系); Pt—昆阳群

  • Q—Quaternary; N—Neogene; J—Jurassic; T—Triassic; P—Permian; C—Carboniferous; D—Devonian; ∈—Cambrian; Z—Ediacaran (Sinian) ; Pt—Kunyang Group

  • 2 材料与方法

  • 澄江生物群海绵动物化石群体小卵海绵(Ovulispongiamulta gen. et sp. nov.)标本采自昆明海口镇耳材村剖面,产出层位为寒武系第二统第三阶黑林铺组玉案山段,属寒武纪早期。标本保存有完整的外部形态和骨架系统。标本现保存于云南大学古生物研究院。研究标本细节暴露不充分,为了更好地观察标本特征,我们在显微镜下(Leica Z16APO)对标本进行了修理,修理完毕后,使用数码照相机(Canon EOS 5D Mark IV相机、24~70 mm镜头)和体视显微镜(Leica M205C)对标本进行拍照及数据测量,最后使用Photoshop cs5对图片进行剪裁、调整及制作图版。

  • 3 系统古生物学

  • 多孔动物门  Phylum Porifera Grant,1836

  • 普通海绵  Class DemospongeaSollas,1875

  • 原始单轴海绵目  Order Protomonaxonida Finks and Rigby,2004

  • 科未定  Family uncertain

  • 小卵海绵属(新属)  Genus Ovulispongia gen. nov. Chen and Hou

  • 模式种  群体小卵海绵(新属新种)Ovulispongiamulta gen. et sp. nov. Chen and Hou

  • 词源  Ovul(Latin),小蛋,指海绵体呈小卵形。

  • 属征  小型薄壁海绵,整体呈卵形,骨骼双层,由四个方向的单轴骨针构成:左倾方向和右倾方向骨针与水平骨针和纵向骨针斜交,交角约45度。无口须和根须。

  • 群体小卵海绵(新属新种)  Ovulispongia multa gen. et sp. nov.

  • 材料  2 块标本,一块标本具11个个体(YKLP14113-1),另外一块具19个个体(YKLP14113-2)。

  • 词源  multus(Latin),许多的,众多的,参考众多个体保存在一起。

  • 正模  YKLP14113-1,图2d,采自昆明市海口镇耳材村剖面。

  • 图2 群体小卵海绵(新属新种)

  • Fig.2 Ovulispongiamulta gen. et sp. nov.

  • (a)—海绵体群体保存,有11个个体,YKLP14113-1,昆明市海口镇耳材村剖面;(b)—海绵体群体保存,有19个个体,YKLP14113-2,昆明市海口镇耳材村剖面;(c)—群体小卵海绵与腕足动物共栖,方框1显示东方日射贝Heliomedusaorienta;(d)—正模,YKLP14113-1(图a中白色箭头指示的海绵体);(e)—副模,YKLP14113-1(图a中黑色箭头指示的海绵体);(f)—完整群体小卵海绵个体,出水口明显,YKLP14113-2(图b中白色箭头指示的海绵体);(g)—为图(d)方框2放大,显示海绵体体壁相对较厚,骨骼由四个方向的单轴骨针组成,黄色箭头指示水平骨针,白色箭头指示纵向骨针,红色箭头指示右倾斜骨针,绿色箭头指示左倾斜骨针;(h)—为图(d)方框3放大,显示海绵体出水口和由四个方向的单轴针构成的海绵骨骼,黄色箭头指示水平骨针,白色箭头指示纵向骨针,红色箭头指示右倾斜骨针,绿色箭头指示左倾斜骨针;(i)—为图(e)方框4放大,显示海绵体出水口

  • (a) —The specimen with eleven individuals (YKLP14113-1) , Ercaicun section, Haikou, Kunming; (b) —the specimen with nineteen individuals (YKLP14113-2) , Ercaicun section, Haikou, Kunming; (c) —showing Ovulispongiamulta and Heliomedusaorienta (in box 1) ; (d) —holotype, YKLP14113-1 (enlargement of sponge in Fig.2a, white arrow) ; (e) —paratype, YKLP14113-1 (enlargement of sponge in Fig.2a, black arrow) ; (f) —enlargement of sponge in Fig.2b (white arrow) , showing the well-preserved sponge and the osculum, YKLP14113-2; (g) —enlargement of box 2 in Fig.2d, showing the wall of sponge and four directions of monaxons, the horizontal spicules (yellow arrows) , the vertical spicules (white arrows) , the oblique spicules of right direction (red arrows) and the oblique spicules of left direction (green arrows) ; (h) —enlargement of box 3 in Fig.2d, showing the osculum and four directions of monaxons in the top of sponge, the horizontal spicules (yellow arrows) , the vertical spicules (white arrows) , the oblique spicules of right direction (red arrows) and the oblique spicules of left direction (green arrows) ; (i) —enlargement of box 4 in Fig.2e, showing the osculum

  • 副模  YKLP14113-1,图2e,采自昆明市海口镇耳材村剖面。

  • 层位  寒武系第二统第三阶黑林铺组玉案山段。

  • 描述  海绵体群体保存,与腕足动物共栖(图2a、c)。保存正模的材料上有11个个体(图2a)。外形呈卵形,少数稍圆。个体大小相近,宽度介于2~4 mm,高度介于3~8 mm之间。正模YKLP14113-1(图2a,白色箭头; 图2d)海绵体小,长卵形,高7.7 mm,宽4.0 mm。标本压扁保存,单面保存完整。海绵体保存在灰绿色的泥岩中,风化较弱,化石颜色呈暗紫色。海绵体出水孔明显,顶部略有收缩,稍微凹陷,宽1.8 mm(图2h)。基部半圆形,无根须。

  • 海绵体表面光滑无装饰。体壁厚度与海绵体直径之比相对较大,约为五分之一,骨骼双层,由四个方向的单轴骨针构成(图2g、h,图3),左倾方向和右倾方向骨针与水平骨针和纵向骨针斜交,交角约45度。四组骨针穿插排列,形成紧密网状。水平骨针可见部分长0.3~0.6 mm,直径0.01~0.03 mm。纵向骨针可见部分长0.9~1.7 mm,直径0.007~0.015 mm。斜向骨针可见长度0.6~1.1 mm,直径约0.015 mm。

  • 副模YKLP14113-1(图2a,黑色箭头; 图2e)海绵体小,长卵形,高4.9 mm,宽2.6 mm。标本压扁保存,单面保存完整。海绵体颜色呈暗紫色。顶部收缩,出水孔明显,稍微凹陷,宽1.1 mm(图2i)。基部半圆形,无根须。

  • 海绵体表面光滑无装饰(图2f)。在出水孔周边外侧和内侧表面,可见明显的斜向单轴针呈网状排列(图2i)。

  • 标本YKLP14113-2单面保存,在30 cm2的范围内共有19个个体(图2b,图4)。海绵体个体大小介于宽1.5~2.5 mm之间,高度介于2~4 mm之间,保存方向各不相同。以上系统描述对应英文见文后。

  • 讨论  由于古生代原始单轴针海绵与现生海绵动物纲级分类单元的演化关系存在不确定性,其内部有多系和并系的情况(Botting et al.,2013),一部分被归入普通海绵的原始单轴针海绵被纳入新建的袋形海绵纲(Class Ascospongiae Botting,2021)。新属种与其他单轴针海绵的亲缘关系不清楚,本文仍然采用Finks and Rigby(2004)分类系统。

  • 群体小卵海绵(新属新种)Ovulispongiamulta gen. et sp. nov.的外形和群体保存方式非常类似于石炭纪的Teganiellaheathi Rigby,1986和泥盆纪的Teganiella ovata Rigby and Mehl,1994,但后两者的海绵体骨骼由六射针组成,并且具有口须,而前者骨骼由单轴针组成,无口须。

  • 在单轴针海绵目内,新属种群体小卵海绵Ovulispongiamulta gen. et sp. nov.的海绵骨架由四个方向的单轴骨针组成,排列方式与澄江生物群中的对角四层海绵Quadrolaminielladiagonalis类似(陈均远等,1990),但对角四层海绵个体巨大,骨针排列紧密,不同方向骨针之间分四层排列,大骨针两端互相叠接形成骨棒,而群体小卵海绵较长纵向骨针之间不叠接,也不形成骨棒,是一种半紧密型骨架。这种半紧密型骨架不能克服重力和强水流的影响,以小的体型和可能在骨针之间充填了更多胶质细胞来加强骨骼的强度,因而化石保存时具有相对明显的较厚体壁。在骨针组成上,群体小卵海绵与拟小细丝海绵Paraleptomitella陈均远等,1989)类似,都具有斜向骨针,但后者由弯弓形骨针和束状的水平骨针构成海绵骨架主体。群体小卵海绵与细丝海绵Leptomitus陈均远等,1989)相比,虽然群体小卵海绵中出现了纵向骨针,但纵向骨针之间不叠接,而细丝海绵中纵向骨针叠接形成骨棒,水平方向的单轴双尖针穿插于大骨针或大骨针束之间,由海绵丝在它们的连接处固定。细丝海绵中骨针类型更多样化,骨针之间存在复杂且有规律的穿插关系,骨架系统比群体小卵海绵更坚固,海绵体高度也更高。

  • 群体小卵海绵与外形呈球形或椭球形的鬃毛海绵SaetaspongiaRigby and Hou Xianguang,1995; 陈爱林和马海丹,2021)相比,虽然他们骨骼都由单轴骨针组成,但前者的骨针排列规则,由两组倾斜的骨针与水平骨针和纵向骨针穿插形成网架结构,而后者海绵体中骨针混杂出现,排列不规则,未形成定向排列。由于规则骨架更容易形成定向水流,获得较高体表比和单位滤食效率,所以群体小卵海绵在向高处竞争食物时更有优势。

  • 4 讨论

  • 海绵动物是一类营底栖固着生活的滤食性生物,为了从水中滤取食物,它们必须提高在海底的高度。个体较高的海绵动物可以从离海底较高水层中滤取食物,获得更大的取食范围。澄江生物群中海绵化石类群在个体高度上出现明显地分层,最高可达30 cm,一般为10 cm,最矮甚至不到1 cm(陈均远,2004),形成了不同的营养梯度(Wu Wen et al.,2014)。底栖动物的营养梯度是固着生活的滤食性生物群体从水平的水流中获得营养的一种资源分配方式(Bottjer and Ausich,1986),海绵动物通过在这种水动力边界层(hydrodynamic boundary layers)中的长高,以获得更多的营养(武雯,2004)。如个体高大的四层海绵、软骨海绵和塔卡瓦海绵通常具有更粗、更长、多层的坚固骨骼支撑,为高层空间取食生物类型,一般生活在高能环境下; 细长类型的细丝海绵为中层空间取食生物类型,常生活在水流较弱的环境下; 个体矮小的斗篷海绵、钱包海绵和鬃毛状海绵为低层空间取食生物类型,往往生活在低流速水体环境中(陈均远,2004)。Yuan Xunlai et al.(2002)对新元古代和寒武纪海绵化石的研究中表明,海绵动物在寒武纪早期的底栖悬浮摄食生物中扮演了一个重要的生态角色。

  • 图3 群体小卵海绵(新属新种)化石复原图

  • Fig.3 Schematic reconstruction of Ovulispongiamulta gen. et sp. nov.

  • 图4 群体小卵海绵(新属新种)与东方日射贝共栖生态复原图

  • Fig.4 Ecological reconstruction of Ovulispongiamulta gen. et sp. nov. and Heliomedusaorienta

  • 海绵动物处在多细胞动物进化树的基部,组织分化程度很低,缺乏能进行大范围滤食的触手,如腔肠动物先光海葵XianguangiaOu Qiang et al.,2017)、傣花虫DaihuaZhao Yang et al.,2019)等的滤食纤毛,只能使用微小而数量巨大的领细胞(choanocyte)滤食食物颗粒。领细胞的数量由海绵体大小、体壁厚度、水管系统(aquiferious system)的复杂性决定。对现代海绵海水动力学和生物效应的研究(Asadzadeh et al.,2019; Fernandes et al.,2021)表明,随着海绵体长高,滤食领域扩大,同时也面临海底水流产生的涡流对海绵体的伤害,因而海绵体采用不同对策来适应环境变化,一是衍生出复杂的骨架几何形态来抵抗水流的损害,二是增厚体壁。体壁增厚可加强机械强度和延伸水管系的体积,进而能产生更多的领细胞以增进滤食效率。在寒武纪时期的化石海绵中,这两种路径均得到证实。群体小卵海绵代表体壁相对增厚的进化路径,而其他大型海绵代表了随着身高增加而骨针与骨架强化的进化路径。

  • Rigby(1983)曾对海绵骨架结构进行分析,并得出了它们之间的进化关系:骨针出现规则的排列,这种结构更有利于海绵骨架结构的坚固。粗大的骨针(骨针束)对于抵抗强的水流和稳定骨架有着重要的进化意义; 骨针交错形成的网状结构对提升海绵体高度以及获得更多食物有更大的竞争优势。如果这种进化趋势正确的话,群体小卵海绵具有半紧密型规则骨架,其生态位介于低层取食生物类型且骨架无规则排列的麦粒海绵、鬃毛海绵和以细丝海绵为主的中层取食的规则骨架海绵之间。相较于骨针混杂无规则排列的麦粒海绵和鬃毛海绵,群体小卵海绵骨针有规律的穿插排列形成网架结构,一定程度可支撑海绵体直立生长,为海绵动物的生态空间扩张提供了骨架基础。另一方面,群体小海绵的海绵体虽直立生长,但骨针细、个体小,仍为低层取食空间的生物类型,明显比平躺在海底表面同样营滤食生活的腕足动物东方日射贝具有身高优势(Zhang Zhifei et al.,2009)(图4); 且在已发现的标本中保存了较多的个体数量,表明其个体丰度高,海绵体出水口大,进水口小的形态构造也增加了其海绵体的滤食效率,这一特征也是群体小卵海绵适应底栖生物生存竞争的一种重要的生存策略。同样,采取扩大个体数量的生存方式也见于小型的斗篷海绵中(Rigby,1986),如Choiaridleyi的大小与群体小卵海绵相近,盘状中心区直径5 mm,为海绵体的滤食区。二者不一致处在于群体小卵海绵沿垂直方向用增加高度形成柱状的方式扩大取食范围,而Choia采用沿水平面方向用增加水平面积方式形成盘状体来扩大领地以及取食范围。

  • 5 结论

  • (1)本文描述了采自云南昆明黑林铺组玉案山段海口耳材村剖面的原始单轴针海绵化石新材料,新材料海绵个体小,整体呈卵形,体壁相对较厚,骨骼双层,由四个方向的单轴骨针穿插成网状。新材料在骨针类型和组合方式上与其他原始单轴针海绵存在明显差异,因此建立一新属种——群体小卵海绵Ovulispongiamulta gen. et sp. nov.。

  • (2)群体小卵海绵的发现进一步增加原始单轴针海绵在澄江生物群海绵动物中的比例,其独特的过渡形态的骨架结构和高密度生态分布为研究古生代原始单轴针海绵的骨架演化与生态空间扩张之间的关系提供了线索,也为研究寒武纪早期海绵动物的起源和多样化提供新的化石材料。

  • 致谢:两位审稿专家提出的宝贵意见,玉溪师范学院传习馆王超帮助绘制标本素描图及复原图,在此一并致以衷心的感谢!

  • SYSTEMATIC PALEONTOLOGY

  • Phylum Porifera Grant, 1836

  • Class DemospongeaSollas, 1875

  • Order Protomonaxonida Finks and Rigby, 2004

  • Family uncertain

  • Genus Ovulispongia gen. nov. Chen and Hou

  • Type species  Ovulispongia multa gen. et sp. nov. Chen and Hou

  • Diagnosis  Oval, small-sized, thin-walled sponges with double-layered skeletons, the skeletons composed of four directions of monaxons, the oblique spicules of left direction and right direction cross-stacked at the horizontal spicules and vertical spicules with about 45 degrees; the prostalia marginalia and prostalia basalia absent.

  • Etymology  Ovul (Latin) , with reference to the oval shape of the new species.

  • Ovulispongiamulta gen. et sp. nov. Chen and Hou

  • (Fig.2)

  • Material  Two specimens, YKLP14113-1 and YKLP14113-2.

  • The specimen (YKLP14113-1) with eleven individuals, the specimen (YKLP14113-2) with nineteen individuals.

  • Etymology  Multus (Latin) , with reference to many individuals preserved together.

  • Holotype  YKLP14113-1, from Ercaicun section, Haikou, Kunming. (Fig.2d)

  • ParatypeYKLP14113-1, from Ercaicun section, Haikou, Kunming. (Fig.2e)

  • Occurrence  Lower Cambrian Yu'anshan Member of the Heilinpu Formation at the Ercaicun section, Yunnan Province, China.

  • Diagnosis  As for the genus.

  • Description  Holotype, (YKLP14113-1, Fig.2a, white arrow; Fig.2d) , small-sized, long oval body nearly complete, up to 7.7 mm in height and 4 mm in width; obvious osculum in the upper part of the sponge, the base of the sponge is semicircular, prostalia absent.

  • The surface of the sponge is smooth and unadorned.The skeleton is composed of four directions of monaxons (Fig.2g, h, 3) , the horizontal spicules are 0.3~0.6 mm long and 0.01~0.03 mm in diameter, the vertical spicules are about 0.9~1.7 mm long and 0.007~0.015 mm in diameter. The oblique spicules of left direction and right direction cross-stacked at the horizontal spicules and vertical spicules with about 45 degrees; the oblique spicules are 0.6~1.1 mm long, 0.015 mm in diameter. The four directions of monaxons interlocked but unbounded, and formed a half tight net.

  • Paratype, (YKLP14113-1, Fig.2a, black arrow; Fig.2e) the specimen is single side and preserved flattened. The sponge body is small-sized, long oval shape, up to 4.9 mm in height and 2.6 mm in width; the osculum is about 1.1 mm wide, the base of the sponge is semicircular, prostalia absent.

  • The surface of the sponge is smooth without decoration, the oblique spicules interlocked and formed a net in the outer side and inner surface of the osculum (Fig.2i) .

  • Specimen YKLP14113-2 preserved a single side and with nineteen individuals together (Fig.2b, 4) , the sponge is up to 2~4 mm in height and 1.5~2.5 mm in width (Fig.2b, f) .

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    • 罗翠, 张磊, 常珊, 冯庆来. 2021. 湖北宜昌乔家坪村寒武系水井沱组海绵动物化石群. 古生物学报, 60(1): 69~86.

    • 马海丹, 杨继媛, 陈爱林, 侯先光. 2018. 云南寒武纪早期澄江生物群中原始海绵新种: 囊形似斜纹海绵Paradiagoniella marsupiata sp. nov. 玉溪师范学院学报, 34(12): 34~42.

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    • 王圆, 杨兴莲, 赵元龙, 段晓林. 2017. 贵州剑河八郎寒武系“清虚洞组”海绵化石初步研究. 古生物学报, 56(2): 176~188.

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    • 杨兴莲, 朱茂炎, 赵元龙, 王约. 2005b. 贵州寒武纪海绵动物化石组合特征. 微体古生物学报, 22(3): 295~303.

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