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作者简介:

刘俊来,男,1960生。教授,博士,长期从事构造地质学教学与研究。E-mail:jliu@cugb.edu.cn。

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目录contents

    摘要

    一百年以来,中国构造地质学学科发展经历了二十世纪初期萌芽孕育、早期发展和多学派大地构造学说百家争鸣。构造地质学专业委员会的成立和发展,标志着我国构造地质学的教育与研究进入一个新的发展时期。专业委员会长期以“服务国家战略需求、搭建学术交流平台、促进学科前沿发展和开展科学普及”为宗旨,主办、组织召开了系列全国性构造会议和现场研讨会议,搭建全国性和国际性的学术交流平台。我国构造地质学家吸收和借鉴国际先进大地构造和构造地质学理论,以环太平洋洋-陆过渡带、特提斯构造域和古亚洲构造域,特别是青藏高原动力学演化研究为引领,针对地球不同圈层相互作用、互馈机理与动力学,开展板块构造起源与早期地球演化、大陆的生长与再造过程、洋-陆系统演化与深部地球动力学、大陆构造变形与宜居地球系统、活动构造, 对资源-环境-灾害的影响等领域开展了研究工作,取得了丰硕的成果。尤其是在新世纪以来,在青藏高原形成演化、华北克拉通破坏、中亚增生型造山带等多个领域取得具有国际水平的研究成果。在构造地质学发展的新阶段,我国构造地质学学科的发展将强化学科基础,推进原创性、创新性理论探索,深化发展板块构造理论,力争在东亚洋陆构造格局与转变、大陆构造变形与人类宜居的地球系统等方面的理论研究上取得原始创新与突破,参与国际地学发展与竞争并作出贡献。

    Abstract

    Development of Structural Geology in the last century in China experienced its birth, early development and contention of schools of thoughts of several tectonic theories. The foundation of the Structural Geology Committee has long been committed “to serve the national strategy, to set up academic exchange stage, to promote development of structural geology and geodynamics in the frontiers of the discipline, and to carry out scientific popularization”. The Committee has been dedicated itself to explore the formation and evolution of earth's crust (or of the earth), to enhance utilization of resources and prevention of natural disasters, and to promote the harmonious development of man and nature. The foundation of the Committee marks a new period of development of the study and education of structural geology and tectonics in China and has built a national and international academic exchange stage for Chinese structural geologists, by hosting and organizing a series of national conferences and field seminars on structural geology and geodynamics.By learning and applying new theories and progresses in plate tectonics and structural geology (Precambrian structure, ductile shear zone, thrust-nappe tectonics and extensional tectonics and basin structures, etc.) from the international community, Chinese structural geologists have extensively studied the tectonic evolution of the Pan-Pacific Ocean-continent transition zone, the Tethys tectonic domain and the paleo-Asian tectonic domain, especially the dynamic evolution of the Tibetan plateau. They have focused on the interaction, feedback mechanisms and dynamics of different layers within the earth, the origin and evolution of early plate tectonics, the growth and reworking of continents, the evolution of ocean-continent systems and deep earth dynamics, continental tectonic deformation and habitable earth system, and active tectonics. Achievement on resources-environment-disaster prevention has served the economic and social development of the country. Structural geology (and geodynamics) has developed rapidly since the beginning of the new century. On one hand, the Committee has organized a series of academic activities, including academic conferences, on-site seminars and online forums. On the other hand, it has achieved brilliant research results. Internationally-famed research work and results have been done on the formation and evolution of the Tibetan plateau, Present-day velocity field of tectonic deformation of China and especially the Tibetan plateau, destruction of the North China craton, accretionary orogenesis of the Central Asian orogenic belt, remobilization and intracontinental orogenesis in South China, the tectonic evolution of the Central China orogenic belt, the ocean-continent transition zone of the western Pacific-northern Indian Ocean, Precambrian geology and supercontinent evolution, active tectonics and earthquake disasters, and mesoscopic to microscopic deformation structures. In the new age of development, structural geology and geodynamics in China will strengthen itself on fundamental research, promote original and innovative theoretical studies, work on new frontiers of plate tectonics. Original innovations and breakthroughs in theoretical researches are expected on the ocean-continent tectonic framework and transformation in East Asia, continental tectonic deformation and habitable earth system, mutual feedback between deep processes and surface systems, and multi-layer interactions earth system science, to contribute to the new progresses in earth sciences in the world.

  • 中国大陆保留了大于3.8 Ga的古老地壳并遭受约2.5 Ga时期的克拉通化,历经古元古代、古生代和与中、新生代不同演化阶段的改造,尤其晚古生代以来古亚洲洋、特提斯洋和太平洋三大全球性动力学体系之间的相互作用,东亚及邻区板块相互作用在中国大陆及邻区的陆缘和陆内保留下了特色的印记。古亚洲洋的闭合形成世界上最大规模的增生造山带、特提斯域演化形成横贯东西的中央山系以及大别-苏鲁超高压变质带、印度-欧亚陆-陆碰撞使得“世界屋脊”——青藏高原崛起、东部岩石圈减薄致克拉通破坏、洋陆俯冲伴随典型边缘海盆形成等,都为我国构造地质学研究提供了得天独厚的天然实验室(国家自然科学基金委员会,2017)。

  • 一个世纪以来,伴随着我国地质科学事业的孕育、诞生和发展,构造地质学学科实现了从早期蕴含于地质学科发展之中,并随着古生物、地层学等学科研究的不断深入实现了从萌芽孕育(刘瑞珣,1999)、快速发展和百家争鸣(黄汲清,1982)到走向学科前缘(马杏垣,1995)的历程。几代构造地质学家历尽艰难困苦、不断奋斗、不断前进(黄汲清,1982),不仅仅为构造地质学学科发展,而且为国家建设作出了卓越贡献。

  • 1 从萌芽孕育到百家争鸣

  • 1.1 萌芽孕育与早期发展

  • 现代意义上的地质学在中国起始于二十世纪初期,尽管外籍学者(李希霍芬-R.von Richthoften,葛利普-A.W.Grabau等)早先及后续在中国开展了部分地质调查,为中国构造地质学的启蒙积累了资料。以章鸿钊、丁文江、翁文灏、李四光为代表的先辈们,吸收国外地质科学发展思想,创办地质调查和研究机构,兴办地质教育,开展区域地质调查(叶良辅等,1922)、矿产地质调查(丁文江和翁文灏,1921)、地震地质调查,奠基了中国地质科学事业(翁文灏,1921; 黄汲清,1982; 孙枢,2002)。

  • 初期我国构造地质学研究十分薄弱(宋鸿林和傅昭仁,1999)。丁文江可谓为中国构造地质学第一人(张进等,2022)。早在1913~1916年,丁文江负责中央研究院地质研究所构造地质的课程讲授,著有“Report on the geology of the Yangtze valley below Wuhu”(Ting,1919)。早期文献中,翁文灏先生代表中国地质学家在1922年第13届国际地质大会(比利时)上宣读了2篇论文“L'influence Seismogenique de certaines structures geologique en Chine”(中国某些地质构造的地震效应)和“The tectonic geology of eastern Yunnan”(云南东部的构造地质)(见刘瑞珣,1999)。在早期发展阶段,区域地质与大地构造研究成果比较突出,并发表了一些相关的学术论文,如《北京西山地质志》(叶良辅等,1922)、《山西地质构造刚要》(Wang,1925)、《北京西山之逆掩断层》(Chern and Hsiung,1935)等。

  • 翁文灏(Wong Wenhao,1926)总结中国东部中生代构造演化,提出燕山运动的概念,解释中生代时期大规模的造山运动,标志着中国构造地质学开始创立发展,不仅仅是讨论区域构造,而是大区域的重要构造事件,中国乃至亚洲的大地构造问题。李四光(Lee,1926)“地球表面形象变迁之主因”一文,提出了地球自转速率变化引起全球构造规律的认识,用地壳运动解释地球表层的各种构造现象,并相继在国际刊物上发表“东亚的一些特征构造类型及其与大陆运动问题的关系”的系列文章(Lee,1929a1929b1929c1929d)。丁文江(Ting,1929)发表“中国造山运动”,阐述了对于中国境内加里东运动、海西运动和燕山运动的认识。1935年李四光在英国8所大学和研究机构教授中国地质学(后出版The Geology of China)。Nature杂志(1935)对此以“Tectonic framework of China”为题进行了报道和高度评价。1946年李四光在Nature杂志报道一个弯曲砾石的变形,这是我国地质学家最早的Nature杂志文献(Lee,1946)。这一时期对中国区域大地构造进行系统总结的代表作还包括有The Geology of ChinaLee,1939)和“On major tectonic forms of China”(Huang,1945)。

  • 1.2 多学派大地构造学说百家争鸣

  • 新中国成立以来,我国构造地质学学科发展进入一个新阶段。中国科学院、中国地质科学院和主要高等学校(北京地质学院、长春地质学院)等相继奠基和成立专门的教学、研究机构,构造地质学研究队伍大大发展壮大。在我国出现了多学派大地构造学说百家争鸣的局面,从不同侧面分析、研究并形成了不同的学派。李四光基于地应力测量结果、地质构造的力学分析,结合模拟实验研究,形成了阐述地质构造成因的理论体系,即地质力学。在《地质力学之基础与方法》(李四光,1945)基础上,出版《地质力学概论》(李四光,19621973)。别洛乌索夫《大地构造学概论》、格佐夫斯基的《构造应力场》理念、裴伟的“深大断裂“概念对我国构造界有深刻影响。黄汲清(Huang,1945)以历史地质分析为基础,总结了地槽褶皱带多旋回发展模式,首次对于中国及邻区构造单元进行了划分,对于中国大地构造进行了系统全面的总结,系统阐述了多旋回构造运动学说(Huang,1945; 黄汲清,1960)。通过对地球上的断块和断裂体系,以及在拉张构造环境下地壳向大洋的转化和在挤压构造环境下大洋向大陆发展的过程研究,基于历史地质分析方法和地质力学分析方法的结合,张文佑建立了断块构造学说,对海陆构造演化进行了深入讨论(高距,2009)。陈国达(1956)发表了“中国地台“活化区”的实例并兼讨论“华夏古陆”问题”一文,突破了传统的地槽-地台学说的禁锢。提出地壳演化由活动的地槽阶段进入稳定的地台阶段后,可以发生再次活化的新认识,创立了地洼学说(陈国达,1959)。张伯声(1962)提出镶嵌地壳的概念,提出地壳是由集中的条带状的活动带或活动面把分散的块状不太活动的地块拼合而成。马杏垣(1960)马杏垣等(1963)早期注重开展前寒武纪构造研究,创建解析构造学派,强调重力滑动作用在构造运动过程中的重要作用。

  • 2 我国构造地质学发展步入新阶段

  • 1965年中国地质学会构造地质学专业委员会的建立,标志着我国构造地质学的研究进入一个新的发展时期(马杏垣,1995),以专业委员会主办的全国构造会议和系列构造地质学(野外现场)学术讨论会和研讨会,为我国构造地质学家搭建了全国性和国际性的学术交流平台。

  • 2.1 构造地质学专业委员会成立

  • 中国地质学会构造地质学专业委员会始建于1965年,由时任中国地质学会理事长、著名构造地质学家李四光先生亲自主持创建,并于2004年更名为构造地质学与地球动力学专业委员会。专业委员会后先后由李四光(第一届,1965~1971年)、黄汲清(第二届,1979~1983年)、马杏垣(第三届~第五届,1983~1997年)、任纪舜(第六届、第七届,1998~2009年)、张培震(第八届~第十届,2009至今)任主任委员。

  • 构造地质学专业委员会长期以“服务国家战略需求、搭建学术交流平台、促进学科前沿发展和开展科学普及”为宗旨,以探索地壳(地球)形成与演化规律、利用地球资源和减轻自然灾害,促进人与自然的和谐发展为己任。专业委员会委员来自于地勘与地调、地震、石油与海洋勘探、高等院校、科研院所等单位,涵盖构造地质、矿产地质、石油地质、煤田地质、岩石学、海洋地质、地震地质、工程地质、地球化学、前寒武纪地质等学科。长期以来,构造地质学与地球动力学专业委员会立足学科前沿、加强学科交叉,贯彻“百花齐放,百家争鸣”方针,在不同领域取得了丰硕成果,成效显著。我国构造地质学学科发展注重国际合作,吸收和借鉴国际先进大地构造(板块构造)理论和构造地质学(前寒武纪构造、韧性剪切带、逆冲推覆构造、伸展构造和盆地构造等),以环太平洋洋-陆过渡带、特提斯构造域和古亚洲构造域特别是青藏高原的动力学演化研究为引领,认识地球不同圈层相互作用、互馈机理与动力学,开展板块构造起源与早期地球演化、大陆的生长与再造过程、洋-陆系统演化与深部地球动力学、大陆构造变形与宜居地球系统、活动构造对资源-环境-灾害的影响等领域的研究工作,深化发展板块构造理论,以取得理论原始创新与突破,服务我国经济和社会发展。

  • 构造地质学专业委员会早期组织召开三次重要的全国性构造会议(马杏垣,1995)。1965年第一届全国构造会议,在中国地质学会理事长李四光主持下召开。会议检阅了新中国成立以来大量构造地质理论和与资源有关的构造地质成果。在盆地构造、地槽演化、前寒武纪构造研究方向、构造体系的分析方法、新构造在工程地质和地震地质方面的应用等领域都作了广泛交流。会议期间,地质力学、多旋回构造、断块构造、地洼构造和波浪镶嵌等学派展开了热烈的讨论。1979年在黄汲清副主任委员主持下,召开了第二届全国构造地质学术会议,对我国区域构造及大地构造特征、各学派新的理论概况; 会议首次展示了由物探和钻探所揭示的我国海域的构造框架; 对青藏高原的成因及其与南亚次大陆间的可能缝合带作了讨论; 交流了冀东和嵩山的前寒武纪构造演化认识和研究方法; 加强了对于含油气盆地构造、矿田构造、地震地质和深部构造研究成果的总结。板块构造理论刚刚引入我国,会议强调国际合作与交流的重要性,提出我国构造地质研究必须重视与国际接轨问题。1987年召开的第三届全国构造地质学术会议,由专业委员会主任马杏垣主持,会议得到了中国地震学会、中国地球物理学会、中国岩石圈委员会、中国国家自然科学基金委员会、国际地科联构造地质专业委员会和国际岩石圈委员会等学术团体和组织的大力支持。这是一次规模空前的国际、国内学术交流会,有14个国家的专家和同行参加了会议。大会围绕造山带演化、环太平洋带演化、前寒武纪构造演化与活动构造及成矿、灾害等方面开展了广泛深入的交流。会议显示我国构造地质学学科发展进入了一个新时代,即由地壳表层到岩石圈的深层次研究,由大陆到海洋的研究,由中国本土到开始放眼世界,由微观进入超微观研究,由定性进入到定量的构造研究等等。

  • 2.2 板块构造学说的传播

  • 20世纪70年代,尹赞勋(19731978)首先在国内系统介绍了板块构造学说,并得到国内大地构造学家们的广泛运用。随后,李春昱(Li Chunyu et al.,1982)用板块构造观点对亚洲大陆显生宙以来的岩石圈板块进行了划分,对其大地构造演化特点和过程作了表述,领导、主编了《1∶800万亚洲大地构造图》。同时,郭令智等(1981)较早地倡导利用板块理论开展中国大地构造研究,并带来他的研究集体开展华南大地构造研究。在江南地区发现了元古宙蛇绿岩套、岛弧火山岩和岛弧复理石,提出华南古板块沟-弧-盆体系的观点(马瑞士和卢华复,2005)。常承法和郑锡澜(1973)首次将板块构造理论应用于青藏高原研究,提出板块运动相互作用是青藏高原形成的真正原因,其中喜马拉雅褶皱山系是板块结合的三种类型之一。

  • 板块构造学作为地球科学领域引领性的科学理论,其为中国构造地质学家的广泛应用,使得中国构造地质学与区域构造学研究进入一个崭新的阶段。这一理论不仅仅在我国大地构造研究中得到广泛应用,同时带动相邻学科和相关学科的快速发展。到20世纪70~80年代,相继出版《亚洲大地构造图及说明书》(李春昱等,1982)、《中国大地构造及其演化》(任纪舜等,1980)、《论全球构造系统》(马宗晋,1982)等论著。板块构造理论成为解释中国大地构造格局及演化,揭示岩石圈深部组成与结构,阐明金属和油气矿产资源成因与成矿规律,指导矿产资源和油气勘探最重要的基础地学理论。

  • 大陆岩石圈研究在20世纪80年代成为中国区域大地构造研究的热点(杨巍然,1999)。我国参与国际岩石圈计划,完成我国境内11条地学断面的调查、编制与解释,并在第28届国际地质大会上展出,使得我国学者在全球岩石圈动力学和演化方面取得了重要的发言权(卢造勋和张萍,1996)。自20世纪90年代以来,大陆动力学替而代之成为构造地质学研究的新方向。秦岭造山带研究中,多层次推覆构造和鳄鱼嘴构造的发现,“立交桥”式岩石圈结构模型的建立(张国伟,1988; 张国伟等,2001); 燕山中生代陆内造山作用、青藏高原形成与演化及其成矿、环境与生态效应、大别-苏鲁超高压变质带、中国东部中新生代构造岩浆带、洋陆过渡带等方面的研究逐渐深入,引领着我国乃至国际大陆构造与动力学研究(杨巍然,1999)。

  • 2.3 构造地质学研究活跃在我国地球科学领域发展前沿

  • 自从20世纪80年代以来,构造地质学(与地球动力学)专业委员会先后主办了嵩山前寒武纪地质学术讨论会(1980年)、郯庐断裂学术讨论会(1980年)、全国中新生代构造学术讨论会(1981年)、大同推覆构造讨论会(1983年)、南京推覆构造会(1985年)、大陆构造及成矿作用(1989年)学术讨论会、伸展构造会议(1991年)、大青山推覆构造会议(1998年)、系列显微构造与组构学术讨论会(1981年、1984年)等系列学术研讨会。丰富多彩的构造地质学专题研讨会和野外现场学术讨论会成为我国构造地质学学科交流的重要平台,对于推动我国构造地质学的发展一直起到重要作用。在此期间,构造地质学领域开展了广泛的国际合作,一批批中国构造地质学家相继走出去,一批批国际友人来到中国(J.P.Burg,G.Davis,C.Burchfield,P.Molnar,B.Windley,A.Kroener,P.Tapponnier等),开展合作研究。国际合作为我国构造地质学发展带来新鲜血液,推动构造地质学研究活跃在地球科学领域前缘,许多方向上的快速发展(逆冲-推覆构造、伸展构造、韧性剪切带等),引领着相邻学科和相关学科的快速发展。

  • 解析构造学趋于成熟,它以辩证唯物的活动地球构造观为指导,以地质构造的矛盾分析为核心,应用现代先进的构造分析方法,对地壳-岩石圈的各种构造变形进行几何学、运动学和动力学解析(马杏垣,2004)。变质岩区构造、小型构造分析与研究工作广泛开展,使前寒武纪构造研究得以深入进行。河南嵩山(马杏垣等,1981)、北京西山(单文琅等,1991)、秦岭-大别等地区的构造解析成为立典式研究成果(游振东和索书田,1991),并得到广泛推广和应用,指导和促进了我国区域地质调查工作。

  • 国际上,20世纪70年代,在美国西部科迪勒拉造山带研究发现并提出变质核杂岩的概念,自80年代以来出现经久不衰的研究热潮,并带动国内外大陆伸展构造研究步入一个新的阶段。80年代末期以来,国内变质核杂岩与伸展构造研究工作广泛开展并日趋深入,相继报道了一系列不同时代、不同地质环境和不同特点的变质核杂岩构造,对于大陆伸展构造、变质核杂岩的结构、成因及区域构造和成矿意义等开展了深入讨论(马杏垣,1982; 郑亚东等,1990; 朱志澄,1994)。

  • 在20世纪70年代中期,大陆深反射剖面协调组织(COCORP)在横穿阿帕拉契亚山系发现巨型逆冲拆离构造,并继而在落基山逆冲断层下发现油气圈闭,带动构造地质学与石油地质学界掀起逆冲推覆构造热潮(朱志澄,1989),与此同时,藏南拆离系与北喜马拉雅穹隆的发现(Burg et al.,1984; Burchfiel et al.,1992),为挤压造山带伸展构造的研究及中下地壳物质流动研究提供了新思考。在我国,逆冲推覆构造的理论研究和找油找矿生产实际研究工作也成为构造地质学中瞩目的研究课题,相继召开大同推覆构造讨论会(1983年)、南京推覆构造会(1985年)、大青山推覆构造会议(1998年)等学术研讨会,交流和研讨研究成果和重要进展。构造地质学专业委员会在金州组织召开伸展构造会议(1991年),中国核学会铀矿地质分会与华南地勘局联合举办伸展构造与铀矿化研讨会(1993年),内蒙古国土资源厅、北京大学承办中蒙中生代伸展构造国际现场研讨会(2001年)。

  • 1979年西班牙巴塞罗那关于剪切带的国际会议的召开,带动国际和国内韧性剪切带研究热潮,成为构造地质学、前寒武纪地质学、矿床地质学等不同学科领域的研究热点。《岩石有限应变测量及韧性剪切带》(郑亚东和常志忠,1985)、《变形变质作用及成矿》(刘喜山等,1992)、《韧性剪切带与成矿》(何绍勋等,1996)、《中国主要大陆山链韧性剪切带及动力学》(许志琴等,1997)等专著相继出版,促进和推动我国韧性剪切带研究。

  • 1970~1980年代,显微构造研究取得了长足的进步,并推动糜棱岩成因、韧性剪切带演化、地壳与岩石圈流变及造山带演化等方面研究的深入。1981年构造地质学专业委员会设立显微构造工作组,并组织召开了系列显微构造与组构学术讨论会。相继出版了 《地壳变形与显微构造》(许志琴,1984)、《显微构造地质学》(刘瑞珣,1988)、《构造岩岩石学基础》(何永年等,1988)、《构造岩与显微构造》(钟增球和郭宝罗,1991)、显微构造地质学(胡玲,1998)等系列专著和教材,极大地推进了我国显微构造研究深入开展。

  • 3 新世纪构造地质学学科快速发展

  • 21世纪以来,地球科学研究表现出:① 研究领域广泛拓展、研究工作向纵深深入、研究成果丰硕; ② 学科深度融合,向系统科学方向纵深发展; ③ 新的测试和分析技术广泛应用,获取深度、有效信息; ④ 关注生态,服务社会经济可持续发展。在这样的大背景下,我国构造地质学与地球动力学学科得到了快速发展。

  • 3.1 新世纪构造地质学专业委员会学术空前活跃

  • 第四次全国构造会议于2008年10月在北京召开,任纪舜任学术委员会主任。这次学术会议是构造地质领域近年来的一次规模最宏大的学术盛会。会议围绕促进技术进步、科学发展、改善人类环境和服务国民经济建设需要展开广泛而深入的讨论。不仅仅涵盖了构造地质领域的各个方向,而且涉及了相关和相邻领域的内容。青藏高原与中国东部构造的研究、中国大陆与世界板块的联系、地质构造演变和生物演变的关系等成为本次会议研讨的重点。尤其重点针对地球早期演化、古亚洲洋、特提斯洋与中央造山带演化、中国东部岩石圈构造、深部构造与岩石圈流变、洋陆构造与盆山耦合、矿田构造与能源资源、活动构造与地质灾害等方面报告了我国构造地质学领域最新研究成果,并对构造地质学的新进展、新理论、新方法进行了深入讨论。

  • 组织召开新世纪构造地质学与地球动力学系列学术交流会与现场研讨会,系列活动围绕中国构造地质学教学和研究取得的阶段性重要成果、围绕学界关心和关注的重要科学问题展开交流和讨论,展望学科未来发展。包括“中国构造地质学发展的回顾与展望学术讨论会”(北京,2000年)、“二十一世纪初构造地质学发展战略学术研讨会”(西安,2003年),“大别造山带前寒武纪地质研究进展现场讨论会”(合肥,2000年)、“中国东部中新生代伸展构造学术研讨会”(呼和浩特,2001年)、“昆仑-秦岭-大别山系构造、资源、环境学术研讨会”(郑州,2002年),“青藏高原及邻区地质构造与资源环境学术讨论会”(成都,2003年)、“我国喜马拉雅运动对沉积盆地的控制作用与油气晚期成藏”(北京怀柔,2003年)、“第七届全国显微构造会议”(北京,2004年)、“纪念黄汲清和李春昱先生百年诞辰学术研讨会”(北京,2004年)、“中生代以来中国大陆板块作用过程学术研讨会”(合肥,2005年)、“构造地质学新理论与新方法学术研讨会”(北京,2006年)、“全国盆地构造与资源能源会议”(大庆,2006年)、“第八届全国显微构造会议(桂林,2006年)、“International Discussion Meeting on continental Geology and Tectonics”(西安,2009年)、“岩石流变学研讨会”(长春、西安,2011年)、“板块构造与大陆动力学发展战略研究系列研讨会”(长春、西安、北京,2013年)、“大陆流变与大陆构造学术研讨会”(广州,2014年)、西太平洋洋陆过渡带壳幔-海洋系统、过程与动力学(青岛,2015年)、2015华南新元古代构造演化学术研讨会(桂林,2015年)、秦岭造山带构造演化学术研讨会(西安,2016年)、华北南缘早—中元古代构造演化研讨会(焦作,2017年)、构造地质学青年先锋论坛(珠海,2017年)、敦煌造山带构造演化野外现场研讨会(敦煌,2018年)、第一届首都高校构造地质学教育与教学改革发展研讨会(北京,2019年)、河西走廊新生代构造活动野外现场研讨会(甘肃高台,2020年)。

  • 自2008年以来,主办构造地质与地球动力学论坛系列年会(2008~2014年),联合发起地球科学联合学术会议(2015年~),组织召开构造地质学与地球动力学青年学术论坛(2018年~)和构造地质学网络论坛(2020年~)等主要学术活动,围绕学科前沿科学问题,就全球构造、活动构造、构造地貌与地表过程,前寒武纪构造、大陆克拉通生长及超大陆演化,华北克拉通破坏过程与动力学,中亚造山带构造与动力学,青藏高原及邻区构造,华南大陆再造及东亚大陆边缘海盆地演化,造山过程与深俯冲,大陆深部结构和构造,岩石圈流变学及构造模拟等方面的研究成果进行广泛交流和研讨,使大家开阔了眼界、拓展了思路,为学科发展增添了凝聚力。

  • 3.2 新世纪构造地质学与地球动力学研究的主要成就

  • 东亚是地球上结构和演化最为复杂的一块大陆,而中国大陆是东亚最重要的组成部分,具有全球构造格局意义。21世纪以来,基于中国大陆区域地质开展的大陆动力学及其成矿成藏与灾害环境效应研究,仍然是我国构造地质学与地球动力学研究的重点。我国开展地球科学研究具有独特的自然条件和明显的地域优势,晚古生代以来华北、华南、塔里木等陆块的会聚构成中国大陆的主体; 晚中生代以来古太平洋-太平洋板块的俯冲与印度-欧亚板块会聚,形成东亚大陆边缘海,诱发滨太平洋火山、地震活动带的发育,华北克拉通岩石圈减薄与破坏,以及华南大陆的再造,喜马拉雅造山作用及青藏高原隆升(Ren Jishun et al.,2002; 张国伟等,2011; 国家自然科学基金委员会,2017)。中小尺度乃至微观尺度构造地质学领域的研究,突出强调构造变形的力学成因(最大有效力矩准则; Zheng Yadong et al.,2004)、微观机制的理论分析(双晶成核重结晶机制; Cao Shuyun et al.,2010),及与区域大地构造过程和深部动力学分析结合,探索不同尺度地质构造发育的地球动力学本质(Zhang Bo et al.,2012; Xu Zhiqin et al.,2015)。此外,构造地质学与其他学科紧密结合,交叉融合岩石大地构造研究迅猛发展(翟明国,1992; 翟明国等,2016; 王涛,2017),在推动地球系统科学研究发挥了主导作用。

  • 但与20世纪80~90年代相较,总体上进展依然相对薄弱。新世纪以来我国构造地质学与地球动力学研究主要取得下列成就:

  • 青藏高原的形成演化。青藏高原的形成与演化一直是国际地球科学研究的前沿领域,在上世纪相关研究的基础上(常承法和郑锡澜,1973; 李吉均等,1979),提出了印度大陆与欧亚大陆碰撞时间和方式的新认识,发现了雅鲁藏布江缝合带大型碰撞周缘前陆盆地,定量恢复了冈底斯山和喜马拉雅山的隆升历史,揭示了冈底斯山于56 Ma已隆升到海拔4500 m以上,喜马拉雅山地区当时的海拔高度不超过1000 m,其在24~15 Ma快速抬升并超过5000 m(Ding Lin et al.,20142017)。通过对沉积地层、地质构造、岩浆作用、剥露历史和古生物的综合分析,发现青藏高原的中部先开始隆升,形成“原青藏高原”(Wang Chengshan et al.,2008),大约在 30 Ma向北扩展到现在的昆仑山一带,直到约10 Ma才扩展到祁连山,形成现今的青藏高原(Yuan Daoyang et al.,2013; Wang Weitao et al.,2016)。建立了高喜马拉雅挤出、藏南拆离系演化、北喜马拉雅穹隆与南北向裂谷带多阶段发展演化的造山带演化模型(Zhang Jinjiang and Guo Lei,2007; Zhang Jinjiang et al.,2012; Wang Jiamin et al.,2013; 许志琴等,2015)。构造、地表过程和气候之间耦合关系研究得以深入,气候-构造响应过程为深部岩石的剥露及地貌演化等提供了新的机制。

  • 中国大陆与青藏高原现今构造变形速度场。过去二十年空间对地观测技术取得了高速发展,全球导航定位系统(GNSS)、合成孔径雷达干涉测量(InSAR)等技术的完善,使得对地球表面的大尺度、准实时和高精度的观测成为现实,在构造地质领域应用的典型一例就是现今构造变形速度场获取。GNSS图像清晰地揭示了中国大陆在稳定欧亚参考框架下整体向东的运动,特别揭示了印度和欧亚板块相对运动速率的90%被青藏高原周边和内部的构造变形所吸收调整,青藏高原周边以收缩应变为主,内部以扩张和剪切应变为主,所谓“向东挤出”实际是高原内部地壳物质的向东流动和顺时针旋转(Wang Qi et al.,2001; Zhang Peizhen et al.,2004; Gan Weijun et al.,2007; Wang Min and Shen Zhenkang,2020)。

  • 华北克拉通破坏。对于以华北克拉通为代表的古大陆岩石圈根部丢失与深部地幔成分转型(即克拉通破坏; 吴福元等,2018)的构造动力学开展深入研究。揭示出东亚大陆晚中生代时期多阶段挤压-伸展构造组合,早白垩世大规模岩浆活动和地壳伸展构造是华北克拉通破坏与岩石圈减薄的重要表现形式(Liu Junlai et al.,20052020; Lin Wei et al.,2008; Wang Tao et al.,2011; Zhu Guang et al.,2012)。大陆岩石圈伸展及其所致壳-幔拆离作用(刘俊来等,2022)、岩石圈根部拆沉作用(Wu Fuyuan et al.,2005)及热-机械侵蚀与化学侵蚀(Xu Yigang,2001)或地幔置换(Zheng Jianping,2009)与橄榄岩-熔体交代作用(Zhang Hongfu et al.,2008)共同作用于岩石圈不同层次,对于克拉通破坏与岩石圈减薄具有重要贡献。古太平洋俯冲、新特提斯闭合和蒙古-鄂霍茨克洋关闭形成了中国大陆东部3个巨型陆缘汇聚造山系统(董树文等,20072019),晚中生代时期实现了从汇聚碰撞的动力学体系向古太平洋活动大陆边缘动力学体系的转变(赵越等,20042010)。早白垩世时期古太平洋板块俯冲是导致华北克拉通破坏的一级外部驱动力(朱日祥等,20112012),俯冲板块在地幔过渡带的滞留脱水促使上覆地幔发生熔融和非稳态流动,是导致克拉通破坏的重要途径(朱日祥,2018)。它们共同受控于俯冲古太平洋板块与华北克拉通(东亚岩石圈)的相互作用。俯冲岩石圈古太平洋板块的回撤与俯冲角度变化以及深部地幔对流作用,为大陆岩石圈板块的区域性伸展提供了主要动力来源。

  • 中亚增生型造山带。中亚-兴蒙造山带的研究成果显示它是全球最大规模的增生型造山带,由古亚洲洋闭合形成(Xiao Wenjiao et al.,2015; 肖文交等,2019)。解剖中亚造山带微陆块时代与属性,增生楔、岛弧与蛇绿岩组成和变形(Xiao Wenjiao et al.,2003; Xu Bei et al.,2013; Zhou Jianbo et al.,2018)。获得了上述单元的构造属性和组合关系等关键基础资料,结合同期的岩浆作用,厘定了古亚洲洋演化的时限,揭示出不同时代、不同类型构造单元长期复杂拼贴的格局(Xiao Wenjiao et al.,2018)。针对中亚造山作用方式的争议,系统厘定了高级变质地体和弧前盆地等构造归属,创建了中亚造山带增生楔-增生楔拼贴、多向汇聚复式增生造山模型,提出了多岛弧裂解-弯曲-拼贴是大陆增生的重要机制,为大陆增生造山带的解剖提供了创新的研究思路和典型范例(肖文交等,2019)。

  • 华南大陆再造的陆内造山作用。位于欧亚大陆东缘的华南陆块,孕育了巨量金属资源、是一个经历了多期造山作用的陆内造山带(舒良树,2021)。通过沉积地层学、岩石学、地球化学、构造地质学和同位素年代学的综合研究(Shu Liangshu et al.,2015),厘定出华南陆块腹地下古生界为碎屑岩相向过渡相和碳酸盐台地相转变的单向沉积体系,缺失古生代大洋深海记录,其沉积物源来自于华南陆块东缘; 系统阐明了早古生代花岗质岩石的时空分布规律及壳源属性,证明其有别于板缘岩浆作用特征; 重构出华南新元古代弧-盆格局与板片窗结构,揭示出华南大陆新元古代时期以多个小碎块形式、呈分离状态发育于罗迪尼亚超大陆边缘; 提出了古华南大陆的形成模式,认为华夏陆块于格林威尔期由东、西华夏聚合后,沿江南造山带在晋宁晚期与扬子陆块完成最终拼贴(Wang Yuejun et al.,2013)。

  • 中央造山系是南北陆块群聚合形成中国大陆主体的构造结合带,是探讨全球Rodinia超大陆裂解、原特提斯-古特提斯洋形成演化过程及其动力学的关键(张国伟等,19962001; 董云鹏等,2019; Dong Yunpeng et al.,2021)。通过多学科深入研究,厘定了中央造山系之秦岭、祁连、昆仑造山带的交接转换关系,重建了原特提斯-古特提斯演化过程中中国南北陆块群的古地理位置和配置关系; 深化了秦岭造山带精细构造演化过程的研究,提出秦岭前寒武纪微块体增生、商丹带早古生代洋-陆俯冲、晚古生代陆-陆俯冲、勉略带印支期全面碰撞、中新生代秦岭陆内演化的5阶段复合造山新认识; 解析了北秦岭、祁连、阿尔金山的构造变形、岩浆活动和高压—超高压变质作用的时空演化规律,建立了北秦岭-祁连-阿尔金原特提斯洋俯冲-碰撞造山时空过程; 确定了昆仑-祁连-阿尔金原特提斯、古特提斯构造及其演化关系,提出昆仑造山带原特提斯、古特提斯连续俯冲增生演化以及“立交桥”的岩石圈结构的创新性模型(张国伟,1988; Dong Yunpeng et al.,20112016)。

  • 西太平洋-北印度洋洋陆过渡带。(古)西太平洋与东亚岩石圈之间的洋陆板块相互作用,不仅仅局限在洋陆板块交接的俯冲带,控制着东亚大陆边缘海的形成,还波及大陆内部并对于晚中生代以来中国(东亚)大陆的演化有着深刻的影响,洋陆过渡带就是介于俯冲带到相关俯冲过程所能波及到的大陆内部之间的区域(Li Sanzhong et al.,2019)。在这个区域内,大洋板块的俯冲深刻改变了深部地幔过程及地表系统演变,包括中生代俯冲脱水诱发的华北克拉通破坏与华南大陆岩石圈再造(Li Zhengxiang and Li Xianhua,2007; Li Jianhua et al.,2014; Wang Min et al.,2020; Liu Lijun et al.,2021)、新生代冲绳海槽和南海海盆等东亚大陆边缘海的形成(Niu Yaoling et al.,2015)、环东南亚俯冲系统与微板块聚合(Li Jiabiao et al.,2021; Suo Yanhui et al.,2021)。深海洋底构造及俯冲起始研究最近也得到高度重视,“南海深海深部过程”、“西太平洋地球系统多圈层相互作用”两个重大研究计划取得一系列新成果,给东亚陆地地质研究带来了新思维、新范式,精细的洋底微板块构造重建、地幔动力学模拟手段提升,基于大数据、超级计算技术的地球动力学方法得到广泛应用,为更为复杂的洋陆过渡带研究带来了生机与活力。

  • 在过去20年里,我国前寒武纪地质学者对华北、华南、塔里木等前寒武纪克拉通陆块开展了广泛的地质研究并取得一系列国际水准的研究成果,得到国际同行的高度关注和评价。其中最令人瞩目的进展是证实华北克拉通并非存在一个统一太古宙基底,而是由若干个太古宙微陆块在早元古代拼合而成(Zhao Guochun et al.,199820012005; Guo Jinghui et al.,2002; Kusky and Li Jianghai,2003; Zhai Mingguo et al.,200320052011),并由此在华北克拉通基底识别出三条1.95~1.85 Ga喜马拉雅型陆-陆碰撞带(Zhao Guochun et al.,2005)。在此基础上,我国学者发现全球几乎所有克拉通都存在同时期的大陆碰撞造山带,由此提出大陆克拉通在2~1.8 Ga期间发生全球规模陆-陆碰撞,形成一个早—中元古代超大陆(Zhao Guochun et al.,20022004); 该超大陆后来被命名为Columbia或Nuna,并成为地学领域一个研究热点。

  • 活动构造与地震灾害。中国是地震灾害最严重的国家,历史记载以来的死亡人数居全球之首,如2008年汶川地震就造成了8万多人死亡。陆内强震构造背景、发生规律、致灾机理和危险性评估等成为新世纪构造地质学的重要研究内容。通过对中国大陆活动构造、构造地貌和历史强震的研究,提出了中国大陆强震受控于活动地块的科学假说(Zhang Peizhen et al.,2003),指出活动地块内部相对稳定,边界构造活动强烈,有历史记载以来的所有8级以上强震和80%以上的7级以上强震都发生在活动地块边界上,为认识大陆强震机理和指导强震中长期预测奠定了基础。

  • 国际友人对于中国构造地质学学科的发展,在不同阶段起着重要的促进作用,他们也为我国构造地质学学科留下了宝贵的资料(吴凤鸣,2011)。19世纪中期到20世纪早期,美国地质学家彭拜莱(R. Punppelly)、维理士(Willis)、葛利普(A.W. Grabau)、米士(P. Misch)、德国地质学家李希霍芬(F. Richthofen)、瑞士构造地质学家海姆(A. Heim)、英国地质学家布朗(J.C. Brown)前苏联大地构造学家奥勃鲁切夫(Oбpyцeв)相继来华开展地质研究,引进国际大地构造理论,提供了我国构造地质学学科奠基的基础文献。改革开放后,我国构造地质学学家广泛开展国际合作,B. Windley,G. Davis,M. Faure,P. Molnar,B.C. Burchfiel,P. Tapponnier和R. Kroener等一批知名的国际构造地质学家赴华,共同开展野外调查、合作研究与学术交流,为我国构造地质学学科的迅猛发展创造了有利环境。

  • 4 中国构造地质学近期发展展望

  • 相对论、分子生物学、量子力学和板块构造学理论是20世纪自然科学领域并肩的重大革命性突破。作为统领地学领域发展的综合性理论的板块构造学说,成为人类认知地质现象和地质过程的重要理论基础。它很好地解释了众多自然现象(地震、火山喷发、山系形成、洋陆格局等),也为深入认知大气-水圈的对流与全球气候变化、地球表层地理格局、生物演化以及资源的形成与分布等提供了重要的理论基础。尽管如此,板块构造理论依然存在自身的不足和理论发展的挑战,面临的挑战可归结为以下3大难题:板块起源、板块动力和板块登陆。立足学科前沿、加强学科交叉,拓展全球视野,加强国际合作,发挥中国(东亚)洋-陆地域优势,开展板块构造起源与早期地球演化、大陆的生长与再造、洋-陆系统演化与深部地球动力学、大地构造过程与环境、生命协同演化、东亚大陆构造活动与宜居性环境等方面的研究,揭示地球表层洋-陆变迁过程及其深部地球动力学机制,认识地球不同圈层相互作用、互馈机理及对资源-环境-灾害的影响将仍然是未来一段时期我国构造地质学研究的重要方向。

  • 深化发展板块构造理论,力争在理论上取得原始创新与突破,参与国际地学发展与竞争做出贡献。全球构造框架下超大陆(东亚陆块)聚散过程、洋陆格局变迁、动力机制与地球系统演变(古地理格局、环境变化、生命演替与全球变化)过程。哥伦比亚、罗迪尼亚和潘吉尼亚超大陆演化期间的裂解与聚敛关键地质、地球化学与地球物理证据,陆块古地理位置、亲缘性与聚散时序及与超大陆主体,聚散边界性质、迁移与演化,板块漂移、板块相互作用与板内变形的深部地球动力学本质,地幔柱、地幔对流与板块边界过程的动力学意义。

  • 以华北克拉通太古宙基底研究为突破口,开展早期大陆的形成、元古宙及显生宙大陆增生过程研究,对于大陆早期构造体制、板块构造启动时间及机制方面开展深入研究,将使我国学者在这一国际地学重大前沿研究领域占有一席重要之地。岩石变形机制、大陆流变性状及影响因素、流熔体对岩石流变行为的控制和影响、大陆变形与大陆构造、陆缘板块相互作用、陆内构造与动力学,大陆构造变形的深浅耦合机制、中部地壳变形局部化与强震发生机理等有待进一步深化和加强研究。加强洋陆过渡带过程及陆缘陆内效应研究,以西太平洋洋陆过渡带为重点突破区域,洋-陆俯冲过程与转换、多圈层相互作用、边缘海盆地形成与演化,及成藏-成矿-成灾的构造控制,海底观测。数值与物理模拟或是理解不同环境条件下各种构造过程及其发育条件的重要途径。

  • 古亚洲洋构造域、环太平洋构造域和特提斯构造域的叠加形成了独具特色的东亚大地构造格局,并直接控制或影响着全球的地理格局、气候变化、环境演变、全球生态变化、资源分布和人类活动。中亚造山带演化与增生造山作用过程; 西太平洋构造带沟-弧-盆体系的中、新生代构造演化、洋-盆-陆板块会聚体制与及深部地球动力学; 原-古-新特提斯洋演化、东亚大陆聚散过程与地球内部动力体制演变; 华南陆内造山的过程、演化及动力学机制; 东亚古亚洲-特提斯-太平洋三大构造域的转换、叠加与深部动力学; 环南海地质过程、洋盆的形成与消亡机制和正在发生的海盆-岛弧-陆块的汇聚过程。中—新生代东亚大陆变形、盆-山地貌演化过程、动力体制变化及其对油气资源、矿产资源形成的控制作用。

  • 中国大陆中、新生代构造运动活跃,形成各种资源-环境-灾害类型,具有开展大陆构造变形与人类宜居的地球系统研究的地域优势。板块相互作用、大陆变形与人类宜居的地球系统研究仍待加强,需要进一步深化青藏高原隆升机理、深部过程与浅表系统互馈的机理与效应,洋陆相互作用与多圈层相互作用与东亚大陆构造演变; 新生代亚洲大陆构造演化及海陆分布变化对全球气候系统和亚洲季风-干旱环境的影响作用; 中国南北地震构造带深部结构与成因,大陆地壳稳定性、断裂活动与大陆灾害地震、构造地貌过程及其对重大地质灾害的影响作用; 现代火山喷发特征、喷发机制和活动规律,以及未来喷发危险性和环境-灾害效应评估。

  • 构造地质学学科领域长期以来秉承了传统地学研究的惯性思维,多数研究基于观察的描述性工作、定性分析和概念模型,未来的发展有待加强定量描述、分析与数学模型的建立,促进对于构造过程的深入理解和科学认识; 加强大数据驱动的构造地质学和地球动力学研究,探索新的研究范式; 逐步缩小板块构造到量子力学之间的距离,强化全球视野,开展地球系统科学研究,加强多圈层共同演化、深浅耦合,洋-陆相互作用研究,推进全局性、格局性探索,强化构造地质学学科基础,推进原创性、创新性理论探索。同时,需要培养具有雄厚数理基础、拥有专业基础和地质思维的创新性人才,建设开展创新研究的支撑技术体系。

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