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作者简介:

许国强,男,1985年生。硕士,高级工程师,从事基础地质和矿产地质研究。E-mail:xgq653118@163.com。

通讯作者:

梁定勇,男,1987年生。硕士,高级工程师,从事第四纪地质研究。E-mail:381501713@qq.com。

陈波,男,1982年生。硕士,高级工程师,从事海洋地质调查研究。E-mail:bochen_hyy@163.com。

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目录contents

    摘要

    笔者在琼州海峡西口第四系松散沉积物中新发现碳酸盐胶结岩,通过生物碎屑AMS14C同位素定年、全岩X衍射定量分析、扫描电镜、阴极发光、全岩主微量元素地球化学测试等方法对其进行了年代学和成因研究。结果显示,碳酸盐胶结岩的成岩时代为早—中全新世,具有等厚纤柱状环边胶结、重力悬挂胶结、马牙状胶结、(似)共轴增生胶结、非等轴胶结等5种胶结物特征;阴极发光环带具有广泛发育、环带密集,可见淡水和海水相互作用的咸淡水混合带,说明其成岩环境包括淡水渗流带、咸淡水混合带、海水渗流带、海水潜流带;结合其沉积主微量元素特征,其赋存层位的沉积环境为海岸沉积环境,滨岸沉积相障壁岛亚相,属于海滩岩。综合雷州半岛西南部灯楼角珊瑚礁的海平面记录,重建了全新世琼州海峡西口地区海平面演化历史:9.9~6.7 ka BP海侵期、6.7~6.2 ka BP海退期、6.2~4.2 ka BP海侵期和4.2 ka BP至今的稳定期等四个阶段。

    Abstract

    Carbonate cements were discovered in the Quaternary sediments at the western Qiongzhou Strait. By means of the bioclastic AMS14C isotope dating, whole-rock X-ray diffraction quantitative analysis, scanning electron microscopy, cathodoluminescence study, and whole-rock major and trace elements geochemical testing, the geochronology and genesis of rocks were studied. Results show that the diagenetic age of the carbonate cements is early to Middle Holocene, and the cements are characterized by five kinds such as isopachous fiber columnar rim cements, gravity suspension cements, horse-tooth cements, (quasi-) coaxial accretion cements, and non-isopachous cements. The cathodoluminescence zone is widely developed and dense, and the brackish fresh water mixed zone with interaction between fresh water and sea water can be seen, indicating that the diagenetic environment includes fresh water percolation zone, brackish fresh water mixed zone, sea water percolation zone, and sea water undercurrent zone. Combined with the characteristics of the main and trace elements analyses, the carbonate cements formed in the coastal sedimentary environment, and the coastal sedimentary facies is barrier island subfacies, which belongs to beach rock. The sea level evolution history of the western Qiongzhou Strait area in the Holocene is reconstructed by combining these results with the sea level records of the Dengloujiao coral reef in the southwest of Leizhou Peninsula. There were four stages: 9.9~6.7 ka BP transgression stage, 6.7~6.2 ka BP regression stage, 6.2~4.2 ka BP transgression stage and 4.2 ka BP stable stage.

  • 琼州海峡位于雷州半岛与海南岛之间,东西长约80 km,南北最窄宽约19 km,是中国三大海峡之一。关于琼州海峡的成因与时代问题,有诸多争论。20世纪,前人对琼州海峡研究认为其成因主要可以分为:海岸侵蚀说、构造断裂说和海侵低地说,形成时代可上溯至上新世、第四纪早期、中更新世之前、中更新世北海组堆积之后和全新世等(朱翙声,1931; 陈洪禄,1965; 姚清尹,1980; 张虎男等,1987; 林晓东等,1987; 曾昭璇等,1989; 黄镇国等,1993; 匡耀球,1998)。

  • 21 世纪以来,琼州海峡地质研究工作不断深入。赵焕庭等(2007)通过系统研究区域地质、地球物理、海洋水文、区域古生物地理等资料,认为琼州海峡是全新世中期全球性海侵淹没峡区原来低地而成,形成时段为10570±560~7125±96 a BP。姚衍桃等(2009)通过南海西北部古海岸线重建、数值模型、相对海平面变化曲线和沉积厚度数据,推断琼州海峡主要形成于11~8.5 ka BP,完全开启的时间为8.5 ka BP。倪玉根等(2014)通过对琼州海峡东西口高分辨率浅地层剖面的解译,利用区域钻孔年龄数据,间接推测出琼州海峡完全开启的时代为8000 a BP左右,归因于该区的全新世海侵。Ni Yugen et al.(2014)利用高分辨率的海底剖面、地形数据和沉积物样品分析研究东西向往复潮流控制形成“蝴蝶三角洲”沉积体系,将琼州海峡两端分为西口潮汐三角洲(WMTD)和东口潮汐三角洲(EMTD),其中西口潮汐三角洲(WMTD)覆盖面积11000 km2崔振昂等(2017)总结琼州海峡潮流“蝴蝶三角洲”沉积模式,认为11.6~8.4 ka BP大规模的海侵由南向北逐步淹没整个北部湾,8.4 ka BP琼州海峡完全贯通。上述研究通过地球物理探测、地质取样、数值模拟等,对琼州海峡成因和形成时代取得了新认识。但是,琼州海峡形成及海平面演化尚缺少岩石学、年代学等直接证据的约束。

  • 笔者在开展“海南岛周边海域海砂资源调查评价”过程中,在琼州海峡西口的BZK05、BZK06、BZK08和BZK09钻孔中发现了埋藏碳酸盐胶结岩,距离现海平面超过30 m(图1)。通过全岩X衍射定量分析、扫描电镜、阴极发光、全岩主微量元素地球化学测试等手段,对新发现的碳酸盐胶结岩开展碎屑物特征、胶结物特征、古生物特征、沉积环境和成岩环境等---岩石学研究,与华南海滩岩、硬壳灰岩、贝壳堤岩和风成岩等4种类型碳酸盐胶结岩的岩石学特征进行对比,认为本次发现的碳酸盐胶结岩属于埋藏海滩岩(徐辉龙,2010)。结合岩芯生物碎屑碳同位素年代学测试结果,为重建北部湾古海面位置及琼州海峡西口全新世演化提供了岩石学和年代学证据。

  • 1 研究区概况

  • 海南岛与华南大陆以琼州海峡相隔,是一个大陆型岛屿,面积3.39万km2。岛内地形地貌呈中部隆起的穹隆形山体,中部高四周低,分别由山地、丘陵、台地、阶地和平原等构成环形层状地貌,梯级结构明显。海南岛最早可下溯至中元古界,除缺失泥盆系、侏罗系外,其他时代地层均有分布(李孙雄等,2017)。海南岛北部王五-文教断裂与琼州海峡断裂之间为雷琼凹陷带,接受了一套厚达数千米的古近系—第四系沉积,更新世到全新世玄武岩广泛发育(图1a)。中中新世,由于盆地沉降、海侵加剧等作用,形成统一的琼北断陷盆地;进入上新世,盆地在整体沉降的基础上,有过两次明显的构造抬升;早更新世继承了上新世的断块升降运动,但幅度明显减小;中更新世,研究区气候湿热且伴随着强烈的地壳升降运动,造成风化剥蚀作用加剧;晚更新世—全新世,海侵达到最鼎盛后持续海退,海浪与河水交替控制沉积物特征及规律(梁定勇等,2021)。

  • 图1 琼北地质构造简图(a)和研究区位置图(b)

  • Fig.1 Geological map (a) of the northern Hainan Island and location map (b) of the study area

  • 研究区海底主要发育水下沙脊、冲刷沟槽等微地貌。水下砂脊主要有两条,一条砂脊为北西向,另外一条砂脊为东西向,呈长条状展布,水深在10~20 m;冲刷沟槽发育在研究区的南部,呈东西向展布,水深在40 m左右(图1a)。

  • 琼州海峡西口潮流三角洲(WMTD)和东口潮流三角洲(EMTD)都以一套厚的进积层上覆于一套薄的海侵层为特征,可划分为3个相同的沉积相:潮流三角洲顶、潮流三角洲坡和潮流三角洲麓,沉积物以砂、黏土质粉砂、砂质粉砂、粉砂为主(崔振昂等,2017)。研究区位于西口潮流三角洲(WMTD)的东段,岩性为砂、粉砂和黏土。表层沉积物主要为细砂,分布在研究区的东部,位于两条砂脊的中间,平均厚度约8.5 m。中砂沿砂脊呈条带状分布在研究区中部,平均厚度约2 m。在研究区的南部,粗砂沿水冲槽呈条带状展布,平均厚度约1.5 m。黏土分布在研究区南部砂脊的边缘,平均厚度约10 m。

  • 2 研究方法

  • 2.1 样品采集

  • 本次研究样品采自BZK05、BZK06、BZK08和BZK09等4个钻孔岩芯,其中钻孔BZK05和BZK08揭露到碳酸盐胶结岩。钻孔定测选用中海达V90 GNSS网络HICORS作业模式,定位精度:水平<1.00 cm+0.50×10-6,垂直<2.00 cm+1.00×10-6。共获取2件碳酸盐胶结岩样品和6件14C同位素测年样品。钻孔位置及采集样品情况见表1。

  • 表1 琼州海峡西口样品采集情况

  • Table1 Sample collection table in the western Qiongzhou Strait

  • 2.2 碳同位素测年

  • 本研究采集碳同位素测年样品共6件,其中2件为碳酸盐胶结岩,4件为松散沉积物中的贝壳。碳酸盐胶结岩选取生物碎屑(贝壳为主)进行测试。样品送往美国Beta实验室进行AMS14C测年。放射性碳年代校正是将常规放射性碳年龄(BP年龄,经过δ13C同位素分馏校正)校正为公历年龄。用于14C测年校正的参数是通过精确的放射性碳年代测定法获得。数据库选用Marine20(海洋环境),使用高概率密度(high-probability density,HPD)范围法对传统的放射性碳年龄进行校正。

  • 2.3 扫描电镜

  • 扫描电镜分析仪器采用FEI-QUANTA650FEG型热场发射扫描电镜,JXA-8100型INCA能谱仪。分析条件:加速电压10~15 kV,工作距离10~11 mm,真空度50~80 Pa。阴极发光分析仪器:英国CL8200 MK5-2阴极发光系;NIKON ECLIPSE LV100NPOL型偏光显微镜及Nikon Di-Ri2显微摄像头。测试条件:工作电压15 kV,电流250~300 mA;在暗室中进行观察,曝光时间为1~3 s。扫描电镜在北京大学造山带与地壳演化教育部重点实验室完成。

  • 2.4 全岩X衍射定量分析

  • 全岩X衍射矿物定量分析采用XPERT-PRO MPD型多功能X射线衍射仪进行,以5°~45°的2θ角度连续扫描,步长为0.01°,光管的阳极靶材料为Cu,电压40 kV,电流40 mA。分析方法为X射线衍射图谱衍射峰积分强度定量分析法。全岩X衍射定量分析在北京大学造山带与地壳演化教育部重点实验室完成。

  • 2.5 全岩主微量元素地球化学测试

  • 主量元素测试在顺序式X射线荧光光谱仪上进行,仪器型号为ADVANT’XP+,分析方法依据GB/T14506.28—93硅酸盐岩石化学分析方法X射线荧光光谱法测定元素量。微量和稀土元素分析采用Agilent 7500Ce型电感耦合等离子质谱仪,分析方法为GB/T14506.29—2010硅酸盐岩石化学分析方法。全岩主微量元素地球化学测试在北京大学造山带与地壳演化教育部重点实验室完成。

  • 2.6 阴极发光

  • 分析仪器为英国CL8200 MK5-2阴极发光系,NIKON ECLIPSE LV100NPOL型偏光显微镜及Nikon Di-Ri2显微摄像头。测试条件:工作电压15 kV,电流250~300 mA;在暗室中进行观察,曝光时间为1~3 s。阴极发光在北京大学造山带与地壳演化教育部重点实验室完成。

  • 3 测试及实验结果

  • 3.1 AMS14C测年结果

  • 本次在新近系海口组(N2h)贝壳砂砾岩和泥质细砂采集了两个样品BZK06-C01和BZK08-C02,AMS14C测年结果均大于43500 a BP。在全新世(Qh)松散沉积物中,采集样品BZK08-C01和BZK09-C01,挑选贝壳碎屑作为测年材料,获得年龄分别为8180 a BP和9260 a BP,误差±30 a BP,校正年龄平均值分别为8480 a BP和9879 a BP。挑选BZK05-C01和BZK08-H1两件碳酸盐胶结岩中的生物碎屑(贝壳),作为测年材料,测量结果分别为8580 a BP和5410 a BP,误差±30 a BP,校正年龄平均值分别为9038 a BP和6236 a BP。琼州海峡西口采集样品的AMS14C测年结果和校正年龄具体见表2和图2。

  • 表2 琼州海峡西口样品AMS14C测年结果

  • Table2 AMS14C dating results in the western Qiongzhou Strait

  • 注:AMS14C测年结果大于43500 a BP;“-”表示校正年龄不取值。

  • 3.2 碳酸盐胶结岩岩石学特征

  • 本次采集样品产出位置均为灰黄色—黄色滨岸相沉积物,明显不同于深灰色—灰黑色浅海陆棚相沉积物。赋存层位呈松散状,碎屑呈次棱角—次圆状。物质组成:砾石约5%~10%,粗砂约40%~60%,中砂约25%~60%,(粉)细砂5%~10%,局部含约小于5%的泥质,见少量生物碎屑。碳酸盐胶结岩部分钙质胶结物被溶蚀,呈岩块不连续分布在滨岸相沉积物中,十数块至数十块不等。岩块大小约3.5 cm×3 cm×2 cm,少量岩块长度可大于5 cm。

  • 碳酸盐胶结岩呈灰色—深灰色,碎屑结构,块状构造,弱层理发育。其物质组成主要为碎屑(含量约50%~60%)和碳酸盐胶结物(含量约30%~40%),含少量砾石和生物碎屑(局部砾石和生物碎屑含量均可超过5%),几乎不含泥质(图3a、b)。碎屑棱角—次圆状,分选差;碎屑矿物以石英为主,含少量长石、云母(图3c);生物碎屑以双壳、腕足和珊瑚为主(图3d)。填隙物主要为碳酸盐胶结物,偶见碳酸盐灰泥(钙质软泥)、细粉砂碎屑。胶结物主要为泥晶方解石、微晶方解石,少见解理发育的亮晶方解石(图3d、e)

  • 3.2.1 碎屑物特征

  • 本次采集样品碎屑物以石英矿物碎屑为主,含少量细砾岩屑和生物碎屑。碎屑呈次棱角—次磨圆状,磨圆度一般;碎屑物粒径一般在0.1~1 mm,极少量粒径小于0.1 mm,砾石粒径可达到10 mm,明显区别于风成沙丘岩,与贝壳堤岩和硬壳灰岩粗粒碎屑相似(王建华,1997; 徐辉龙等,2010)。生物碎屑类型较丰富,以双壳、腕足和珊瑚为主,符合海滩岩碎屑物特征。

  • 3.2.2 胶结物及胶结作用

  • 样品成岩作用以碳酸盐胶结为特征。胶结物主要为泥晶方解石、微晶方解石,偶见解理发育的亮晶方解石。亮晶方解石单偏光下呈深灰—灰黄色,正交偏光下高级白干涉色,茜素红和铁氰化钾混合染色剂可被染成红色。本次研究样品的胶结作用包括:等厚纤柱状环边胶结、重力悬挂胶结、马牙状胶结、(似)共轴增生胶结、非等轴胶结等(图4b、d)。

  • 在同一薄片中,多个石英碎屑上见不同重力方向的重力悬挂胶结物,显示其独特的胶结作用(图4d)。可见其成岩过程中,松散的第四纪沉积物在潮流、波浪等外部营力作用下易翻转或移动,造成胶结物截然不同的重力方向。研究区样品胶结作用与砂丘岩重力型悬垂胶结和新月型接触胶结有明显区别,与贝壳堤岩松散至弱胶结不同,与硬壳灰岩的刃状方解石等厚环边和粗粒亮晶方解石胶结物相异,显示其独特的胶结物特征。

  • 图2 琼州海峡西口钻孔柱状图及14C测试结果

  • Fig.2 Drilling columnar diagram and 14C dating results in the western Qiongzhou Strait

  • 3.2.3 阴极发光影像特征

  • 不同的流体形成胶结物具有不同的阴极发光特征。本次研究样品具有独特的亮暗相间阴极发光环带,且广泛发育。发光程度可以分为极强、强、中等、弱和极弱5级,界线较为清晰(图5b),见方解石晶体菱形自形晶的轮廓(图5c)。胶结物阴极发光带宽度大致在2~10 μm之间,最多可以分辨出29道相间的发光环带(图5d中Z1~Z29环带)。样品的阴极发光具有广泛发育、环带密集的特点,说明成岩过程中,受不同地球化学性质流体的频繁交替影响。

  • 综合碎屑物特征、胶结物特征、沉积环境、成岩环境等判别标志,琼州海峡西口碳酸盐胶结岩属于海滩岩。

  • 图3 琼州海峡西口碳酸盐胶结岩标本及显微镜下特征

  • Fig.3 Carbonate cements specimens and microscopic features in the western Qiongzhou Strait

  • (a)—含砾石海滩岩标本;(b)—含生物碎屑海滩岩标本;(c)—海滩岩镜下特征(单偏光,染色);(d)—海滩岩镜下特征(正交偏光);(e)—海滩岩镜下特征(正交偏光); Qtz—石英; Cal—方解石; Pl—斜长石

  • (a) —gravel-bearing beachrock specimen; (b) —bioclast-bearing beachrock specimen; (c) —microscopic features of the beachrock (plane polarized light, staining) ; (d) —microscopic feature of the beachrock (cross-polarized light) ; (e) —features under the beachrock microscope (cross-polarized light) ; Qtz—quartz; Cal—calcite; Pl—plagioclase

  • 图4 琼州海峡西口样品胶结物镜下特征及胶结作用示意图

  • Fig.4 Schematic diagrams of characteristics and cementation of cements under the microscope in the western Qiongzhou Strait

  • (a)—BZK05-1-0087胶结物镜下特征(正交偏光);(b)—BZK05-1-0087胶结作用示意图;(c)—BZK05-1-0122胶结物镜下特征(单偏光);(d)—BZK05-1-0122胶结作用示意图; Qtz—石英; Cal—方解石

  • (a) —cement characteristics of BZK05-1-0087 under the microscope (cross-polarized light) ; (b) —schematic diagram of cementation of BZK05-1-0087; (c) —cement characteristics of BZK05-1-0122 under the microscope (plane polarized light) ; (d) —schematic diagram of cementation of BZK05-1-0122; Qtz—quartz; Cal—calcite

  • 图5 琼州海峡西口样品胶结物镜下及阴极发光影像特征

  • Fig.5 Cement characteristics under the microscope and cathodoluminescence in the western Qiongzhou Strait

  • (a)—BZK05-1-0141胶结物镜下特征(单偏光);(b)—BZK05-1-0141胶结物阴极发光影像特征;(c)—胶结物阴极发光影像特征(局部);(d)—胶结物阴极发光影像特征(局部);Qtz—石英; Cal—方解石

  • (a) —cement characteristics of BZK05-1-0141 under the microscope (single polarized light) ; (b) —cement cathodoluminescence image features of BZK05-1-0141; (c) —cement cathodoluminescence image features (partial) ; (d) —cement cathodoluminescence images features (partial) ; Qtz—quartz; Cal—calcite

  • 3.3 地球化学特征

  • 3.3.1 全岩主量元素

  • 样品全岩主量以SiO2、CaO为主,其中SiO2含量为21.98%~47.94%(平均34.96%),CaO含量为17.81%~37.03%(平均27.42%)(表3);Al2O3、TFe2O3、MgO含量一般介于1%~5%之间,K2O、Na2O、MnO、TiO2、P2O5含量一般小于1%;烧失量为21.68%~34.51%(平均28.10%)。相对于沉积岩平均化学成分和大陆上地壳主量元素成分估值(张宏飞,2012; Rudnick,2014),样品SiO2相对较低,且变化较大,主要跟硅质碎屑含量有关;CaO含量和烧失量较高,主要是由于生物碎屑和碳酸盐胶结物含量高;因少含或不含黏土矿物,Al2O3含量相对较低;碱金属K和 Na易于从母岩析出,样品K2O、Na2O含量明显低于沉积岩平均化学成分和大陆上地壳主量元素成分估值。与上部陆壳(UCC)常量元素平均含量比较,显著富集CaO和MnO,有一个样富集,但其他样亏损,SiO2、Al2O3、TFeO、K2O、Na2O、TiO2和P2O5均亏损。样品镁铝比值m*值为22.15~37.87(平均30.01),MgO/Al2O3值为0.22~0.38(平均0.30)。

  • 3.3.2 全岩微量元素地球化学特征

  • 沉积岩的微量元素对沉积环境变化有着较高的灵敏度,是研究古沉积环境以及古气候的一种有效手段。本次研究测试样品全岩微量元素,部分测试结果和元素比值见表4。V含量为14.5×10-6~42.0×10-6(平均28.3×10-6),Co含量为15.8×10-6~65.8×10-6(平均40.8×10-6),Ni含量为11.2×10-6~20.5×10-6(平均15.9×10-6),Cu含量为3.67×10-6~4.49×10-6(平均4.08×10-6),Rb含量为19.8×10-6~40.8×10-6(平均30.3×10-6),Sr含量为155×10-6~192×10-6(平均174×10-6),Ba含量为59.2×10-6~245×10-6(平均152×10-6),Th含量为1.86×10-6~6.00×10-6(平均3.93×10-6),U含量为1.07×10-6~3.46×10-6(平均2.27×10-6)。在以澳大利亚后太古代页岩标准值处理后,表现为U、Pb、Y富集及Nb、Ce、Zr、Hf亏损。Sr/Ba值为0.78~2.62,Rb/K值为0.006~0.010,U/Th均为0.58,V/(V+Ni)值为0.56~0.67,Ni/Co值为3.05~4.57。

  • 表3 琼州海峡西口样品全岩主量元素分析结果

  • Table3 Whole-rock major element analysis results and comparison table in the western Qiongzhou Strait

  • 注:沉积岩平均化学成分数据引用曾允孚等(1986),大陆地壳主量元素成分估值数据引用Rudnick et al.(2003)和张宏飞等(2012);m*=100×(MgO/Al2O3);“-”表示引用文献缺失数据。

  • 表4 琼州海峡西口样品部分全岩微量元素分析结果

  • Table4 Whole-rock trace element analysis results in the western Qiongzhou Strait

  • 4 讨论

  • 4.1 海滩岩反映的沉积环境

  • 沉积物中MgO/Al2O3比值与陆源物质的输入量成反比。研究区采集样品MgO/Al2O3比值为 0.22~0.38,比值较小,说明陆源物质占较大比例。前人的研究表明,镁铝比值m*=100×(MgO/Al2O3)可有效反映沉积环境,m*值与水体盐度呈正相关,其中m*<1代表淡水沉积环境;m*值为1~10代表陆海过渡性沉积环境;m*值为10~500代表海水沉积环境;m*>500代表陆表海环境或泻湖沉积环境(经雅丽等,2005)。本次采集碳酸盐胶结岩样品的m*值为22.15~37.87,显示为海水沉积环境。

  • Sr/Ba比值是分析常用的半定量指标,淡水环境沉积物Sr/Ba<0.6,咸水环境Sr/Ba>1,介于0.6~1时为半咸水过渡环境(邓宏文等,1993)。研究区样品的0.78~2.62,说明其沉积环境为半咸水—咸水环境。Rb/K比值也经常用来作为指示海陆相的一个指标,前人研究认为,Rb/K>0.006时指示正常的海相沉积,Rb/K<0.004时指示陆相沉积,0.004<Rb/K<0.006时指示过渡的微咸水相沉积(Campbell,1965; 王益友,1979)。样品Rb/K值0.006~0.010,说明沉积环境为微咸水相—海相沉积。

  • 前人研究认为,U、V、Co、Ni、Mo等微量元素在氧化环境中易溶,还原环境下不溶,并且一旦发生沉积,就很难再发生迁移,能够代表沉积时的原始记录,因此可以作为判别古沉积水体氧化—还原环境的指标(Francois,1988; Russell et al.,2001; 张天福,2016)。前人在西北欧晚侏罗世暗色泥质岩的古氧相研究中,通过比较诸多参数,认为U/Th、Ni/Co和V/(V+Ni)为可靠的参数,进而总结判断沉积物沉积时底层水体氧化—还原环境微量元素判别指标见表5(Jones et al.,1994)。研究区样品U/Th比值0.58,指示富氧沉积环境;Ni/Co比值3.05~4.57,小于5.0,指示富氧沉积环境;V/(V+Ni)值0.56~0.67,沉积环境为次富氧—富氧环境。

  • 表5 古水体氧化—还原环境微量元素判别指标 (据Jones et al.,1994修改)

  • Table5 Discriminant index of trace elements in ancient water oxidation-reduction environment (modified after Jones et al., 1994)

  • 琼州海峡西口采集样品的主量元素地球化学MgO/Al2O3比值指示陆源物质占较大比例,m*值为22.15~37.87,显示为海水沉积环境;样品Sr/Ba、Rb/K比值指示半咸水—咸水环境;U/Th、Ni/Co和V/(V+Ni)等比值为次富氧—富氧环境特征。综合样品主微量元素特征,沉积环境为海岸环境。

  • 碳酸盐硅质胶结岩赋存在灰黄色含砾或砾质砂层(图2)。依据物质组成,沉积环境应为海岸环境的障壁岛。镜下观测和全岩X衍射定量分析,几乎不见泥质,受潮汐、波浪的作用下高能环境特征明显,沉积环境在障壁岛向海一侧。

  • 4.2 海滩岩成岩作用与成岩环境

  • 海南岛西南部全新世海滩岩发育柱状(纤维状)文石、泥晶方解石、微晶方解石与亮晶方解石等胶结物(梁定勇等,2018)。本次样品扫描电镜和全岩X衍射定量分析结果表明生物骨骼、胶结物均为低镁方解石,未见纤维状文石。早期形成的文石、高美方解石以及生物骨骼均已经转换为稳定的低镁方解石,碳酸盐矿物的转化作用发育。微晶方解石大多呈粒状,呈集合体出现(图3e)。在淡水淋滤作用下,颗粒孔隙之间充填明亮干净、解理发育的晶片状亮晶方解石(图3d)。微晶方解石和亮晶方解石说明重结晶作用发育。胶结作用是更为普遍的成岩作用,并形成等厚纤柱状环边胶结、重力悬挂胶结、马牙状胶结、(似)共轴增生胶结、非等轴胶结等5种类型胶结物。样品的溶孔、溶洞、溶模孔隙发育,溶解作用伴随整个成岩过程。综合岩石学特征,成岩作用包括:转化作用、重结晶作用、胶结作用和溶解作用。

  • 碳酸盐胶结物的发育特征与水岩相互作用关系密切,碳酸盐胶结物对成岩流体性质变化的敏感性,使得成岩环境信息通常在其成岩现象中留下痕迹(刘四兵等,2014; 姜平等,2021)。依据等厚纤柱状环边胶结、重力悬挂胶结、马牙状胶结、(似)共轴增生胶结、非等轴胶结等胶结物特征,说明其成岩环境经历了淡水渗流带、咸淡水混合带、海水渗流带、海水潜流带等成岩环境。如此复杂的成岩环境,明显区别于沙丘岩、贝壳堤岩、硬壳灰岩等碳酸盐胶结岩的成岩环境(徐辉龙等,2010)。

  • 碳酸盐矿物的阴极发光性主要受其晶格中Fe、Mn含量的控制,Mn作为活化剂激活阴极发光,Fe作为淬灭剂淬灭阴极发光。碳酸盐胶结物的阴极发特征记录成岩流体性质,蕴含了沉积岩中有用的沉积与成岩信息,对恢复成岩环境、成岩作用和成岩期次有重要意义(黄思静,1992; 刘洁等,2000)。碳酸盐胶结物亮暗相间阴极发光环带和相应的微量元素构成是大气水成岩环境的特征之一(刘丽红等,2010)。淡水与海水相比,两者Mn/Ca、Fe/Ca、Sr/Ca、Mg/Ca比率存在显著差别。前人研究认为现代海洋中,尚未遭受成岩蚀变的碳酸盐矿物,无论是文石、高镁方解石还是低镁方解石,均不具阴极发光性,其主要原因是海水中Mn2+浓度极低所致(黄思静,1990)。在淡水和海水相互作用下,海相和非海相的交替影响会出现亮、暗相间的阴极发光环带(刘丽红等,2010)。海滩岩样品阴极发光具有广泛发育、环带密集的特点,说明成岩过程中淡水和海水交替影响。根据最多可以分辨出的29道相间发光环带,可见淡水和海水相互作用的咸淡水混合带是主要成岩环境。

  • 4.3 全新世琼州海峡西口海平面变化

  • 海滩岩形成于砂质海滩的潮间带内,由碳酸盐胶结海滩沉积物而成的一种海岸带碳酸盐胶结岩,胶结物通常为高镁方解石和柱状(纤维状)文石(Vousdoukas et al.,2007; 孙金龙,2009; 梁定勇等,2018)。由于其特殊的发育位置(潮间带)和成岩环境,海滩岩是古地理、古气候和成岩作用理想的研究对象,也是恢复古海面位置和重建海平面变化历史的重要标志之一(Kindler et al.,1993; 沈浩杰等,1999; Caldas et al.,2006; Silva et al.,2014; 刘文会等,2020)。本次琼州海峡西口发现的埋藏古海滩岩产出位置可代表古海平面位置,对北部湾北部海平面重建提供了新的年代学和岩石学证据,对约束琼州海峡演化有重要的意义。

  • 钻孔BZK09位于西口潮流三角洲(WMTD)的砂脊,孔口水深12.02 m,终孔深度26.01 m。岩性可分为5层(图2):1~3层为浅海陆棚沉积物连续沉积,岩性从下而上为深灰~灰黑色黏土、泥质细砂、砂,含生物碎屑;第4层为浅黄色陆相沉积砂质黏土,不含生物碎屑,该层厚度小,为更新世剥蚀堆积层(见图2照片);第5层岩性是深灰色黏土,为浅海陆棚沉积。对比区域上地层岩性,第5层应为新近系海口组(N2h),以贝壳砂砾岩为标志层。

  • 黄向青等(2022)对广西北海廉州湾口ZK5研究后认为,北部湾北部的全新统与下伏更新统存在强风化不整合界面,全新统底部AMS14C年龄为9834±38 a BP。BZK09岩性可与之对比,第4层为全新统与更新世剥蚀堆积层不整合界面。第3层开始,琼州海峡西口已经开始接受稳定海相沉积,底部(孔深22.8~23.0 m)采集贝壳AMS14C测年结果为9879 a BP。末次盛冰期以后,南海西北部以海侵为主。20~15 ka BP海平面缓慢上升,海岸线也缓慢后退(姚衍桃,2009)。前人研究认为北部湾海侵始于11.7 ka BP(Li Zhen et al.,2010)。黄向青等(2022)对北部湾南部(东方感城外海域)的STAT22岩芯重力取样研究,305 cm以上为以黏土质粉砂为主的全新统海相沉积物,底部年龄为11.1 ka BP。北海廉州湾口ZK5与琼州海峡西口BZK09岩性和沉积物年龄,说明9.9 ka BP海平面已侵没北部湾北部区域。

  • 综合雷州半岛灯楼角珊瑚礁的海平面记录和本次研究的海滩岩记录,全新世琼州海峡西口海平面变化可以分为四个阶段,具体如下。

  • 第一阶段:9.9~6.7 ka BP,海侵,海平面以上升为主,可细分为两个亚阶段。9.9~9.0 ka BP,此亚阶段早期为持续的海侵,海平面缓慢上升,并在后期形成堤障沙岛海岸,留下障壁岛海滩岩记录(BZK05-B1),暗示末期海平面呈小幅下降趋势;9.0~6.7 ka BP,海平面继续上升到现代潮高基准面2.9~3.8 m以上,在雷州半岛灯楼角留下珊瑚礁地貌。海平面在此期间上升约35 m,灯楼角珊瑚礁记录7.2~6.7 ka BP形成的全新世以来最高海平面(余克服等,2002)。

  • 第二阶段:6.7~6.2 ka BP,海退,海平面快速下降。此阶段的约500 a内,相对海平面急速下降了约40 m,留下海滩岩记录(BZK08-B1)。海南岛北部东西(EW)向断裂是琼州海峡地貌形成演化的重要控制性断裂(胡道功等,2019)。马袅-铺前断裂沿琼州海峡南岸呈东西向延伸,是海南岛北部控制琼州海峡地堑的最重要边界断裂,第四纪以来一直在持续不断的活动(刘华国等,2018; Wang Chaoqun et al.,2021; 王超群等,2022)。雷琼地区是我国新生代以来火山活动最强烈、最频繁和持续最长的地区之一,火山活动延续至全新世(Ho Kungsuan et al.,2000; 刘若新,2000)。本阶段相对海平面的急速下降,可能与火山活动或断裂活动造成地块垂直升降有关。黄向青等(2022)研究STAT22岩芯Sr/Ba比值在6.0 ka左右剧烈波动,有孔虫、硅藻异常亦有相应记录,可能是此次地质事件的响应。

  • 第三阶段:6.2~4.2 ka BP,海侵,是海平面上升期。雷州半岛灯楼角珊瑚礁记录这个阶段高海平面(余克服等,2002)。在此阶段陆地向海输入开始加强,海侵陆续达到鼎盛之后而酝酿转折(黄向青等,2022)。

  • 第四阶段:4.2 ka BP至今,稳定期。此阶段海平面窄幅升降,总体维持相对稳定。灯楼角珊瑚礁记录(2.8~2.0 ka BP)、1.5 ka BP高海平面(余克服等,2002)。约1.0 ka后由于全球性降温和冰进阶段,再次海退,琼州海峡西口海平面大致保持现今的位置。

  • 5 结论

  • (1)琼州海峡西口新发现埋藏碳酸盐胶结岩形成于全新世早—中期,具有等厚纤柱状环边胶结、重力悬挂胶结、马牙状胶结、(似)共轴增生胶结、非等轴胶结等5种胶结物特征;阴极发光环带具有广泛发育、环带密集,可见淡水和海水相互作用的咸淡水混合带,说明其成岩环境包括淡水渗流带、咸淡水混合带、海水渗流带、海水潜流带。结合其沉积主微量元素特征,其赋存层位的沉积环境为海岸沉积环境,滨岸沉积相障壁岛亚相,属于海滩岩。

  • (2)琼州海峡西口BZK09和北海廉州湾口ZK5的岩性、沉积物年龄吻合。通过对比,可推断约9.9 ka BP海平面已侵没北部湾的北部区域。综合琼州海峡西口海滩岩和雷州半岛灯楼角珊瑚礁的海平面记录,全新世琼州海峡西口海平面变化可以分为四个阶段。第一阶段(9.9~6.7 ka BP),海侵,海平面以上升为主,并在灯楼角留下全新世以来的最高海平面珊瑚礁记录;第二阶段(6.7~6.2 ka BP),海退,海平面在500 a内快速下降约40 m,留下海滩岩记录;第三阶段(6.2~4.2 ka BP),海侵,海平面上升期,灯楼角珊瑚礁记录这个阶段高海平面;第四阶段(4.2 ka BP至今),稳定期,此阶段海平面窄幅升降。

  • 致谢:本次研究得到了海南省地质测试研究中心莫颖明高级工程师的帮助,感谢中国地质调查局发展研究中心姚晓峰正高级工程师对论文提出宝贵的修改意见,感谢审稿及编辑老师的辛勤付出和指导!

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