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作者简介:

杨智,男,1980年生。博士,中国石油勘探开发研究院教授级高级工程师、博士生导师,主要从事常规-非常规油气地质理论研究和综合评价工作。E-mail:yangzhi2009@petrochina.com.cn。

通讯作者:

邹才能,男,1963年生。博士,中国科学院院士,中国石油勘探开发研究院教授级高级工程师、博士生导师,主要从事常规-非常规油气地质学理论研究与实践、新能源与能源战略等研究。E-mail:zcn@petrochina.com.cn。

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目录contents

    摘要

    石油工业发展呈现进军深层深水非常规、突出天然气发展、重视地质工程一体化的新局面,地质学科研究呈现常规和非常规油气地质并行协同发展、超级盆地常规和非常规油气一体化整体研究的新趋势。未来石油和天然气仍是能源消费和安全的关键需求,常规和非常规油气地质融合创新将是学科发展的主要挑战。常规—非常规油气地质学的产生,主要缘于重新构建油气地质理论框架、重新认识超级盆地资源体系、重新研发适用配套关键技术、重新塑造能源转型战略角色、重新记录勘探开发示范模板等需求。常规—非常规油气地质学是研究常规—非常规油气“共生富集”盆地中大油气区形成机理、有序共生、差异富集、采出规律、发展战略的地质学科,如鄂尔多斯、四川等盆地,同步关注常规油气和非常规油气两种资源,围绕主力烃源层系,重点评价“烃源性、储集性、含油性、流动性、可采性与经济性”六特性及其匹配关系,创新研发源控论及源储共生系统评价、常规—非常规油气共生盆地物理及数值模拟、地质工程一体化评价、平台式“工厂化”生产模式等核心技术,研究重点是“常规油气和非常规油气的整体研究、同步发现、极限开采和协同发展”。常规油气和非常规油气有序“共生富集”,“共生”是客观自然规律,“富集”是主观人为认知,客观规律可以主观认知,有序协调客观和主观的统一性,超前创新研发理论技术,可以更好发掘剩余油气资源的潜力和价值。从常规圈闭型油气藏与目的层到非常规连续型甜点区与甜点段油气,再到常规—非常规有序“共生富集”油气,理论认识和核心技术的创新发展,将引领和支撑油气资源不断实现高效发现和利用。

    Abstract

    The development of petroleum industry presents a new situation of marching into deep stratum, deep sea and unconventional, highlighting natural gas field and valuing the geological engineering integration. The research of geology discipline presents a new trend of parallel development of conventional & unconventional petroleum geology and overall research of conventional & unconventional oil and gas integration in superbasins. In the future, oil and gas will still be the key demand for energy consumption and security, and the integration and innovation of conventional & unconventional petroleum geology will be the main challenge of discipline development. The emergence of conventional & unconventional petroleum geology is mainly due to the needs of reconstructing the theoretical framework of petroleum geology, reunderstanding the superbasin resource system, redeveloping applicable key technologies, reshaping the strategic role of energy transformation, and rerecording the exploration and development demonstration template. Conventional & unconventional petroleum geology is a geological discipline that studies the formation mechanism, orderly symbiosis, differential enrichment, recovery law and development strategy of conventional oil and gas reservoirs and unconventional oil and gas areas in the “symbiotic enrichment” basin, such as Ordos, Sichuan and other superbasins. It pays attention to the two resources of conventional oil and gas and unconventional oil and gas, and focuses on the evaluation of the characteristics and matching relationship of “source rock, reservoir, oil bearing, mobility, recoverability and economy” around the main source rock strata. Innovative research and development of core technologies such as source rock control theory and assessment of source reservoir symbiosis system, physical and numerical simulation of conventional & unconventional symbiotic accumulation basin, integrated evaluation of geological engineering and platform “industrialized” production mode. The research core is “overall discovery, limit exploitation and coordinated development of conventional & unconventional oil and gas”. Conventional oil and gas and unconventional oil and gas are orderly “symbiotic enrichment”, “symbiosis” is an objective natural law, “enrichment” is subjective cognition.Because objective laws can be recognized subjectively, through orderly coordination of the unity of objective and subjective, and advanced innovation and research and development of theories and technologies, the potential and value of the remaining resources can be better explored.The facts that from conventional trap oil and gas to unconventional continuous oil and gas, and then to conventional & unconventional orderly “symbiotic accumulation” oil and gas, show that innovative development of theoretical understanding and core technologies will lead and support the continuous realization of efficient discovery and utilization of oil and gas resources.

  • 石油和天然气是工业发展的重要命脉、地缘政治的战略资源,经历了常规油气的创业发展、非常规油气的创新发展,即将进入常规—非常规油气的协同发展。石油天然气地质学科伴随勘探开发实践而生,凝练了诸多经典油气地质经验,成为了油气工业上游领域的理论核心和方向指引。新时期双碳目标驱动能源革命和转型,石油和天然气作为国家刚性需求和安全保障的地位仍将长期存在,石油天然气地质学科作为指导发现剩余油气资源的理论仍需不断完善。

  • 1 研究背景

  • 1.1 石油天然气工业的发展历程

  • 石油和天然气工业是世界经济的支柱产业,从依据油气苗、寻找大背斜、识别圈闭群的常规油气勘探,到评价预测甜点区段的非常规油气勘探,油气工业经历了常规石油工业的创业发展、天然气工业的崛起发展和非常规油气工业的创新发展,正在进入常规—非常规油气工业的协同发展,努力实现从燃料属性向原料属性的一体化协同跨越发展。

  • (1)世界常规油气工业的创业发展:一般以1859年美国成功钻探的世界第一口工业油井作为常规油气工业的开端,综合考虑勘探开发的地质理论认识、含油气层特点、主体方法技术的时代特色,常规油气工业经历了三个发展阶段,现代油气工业横空出世、蓬勃发展(图1)。

  • (2)中国常规油气工业的创业发展:一般以1907年鄂尔多斯盆地延长油矿钻出第一口油井作为中国油气工业的开端,综合考虑勘探开发的地质理论认识、含油气层特点、主体方法技术的时代特色,常规油气工业经历了三个发展阶段,中国现代油气工业从无到有、艰苦创业、不断壮大(图2)。

  • (3)世界非常规油气工业的创新发展:以1927年美国圣胡安世界首个致密砂岩气田发现和1935年委内瑞拉奥里诺科世界最大稠油带发现作为非常规油气工业的开端,综合考虑资源类型、地质理论认识、主体方法技术的时代特色,非常规油气工业经历了重质油沥青砂大发展上产(1920s~1976)、致密气煤层气大发现上产(1976~2010s)和页岩层系油气大发现上产(2010s~至今)三个发展阶段,新世纪油气工业创新发展、焕发新春。“非常规油气革命”深刻影响了世界油气工业发展和国际能源格局,推动非常规油气成为世界能源的重要组成部分(图1)。

  • 图1 1900年以来世界油气勘探阶段划分与储量发现(数据来源:Wood Mackenzie,2019)

  • Fig.1 World oil and gas exploration stage division and reserves discovery since1900 (data source: Wood Mackenzie, 2019)

  • 图2 1955年以来中国陆上油气勘探阶段划分与储量发现(数据来源:中华人民共和国自然资源部,2021)

  • Fig.2 Division of onshore oil and gas exploration stages and reserves discovery in China since1955 (data source: Ministry of Natural Resources of the People's Republic of China, 2021)

  • (4)中国非常规油气工业的创新发展:中国非常规油气正实现整体战略发展,致密砂岩气成为重点领域规模发展,页岩气和致密油成为亮点领域加快开发,页岩油、天然气水合物成为潜在领域加强探索,煤层气、油砂重油、油页岩油等作为传统领域稳定发展(张金川等,2004; 戴金星等,2012; 马永生等,2012; Hao Fang et al.,2013; 邹才能等,2013a2014a20182020a; 杨智等,20152019a; 陈旭等,2015; 贾承造,2017; 康玉柱,2018; 焦方正等,2020; 孙龙德,2020)。2010年以来,围绕重点层系重点区带,中国不同类型非常规油气资源勘探开发取得了重要进展。① 致密砂岩气规模发展,以苏里格气田成功开发为代表,致密气年均新增探明地质储量2760×108 m3,约占同期天然气探明储量的45%,实现了从常规砂岩气藏到非常规致密砂岩气的决定转变(戴金星等,2012; 邹才能等,2012)。截至2020年底,鄂尔多斯、四川、松辽、吐哈等盆地发现一批致密砂岩气田,探明地质储量约5.5×1012 m3,2021年致密气年产量约526×108 m3。② 致密油稳步发展,以鄂尔多斯盆地延长组致密油规模建产为代表,经历了从致密“磨刀石”砂岩到致密油概念提出和工业生产(邹才能等,2014a; 杨智等,2019b)。截至2020年底,已发现了鄂尔多斯、松辽、四川、准噶尔等多个致密油规模储量区,约探明地质储量16×108t,2021年中国致密油年产量约300×104t。③ 页岩气快速发展,以四川盆地龙马溪组页岩气工业跨越为标志,实现了从“铁板一块”的页岩到页岩气革命,3500 m以浅已成功开发,发现了四川盆地南部—东部大型页岩气富集区,形成威远—长宁、富顺—永川、涪陵等页岩气生产区(郭旭升等,2017; 马永生等,2018; 邹才能等,2018; 马新华等,2018)。截至2020年底,在四川盆地海相五峰组—龙马溪组累计探明页岩气地质储量1.98×1012m3,2021年中国页岩气年产量228×108 m3。④ 页岩油加快探索,中高成熟风险勘探和中低成熟科学研发平行探索,实现了从油页岩向成熟页岩油的重要转变(邹才能等,2013b2017; 杨智等,2015; 赵文智等,2020)。2010年以来,受“页岩革命”影响和启发,长庆、新疆、大庆、大港、胜利等成熟探区积极探索利用体积压裂技术,解放富有机质页岩段孔隙型石油资源,多层系纯页岩段取得重要进展。⑤ 煤层气持续发展,初步建成沁水盆地南部和鄂尔多斯盆地东缘两个生产基地,实现了从高煤阶向低煤阶气的重要突破。截至2020年底,累计探明煤层气可采储量约4200×108 m3,2021年地面煤层气产量达83×108 m3。⑥ 天然气水合物持续探索,南海大陆架、祁连山冻土等试验取得积极进展。致密油气创新集成了富集区优选与井网部署、提升单井产量、提高采收率、低成本开发等4套技术系列,大幅度提高了产量和开发效益(孙龙德等,2019); 3500以浅海相页岩气形成了富集模式与选区评价、水平井体积压裂、山地井工厂作业、规模开发技术等技术系列(马永生等,2018); 高煤阶煤层气形成了山地地震采集—处理—解释、丛式井及多水平井钻完井,解堵性二次压裂增产、排采控制工艺等技术系列(宋岩等,2019); 源内石油聚集正在形成以“甜点勘探”和“体积开发”为核心的勘探开发关键技术(焦方正等,2020)。余年来,中国非常规油气产量占比持续增加,2021年产量约8700万吨油当量,占油气总产量的23%,其中非常规气约占总量40%、非常规油约占总量11%。以致密油气、页岩气等源岩层系油气为主体的非常规油气,正逐渐成为油气储产量增长的重要组成部分。

  • 1.2 石油天然气地质学科的发展历程及重要节点

  • 石油天然气地质学是研究和解释地壳近地表地层中,油气的生成、运移、聚集和分布的综合性科学,属于矿产地质科学中的一个独立分支学科。伴随人类大量的油气勘探开发实践,石油天然气地质学在现代油气行业上游领域中取得了实质性发展,促进了许多经典油气地质理论认识的发展,成为了石油与天然气勘探开发的理论核心。

  • (1)世界传统油气地质学科的发展历程:1917年,美国石油地质学家协会(AAPG)成立并出版了其期刊《AAPG Bulletin》,1921年Emmons著《Geology of Petroleum》,标志着石油天然气地质学成为一门独立学科。诞生百年来,传统油气地质学科以圈闭油气成藏为理论内核,推动了世界油气工业的快速发展(图3)。

  • (2)中国传统油气地质学科的发展历程:陆相油气地质理论在世界石油地质学界和石油工业界占有重要地位,“陆相生油”理论突破了中国“贫油论”的束缚,发展陆相油气地质理论是中国地质学家对地质学基础理论的重大贡献(贾承造等,2018)。中国陆相油气地质理论主要经历了提出、形成、发展等3个阶段,有力支撑了中国石油工业体系的诞生、建立和发展壮大(贾承造等,2018)。中国海相碳酸盐岩油气地质研究起步较晚,但进展较快,在海相岩相古地理环境、主力烃源岩、主要储层类型、油气成藏机制等方面取得重要理论认识,指导发现了塔河、靖边、普光、安岳、哈拉哈塘、顺北、富源等一批大油气田,推动了深层古老碳酸盐岩成为重要勘探领域。

  • 图3 世界油气工业主要地质理论和关键技术创新发展历程(据杨智等,2021a,有修改)

  • Fig.3 Innovation and development process of main geological theories and key technologies in the world oil and gas industry (modified from Yang Zhi et al., 2021a)

  • (3)非常规油气地质学科的发展历程:非常规油气突破,对传统油气地质学科在储集层、盖层、聚集规律、开采方式、发展战略等基本概念方面产生了深刻影响。非常规油气的研究始于20世纪30年代,1934年Wilson已预测到非常规油气藏的存在,在油气藏分类中划分出开放性油气藏,当时认为该类油气藏没有勘探价值(Wilson,1934)。20世纪80年代以来,盆地中心气、煤层气、页岩气、致密砂岩气、页岩油等非常规油气资源日益引起关注,正逐渐成为油气储量和产量增长的重要组成部分(Pollastro,2007; Nelson,2009; Jarvie,2012; Zou et al.,2013c)。1995年,Schmoker、Gautier等发现非常规储层中油气大面积聚集分布、圈闭与盖层界限不清、缺乏明显油气水界面等特点,提出了“连续型油气聚集”的概念,并对致密砂岩气、页岩气、盆地中心气、煤层气、浅层微生物气及天然气水合物等非常规天然气进行了资源评价,这是非常规油气地质理论开启的里程碑(Schmoker,1995; Gautier et al.,1995)。2002年,Law和Curtis提出了非常规油气系统的概念,指出非常规油气系统与构造圈闭无关,基本上不受重力分异的影响(Law et al.,2002)。2007年,石油工程师学会(SPE)、石油评价工程师学会(SPEE)、美国石油地质师协会(AAPG)、世界石油大会(WPC)共同发布《Petroleum Resources Management System》,规范了相关非常规油气资源的术语和概念,同时强调了不同类型非常规油气的技术难度及经济可行性(WPC,2007)。2007年,Reed和Loucks利用场发射扫描电镜表征了Barnett页岩的有机质孔隙(Loucks et al.,2012)。非常规油气地质理论的不断深化,有效指导了美国等国家非常规油气资源的勘探开发(翟光明,2008; Zou et al.,2013c; 邹才能等,2014a2015b; 王红军等,2016; 黎茂稳等,2019; EIA,2020)。中国学者引入、吸收国外非常规油气地质理念,结合中国特殊地质条件,创新研发非常规油气地质学理论和方法技术,取得了一批居于国际学科前沿的重要研究成果,为非常规油气地质学科的建立发挥了重要作用(胡见义,1991; 关德师等,1995; 胡文瑞等,2010; 孙赞东等,2011; 童晓光等,2014; 邹才能等,2013a2014a2019a; 贾承造,2017)。20世纪90年代以来,中国学者提出了深盆气(金之钧等,2003)、根源气(张金川等,2004)、深盆油(侯启军,2005)、致密油(贾承造等,2012; 杨智等,20152021b)、致密砂岩气(戴金星等,2012; 付金华等,2013; 邹才能等,2015a; Yang et al.,2016; 孙龙德等,2019)、煤层气(宋岩等,20052019)、页岩气(张金川等,2004; 邹才能,2013a2019b2020b; Hao et al.,2013; 郭旭升等,2017)、页岩油(邹才能等,20122020a; 卢双舫等,2012; 杨华等,2016; Zou et al.,2019c; 金之钧等,2019; Yang et al.,2019c,2019d; 赵贤正等,2020; 赵文智等,2020; 付锁堂等,2020; 孙龙德,2020; 杨智等,2021b2022)、源储共生系统(邹才能等,2012; 杨智等,2021b)、非常规油气地质学(邹才能等,2013a2014a2019a)、源岩油气(杨智等,2019)、页岩层系石油(杨智等,20152021c)、源内石油聚集(焦方正等,2020)、源岩层系油气(杨智等,2021b)等概念,并开展了系统深入的研究。非常规油气地质学理论是以大面积连续型“甜点区(段)”评价为核心,重点研究细粒沉积、微纳米级储层、油气富集规律、产出机制、评价方法、发展战略的油气地质理论,是传统石油地质学的创新和发展。细粒沉积学、非常规油气储层地质学、非常规油气成藏地质学、非常规油气开发地质学、非常规油气发展战略等学科体系内容,引领推动了石油地质学科发展、行业标准制定、国家实验室建设和专业人才培养,有效推进了我国致密油和气、页岩油和气等非常规油气资源的工业勘探开发(邹才能等,2019a)。

  • (4)油气地质学科发展的重要事件:近代油气勘探和开发实践促进了油气地质学的形成和发展,地球物理勘探、有机地球化学测试分析、计算机及大型专业软件等技术的应用和推广,推动了油气地质学实现了一次又一次的飞跃,建立了圈闭找油、陆相生油、石油有机成因、层序地层学、含油气系统等经典的传统油气地质理论,有效地指导了全球油气资源的勘探发现(表1)。近20年来,非常规油气资源日益引起关注,提出了非常规油气系统、连续型油气聚集、非常规油气地质学等地质理论(表1)。

  • 表1 油气地质学发展历程中的重要事件及历史意义(不完全统计)

  • Table1 Important events and historical significance in the development of petroleum geology (incomplete statistics)

  • 1.3 新时期石油和天然气在能源中的地位

  • 中国能源体系正处于能源需求体量大、油气资源相对缺少、新能源技术尚未规模突破的发展新时期。能源转型应对气候变化,双碳目标推进能源革命,“洁煤稳油增气、大力发展新能源”已成为战略共识。

  • 碳中和加快中国能源生产与消费结构革命性转型,但是石油和天然气作为国家刚性需求和安全保障的地位将长期存在,石油和天然气工业发展仍将不断迸发活力。预计2060年中国仍将保持2×108~3×108t石油、3000×108~4000×108 m3天然气的消费需求,国内国外油气的勘探开发仍然任重道远(邹才能等,2022)。碳中和目标下不同能源定位各有侧重。未来煤炭将发挥保障国家能源战略“储备”与“兜底”作用; 石油回归“原料属性”,发挥保障国家能源安全“急需”与民生原料用品“必备”的“基石”作用; 天然气将成为能源升级的转换器,发挥提升国家能源“清洁”与能源转型“升级”的“伙伴”作用; 新能源成为能源供给和消费的主体,将发挥保障国家能源战略“接替”与“主力”作用(邹才能等,2022)。碳中和背景下,天然气将凸显实现碳中和、转型低碳化的“伙伴”地位,中国天然气需求增长强劲,预计到2035年需求量将可能快速增长至6500×108~7000×108 m3

  • 2 常规—非常规油气地质学的产生

  • 2.1 石油天然气工业发展的新局面

  • 石油工业上游领域正呈现非常规与常规并进、深层与浅层并进、海洋与陆地并进“三个并进”发展态势(马永生等,2012; 焦方正等,2020; 谢玉洪,2021)。全球未来油气勘探开发主要集中在海域深水(含北极)、陆上深层—超深层和非常规三大领域。全球油气勘探呈现出“发现热点在深水、发展亮点在非常规、突破难点在深层、争夺焦点在北极”四大趋势。中国油气勘探进入“两非两深”,开发进入“两高两低”新阶段,即非构造与非常规、深层与深水,老区高含水与高采收率、储量低丰度与单井低产量。中国油气勘探开发未来集中在富油气凹陷岩性地层、深层碳酸盐岩、山前构造带、海域中深水区、非常规源岩层系等五大油气领域。

  • 天然气在能源体系中的比重持续增长,是化石能源向清洁能源过渡的可靠桥梁(邱中建等,2012; 贾承造等,2017; 邹才能等,2018)。天然气的多成因来源、多阶段形成、多类型储层、更强流动性等自然属性,资源规模远比石油雄厚,清洁低价,现实便利,将会被更加广泛利用。世界天然气将持续发展,预计在2040~2050年间逐步超过石油、煤炭,成为全球第一大能源(BP,2020)。中国天然气发展迅速,尤其是近20年来,中国天然气储量和产量快速增长,非常规致密砂岩气、页岩气有力推动了天然气产量快速增长,预计2025年前天然气产量将超过石油产量。

  • 油气地质工程一体化能够大幅提质增效已成为全球行业共识(吴奇等,2012; 孙焕泉等,2019; 金之钧等,2019; 刘合等,2020; 杨智等,20202021a; 匡立春等,2021)。应对后油气工业时代“高成本、低效益”勘探开发困境,化解地质认识、油藏识别、钻井品质、完井优化、开发提产等诸多疑难和风险,亟需将多学科油藏地质综合研究和大规模工厂化工程实施无缝链接、动态融合,秉承“地质工程一体化”理念,不断调整和完善钻井、压裂、开发等工程技术方案,分层次、动态优化工程效率与开发效益,实现增产增效目标。高精度实验分析测试、高精度高分辨率三维地震、水平井分段压裂、人工微地震监测、工厂化运作模式等核心技术的进步,解放了各类复杂、致密油气层,开阔了勘探开发的视野,地质工程一体化科技进步开启了常规—非常规油气效益发展的新征程。

  • 陆上超深层和非常规油气领域是中国油气工业未来发展的战略接替领域(庞雄奇等,2015; 李建忠等,2016; 邱楠生等,2017; 康玉柱,2018; 赵贤正等,2020; 支东明等,2021; 何登发等,2021; 胡宗全等,2021; 刘树根等,2021; Li et al.,2021)。① 超深层油气实现规模战略发现,需攻克地球物理、钻井工程、压裂改造、开发工艺等诸多难题。深层更低信噪比和分辨率、更高温压和更复杂井况条件,物探技术面临多重挑战。深层更高温压、应力条件,钻井施工依然存在钻井周期长、事故复杂多、工程投资大等重大挑战,重点探井甚至难以钻达目的层,工程报废时有发生。深层更复杂作业条件,储层压裂改造对基础认识、耐高温材料装备、碳酸盐岩储层改造、页岩储层复杂缝网改造等提出更高要求。深层更强非均质性和更低渗流能力,实现油气效益开发对开发方式、水侵机理、高含硫安全开发、提高采收率技术等提出更高要求。② 非常规油气实现规模效益开采,需攻克地质、地球物理、开发改造等难题。致密油气面临储层非均质性强、“甜点体”难刻画、水平井井眼轨迹难控制、油气层测井难识别、深层致密储层改造难度大等不利因素; 页岩气面临地表条件复杂、埋藏深度大、管网设施不完善、3500 m以深工程技术不具备、寒武系页岩热演化程度高、陆相—海陆过渡相页岩气未突破等诸多挑战; 煤层气面临气水分布复杂、富集规律不清、800 m以深开采技术不具备、储层改造难度大等诸多问题; 页岩油面临页岩非均质性强、黏土矿物含量高、有机质成熟度较低、原油流动性较差、水平井压裂技术不适用等诸多难题。

  • 经过长期的常规油气勘探后,更近烃源层系的低渗透、致密油气、页岩油气规模勘探开发,正重新塑造全球超级盆地储产量持续增长发展模式(杨智等,2021a)。大型常规—非常规油气“共生盆地”,也是中国石油工业可持续发展的主要领域,松辽、渤海湾、鄂尔多斯、四川、塔里木、准噶尔六大盆地蕴藏巨量资源。常规—非常规油气接续找油,按照常规油气大发现、非常规油气新突破、常规—非常规油气协同发展的接续发展路径,先易后难,先局部“甜点”,后大面积“甜点区”,最终实现常规—非常规油气整体规模开采。“陆相生油、海相成气”是中国油气地质特色,在陆相地层形成了如松辽盆地大庆长垣油田及古龙页岩油、鄂尔多斯盆地三叠系低渗油、致密油与页岩油等,在海相古老克拉通深层形成了如四川盆地震旦系—寒武系常规碳酸盐岩安岳特大型气田及志留系龙马溪组页岩气等大型常规—非常规油气“共生富集”。

  • 2.2 石油天然气地质基础研究的新趋势

  • 非常规油气革命,打破了常规渗透性储层、经典圈闭油气成藏的概念,突破了直井达西渗流开发的技术路线,创新了连续型“甜点区”非常规油气理论与水平井工厂化技术,过去认为“磨刀石”的致密砂岩、“铁板一块”的页岩里,革命性地实现了工业化生产。非常规油气的大发展促进了多方面地质基础研究的大转变:一是从专注研究生烃高峰期向生烃全过程扩展,使得以往忽略不计的资源量成为有效资源量,带来了资源量的大幅增长; 二是从专注发现优良储层向多类型储层扩展,储集层评价的目标不是孔隙度和渗透率的高低,而是储集层是否富含油气,带来了勘探储层的极大拓展; 三是从专注勘探局部圈闭向大面积、全盆地扩展,解放了很多以往勘探的禁区,使勘探进入一个新的认识和发展阶段(邱中建等,2012)。

  • 从常规油气发现到非常规油气发展,石油地质理论内涵不断丰富和完善(张厚福等,1999; 何生等,2010; 邹才能等,2014a; 柳广弟,2018; 赵靖舟等,2021)。大力提升勘探开发力度,提高油气供应能力,仍需不断发展完善地质勘探理论。一是百年老油区焕发新青春,勘探深度进军万米超深层,储层空间进入纳米小尺度,仍需地质认识指引解释地质新现象; 二是常规油气仍有大量优质资源隐藏于深部地层,非常规油气仍有巨量规模资源束缚于致密储层,仍需勘探认识指导加强规模性勘探; 三是碳达峰、碳中和的国家战略,更加凸显油气工业高质量高水平发展重要性,国家责任与能源转型并重,仍需创新理论持续保障国内油气安全供应(杨智等,2021a)。

  • 2.3 常规—非常规油气地质学的产生

  • 石油和天然气的硬需求,常规和非常规的硬碰撞,新的石油天然气地质学科体系亟需完善发展。常规—非常规油气地质学的产生,主要缘于5个方面的需求。

  • (1)厘定油气成藏要素新的概念内涵,需重新构建油气地质理论框架。非常规油气对经典石油天然气地质学在圈闭、储层、盖层、有效资源、富集规律等基础理论方面产生了重大突破,油气地质基础研究呈现出向全过程生烃、全类型储层、全成因机制、全种类资源转变的新趋向。非常规油气勘探开发突破,为石油天然气地质学创新带来全新的发展机遇。新的石油天然气地质学应是一个新的经过重大发展的理论体系,涵盖常规油气与非常规油气,吸收生产实践与科学研究的最新进展,着眼于油气全过程规模效益勘探开发,重新定义生、储、盖、圈、运、保等关键地质要素内涵,系统总结常规油气与非常规油气在分布特征、储层特征、源储组合、聚集单元、运移方式、聚集机理、渗流特征、流体特征、资源特征等方面的显著区别,利于指导常规—非常规油气整体研究、整体开发。

  • (2)把握常规、非常规油气空间分布,需重新认识超级盆地资源体系。常规油气研究的灵魂是成藏,目标是确定圈闭是否有油气; 非常规油气研究的灵魂是储层,目标是确定储集油气的资源量。但在研究方法和理论上尚未涉及常规与非常规油气之间的相互关系,仍需加强科学性与系统性。研究常规与非常规油气的关系,一是可以将烃源岩生排烃时期与不同类型储层形成时间进行匹配,明确盆地或凹陷中发育的油气资源类型; 二是可以确定不同类型油气的空间分布特征,对常规油气进行勘探的同时兼顾非常规油气; 三是可以预测常规与非常规油气资源量的关系,明确剩余主要类型油气的资源潜力。超级盆地常规与非常规油气关系的研究,对未来油气资源的整体勘探和协同开发具指导作用。

  • (3)支撑常规、非常规油气整体开发,需重新研发适用配套关键技术。勘探开发常规与非常规两种油气资源,需要重新认识常规—非常规油气聚集机理,开展油气生、运、聚、散全过程分析,从油气形成分布的客观自然规律出发,重点重新审视源岩层系的储集层属性和烃源岩属性,针对性研发覆盖所有聚集性规模油气资源的勘探、开发、工程适用配套、交叉融合的技术系列,整体研究评价,促进油气勘探开发由“点—带—面”向综合有序三维空间迈进,努力发现和利用全类型油气资源,最终实现含油气盆地常规—非常规油气资源一体化评价优选、最大限度的经济性采出。

  • (4)保障石油和天然气能源安全地位,需重新塑造能源转型战略角色。未来一段时间,石油和天然气将在国家能源安全保障和转型升级体系中扮演“稳定器”和“换挡器”战略角色,加快开发利用常规与非常规油气资源,需在6个方面重塑“协同发展”(邹才能等,2014b)。① 勘探方式的协同:整体研究、整体部署、整体勘探; ② 开发方式的协同:不同层系、不同类型的协同采出; ③ 地面建设的协同:整体研究、整体规划、整体建设; ④ 作业模式的协同:不同资源类型的多井平台式“工厂化”同步作业; ⑤ 政策支持的协同:制定常规剩余难动用储量与非常规油气的开发补贴激励机制; ⑥ 人才培养的协同:石油院校本科常规油气人才与研究生非常规人才的连续培养,保障与油气工业协同的人才供应。

  • (5)保护油气能源高效利用宝贵资源,需重新记录勘探开发示范模板。现代石油工业从1859年起步,从常规油气的“背斜论”“圈闭学说”到非常规油气的“连续型油气聚集”,指导勘探开发了一批批大油气田,石油和天然气工业体系拔地而起、发展壮大,为世界经济发展注入强劲动力,形成了一整套行之有效的地下石油和天然气勘探开发路径,实现了石油和天然气资源的高效利用,积累了丰富的勘探开发经典案例。伴随后油气工业时代不可避免的到来,一个个常规—非常规大油气田发现建设的案例模板,也需要系统的梳理和记录,保护珍贵的人类油气文明资源。

  • 中国地质背景具有多旋回构造演化、陆相地层为主、岩相变化大等特点,常规—非常规油气聚集在构造动力学、沉积环境、烃源岩分布、储层非均质性、油气水关系、地层能量等方面具有特殊性,勘探开发难度很大,油气资源非常宝贵,仍需不断完善发展具有中国特色的常规—非常规油气地质理论(孙健初,1942; 李四光,1955; 谢家荣,1957; 侯德封,1959; 田在艺,1960; 黄汲清等,1962; 胡朝元,1982; 黄第藩等,1984; 胡见义,1991; 翁文波,1997; 李德生,1997; 王铁冠等,1997; 杨树锋等,2002; 赵文智等,2004; 郝芳,2005; 戴金星等,2007; 贾承造等,2007; 彭平安等,2009; 邓运华,2012; 邹才能等,2014a; 金之钧等,2019)。

  • 3 常规—非常规油气地质学的内涵探讨

  • 3.1 常规—非常规油气的概念及主要类型

  • 常规油气资源是指圈闭中易于自然流动、常规技术能够经济开采的油气; 非常规油气资源是指地层中难以自然流动、常规技术不能经济开采的油气。常规油气与非常规油气的本质区别在于是否受圈闭控制、是否连续分布、单井是否有自然工业产量。目前,常规油气面临非常规的问题,常规领域的难动用储量、剩余的致密储层等成为非常规油气,而致密油和气、页岩油和气等非常规需要发展成新的“常规”。含油气盆地中,常规油气与非常规油气有序“共生富集”,成因上关联,空间上共生,形成统一的常规—非常规油气大型聚集体系。

  • 含油气盆地油气资源包括常规油气和非常规油气两种资源类型。常规油气按圈闭类型,可划分为构造、岩性、地层、复合等油气藏类型。非常规油气按运聚特点,可划分为滞聚油气、致密油气和源岩油气3种类型。非常规油气资源主要特征表现为源储共生共存或源内油气赋存富集,在盆地斜坡-坳陷中心连片大面积分布,无圈闭或圈闭界限与水动力效应不明显,资源丰度一般较低,存在“甜点区/段”局部富集,主要采用水平井与分段水力体积压裂技术、平台式“工厂化”作业模式等实现规模工业开采。迄今,中国已发现的非常规油气资源类型包括致密砂岩气、致密油、页岩气、页岩油、煤层气、煤岩油、重油沥青、油页岩油、天然气水合物等。

  • 3.2 常规—非常规油气地质学的内涵

  • 常规—非常规油气地质学是研究常规—非常规油气“共生富集”盆地中大油气区形成机理、有序共生、差异富集、采出规律、发展战略的地质学科,涵盖常规油气和非常规油气两种资源类型,是石油与天然气地质学的最新发展形式(图4)。

  • 常规—非常规油气地质学研究的核心是“常规油气和非常规油气的整体研究、同步发现、极限开采和协同发展”,评价的重点是烃源性、储集性、含油性、流动性、可采性与经济性的“六特性”及其匹配关系,明确“生油气能力、储油气能力、产油气能力和销油气能力”。立足含油气盆地自然或人工条件下所有烃类资源的地质地面条件,勘探主要目的是寻找“甜点”或“甜点区”,最终谋求常规—非常规油气的整体发现; 开发主要目的是形成流体压差、建造“人工油气藏”,最终谋求常规—非常规油气的极限开采; 战略主要目的是建立支持体系和发展模式,最终谋求常规—非常规油气的协同发展。

  • 图4 常规与非常规油气类型划分与对比(据杨智等,2019a

  • Fig.4 Classification and comparison of conventional and unconventional oil and gas types (after Yang Zhi et al., 2019a)

  • 含油气盆地中,常规油气和非常规油气有序“共生富集”,“共生”强调常规和非常规油气的客观自然形成分布规律,“富集”强调始终有寻找常规和非常规油气“甜点”或“甜点区”的主观地质勘探使命,“有序”强调研究和利用常规和非常规油气,需协调处理好客观规律性与主观能动性之间的关系,充分认识常规和非常规油气在时间演化、形成序次、聚集机理、空间分布和找油思想 5层有序内涵(邹才能等,2014),坚信客观规律可以主观认知,坚持资源战略,坚定发现信念,坚定开发决心,超前创新理论技术,可以实现更好发掘剩余油气资源的潜力和价值。

  • 3.3 常规—非常规油气地质学的理论技术体系

  • 常规—非常规油气地质研究涵盖常规油气和非常规油气两种资源类型,包括油气勘探地质、开发地质和发展战略3个基础理论,关注整个含油气单元(区带或区块)内的常规油气和非常规油气资源,围绕主力烃源层系,重点评价“烃源性、储集性、含油性、流动性、可采性与经济性”六特性及其匹配关系,创新研发常规—非常规油气勘探开发4项核心技术,勘探寻找“圈闭群”和“甜点体”,开发追求区块高产与累产,目标是确定“剩余油气是否全部勘探开发”。

  • (1)常规—非常规油气地质学研究内容:常规—非常规油气地质学是研究“共生富集”盆地中常规油气藏—非常规油气区形成机理、有序共生、差异富集、采出规律、发展战略的地质学科,涵盖常规油气和非常规油气两种资源类型,包括油气勘探地质、开发地质和发展战略3项基础理论:① 常规—非常规油气勘探地质一般按照常规油气大发现、非常规油气新突破、常规—非常规油气协同发展的接续发展路径,先易后难,先寻找局部“甜点”,后落实大面积“甜点区”,最终实现常规—非常规油气的规模整体发现。② 常规—非常规油气开发地质遵循能量和物质守恒原理,通过人工干预改变地层能量情况、改善流体流动能力、增强储层连通性能等,形成油气层、井筒与地面之间的流体压差,最终实现常规—非常规油气极限开采。③ 常规—非常规油气“共生富集”盆地的勘探发展战略,突破了只专注常规或只专注非常规油气的传统思路,关注盆地中所有油气资源类型,为全方位有序优选和利用油气资源提供勘探方式、开发模式、工程实施、地面建设、经济评价、智能运行等战略支持,最终实现常规—非常规油气协同发展。常规—非常规油气地质与传统常规油气、非常规油气地质的研究内容明显不同(表2):① 常规油气研究核心是回答圈闭有效性及“圈闭是否成藏”,重点评价“生、储、盖、运、圈、保”六要素匹配关系; 勘探目标是寻找含油气圈闭边界; 开发追求油气藏长期高产和稳产。② 非常规油气研究核心是确定储集层有效性及“储集层油气是否连续聚集”,重点评价“岩性、物性、脆性、含油性、烃源岩特性与应力各向异性”六特性及其匹配关系; 勘探目标是寻找“甜点区”和“甜点段”,确立连续型或准连续型油气区边界; 开发追求初期高产与长期累产。③ 常规—非常规油气研究核心是确定“圈闭群”及“甜点体”有效性和“剩余油气是否全部勘探开发”,重点评价“烃源性、储集性、含油性、流动性、可采性与经济性”六特性及其匹配关系; 勘探目标是寻找“圈闭群”和“甜点体”,确立常规油气藏和非常规油气区的边界; 开发追求区块高产与累产。

  • (2)常规—非常规油气地质主要工作:“共生富集”盆地中,常规油气供烃方向有非常规油气共生、非常规油气外围空间可能有常规油气伴生,常规油气与非常规油气成因上关联,空间上共生,常规—非常规油气有序“共生富集”。常规—非常规油气地质研究,需把握常规—非常规油气“共生富集”盆地的油气资源分布规律,利用丰富的全盆地大数据信息,重新认识盆地结构和演化,重新认识成烃和成藏过程,突出主力烃源岩,建立全类型油气资源序列模式,指导预测剩余油气资源。超级盆地内,常规—非常规油气“有序聚集、共生富集”,随着勘探开发程度的提高,勘探开发的视野逐渐汇聚到烃源岩附近及其内部,“进(近)源找油”正成为勘探新方向,将推动未来“共生富集”盆地油气储量、产量继续增长。常规油气勘探开发程度已较高,未来地质研究和勘探开发实践的核心是找出“圈闭群”、开发“油气藏”; 非常规油气勘探逐步深入,未来地质研究和勘探开发实践的核心是找出“甜点区”、开发“甜点体”(图5)。勘探开发常规—非常规油气与勘探常规油气藏、非常规油气区的关注重点和工作重点明显不同(表3):① 勘探开发常规油气藏,经历了从寻找单体型构造油气藏转变为集群型岩性地层油气藏,勘探开发目标从孤立状构造圈闭过渡为集群状岩性地层圈闭,地质工作关键是编制圈闭平面分布图、油气藏剖面图和圈闭要素表的“两图一表”。② 勘探开发非常规油气区,经历了从寻找圈闭过渡为寻找无明显圈闭界限的储集体层系,大面积有利储集体成为油气勘探开发的重点,地质工作关键是编制出成熟烃源岩厚度平面分布图、储集层厚度平面分布图、储集层顶面构造图和“甜点区”评价表的“三图一表”。③ 勘探开发常规—非常规油气,需要经历从常规油气与非常规油气独立平行勘探发展为常规油气与非常规油气整体并行勘探,剩余油气资源的有利“圈闭群”和“甜点体”成为油气勘探开发的重点,地质工作关键是编制出烃源岩供烃范围平剖面分布图、有利储盖组合平剖面分布图、剩余油气资源空间分布图和圈闭群及甜点体评价表的“三图一表”。

  • 表2 常规—非常规油气地质学与常规油气地质学、非常规地质学的学科理论体系区别

  • Table2 Differences of discipline theory system between conventional & unconventional petroleum geology and conventional petroleum geology and unconventional petroleum geology

  • 图5 常规与非常规油气资源有序聚集(据杨智等,2021a,有修改)

  • Fig.5 Orderly accumulation of conventional and unconventional oil and gas resources (modified from Yang Zhi et al., 2021a)

  • 表3 常规、非常规与常规—非常规油气勘探开发工作的主要区别

  • Table3 Main differences between conventional, unconventional and conventional & unconventional oil and gas exploration and development

  • (3)常规—非常规油气形成分布:① 常规—非常规油气运聚模式。不同孔径储集层常规—非常规油气形成机理与聚集类型模式见图6,页岩气流动最小孔喉直径为5 nm,以解吸和扩散为主; 页岩油孔径下限为20 nm,致密油气孔径下限为50 nm,以扩散-滑脱流、低速非达西流为主; 非常规油气孔径上限为1000 nm; 储集层孔径大于1000 nm则主要形成常规油气藏,以达西渗流为主。② 常规—非常规油气开发模式。应是立足含油气单元(区带或区块)内常规油气和非常规油气资源空间地质条件,科学融合常规油气和非常规油气的开发特点,形成储层评价、甜点识别、渗流机理、产能评价、井网优化、优快钻井、体积压裂、组织管理等系列配套技术,追求高效储量的整体动用、低效储量的高效动用、无效储量的有效动用,努力实现常规—非常规油气剩余资源的规模化商业开发和极限动用。③ 常规—非常规油气分布特征。常规—非常规油气分布研究,应是将视野放在整个含油气单元(区带或区块)内的常规油气和非常规油气资源,既包括正向构造单元,也包括负向构造单元,围绕主力烃源层系,重点评价“烃源性、储集性、含油性、流动性、可采性与经济性”六特性及其匹配关系,勘探寻找“圈闭群”和“甜点体”,开发追求区块高产与累产,关键是评价出“剩余油气资源”,核心是确定“圈闭群”“甜点体”有效性及“剩余油气是否全部勘探开发”,评价确立常规油气藏和非常规油气区的边界。

  • 图6 常规—非常规油气运聚模式(据邹才能等,2019a,有修改)

  • Fig.6 Conventional & unconventional oil and gas migration and accumulation mode (modified from Zou Caineng et al., 2019a)

  • (4)常规—非常规油气勘探开发核心技术:① 源控论及源储共生系统评价方法。源控论及源储共生系统评价方法,核心是围绕源岩层系,常规油气勘探开发遵循“源控论”,非常规油气遵循“源储共生系统”地质认识,深刻认识常规—非常规油气地质规律。非常规源岩层系油气研究包括“实验地质、地球物理、工程地质、开发地质、经济评价、战略研究”6个方面方法:利用现场及室内矿物分析、孔隙表征、流体赋存、油气鉴定、力学分析等实验仪器开展岩石、流体等样品分析; 利用数模、测井、地震等技术方法开展资源潜力评价、“甜点段”确定、“甜点区”预测、水平段轨迹导向、改造效果监测等评价识别研究; 利用钻井、完井、压裂等工程地质技术开展井筒质量、人工缝网、波及范围等评估研究; 利用储层评价、井网设计优化、数值模拟、开发方案等开发地质技术开展油气生产曲线及产量预测、提高采收率等研究; 开展地面、地下、管理、市场等全方位、低成本、数字化、智能化经济评价; 围绕社会和经济需求开展生命周期、协同发展、立体开发等战略研究。② 常规—非常规油气共生盆地物理及数值模拟技术。5项关键技术:构造岩相古地理重建与主力源储层系分布评价技术及软件; 源岩层系成烃—成岩—成藏过程物理数值模拟技术及软件; 常规—非常规油气有利成藏组合地球物理评价预测技术及软件; 常规—非常规油气共生盆地地质-地球物理建模技术及软件; 常规—非常规油气剩余资源与区带目标评价技术及软件。通过评价,创新形成超级盆地常规—非常规油气全要素、全过程、全类型油气系统工业编图、理论认识、适用技术和勘探示范,落实陆上大盆地剩余资源潜力,优选出有利勘探区带和目标,实现战略发现,提交规模储量,推进多个10亿吨级大油气区快速发展。依靠地质认识创新、地质要素建模、关键技术研发、大数据智能化实践等,紧密结合陆上大盆地油气勘探实践,形成每个陆上大盆地特色的常规—非常规油气共生盆地理论技术体系,指导重新认识大盆地油气资源赋存规律,推动快速发现剩余规模油气资源。③ 地质工程一体化评价技术。常规—非常规油气地质工程一体化,就是针对含油气单元(区带或区块)内常规油气和非常规油气资源,以常规油气“圈闭群”和非常规油气“甜点区”评价识别为基础,以“圈闭群”高产稳产和“甜点体”累产稳产为目标,以“逆向思维设计、正向作业施工”为工作指南,坚持地质设计与工程实践一体化组织管理,做好“圈闭群”评价优选及“甜点区(段)”评价刻画、“油藏群”整体动用及“人工油气藏”制造开发两项工作,最终把蓝图设计转化为工程实施作业、转化为规模效益产量的系统工业过程。④ 多井平台式“工厂化”生产模式。“多井”是1个平台钻探几口乃至几十口井,“平台式”是按照地面条件形成一个大井场,“工厂化”是批量部署多口井后流水线、协同化进行油气大生产,具有“整体性、系统性、集成性、流水性、批量化、标准化、自动化、效益最大化”等特征。对含油气单元内不同层系、不同类型的常规与非常规油气资源,按照大平台布井方式,集中部署一批井身结构、完井方式不尽相同的井,采用标准化、模块化的技术装备,以流水线作业方式进行数口井的钻井、完井、返排、生产同步作业,实现常规、非常规油气高效发展或二者同步整体经济开发。

  • 4 常规—非常规油气协同发展的思考

  • 常规—非常规油气有序“共生富集”,关注所有富有机质岩石、全种类储集空间和全类型油气资源,明显不同于“源控论”“含油气系统”“源储共生系统”等局限关注常规圈闭油气或非常规连续油气的找油气思路。未来利用含油气单元内不同层系、不同类型的油气资源,需整体研究、协同发展。加快开发利用常规—非常规油气共生资源,需实现多方面的“协同发展”(邹才能等,2014b)。关于中国常规—非常规油气协同发展的4点思考:① 关于加强常规油气与非常规油气资源评价。6000 m以深的深层超深层油气资源量、页岩油气与致密油气资源量,过去算的少,资源量会超出预期。② 关于常规油气与非常规油气有序“共生富集”勘探思路。过去勘探一般是先找常规油气、后找非常规油气,未来需把常规油气与非常规油气“同步研究、同步部署、同步勘探”,一网打尽,提高效益。③ 关于常规油气与非常规油气发展定位。立足常规油气资源增储上产、发展非常规油气形成接替。加强常规—非常规油气资源风险勘探、规模预探和先导试验,努力保证年增石油探明储量10×108t以上、天然气探明储量1×1012 m3以上,并推进非常规油气发展有层次、规模化、效益化工业接替。④ 关于非常规油气科技创新成果推广。连续型理论地质创新、水平井体积压裂核心技术创新、平台式“工厂化”开发模式创新可延伸和应用到常规油气领域。

  • 5 结语

  • (1)新时期石油和天然气作为国家刚性需求和安全保障的地位仍将长期存在,石油天然气地质学科作为指导发现剩余油气资源的理论仍需不断完善。常规—非常规油气地质学的产生,是重建理论框架、认识资源体系、研发适用技术、塑造战略角色、记录示范模板等迫切需要。

  • (2)常规—非常规油气地质学关注常规油气和非常规油气两种资源,涵盖油气勘探地质、开发地质和发展战略3项基础理论,重点评价“烃源性、储集性、含油性、流动性、可采性与经济性”六特性及其匹配关系,追求常规油气和非常规油气的整体研究、同步发现、极限开采和协同发展。

  • (3)含油气盆地中,常规油气和非常规油气有序“共生富集”,加快开发利用常规—非常规油气共生资源,需实现多方面的“协同发展”。立足中国实际地质条件,发挥石油和天然气的能源作用,需针对性加快创新完善常规—非常规油气地质理论技术研发。

  • 笔者基于有限知识积累,努力梳理了石油和天然气工业实践历程和研究探索轨迹,尝试理解和研判油气地质学科发展的新内容和新趋势,抛砖引玉。

  • 谨以此文纪念中国地质学会成立100周年暨《地质学报》创刊100周年。

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