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作者简介:

王旭日,男,1979年生。副研究员,主要研究方向为古生物学与地层学。E-mail:147966459@qq.com。

通讯作者:

季强,男,1951年生。研究员,主要研究方向为古生物学与地层学。E-mail:jiqiang@hgu.edu.cn。

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目录contents

    摘要

    本文报道了首次发现于内蒙古呼伦贝尔市莫力达瓦达斡尔族自治旗鸽子山化石点下白垩统龙江组的一件反鸟类。为确定该标本的解剖学特征和系统发育位置,本文对其进行了详细的骨骼特征描述,并与其他中生代鸟类进行了形态特征对比,进而通过TNT软件对其进行了系统发育分析。形态特征对比研究结果表明该标本与渤海鸟科(Bohaiornithidae)特征最为相似,如叉骨上升支的末端膨大;尾综骨的末端逐渐收缩变细;胸骨的外侧突明显向胸骨后外侧偏转;第Ⅱ脚趾最为粗壮。然而,该标本又具有许多不同于其他已知渤海鸟类(bohaiornithids)的特征组合,如乌喙骨侧缘从中部开始强烈扩展;胸骨具有三角形的中间突和外边缘凹陷,胸骨前缘比较尖锐;小翼指爪节长而弯曲,大手指爪节短小粗壮。因此,我们建立渤海鸟科新属、新种——兴安北国鸟(Beiguornis khinganensis gen. et sp. nov.)。系统发育分析结果表明北国鸟与渤海鸟科的齿槽鸟(Sulcavis)和周鸟(Zhouornis)亲缘关系最近,三者构成一个单系类群 (Zhouornis +‘Beiguornis +Sulcavis’)。除了长爪鸟(Longusunguis),渤海鸟科的其他类群与北国鸟均在一个单系类群内,确定了北国鸟在渤海鸟科的系统发育位置。兴安北国鸟是大兴安岭地区发现的第一件反鸟类,进一步丰富了该地区热河生物群组合面貌,而且在提高渤海鸟科属种丰富度的同时,把该类群的地理分布范围从冀北-辽西地区扩展到内蒙古大兴安岭地区,更为不同地区热河生物群对比研究提供了科一级的鸟类化石证据。

    Abstract

    This article reports the first enantiornithine bird from the Lower Cretaceous Longjiang Formation at the Pigeon Hill locality of Morin Dawa Daur Autonomous Banner, Hulunbuir City, Inner Mongolia. To ascertain the anatomical characters and phylogenetic position, the specimen was described in detail and compared with other Mesozoic birds. Phylogenetic analyses were performed in TNT. The new specimen is most similar to Bohaiornithidae in the expanded omal end of the furcular ramus, the gently tapered distal end of the pygostyle, the caudolaterally oriented lateral trabecula of the sternum, and a robust second pedal digit. It is further distinguishable from other known bohaiornithids by possessing the following unique combination of features, such as the lateral margin of the coracoid prominently expands from the middle part; the sternum possesses a triangular intermediate trabecula, a small notch on the lateral margin and a relatively sharp cranial margin; and the alular manual ungula is long and recurved, whereas the major manual ungual is short and robust. Therefore, we erect a new taxon of Bohaiornithidae-Beiguornis khinganensis gen. et sp. nov.. Phylogenetic analyses show that Beiguornis is most closely related to Sulcavis and Zhouornis of Bohaiornithidae, and these three taxa form a monophyletic clade (Zhouornis +‘Beiguornis +Sulcavis’). Except for Longusunguis, other taxa of Bohaiornithidae and Beiguornis are included within a monophyletic clade, which further ascertains the phylogenetic position of Beiguornis within Bohaiornithidae. Beiguornis khinganensis represents the first occurrence of enantiornithine bird in the Great Khingan Range and enriches the biological combination of the Jehol Biota in this area. It further enriches the diversity of bohaiornithids, expands the geographic distribution of bohaiornithids from northern Hebei and western Liaoning to the Great Khingan Range in Inner Mongolia, and provides the low-taxonomic correlations with the Jehol Biota in different areas using the same order-clade of fossil birds.

  • 反鸟类是中生代鸟类最为繁盛的一支,目前已发现超过50个属种(Zhou Zhonghe,2014; O'Connor et al.,2016; Chiappe et al.,2019; Wang Min et al.,2019; Xu Xing et al.,2020),化石数量更是数以千计,地理分布范围也非常广,除了南极洲,其他各洲均有化石发现(Chiappe et al.,2016)。中国的反鸟类集中分布在冀北-辽西及内蒙古宁城和甘肃昌马地区,虽然分布范围比较集中,但是命名属种超过世界反鸟类总数的一半,化石数量和保存完整度更是远超于其他地区,为中生代鸟类演化、繁殖、生活习性和羽毛演化等科学问题提供了重要的化石证据。近些年,内蒙古自治区呼伦贝尔市莫力达瓦达斡尔族自治旗(简称莫旗)宝山镇鸽子山发现了一处热河生物群化石集中产地(图1),化石种类丰富,包括植物、无脊椎、昆虫、蜘蛛、鱼类、两栖类、龟鳖类、恐龙和鸟类等多个门类(Jia Jia et al.,2016; Gao Keqin et al.,2017; Wang Xuri et al.,201720192021; 王龙等,2017; 谭锴等,2018)。由于发现时间较晚,研究程度相对较低,尤其是鸟类化石,目前仅有今鸟类型类报道(Wang Xuri et al.,2021)。本文对发现于该产地的一件反鸟类化石进行了形态特征描述和对比研究,结果表明其与冀北-辽西地区发现的渤海鸟科特征最为接近,但部分特征又不同于已知渤海鸟类的其他属种。这不仅是大兴安岭地区首次发现的反鸟类化石,更为热河生物群鸟类演化辐射提供了新的信息,也为不同地区热河生物群对比研究提供了科一级的鸟类化石证据。

  • 图1 兴安北国鸟(新属、新种)模式标本产地地理位置图

  • Fig.1 Fossil locality of the holotype of Beiguorniskhinganensis gen. et sp. nov.

  • 1 地质背景

  • 内蒙古莫旗热河生物群化石产地在构造上位于大兴安岭褶皱带的大杨树盆地内(刘志宏等,2008)。大杨树盆地发育的下白垩统自下而上包括龙江组、九峰山组和甘河组(孙雷等,2018)。龙江组上部为中酸性熔岩和碎屑岩,下部为中性熔岩夹碎屑岩和薄层酸性熔岩。九峰山组主要为中基性熔岩、火山碎屑岩夹砾岩、砂岩、泥岩和煤层。甘河组主要为中基性火山岩夹少量碎屑岩。莫旗热河生物群化石赋存于龙江组上部,主要为一套灰、灰白色凝灰质粉砂岩夹泥岩、凝灰质页岩和沉凝灰岩(图2),岩性与冀北-辽西和内蒙东南部热河生物群核心分布区主要含鸟类化石层相似,地层时代为早白垩世(Wang Xuri et al.,20192021),但地层分类单位仍存在争议,有观点认为是光华组(黑龙江省地矿局,1993; 张渝金等,2016; Jia Jia et al.,2016; 张超等,2017; Gao Keqin et al.,2017),也有观点认为是龙江组(李永飞等,2013; 丁秋红等,20132014; 谭锴等,2018),本文根据最新的研究成果,同意光华组为龙江组上部的火山碎屑岩段。

  • 2 系统古生物学

  • 鸟类 Avialae Gauthier,1986

  • 尾综骨类 Pygostylia Chiappe,2002

  • 鸟胸类 Ornithothoraces Chiappe,1995

  • 反鸟类 Enantiornithes Walker,1981

  • 渤海鸟科 Bohaiornithidae Wang et al.,2014

  • 新属北国鸟Beiguornis gen. nov.

  • 词源:属名指模式标本发现于中国北部地区。

  • 模式种:兴安北国鸟 Beiguorniskhinganensis sp. nov.

  • 词源:种名指模式标本发现于大兴安岭地区。

  • 模式标本:一件头骨破碎不完整,头后骨骼几乎保存完整的鸟类化石,以正、副模形式分别保存在两块围岩上。模式标本保存于河北地质大学博物馆,标本号分别为MHGU-F307和MHGU-F308(图3)。

  • 产地和层位:内蒙古自治区呼伦贝尔市莫力达瓦达斡尔族自治旗宝山镇太平桥村附近的鸽子山化石点(N 48°39′40.76″/E 123°52′ 41.15″); 下白垩统龙江组。

  • 鉴定特征:兴安北国鸟的叉骨上升支末端膨大,胸骨外侧突向后侧方延伸,尾综骨末端逐渐收缩变细,第Ⅱ脚趾最为强壮,这些特征明显区别于其他反鸟类而更近似于渤海鸟科。兴安北国鸟明显区别于渤海鸟类其他属种的特征组合包括:乌喙骨侧缘从中部开始强烈扩展,胸骨关节面长而直(其他渤海鸟类乌喙骨侧缘仅在靠近胸骨关节面的位置开始扩展,胸骨关节面略微凹陷; 神七鸟(Shenqiornis)、周鸟(Zhouornis)和格雷琴鸟(Gretcheniao)乌喙骨的胸骨关节面长度较短,不及乌喙骨长度的一半); 胸骨具有三角形的中间突和外边缘凹陷,胸骨前缘比较尖锐(其他渤海鸟类的胸骨前缘非常开阔; 渤海鸟(Bohaiornis)和副渤海鸟(Parabohaiornis)的胸骨发育中间突,但外边缘不发育凹陷; 神七鸟、齿槽鸟(Sulcavis)和周鸟的胸骨边缘发育凹陷,但不发育中间突); 大手指爪节短小粗壮,稍微弯曲(其他渤海鸟类大手指爪节比较细弱,更加弯曲)。

  • 图2 大兴安岭鸽子山化石点野外露头和地层描述

  • Fig.2 Outcrop and stratigraphic description of the Pigeon Hill locality in the Great Khingan Range

  • (a)—野外露头;(b)—地层描述

  • (a) —Outcrop; (b) —stratigraphic description

  • 描述:头骨保存不完整而且非常破碎,难以识别具体骨骼和形态特征。可见8节关联保存的颈椎。中部颈椎保存较完整,椎体呈长方形,前后向延伸长度大于背腹向延伸高度,椎体侧缘较平直,前关节突向前腹侧延伸,并与前一椎体的后关节突关联接触。胸椎保存较差,无法确定具体数目和形态。愈合荐椎可以识别出6节完全愈合的椎体,椎弓横突向侧后方延伸。自由尾椎至少有5节,椎弓横突非常强壮。前4节自由尾椎的椎弓横突向侧后方延伸。最后一节自由尾椎的椎弓横突向侧前方延伸,并且末端稍微弯曲变尖。尾综骨保存较完整,略短于第3蹠骨,与其他渤海鸟类相似的特征是尾综骨末端逐渐收缩变细,不同于格雷琴鸟的尾综骨末端突然收缩变细,更不同于其他反鸟类的尾综骨靠近末端具有明显的收缩(如波罗赤鸟(Boluochia)、扇尾鸟(Shanweiniao)和抓握鸟(Rapaxavis))(Zhou Zhonghe,1995; O'Connor et al.,20092011a)。与其他反鸟类相似,尾综骨近端两侧均向前外侧延伸远超过近端关节面,因此腹视呈叉状(Chiappe et al.,2002; O'Connor et al.,20092011a)(图4)。

  • 胸椎的背肋和胸肋较长,并保存几枚钩状突。钩状突与肋骨接触的关节面稍微膨大,末端逐渐变细,不像副渤海鸟和其他保存钩状突的中生代鸟类一样呈三角形(Wang Min et al.,2014a)。腹部保存零散保存的细条状腹膜肋。

  • 图3 兴安北国鸟(新属、新种)模式标本照片和线条图

  • Fig.3 Photos and line drawings of the holotype of Beiguorniskhinganensis gen. et sp. nov.

  • (a)—模式标本MHGU-F307照片;(b)—模式标本MHGU-F308照片;(c)—模式标本MHGU-F307线条图;(d)—模式标本MHGU-F308线条图; al—小翼掌骨; ald—小翼指; cav—尾椎; cv—颈椎; fu—叉骨; lco—左乌喙骨; lfe—左股骨; lfi—左腓骨; lh—左肱骨; lil—左髂骨; lr—左桡骨; lsc—左肩胛骨; lti—左胫跗骨; ltm—左附蹠骨; lu—左尺骨; mac—大掌骨; mad—大手指; mic—小掌骨; mid—小手指; pdⅠ~pdⅣ—脚趾Ⅰ~Ⅳ; py—尾综骨; rco—右乌喙骨; rfe—右股骨; rfi—右腓骨; rh—右肱骨; ri—肋骨; ril—右髂骨; rr—右桡骨; rsc—右肩胛骨; rti—右胫跗骨; rtm—右附蹠骨; ru—右尺骨; sk—头骨; st—胸骨; sy—愈合荐椎; up—钩状突

  • (a) —Photo of the holotype MHGU-F307; (b) —photo of the holotype MHGU-F308; (c) —line drawing of the holotype MHGU-F307; (d) —line drawing of the holotype MHGU-F308; al—alular metacarpal; ald—alular digits; cav—caudal vertebrae; cv—cervical vertebrae; fu—furcula; lco—left coracoid; lfe—left femur; lfi—left fibula; lh—left humerus; lil—left ilium; lr—left radius; lsc—left scapula; lti—left tibiotarsus; ltm—left tarsometatarsus; lu—left ulna; mac—major metacarpal; mad—major manual digits; mic—minor metacarpal; mid—minor manual digits; pdⅠ~pdⅣ—pedal digit Ⅰ~Ⅳ; py—pygostyle; rco—right coracoid; rfe—right femur; rfi—right fibula; rh—right humerus; ri—ribs; ril—right ilium; rr—right radius; rsc—right scapula; rti—right tibiotarsus; rtm—right tarsometatarsus; ru—right ulna; sk—skull; st—sternum; sy—synsacrum; up—uncinate processes

  • 图4 兴安北国鸟(新属、新种)模式标本自由尾椎和尾综骨照片及线条图

  • Fig.4 Photo and line drawing of the free caudal vertebrates and pygostyle of the holotype of Beiguorniskhinganensis gen. et sp. nov.

  • (a)—自由尾椎和尾综骨照片;(b)—自由尾椎和尾综骨线条图; 1~5—第1~5节自由尾椎; py—尾综骨

  • (a) —Photo of the free caudal vertebrates and pygostyle; (b) —line drawing of the free caudal vertebrates and pygostyle; 1~5—the first to the fifth free caudal vertebrates; py—pygostyle

  • 肩带各骨骼保存较好(图5)。乌喙骨呈支柱状,由于保存原因,未见像其他渤海鸟类一样的乌喙骨神经孔。乌喙骨两侧边缘从中部开始强烈扩展,外侧延伸幅度大于内侧,这一特征明显区别于其他渤海鸟类的乌喙骨侧缘仅从靠近胸骨关节面处开始扩展(图6)。乌喙骨的胸骨关节面较长,与乌喙骨长度比约为0.50,与渤海鸟(0.51)、副渤海鸟(0.56)、齿槽鸟(0.49)和长爪鸟(Longusunguis,0.50)的同一比值接近,略大于神七鸟(0.41)、周鸟(0.41)和格雷琴鸟(0.36)的相应比值(Chiappe et al.,2019; Hu Han et al.,2020)。乌喙骨的胸骨关节面较平直,不同于其他渤海鸟类略微凹陷的胸骨关节面。肩胛骨呈长条状,近端肩峰突强壮并向前背侧延伸,与肩胛骨的骨体形成明显的钝角(图5),与长爪鸟、齿槽鸟和格雷琴鸟相似,不同于神七鸟、渤海鸟、副渤海鸟和周鸟的肩峰突延伸方向平行于肩胛骨骨体。与其他反鸟类相同,叉骨“Y”字型,不同于其他反鸟类而更近似于渤海鸟类的是叉骨上升支末端扩展膨大(图5)。叉骨上升支在交汇处形成约62°的夹角,与齿槽鸟、渤海鸟和副渤海鸟的叉骨支夹角近似(均为60°),略大于神七鸟(50°)、周鸟(45°)和格雷琴鸟(45°)的叉骨支夹角(Wang Min et al.,2014a; Chiappe et al.,2019)。

  • 胸骨保存较完整(图7),胸骨前缘比较尖锐,形成约125°的弧形,不同于其他渤海鸟类具有较开阔的胸骨前缘,更类似于华夏鸟类(如华夏鸟(Cathayornis)、始华夏鸟(Eocathayornis)和侯氏鸟(Houornis))(Wang Min et al.,2016)(图8)。胸骨侧缘具有小的凹陷,与神七鸟、齿槽鸟、周鸟和格雷琴鸟相似(Wang Xuri et al.,2010; O'Connor et al.,2013; Zhang Zihui et al.,2013; Chiappe et al.,2019),不同于渤海鸟和副渤海鸟的胸骨侧缘不发育凹陷(Hu Dongyu et al.,2011; Wang Min et al.,2014a)。不同于多数反鸟类具有与胸骨长轴平行的外侧突而类似于渤海鸟类的外侧突向后外侧偏转,与胸骨长轴形成约15°的夹角,偏转幅度与神七鸟(16°)近似,大于周鸟(7°),小于渤海鸟(约21°)(Wang Min et al.,2014a)。外侧突末端呈三角形膨大,内侧膨大程度明显大于外侧,这也是渤海鸟类区别于其他反鸟类的鉴定特征之一。中间突短小,呈三角形,与渤海鸟和副渤海鸟相似,而其他渤海鸟类未发现中间突。剑状突似乎与外侧突延伸程度接近,末端收缩。

  • 肱骨略短于尺骨,近端较平直,肱骨头和三角肌脊不太发育,与周鸟比较相似(Zhang Zihui et al.,2013),不同于其他渤海鸟类肱骨近端肱骨头向内侧膨大突出,三角肌脊向背侧扩展(Wang Min et al.,2014a)。肱骨远端稍微向背侧弯曲,内髁比外髁更加膨大。尺骨略长于桡骨,近端较直,远端稍微弯曲,与直的桡骨形成明显的前臂间隙。

  • 小翼掌骨短小,近端关节面低于大掌骨近端。大掌骨和小掌骨近端完全愈合。大掌骨较直,远端关节面延伸程度不及小掌骨(图9),这也是反鸟类的独具特征之一(Chiappe et al.,2002)。小掌骨稍微弯曲,紧贴大掌骨,未见像其他反鸟类一样明显的掌骨间隙,而与渤海鸟类相似(Hu Han et al.,2020)。

  • 手指指式为2-3-2(图9)。小翼指延伸达到大掌骨远端,第1指节细长,仅短于大手指的第1指节。与其他渤海鸟类相似,小翼指的爪节弯曲锋利,明显长于大手指爪节。大手指第1指节在所有指节中最长最粗壮。大手指的爪节短小粗壮,末端稍微弯曲,这一特征不同于其他渤海鸟类具有细长弯曲的大手指爪节。小手指第1指节稍微弯曲,与神七鸟和周鸟一样,第2指节或爪节非常退化。

  • 图5 兴安北国鸟(新属、新种)模式标本肩带照片和线条图

  • Fig.5 Photo and line drawing of the pectoral girdle of the holotype of Beiguornis khinganensis gen. et sp. nov.

  • (a)—肩带各骨骼(乌喙骨、叉骨和肩胛骨)照片;(b)—肩带各骨骼(乌喙骨、叉骨和肩胛骨)线条图; ap—肩峰突; fu—叉骨; hyp—叉骨突; lco—左乌喙骨; lsc—左肩胛骨; rco—右乌喙骨; rsc—右肩胛骨; sm—胸骨关节面

  • (a) —Photo of the pectoral girdle (coracoid, furcula and scapula) ; (b) —line drawing of the pectoral girdle (coracoid, furcula and scapula) ; ap—acromin process; fu—furcula; hyp—hypocleidium; lco—left coracoid; lsc—left scapula; rco—right coracoid; rsc—right scapula; sm—sternal margin

  • 图6 渤海鸟类乌喙骨形态对比(所示乌喙骨未按比例缩放)

  • Fig.6 Comparative line drawings of coracoid of bohaiornithids (all coracoids are not to scale)

  • (a)—兴安北国鸟(新属、新种);(b)—郭氏渤海鸟;(c)—马氏副渤海鸟;(d)—库氏长爪鸟;(e)—中国格雷琴鸟;(f)—格氏齿槽鸟;(g)—孟氏神七鸟

  • (a) —Beiguorniskhinganensis (gen. et sp. nov.) ; (b) —Bohaiornisguoi; (c) —Parabohaiornis martini; (d) —Longusunguiskurochkini; (e) —Gretcheniao sinensis; (f) —Sulcavisgeeorum; (g) —Shenqiornismengi

  • 腰带部分保存较差,可识别的髂骨部分后翼和耻骨中段鉴定特征较少。

  • 股骨明显短于胫骨,骨干较直,近端股骨头呈圆形稍微膨大。由于股骨呈背侧视保存,无法确定内髁与外髁的发育情况和形态特征。胫骨近端与跗骨未愈合形成胫跗骨,骨干非常直。腓骨仅近端可见,近端关节面明显向两侧膨大。远端跗骨未与蹠骨近端愈合。近端和远端跗骨未与胫骨和蹠骨愈合,说明北国鸟未达到成年个体。与其他反鸟类相同,蹠骨未愈合(图10)。第Ⅰ蹠骨呈弓形侧向弯曲,近端稍微变尖,并与第Ⅱ蹠骨形成明显间隙。第Ⅱ蹠骨远端关节面明显高于第Ⅲ蹠骨远端关节面。第Ⅲ蹠骨最长,远端关节面呈圆形膨大。与其他反鸟类相同,第Ⅳ蹠骨最细,远端与第Ⅱ蹠骨几乎处于同一关节面。脚趾保存较差。第Ⅰ脚趾第1趾节近端关节面稍微扩展,远端关联的第Ⅰ脚趾爪节长而弯曲,并保存角质鞘。第Ⅱ脚趾第3趾节保存完整,是所有保存趾节中最强壮的趾节,远端关节面呈球形膨大,两侧发育明显的侧韧带窝和滑车构造。保存的第Ⅱ脚趾爪节近端关节面大于第Ⅰ脚趾爪节的近端关节面,并且保存部分与第Ⅰ脚趾爪节的骨质部分近等长,推测与其他渤海鸟类相似,第Ⅱ脚趾最为强壮并且具有长的爪节。第Ⅳ脚趾的爪节近端关节面明显小于前两个脚趾爪节近端关节面。

  • 图7 兴安北国鸟(新属、新种)模式标本胸骨照片和线条图

  • Fig.7 Photo and line drawing of the sternum of the holotype of Beiguornis khinganensis gen. et sp. nov.

  • (a)—胸骨照片;(b)—胸骨线条图; imt—胸骨中间突; lt—胸骨外侧突; no—胸骨侧缘凹陷; st—胸骨; xp—胸骨剑状突

  • (a) —Photo of the sternum; (b) —line drawing of the sternum; imt—intermediate trabecula; lt—lateral trabecula; no—notch of the lateral margin; st—sternum; xp—xiphoid process

  • 图8 渤海鸟类及其他反鸟类胸骨形态对比(所示胸骨未按比例缩放)

  • Fig.8 Comparative line drawings of sternum of bohaiornithids and selected enantiornithines (all sterna are not to scale)

  • (a)—兴安北国鸟(新属、新种);(b)—郭氏渤海鸟;(c)—马氏副渤海鸟;(d)—库氏长爪鸟;(e)—韩式周鸟;(f)—燕都华夏鸟;(g)—沃氏始华夏鸟;(h)—有尾侯氏鸟

  • (a) —Beiguorniskhinganensis (gen. et sp. nov.) ; (b) —Bohaiornisguoi; (c) —Parabohaiornis martini; (d) —Longusunguiskurochkini; (e) —Zhouornishani; (f) —Cathayornisyandica; (g) —Eocathayorniswalkeri; (h) —Houorniscaudatus

  • 3 讨论

  • 兴安北国鸟具有典型的反鸟类鉴定特征,如叉骨呈“Y”型,并具有长的叉骨突; 小掌骨末端延伸超过大掌骨; 蹠骨未愈合及第Ⅳ蹠骨纤细等(Chiappe et al.,2002)。其明显不同于其他反鸟类而更近似于渤海鸟科的特征包括叉骨上升支末端扩展; 胸骨外侧突向后侧方偏转及外侧突末端扩展呈不对称的三角形; 尾综骨末端逐渐收缩变细; 以及第Ⅱ脚趾最强壮。渤海鸟类是反鸟类最为繁盛的一支,包括渤海鸟科的孟氏神七鸟(Shenqiornismengi)、郭氏渤海鸟(Bohaiornisguoi)、格氏齿槽鸟(Sulcavisgeeorum)、韩式周鸟(Zhouornishani)、马氏副渤海鸟(Parabohaiornis martini)和库氏长爪鸟(Longusunguiskurochkini)及似渤海鸟(Bohaiornis-like)的中国格雷琴鸟(Gretcheniao sinensis)(Wang Min et al.,2014a; Chiappe et al.,2019; Hu Han et al.,2020)。兴安北国鸟具有许多不同于其他已知渤海鸟类的特征组合,如乌喙骨从中部开始强烈向两侧扩展,不同于其他渤海鸟类的乌喙骨外边缘近似直或略微凹陷,且仅在靠近胸骨关节面处开始凸出; 乌喙骨的胸骨关节面较平直,不同于其他渤海鸟类的胸骨关节面略微凹陷; 胸骨前缘较尖锐,不同于其他渤海鸟类的胸骨前缘呈宽缓的弧形; 大手指爪节短小粗壮,稍微弯曲,不同于其他渤海鸟类的大手指爪节比较细弱,更加弯曲。因此,我们建立渤海鸟科新属、新种——兴安北国鸟(Beiguorniskhinganensis gen. et sp. nov.)。

  • 图9 兴安北国鸟(新属、新种)模式标本手部照片

  • Fig.9 Photos of the hands of the holotype of Beiguornis khinganensis gen. et sp. nov.

  • (a)—右手;(b)—左手; al—小翼掌骨; ald-1、2—小翼指第1、2指节; ma—大掌骨; mad-1~3—大手指第1~3指节; mi—小掌骨; mid-1、2: 小手指第1、2指节

  • (a) —Right hand; (b) —left hand; al—alular metacarpal; ald-1, 2—alular digit-1, 2; ma—major metacarpal; mad-1~3—major digits 1~3; mi—minor metacarpal; mid-1, 2—minor digit 1, 2

  • 图10 兴安北国鸟(新属、新种)模式标本左后足照片

  • Fig.10 Photo of the left foot of the holotype of Beiguorniskhinganensis gen. et sp. nov.

  • Mt-Ⅰ—第Ⅰ蹠骨; mt-Ⅱ—第Ⅱ蹠骨; mt-Ⅲ—第Ⅲ蹠骨; mt-Ⅳ—第Ⅳ蹠骨; Ⅰ-1、2—第Ⅰ脚趾第1、2趾节; Ⅱ-2、3—第Ⅱ脚趾第2、3趾节; Ⅲ-3、4—第Ⅲ脚趾第3、4趾节; Ⅳ-4、5—第Ⅳ脚趾第4、5趾节

  • Mt-Ⅰ—metatarsal Ⅰ; mt-Ⅱ—metatarsal Ⅱ; mt-Ⅲ—metatarsal Ⅲ; mt-Ⅳ—metatarsal Ⅳ; Ⅰ-1, 2—pedal digits Ⅰ-1, 2; Ⅱ-2, 3—pedal digits Ⅱ-2, 3; Ⅲ-3, 4—pedal digits Ⅲ-3, 4; Ⅳ-4, 5—pedal digits Ⅳ-4, 5

  • 为确定兴安北国鸟的系统发育位置及与其他反鸟类的谱系关系,我们采用较新的系统发育分析特征矩阵(Cau,2018; Wang Xuri et al.,2021),运用TNT软件(Goloboff et al.,2008)重点对中生代反鸟类进行了系统发育分析。特征矩阵共包含49个分类单元,对1837个二元特征进行判定,将始祖鸟(Archaeopteryx)作为尾综骨类的外类群。系统发育分析进行1000次传统搜索(Traditional search),采用二分法与重联(Tree-bisection-reconnection)进行分析,通过计算一致性指数(index of consistency,CI)和保留指数(retention index,RI)来描述性状演变与最简约树的适合程度,通过bremer值确定每一个节点的支持度。最终得到20棵最简约树,树长为1015,CI=0.507,RI=0.472。结果表明北国鸟与渤海鸟科的齿槽鸟亲缘关系最近。互为姊妹群的北国鸟和齿槽鸟与渤海鸟科的周鸟共同组成一个单系类群,支系的bremer支持度为2。这三个类群(周鸟+‘北国鸟+齿槽鸟’)与渤海鸟科的神七鸟、渤海鸟和副渤海鸟及特征与渤海鸟类近似的强壮爪鸟(Fortunguavis)和始反鸟(Eoenantiornis)共同组成一个单系类群。渤海鸟科的长爪鸟未包含在该单系类群内,而与波罗赤鸟为姊妹群关系(图11)。虽然渤海鸟科未全部包含在一个单系类群,不同于王敏等人的系统发育分析结果(Wang Min et al.,2014a,2015; Wang Min et al.,2019),但确定了北国鸟在渤海鸟科(sensu Wang Min et al.,2014a)的系统发育位置,并且支持渤海鸟类内部谱系关系可能比之前认为的更加复杂(Chiappe et al.,2019)。

  • 图11 兴安北国鸟(新属、新种)系统发育位置(bremer值标注于对应节点)

  • Fig.11 Phylogenetic position of Beiguorniskhinganensis gen. et sp. nov. (bremer support values are listed in corresponding nodes)

  • 兴安北国鸟进一步提高了渤海鸟类的属种分异度,并且提供了许多新的形态特征,更证明了渤海鸟类的形态差异分化比之前认识的要更加复杂,如中国格雷琴鸟的尾综骨末端突然收缩变细,不同于其他渤海鸟类的尾综骨末端逐渐收缩变细; 中国格雷琴鸟的叉骨上升支末端不像其他渤海鸟类的末端明显膨大; 兴安北国鸟、库氏长爪鸟、格氏齿槽鸟和中国格雷琴鸟的肩峰突向前背侧延伸,与肩胛骨骨体形成大的钝角,而郭氏渤海鸟、孟氏神七鸟、韩式周鸟和马氏副渤海鸟肩胛骨的肩峰突延伸方向平行于肩胛骨骨体; 韩式周鸟的胸骨前外边缘发育角状突起,而其他渤海鸟类不发育,其肩胛骨稍微弯曲,也不同于其他渤海鸟类具有较直的肩胛骨; 库氏长爪鸟和韩式周鸟的胸骨不发育中间突,而其他渤海鸟类发育; 郭氏渤海鸟和马氏副渤海鸟的胸骨侧缘不发育凹陷,而其他渤海鸟类发育。上述特征差异表明渤海鸟类骨骼形态特征,尤其是肩带和胸骨的形态差异较大,并非之前认为的该类群形态特征变化较小。

  • 我国发现的反鸟类数量众多、种类丰富,而且集中分布于冀北-辽西和邻近的内蒙古东南部地区(Wang Xuri et al.,2021)。甘肃酒泉地区发现的中生代鸟类化石以今鸟型类为主,仅有几件反鸟类(Bailleul et al.,2020)。南方地区仅在云南楚雄发现一种晚白垩世反鸟类(Wang Min et al.,2014b)。内蒙古鄂托克旗发现的查布华夏鸟模式标本和归入标本形态特征与华夏鸟属差别较大,不能归入华夏鸟属,因此被认为是无效名称(Wang Min et al.,2016)。辽宁凌源四合当发现的甄氏甘肃鸟也被重新厘定为胡氏旅鸟的同物异名(Ju Shubin et al.,2021)。渤海鸟类除了孟氏神七鸟发现于河北省丰宁县,其余属种均发现于辽宁西部地区(Hu Han et al.,2020)。兴安北国鸟发现于内蒙古莫旗鸽子山化石点,距离冀北-辽西热河生物群核心分布区约500 km,是首次在相距甚远的不同地区发现科一级的不同属种反鸟类。渤海鸟类丰富的属种多样性及广泛的地理分布均说明其具有比其他反鸟类更强的适应性,这可能与该类群特殊的形态结构有关,如个体相对较大,仅小于反鸟类的鹏鸟类(Hu Han et al.,2015),大于多数反鸟类(Wang Xuri et al.,2015; Wang Min et al.,2016); 吻端强壮并具有较大的似锥状牙齿,其中格氏齿槽鸟的前颌骨牙齿舌侧面具有明显的细槽,这也是目前发现唯一具有牙齿细槽的中生代鸟类(O'Connor et al.,2013),虽然长翼鸟类部分属种牙齿较大,但牙齿仅分布于吻端,齿冠侧扁并强烈弯曲,而其他反鸟类多具有较小的钉状或钝圆状牙齿(O'Connor et al.,2011b); 渤海鸟类多数属种的叉骨上升支末端明显膨大,仅中国格雷琴鸟的叉骨上升支末端像其他反鸟类一样逐渐收缩(Chiappe et al.,2019); 胸骨后缘的外侧突向胸骨外侧强烈偏转,末端膨大呈三角形,其中内角比外角尖锐,其他反鸟类胸骨外侧突多平行于胸骨长轴延伸,外侧突末端不扩展、稍微扩展或形成分叉(Hu Han et al.,2020); 第Ⅲ脚趾具有很长的爪节,长度接近附蹠骨长度的一半,这一比例远大于其他反鸟类(Wang Min et al.,2014a)。渤海鸟类多数具有相对较大并且稍微弯曲的似锥状牙齿及长而弯曲的脚趾爪节证明其适合捕食鱼类或其他小型动物,而格氏齿槽鸟的牙齿具有釉质层和沿舌侧面纵向分布的细槽证明其可以取食坚硬的食物(O'Connor et al.,2013),不同的牙齿形态说明渤海鸟类具有更广泛的食性选择。渤海鸟类的后肢及脚趾特征证明其生活习性介于树栖和地栖之间(Wang Min et al.,2014a),而其他反鸟类多是树栖型,说明其占据更广泛的生态位。

  • 4 结论

  • (1)内蒙古莫旗鸽子山化石点发现的反鸟类化石因叉骨上升支的末端膨大,尾综骨的末端逐渐收缩变细,胸骨的外侧突明显向胸骨后外侧偏转及第Ⅱ脚趾最为粗壮,明显不同于其他反鸟类更近似于渤海鸟科。其乌喙骨侧缘从中部开始强烈扩展,胸骨具有三角形的中间突和外边缘凹陷,前缘比较尖锐,小翼指爪节长而弯曲,大手指爪节短小粗壮的特征组合不同于渤海鸟类其他属种,代表了渤海鸟科新属、新种——兴安北国鸟(Beiguorniskhinganensis gen. et sp. nov.)。

  • (2)系统发育分析结果表明北国鸟与渤海鸟科的齿槽鸟和周鸟亲缘关系最近,三者组成一个单系类群(周鸟+‘北国鸟+齿槽鸟’)。除了长爪鸟,渤海鸟科的其他类群与北国鸟均在一个单系类群内,确定了北国鸟在渤海鸟科的系统发育位置。

  • (3)兴安北国鸟是大兴安岭地区首次发现的反鸟类,进一步丰富了该地区热河生物群组合面貌,提高了渤海鸟类的属种多样性,并且把渤海鸟类的地理分布范围从冀北-辽西地区扩展到内蒙古大兴安岭地区,为反鸟类的演化辐射研究提供了新的标本和产地信息,更为不同地区热河生物群对比研究提供了科一级的鸟类化石证据。

  • 致谢:感谢河北地质大学博物馆的工作人员在研究标本期间提供的帮助。感谢审稿人对本文的审阅和建设性修改意见。

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