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作者简介:

付伟,男,1980年生。教授,从事矿床学与表生地球化学研究。E-mail:fuwei@glut.edu.cn。

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目录contents

    摘要

    传统认为中国南方的离子吸附型稀土矿床可划分为以“足洞式”为代表的重稀土型和以“河岭式”(或“花山式”)为代表的轻稀土型两种矿化类型。然而,近年来发现的许多矿床(如清溪、寨背和馒头山等)的赋矿风化壳中出现了轻稀土矿与重稀土矿并存现象,表现出特殊的“上轻下重”双层矿体结构。这指示了除重稀土型和轻稀土型之外,还存在着轻重稀土共生型的过渡类型。本研究通过对三种不同成矿类型的若干典型矿床系统对比,指出成矿类型的多样性与母岩性质密切相关,尤其是母岩的稀土元素地球化学和稀土载体矿物属性是制约成矿类型变化的关键因素。统计数据表明,从重稀土型→轻重稀土共生型→轻稀土型,成矿母岩的全岩稀土总量变化不大(ΣREY: 200×10-6~450×10-6→200×10-6~500×10-6→200×10-6~800×10-6),但轻重稀土配分值出现较显著的区间性差异(ΣLREE/ΣHREY: 0.2~1→1~5→2~10)。与之同时,母岩中能为离子相稀土提供物源且具有重稀土配分属性的稀土副矿物类型和数量明显减少,这与全岩稀土元素地球化学特征中重稀土分量占比的降低趋势也互相匹配。该结果指示,以往认为重稀土配分母岩形成重稀土矿床、轻稀土配分母岩形成轻稀土矿床的传统观点需要外延,即一部分具有低度轻稀土配分属性(1<ΣLREE/ΣHREY<5)且含有丰富易风化稀土副矿物的母岩还可能形成轻重稀土共生型矿床,该认识可为今后离子吸附型稀土矿床勘查工作提供新的找矿依据。

    Abstract

    It is traditionally known that the ion-adsorption type REE deposits in South China can be divided into two mineralization types: HREE-type represented by the “Zudong pattern” and LREE-type represented by the “Heling pattern” (or “Huashan pattern”). However, in the ore-hosting weathering crust of many deposits discovered in recent years (such as Qingxi, Zhaibei and Mantoushan), the coexistence of HREE and LREE ore has appeared, within a special “upper LREE and lower HREE” structure. This indicates that in addition to the HREE-type and LREE-type, there is also a transitional type that could be defined as the HREE+LREE-type. Based on a comparative study of a large number of typical deposits from three different mineralization types, this study revealed that the diversity of mineralization types is closely related to the variation of ore-forming parent rocks. In particular, REE geochemistry and REE-bearing minerals of parent rocks are the key factors that regulate the variation of mineralization types. Statistics show that, from HREE-type→LREE+HREE-type→LREE-type, the total amount of REE in the parent rocks has changed little (∑REY: 200×10-6~450×10-6→200×10-6~500×10-6→200×10-6~800×10-6), but the partition value of LREE and HREY appear considerably different within the interval range (∑LREE/∑HREY: 0.2~1→1~5→2~10). Meanwhile, with the above sequence of ore-forming parent rocks, the type and quantity of REE accessory minerals that can provide main source for ion-exchangeable REY and of HREY partition property are obviously reduced. It is consistent with the decreasing trend of HREY ratio in the bulk REE geochemistry. The results indicate that the traditional view of “the HREE distributed-pattern parent rocks form HREE deposits and the LREE distributed-pattern rocks form LREE deposits” needs to be extended. That is, for some parent rocks with low degree (1<∑LREE/∑HREY<5) LREE distribution pattern and rich weatherable REE accessory minerals, there is potential to form a LREE+HREE-type deposit. The results are of indicative significance for future exploration of ion-adsorption type REE deposits in southern China.

  • 中国南方是全球最大的离子吸附型稀土矿床聚集区,在全球稀土资源供应体系中占有举足轻重的地位,为全球提供了90%的重稀土产量(Roskill,2015; Gulley et al.,2018)。长期以来,有关离子吸附型稀土矿床的成矿理论和找矿勘查问题,一直是国内外稀土矿床学研究的热点。一批学者在前人研究工作基础上,继续从不同方向加深对离子吸附型稀土矿床成矿规律和成因机制的认识(Wang et al.,2015; Xu et al.,2017; 王登红等,2017; 王登红,2019; 赵芝等,2019; Fu et al.,2019a; Yang et al.,2019; Li et al.,20192020b2021; 何宏平等,2020; 周美夫等,2020; Huang et al.,2021)。与之同时,一些国外学者也在密切跟踪与离子吸附型稀土矿床有关的研究进展(Sanematsu et al.,2013; Berger et al.,2014; Foley et al.,2015; Takehara et al.,2016; Padrones et al.,2017; Ram et al.,2019),试图在与全球可类比中国南方的其他地区寻找此类兼具经济意义和战略价值的矿床。

  • 离子吸附型稀土矿床的形成受母岩岩性、地形、水文、气候和生物活动等内外生因素的综合影响,成矿环境的不同会导致矿床特征的变化(吴澄宇,1988; 白鸽等,1989; 池汝安等,2019; Li et al.,2020b)。前人正是基于对足洞(吴澄宇等,19881992; Li et al.,2019)、河岭(宋云华,1986)、关西(黄典豪,1988)、五里亭(杨学明等,1999)、花山-姑婆山(Bao et al.,2008)、寨背(Wang et al.,2015; Xu et al.,2017)和仁居(Huang et al.,2021)等一批典型矿床的解剖,得以总结出此类矿床的共性特征,并指出了不同矿床之间的个体差异(张祖海,1990; 袁忠信,2012; 王登红等,2013a; 赵芝等,2017)。同时,随着勘探工作的持续推进,我们对离子吸附型稀土矿床成矿规律的认识仍在不断拓展和更新中(王登红等,2017)。特别值得一提的是,近年来勘查工作还陆续报道了一些以往未曾认识到的新现象,比如发现了以变质岩为代表的成矿母岩新类型(王臻等,2019; 刘海波等,2020),揭示了轻稀土矿体与重稀土矿体可垂向共生的特殊矿化结构(邓茂春等,2017; 陈斌锋等,2019),以及发现了矿床发育位置向高海拔和不同纬度区域扩展(王登红等,2017)等,这无疑启示我们还需要针对这些新现象以及与之关联的新问题继续开展研究。

  • 为此,本研究将重点关注近年来在众多离子吸附型矿床或勘查区发现的轻稀土与重稀土共生成矿现象,以及由此引出的对成矿类型多样性和关键控矿因素的思考。首先根据最新勘查进展和实地调研资料,从赋矿风化壳中矿石/矿体类型及其空间结构的视角,对传统矿床类型划分方案进行了扩展。进而通过系统整理的30余个不同矿床类型的成矿母岩分析数据,着重探讨母岩对矿床类型变化的制约关系。最后通过汇总矿床类型多样性和母岩控矿规律新认识,提出指导离子吸附型稀土(特别是重稀土成矿类型)矿床勘查找矿方向的参考依据。

  • 1 矿床发育特征概况

  • 统计表明,在中国南方已探明的离子吸附型稀土矿床数量已超过170个(Xie et al.,2016),广泛分布于江西、广东、广西、福建、云南、浙江、湖南、海南、贵州等省份(袁忠信等,2012; 王登红等,2017)。随着近年来在安徽(黄旭,2018)和四川(张航飞等,2021a2021b)等地又有此类矿床报道,分布范围已累计达到11个省份。

  • 在成矿地质特征上,离子吸附型稀土矿体多赋存于亚热带气候背景下遭受中—强风化程度(风化蚀变指数CIA值通常为75%~90%; 赵芝等,2017)的硅铝黏土型风化壳中。这些赋矿风化壳的下伏母岩主要是花岗岩类,此外还包括一部分长英质火山岩(宋云华等,1986; 张祖海,1990; Fu et al.,2019a),以及少量的混合岩(张祖海,1990)、玄武岩(王登红等,2017; 赵平等,2019)、变质岩(赵芝等,2018)和碱性岩(李余华等,2019)等。矿体产出部位与风化壳内部的分层结构和物理化学环境有关。由于不同学者对赋矿风化壳的结构划分不统一,存在“三段式”(全风化层—半风化层—母岩)、“四段式”(全风化层—强风化层—半风化层—母岩)或“五段式”(全风化层—强风化层—半风化层—弱风化层—母岩)等不同认识,对矿层产出位置的描述也不尽相同。比较常见的是矿体出现在全风化层中下部和半风化层顶部(吴澄宇,1988; 白鸽等,1989; Bao et al.,2008; 池汝安,2012; 王登红等,2013a; 周美夫等,2020),或强风化层内(Fu et al.,2019b)。沿赋矿风化壳剖面,REE含量会出现自上而下的垂向变化,表现出弓背式、波浪式、深潜式、浅伏式等多种样式(王登红等,2013a)。矿层中稀土元素氧化物(ΣREO)含量可达到500×10-6~2000×10-6,甚至更高,相对母岩的富集系数为2~5倍,最多可富集十余倍(Sanematsu et al.,2016; Li et al.,2017)。REE富集程度与风化产物粒径相关(苑鸿庆等,2015),尤其是一些纳米尺度的风化微粒中也具有非常显著的REE富集效应(刘容等,2016; 易泽邦等,2021)。矿石中除了REE的富集程度高外,它在配分特征上还表现出Ce亏、富Eu、LREE与HREE分馏及钆断等四大效应(池汝安等,2019)。此外,REE的赋存状态也非常复杂,呈现水溶相、离子交换态、有机结合态、单矿物相、类质同象或微包体分散相等多种相态(陈德潜等,1990; 陈志澄等,1994; Chi et al.,2005)。其中,可供工业利用的离子交换态REE在总量中所占比例可达50%~90%(池汝安,2007; Fu et al.,2019b; Huang et al.,2021),它们在风化产物中的富集程度与不同黏土矿物的吸附-解吸行为密切相关,主要被高岭石和埃洛石等黏土矿物通过静电吸附、表面络合或离子交换等界面反应而固定(高瑜鸿等,2018; Alshameri et al.,2019; Yang et al.,2019; 何宏平等,2020; Li et al.,2020a)。

  • 2 矿床类型划分的重新认识

  • 尽管中国南方的离子吸附型矿床在成矿地质特征上总体类似,但它们在矿体产出位置、矿石类型及品位等方面存在诸多不同,因而可以通过不同侧重方向对矿床类型进行划分(张祖海,1990; 池汝安等,1993; 彭琳琳,2021)。其中在矿床学界应用最普遍的分类方案是沿用工业界对矿石类型划分的惯例,即按照矿石中轻稀土(LREE: La→Eu)氧化物与重稀土(HREY: Ga→Lu+Y)氧化物在稀土总量中所占比例,划分为重稀土型(ΣHREO>1/2ΣREO)和轻稀土型(ΣLREO>1/2ΣREO)两种。在学术研究中常用元素比值替代氧化物比值,对应过来就是矿石ΣLREE/ΣHREY<1(或ΣHREY/ΣREE×100%>50%)划分为重稀土型,而ΣLREE/ΣHREY>1(或ΣLREE/ΣREE×100%>50%)划分为轻稀土型。值得注意的是,勘查过程中对矿石稀土配分判定通常是采用组合样品(一般是按矿体/矿段进行组合)进行分析和计算,而非单个样品,因此所得到的结果是一个矿体/矿段的“平均值”。该方法的优点能反映稀土矿体配分的整体特征,且操作简便和节约成本,但缺点是不可避免地会抹掉矿体中不同部位矿化类型的差异。

  • 值得注意的是,近年来以赣南地质大队为代表的一些地勘单位已开始尝试改变只依靠组合样圈定矿体的传统做法,更加注重对重点探矿区段的钻孔进行单样品逐个分层取样和稀土元素定量分析。结果发现,不少矿床中的矿体/矿石类型并非是单一的重稀土型或轻稀土型,而是存在轻稀土矿与重稀土矿并存的现象。这种共生成矿现象并非平面上的相邻或相连,而是风化壳内部的垂向共生与分带,典型代表如寨背矿床(邓茂春等,2017)、清溪矿床(陈斌锋等,2019)和木子山矿床等(王登红等,2017)。类似现象还出现在广东馒头山、金银河以及广西佳平等地。对于这些特殊的矿床案例,若还按照传统的矿床分类方案来确定归属,只能把重稀土矿层和轻稀土矿层的稀土配分值平均化,笼统地判别为重稀土型或轻稀土型。很显然,这种做法会把赋矿风化壳中出现两种矿石/矿体类型的关键信息掩盖,不利于精细勘查和综合评价。因此,本文认为,在综合考虑矿石稀土配分和矿化结构信息基础上,提出应把出现轻稀土矿与重稀土矿共生现象的矿床定义为一种过渡类型,即轻重稀土共生型,这是一个基于地质事实对传统矿床分类认识的必要补充。考虑到界定离子吸附型稀土矿床的成矿类型会对估判下游矿产品的经济属性产生直接影响,因而新增“轻重稀土共生型”过渡类型的生产实际意义在于符合稀土资源精细化勘查、开发和利用的产业发展方向,能为开展此类矿床的资源经济评价和矿床开采规划提供更合理的地质依据,有助于将来进一步实施稀土单元素圈矿和评价(王登红等,2013b)。

  • 为加深对轻重稀土共生型矿床成矿特征的认识,下面结合典型矿床赋矿风化壳剖面,对三种不同成矿类型的空间分布(图1a)、产状特征(图1b)和界定标志做对比总结。

  • (1)重稀土型矿床(HREE-type):此类矿床主要分布在江西、广东、福建和广西等省份,以足洞、大田、寨背顶及南安等为代表。赋矿风化壳中以发育一套ΣREO>500×10-6(重稀土矿边界品位)且HREY占比>50%(或ΣLREE/ΣHREY<1)的连续性重稀土矿层为标志。如在江西足洞赋矿风化壳内(Li et al.,2019; 图2a),重稀土矿层出现于全风化层中下部至半风化层上部,矿层厚度为1~10 m不等,矿石品位632×10-6~1055×10-6,ΣLREE/ΣHREY配分值0.16~0.24,HREY占比78%~86%。在江西峰山典型钻孔剖面上(张青等,2020),重稀土矿体赋存在全风化层下部和半风化层,矿体厚度1~16 m,矿体连续呈阔叶状、圆状或椭圆状分布,HREY占比65%~85%,ΣLREE/ΣHREY配分值0.33~0.52; 在广东寨背顶矿床的典型钻孔剖面上(吴澄宇,1988),重稀土矿层出现在全风化层下部,矿体厚度1~7 m不等,HREY占比62%~82%,ΣLREE/ΣHREY配分值0.21~0.7。

  • (2)轻稀土型矿床(LREE-type):此类矿床遍布于中国南方的各个省份,以广西花山、江西河岭以及广东仁居等矿床为代表。赋矿风化壳以发育一套ΣREO>700×10-6(轻稀土矿边界品位)且LREE配分值>50%(或ΣLREE/ΣHREY>1)的连续性轻稀土矿层为标志。如在江西河岭矿床典型钻孔剖面上(Bao et al.,2008),轻稀土矿体出现在全风化层,矿体平均厚度为10 m左右,LREE占比86%~95%,ΣLREE/ΣHREY配分值5.98~20.11。在本研究调查的广西平南大洲矿床典型剖面上(图2c),轻稀土矿层出现在强风化层和半风化层上部(深度4~9 m),矿体厚度6 m左右,矿石品位984×10-6~1593×10-6,LREE占比53%~76%,ΣLREE/ΣHREY配分值1.11~3.22。

  • (3)轻重稀土共生型(LREE+HREE-type):以江西寨背、清溪、广东馒头山及广西佳平等矿床为代表。赋矿风化壳以发育“上轻下重”双层矿化结构为典型标志。如在江西寨背矿床典型钻孔剖面上(邓茂春等,2017),轻稀土与重稀土矿体共生于全风化层中下部。其中重稀土矿层厚度1~7 m,呈不规则透镜状分布在轻稀土矿体下部; 在江西清溪矿床典型钻孔剖面上(陈斌锋等,2019),风化壳上部先出现4 m厚的轻稀土矿层,其下部又隐伏了4 m厚的重稀土矿层,重稀土矿层HREY占比54%~56%; 又如在本研究调查的广西佳平赋矿风化壳中(图2b),轻稀土矿层出现在全风化层底部(深度8~10 m,ΣLREE/ΣHREY配分值1.65~7.61),而重稀土矿层出现在全风化层与半风化层过渡带(深度11~13 m,ΣLREE/ΣHREY配分值0.56~0.74),二者垂向连续发育。值得注意的是,尽管以“寨背式”为代表的轻重稀土共生型矿床中发育了重稀土配分矿层,但矿层的厚度偏薄(通常<5 m)且矿石中HREY所占比例并不很高(50%~70%),这与前述“足洞式”重稀土型矿床中重稀土矿层发育厚度(~10 m)以及HREY所占比例(65%~85%)相比有一定差距。

  • 图1 中国南方离子吸附型稀土矿床不同成矿类型分布(a)与矿化结构剖面图(b)

  • Fig.1 Distribution of ion-adsorbed REE deposits with different mineralization types in southern China (a) and their typical mineralization structure profiles (b)

  • (a)—据Li et al.(2017)修编;(b)—中重稀土型以足洞矿床为代表,据Li et al.(2019)资料和数据修编; 轻重稀土共生型以寨背矿床为代表,据邓茂春等(2017)资料和数据修编; 轻稀土型以花山矿床为代表,来自本次研究

  • (a) —Revised according to Li et al. (2017) ; (b) —the HREE type is represented by the Zudong deposit, revised according to the materials and data from Li et al. (2019) ; the HREE+LREE type is represented by Zhaibei deposit, revised according to the materials and data from Deng et al. (2017) ; the LREE type is represented by the Huashan deposit from this study

  • 图2 中国南方离子吸附型稀土矿床不同成矿类型典型赋矿风化壳剖面ΣREY和ΣLREE/ΣHREY值垂向变化

  • Fig.2 Vertical variation of ΣREY and ΣLREE/ΣHREY values in typical ore-bearing regolith profiles from different mineralization types of ion-adsorption rare earth deposits in southern China

  • (a)—重稀土型矿化剖面(足洞矿床)(据Li et al.,2019资料和数据修编;(b)—轻重稀土共生型矿化剖面(佳平矿床);(c)—轻稀土型矿化剖面(大洲矿床)

  • (a) —The HREE type ore-bearing profile (Zudong deposit) (revised according to the materials and data from Li et al., 2019) ; (b) —the LREE/HREE type ore-bearing profile (Jiaping deposit) ; (c) —the LREE type ore-bearing profile (Dazhou deposit)

  • 3 母岩因素对成矿类型变化的影响

  • 母岩是形成离子吸附型稀土矿床的物质基础,因而探讨有关此类矿床成矿类型多样性的成因问题,首先应考虑母岩因素的关键影响。前人很早就意识到了与离子吸附型稀土矿床有关的岩浆岩类母岩具有一定的成矿专属性,并已初步查明了成矿母岩与非成矿母岩、重稀土成矿母岩与轻稀土成矿母岩之间的差异(吴澄宇等,1992; 华仁民等,2007; 赵芝等,2014)。考虑到本研究对成矿类型的划分从两种扩展到了三种,补充了轻重稀土共生型过渡类型,因而有必要进一步细分不同类型成矿母岩之间的差异,并从中探讨母岩因素对成矿类型变化的影响机制。

  • 3.1 研究样本的选择

  • 为了获得具有统计意义的成矿母岩研究资料和数据,以便从区域尺度开展三种不同成矿类型母岩的对比和综合研究工作,本研究一方面广泛收集了前人研究程度较高的来自江西和广东等地的母岩资料,另一方面还实地调查和补充测试了一批来自广西的典型案例(如大洲、小平山、花山、南安、佳平等)。所选择的31例母岩研究样本(数据见附表1),尽可能地兼顾了矿床规模大、区域代表性强且测试数据配套性好的原则。其中,重稀土型成矿母岩样本来自江西足洞、大田、大埠、夏汶滩、岗下矿床,广东寨背顶和峰山矿床及广西南安矿床等8处; 轻重稀土共生型成矿母岩样本来自江西寨背和清溪矿床,广东馒头山矿床及广西佳平和清湖矿床等5处; 轻稀土型矿床成矿母岩样本则来自江西河岭矿床、广东仁居矿床、广西花山矿床和云南土官寨矿床等18处。另外,本文对成矿母岩地质特征的研究重点,集中在与矿质来源有直接关系的稀土元素地球化学(表1,图3~5)及其稀土载体矿物特征(表2)两个方面。

  • 表1 中国南方离子吸附型稀土矿床不同成矿类型母岩稀土参数统计

  • Table1 Statistics of REE parameters of parent rocks in different metallogenic types of ion-adsorption rare earth deposits in southern China

  • 续表1

  • 注:为了统一各类REE参数的相关含义和计算标准,做如下限定:ΣREY: La→Lu+Y; ΣLREE: La—Eu; ΣHREY: ΣGd—Lu+Y; δEu=EuN/ 12(SmN+ GdN); δCe=CeN/ 12(LaN+PrN)。

  • 图3 中国南方离子吸附型稀土矿床不同成矿类型母岩ΣREY、ΣHREY、ΣLREE/ΣHREY及ΣHREY/ΣREY参数对比

  • Fig.3 Comparison of ΣREY, ΣHREY, ΣLREE/ΣHREY and ΣHREY/ΣREY indices in the parent rocks from different mineralization types of ion-adsorption rare earth deposits in southern China

  • 3.2 不同成矿类型母岩特征对比

  • 3.2.1 与重稀土型矿床有关的母岩

  • 此类成矿母岩集中于赣南、粤北以及桂东南局部地区,代表性岩体有江西大埠岩体、足洞岩体、三标岩体,广东寨背顶岩体,以及广西南安-人和岩体等。成矿岩体可呈独立小岩株形式产出(<50 km2),如足洞岩体和南安-人和岩体; 或在大型复式岩体的边缘相或晚期相产出,如大田重稀土矿床与大埠岩基晚期岩体相关; 或以小岩枝或小岩株形式侵入复式岩体内部,如寨背顶重稀土矿床与侵入大东山复式岩体内部的晚期小岩体有关。重稀土成矿岩体形成时代主要集中在燕山期,如足洞岩体168 Ma(吴澄宇,1989; 黄典豪,1993),大埠岩体169~161 Ma(江西省地质矿产局,1984),寨背顶岩体145 Ma(马配学等,1991)。比较特殊的是广西的南安-人和岩体,形成于260 Ma的印支期(未发表数据)。在岩石类型上,出现了白云母钾长-碱长花岗岩、黑云母花岗岩、二长花岗岩、黑云母二长花岗岩和黑云母花岗闪长岩等多种类型。众多成矿母岩会伴生钾长石化、钠长石化、云英岩化、黄玉化、萤石化、绢(白)云母化和碳酸盐化等交代蚀变现象,尤其以足洞矿区为代表(黄典豪等,1988; 吴澄宇等,1989; Li et al.,2019)。但值得注意的是,后期热液蚀变现象并不是所有重稀土成矿母岩的普遍特征,比如作为南安-人和重稀土矿区成矿母岩的黑云母花岗闪长岩就并未出现明显蚀变现象(图6a)。另外,在岩石地球化学特征上,此类成矿母岩整体上表现出富硅(SiO2: 72%~78%)、过铝质(A/CNK≥ 1.1)和低磷(<0.08% P2O5)等特征,富含不相容微量元素Rb、Th和挥发组分F,贫Sr、Ba及过渡族元素等,岩浆分异指数较高(DI为92~96),多属A型花岗岩类(Sanematsu et al.,2016; Li et al.,2017)。

  • 在稀土元素地球化学特征上(表1),与重稀土矿床相关的成矿母岩ΣREY值多分布在200×10-6~450×10-6区间,如足洞(278×10-6)、峰山(260×10-6)、寨背顶(255×10-6)和岗下(280×10-6)样品的ΣREE值都分布在300×10-6以下,而南安样品最高达到了445×10-6。稀土配分表现出典型的重稀土配分属性(ΣLREE/ΣHREY<1),ΣLREE/ΣHREY值介于0.3~0.8之间,其中足洞(0.38)、大田(0.37)、和大埠(0.34)偏低,而夏汶滩(0.7)、南安(0.76)和岗下(0.79)稍高。ΣHREY在总量中所占比例达到55%~85%,而ΣLREE仅为15%~45%。LREE和HREY的内部分馏效应不显著,(La/Sm)N和(Gd/Yb)N值分别为1~3.5和0.3~1。此类母岩在配分曲线上整体表现出典型的“海鸥型”模式(图5a),即铈异常不明显(多数δCe值接近1),但铕异常显著(多数δEu值低于0.2),轻稀土曲线段和重稀土曲线段的线型都相对平坦。

  • 图4 中国南方离子吸附型稀土矿床不同成矿类型母岩(La/Sm)N、(Gd/Yb)N、δEu和δCe参数对比

  • Fig.4 Comparison of (La/Sm) N, (Gd/Yb) N, δEu and δCe in the parent rocks from different mineralization types of ion-adsorption rare earth deposits in southern China

  • 对于稀土元素的载体矿物,此类母岩出现了氟碳酸盐类、硅酸盐类、铌钽酸盐类、磷酸盐类、砷酸盐类、氟化物类以及氧化物类等一批不同类型的稀土副矿物及组合(表2)。如在足洞重稀土矿床成矿母岩中,出现了氟碳钙钇矿+新奇钙钇矿+硅铍钇矿+硅钍钇矿+褐钇铌矿+黑希金矿+铌钇矿+石榴子石+磷钇矿+钇萤石+砷钇矿+锆石等20余种稀土或含稀土副矿物组合(黄典豪,1993; Li et al.,2019)。除石榴子石、磷钇矿和锆石等抗风化能力较强外,其余稀土副矿物多数易风化,且大部分为重稀土配分矿物。与足洞矿床类似的还有寨背顶矿床(吴澄宇,1988)。而夏汶滩、大埠、岗下和大田等矿床的成矿母岩稀土副矿物特征有所变化,缺少氟碳钙钇矿等氟碳酸盐类重稀土配分副矿物,主要出现硅酸盐类、钽铌酸盐类和磷酸盐类,以褐钇铌矿+铌钇矿+黑希金矿+磷灰石组合为典型(邓志成,1988; 刘容等,2016; 吴开兴等,2017; 杨洲畬等,2020); 比较特殊的是广西南安重稀土矿床成矿母岩,它的易风化重稀土配分稀土副矿物类型非常单一,仅见榍石、磷灰石和褐帘石等(图6)。

  • 3.2.2 与轻稀土型矿床有关的成矿母岩

  • 此类成矿母岩广泛分布于赣南、粤东、闽西、桂西与桂东南、滇南等地,代表性岩体有江西关西岩体、广东佛冈岩体、广西大容山-六万大山岩体和云南大寨岩体等。成矿岩体通常发育在出露面积较大的岩基或岩株中,例如,与来石轻稀土矿床相关的广东佛冈岩基(Li et al.,2007)、与广西小平山轻稀土矿床相关的大容山-六万大山复式大岩基(Fu et al.,2019b)以及与广西姑婆山、花山轻稀土矿床相关的姑婆山-花山岩株等(Bao et al.,2008)。轻稀土成矿岩体的形成时代非常宽泛,从赵芝等(2017)对南岭东段北部稀土成矿岩体的同位素年代学资料统计来看,此类成矿岩体形成于加里东期、印支期以及燕山期等多个时期,尤以燕山期比较普遍。如知名的广东仁居轻稀土成矿母岩时代为184 Ma和93 Ma(Huang et al.,2021)、广西糯垌轻稀土成矿母岩时代151~152 Ma(李程等,2017)。近年来在云南腾冲地块勘查发现,轻稀土矿床成矿母岩的形成时代甚至可推进到喜马拉雅期古近纪(明添学等,2021)。在岩石类型上,主要以黑云母钾长花岗岩、花岗闪长岩、正长岩、流纹质角砾熔岩、石英闪长岩等类型为主。在岩石地球化学特征上表现出低硅、准铝质—过铝质、钙碱性—碱性、富磷,相对富集Zr、Hf、Nb、Ta、Ba和Sr等特点(陶旭云,2020)。

  • 图5 中国南方离子吸附型稀土矿床不同成矿类型母岩REE球粒陨石标准化配分模式图(球粒陨石标准化值据Mcdonough et al.,1995)

  • Fig.5 Chondrite normalized REE patterns for the parent rocks from different mineralization types of ion-adsorption rare earth deposits in southern China (chondrite values after Mcdonough et al., 1995)

  • (a)—重稀土型;(b)—轻重稀土共生型;(c)—轻稀土型

  • (a) —HREE type; (b) —LREE+HREE type; (c) —LREE type

  • 在稀土元素地球化学特征上(表1),轻稀土型成矿母岩的ΣREY值波动很大,除土官寨和安西偏低外,多分布在200×10-6~800×10-6区间,最高的河岭样品可达到808×10-6。在稀土配分上表现出强烈的轻稀土配分属性,ΣLREE在总量中占据绝对优势(65%~95%),ΣLREE/ΣHREY值普遍>2,高值会突破10,甚至更高(如仁居为18.06)。此外,LREE和HREY的元素内部分馏效应也非常显著,(La/Sm)N和(Gd/Yb)N值分别达到2.5~6.5和1~4.5。在配分曲线上整体表现为典型“右倾式”(图5b),特别是轻稀土曲线段斜率陡倾,无明显Ce异常,多数样品Eu异常显著(δEu值0.1~0.5)。

  • 在稀土副矿物发育特征上主要出现大量的轻稀土配分矿物(表2)。如仁居矿床成矿母岩中发育氟碳钙铈矿+榍石+褐帘石+钍石+磷灰石+独居石等十余种稀土或含稀土副矿物组合(Huang et al.,2021)。除独居石较难风化外,其余轻稀土配分矿物都可能是离子相稀土的物源矿物。定南轻稀土成矿母岩与仁居矿床类似(Murakami et al.,2008),但关西、大洲、小平山、六汤、五里亭等矿床的成矿母岩在稀土副矿物特征上有所变化,缺少了氟碳钙铈矿,出现以硅酸盐类和磷酸盐类为主的矿物组合,典型代表如榍石+褐帘石+磷灰石组合(吴澄宇,1989; 黄典豪,1993; 赵芝,2017; Fu et al.,2019a2019b)。此外,部分轻稀土成矿母岩,如花山、姑婆山、来石、河岭、广平等矿床,还偶见钽铌酸盐类稀土副矿物(Bao et al.,2008; Li et al.,2017; 杨瞳等,2018)。

  • 3.2.3 与轻重稀土共生型矿床有关的成矿母岩

  • 此类成矿母岩主要产于赣南、粤东、粤西以及桂东南等局部地区,代表性岩体有江西寨背岩体、清溪岩体、广西旧州岩体、清湖岩体、广东馒头山岩体、金银河岩体等。成矿岩体产状以小岩株的形式产出,如馒头山岩体和清溪岩体; 或在大岩体的边缘相或晚期相产出,如寨背岩体和旧州岩体。由于目前发现的轻重稀土共生型矿床数量较少,为数不多的年代学数据指示它们的成矿母岩主要形成于印支期和燕山期。其中,属于印支期的包括广西佳平矿床成矿母岩254~239 Ma(未发表数据)和江西清溪矿床成矿母岩229 Ma(于扬等,2012; 陈斌锋等,2019)。而江西寨背矿床成矿母岩188~172 Ma(Li et al.,2003; Xu et al.,2017)和广东馒头山矿床成矿母岩169~163 Ma(周佐民,2015; 李瑞,2020)都属于燕山期。在岩石类型上,主要包括黑云母花岗岩、花岗斑岩、黑云母钾长花岗岩、黑云母二长花岗岩等类型。与之前的重稀土型成矿母岩相比,轻重稀土共生型成矿母岩的热液蚀变现象并不明显。它们在岩石地球化学特征上多表现出低硅、准铝质、钙碱性、富磷,富集Rb、Nb,亏损Ba、F等特征,指示属于经历中—高程度分异的S型或A型花岗岩类(Wang et al.,2015; 陈斌锋等,2019)。

  • 图6 广西南安重稀土成矿母岩显微岩相与稀土副矿物特征

  • Fig.6 Characteristics of petrography and REE accessory minerals for the parent rock from Nan'an HREE-type deposit in Guangxi

  • (a)—显微镜岩相;(b)—SEM图像;(c)—TIMA图像; Pl—斜长石; Qtz—石英; An—钙长石; Bt—黑云母; Ab—钠长石; Fl—萤石; Ms—白云母; Ttn—榍石; Or—正长石; Ap—磷灰石; Zrn—锆石; Ilm—钛铁矿; Mnz—独居石

  • (a) —Microscopic image; (b) —SEM image; (c) —TIMA image; Pl—plagioclase; Qtz—quartz; An—anorthite; Bt—biotite; Ab—albite; Fl—fluorite; Ms—muscovite; Ttn—titanite; Or—orthoclase; Ap—apatite; Zrn—zircon; Ilm—ilmenite; Mnz—monazite

  • 在稀土元素地球化学特征上(表1),轻重稀土共生型成矿母岩ΣREY值介于重稀土型和轻稀土型之间,范围200×10-6~500×10-6,最低值为馒头山矿床211×10-6,最高值为寨背矿床489×10-6。它们的ΣLREE/ΣHREY>1,如馒头山(1.38)、佳平(1.52)和寨背(2.04),呈现偏弱的轻稀土配分属性。ΣHREY占比(30%~55%)与ΣLREE占比(45%~70%)相差并不大。值得注意的是,此类母岩的ΣLREE/ΣHREY值似乎有一定的上限(<5),如最高值出现在清溪(4.62),在配分曲线上整体表现为“右倾型”(图5c),铈异常不明显,铕异常显著(δEu值多为0.1~0.5),轻稀土曲线段低缓右倾,重稀土曲线段相对平坦且尾部常出现Y元素“翘尾”现象。

  • 在易风化稀土副矿物特征方面,轻重稀土共生型成矿母岩会同时出现重稀土配分矿物和轻稀土配分矿物并存现象(表2)。如在寨背矿床成矿母岩中,前人已经识别出氟碳铈矿+富钇氟碳钙铈矿+富钇钍石+绿帘石+磷灰石+独居石+磷钇矿+萤石等多种稀土或含稀土副矿物组合(Wang et al.,2015; Zhao et al.,2021),甚至还包含三种尚不能定名的富重稀土元素副矿物(Xu et al.,2017)。另外,据陈斌锋等(2019)对江西清溪矿床以及本研究对广西佳平等矿床的副矿物分析发现(图7),虽然它们不含与寨背矿床类似的氟碳酸盐类稀土矿物,但都出现了以榍石或磷灰石为代表的重稀土配分副矿物,和以褐帘石为代表的轻稀土配分副矿物。值得注意的是,虽然许多轻重稀土共生成矿母岩与轻稀土成矿母岩在易风化稀土副矿物的发育类型上很相似,比如都常常出现磷灰石,但即便是同类矿物在稀土配分特征上也可能有差异。比如,本课题组前期对广西小平山轻稀土成矿母岩中的磷灰石进行矿物化学分析表明ΣLREE/ΣHREY值介于6.7~37.5,属于轻稀土配分属性(Fu et al.,2019b),而此次对广西佳平轻重稀土共生成矿母岩中磷灰石分析表明它的ΣLREE/ΣHREY值介于0.7~1.2,兼有轻稀土配分和重稀土配分两种属性。

  • 表2 中国南方离子吸附型稀土矿床不同成矿类型母岩中稀土载体矿物对比

  • Table2 Comparison of REE carrier minerals in parent rocks of different metallogenic types of ion-adsorption rare earth deposits in southern China

  • 3.3 母岩性质对成矿类型的影响机制

  • (1)母岩时空展布对成矿类型的制约:从现有的年代学统计数据来看(图8),中国南方形成离子吸附型稀土矿床的花岗岩类母岩年代跨度很大,从加里东期、海西-印支期、燕山期到喜马拉雅期皆有分布(王登红等,2014; 赵芝等,2017; 明添学等,2021)。其中,轻稀土型成矿母岩的产出时代非常宽泛(加里东期、海西-印支期、燕山期到喜马拉雅期),而重稀土型成矿母岩的产出时代(加里东期、印支期、燕山期)和轻重稀土共生型成矿母岩的产出时代(印支期、燕山期)则相对集中。尽管不同成矿类型的母岩时代在分布区间上有一定差异,但共性规律是高峰期都出现在燕山期,特别是集中在190~150 Ma之间的侏罗纪。也就是说在中国南方地区,离子吸附型稀土矿床的发育对母岩时代有一定的偏向性选择,特别是与早—中燕山期侵入的中酸性花岗岩类尤为密切,不仅与之相关的矿床数量众多,而且成矿类型也最为全面。另外在成矿母岩的产出空间上,许多案例都与复式岩体有关,特别是重稀土型成矿母岩多出现在复式岩体的晚期相(补体)或多相分带岩体的边缘相、顶部相,或独立的小岩株(吴澄宇等,1992)。这是因为在一个经历了多阶段演化的复杂岩浆体系中,晚期阶段岩相通常比早期阶段岩相更富含重稀土元素(Li et al.,2017)。其中原因或与结晶分异作用有关(白鸽等,1989),或与流体交代作用有关(黄典豪等,1988; Xu et al.,2017)。相比之下,目前对于轻稀土型和轻重稀土共生型成矿母岩与复式岩体岩相分带空间关系的研究还比较缺乏,尚未形成规律性认识。

  • 图7 广西佳平轻重稀土共生成矿母岩显微岩相与稀土副矿物特征

  • Fig.7 Characteristics of petrography and REE accessory minerals for the parent rock from Jiaping LREE+HREE-type deposit in Guangxi

  • (a)—显微岩相;(b)—SEM图像;(c)—TIMA图像; Pl—斜长石; Qtz—石英; An—钙长石; Bt—黑云母; Ab—钠长石; Fl—萤石; Ms—白云母; Ttn—榍石; Or—正长石; Ap—磷灰石; Zrn—锆石; Ilm—钛铁矿; Mnz—独居石

  • (a) —Microscopic image; (b) —SEM image; (c) —TIMA image; Pl—plagioclase; Qtz—quartz; An—anorthite; Bt—biotite; Ab—albite; Fl—fluorite; Ms—muscovite; Ttn—titanite; Or—orthoclase; Ap—apatite; Zrn—zircon; Ilm—ilmenite; Mnz—monazite

  • (2)母岩物质成分对成矿类型的制约: 众所周知,形成离子吸附型稀土矿床的母岩岩石类型众多,但目前发现只有花岗岩类母岩在风化后能形成重稀土型、轻重稀土共生型和轻稀土型等不同类型矿床,而长英质火山岩、玄武岩、变质岩和碱性岩等在风化后通常只发育轻稀土矿化类型。然而,即便是对于成矿类型最为丰富的花岗岩类母岩,母岩物质属性与成矿类型之间的对应关系也极其复杂。比如,在岩相特征上,同样是黑云母二长花岗岩,在江西夏汶滩(杨洲畬等,2020)和峰山(张青等,2020)形成了重稀土型矿床,在广西佳平和广东馒头山(李瑞,2020)形成了轻重稀土共生型矿床,而在广西小平山(Fu et al.,2019a)和云南土官寨(张彬等,2019)却形成了轻稀土型矿床。又如,在岩石成因类型上,同样是A型花岗岩,在江西足洞(Li et al.,2019)形成了重稀土型矿床,在江西寨背(Wang et al.,2015)形成了轻重稀土共生型矿床,而在广西姑婆山-花山(华仁民等,2007; Bao et al.,2008)和糯垌(李程等,2017)又形成了轻稀土型矿床。可见,仅凭通过岩相学、主微量元素地球化学或者岩石成因属性等方面的信息,似乎并不足以充分厘清母岩物质成分与成矿类型之间的对应关系。相比之下,母岩的稀土元素地球化学和稀土载体矿物特征直接代表了与矿质供应有关的物质组分,理论上能通过它们更深入地认识矿质来源对成矿类型的制约。

  • 图8 不同成矿类型母岩发育的地质时代分布统计图

  • Fig.8 Geological time of the parent rocks of different mineralization types

  • 首先,母岩的全岩稀土元素地球化学特征制约着风化产物中稀土元素的基础含量和初始配分。对比不同类型的成矿母岩,统计发现它们的稀土元素地球化学参数出现了规律性的变化(图3、4)。最有代表性的指标是,从重稀土型→轻重稀土共生型→轻稀土型,尽管母岩稀土总量变化不大(ΣREY: 200×10-6~450×10-6→200×10-6~500×10-6→200×10-6~800×10-6),但以Y为代表的重稀土元素含量明显降低(Y: >80×10-6→50×10-6~80×10-6→<50×10-6),重稀土分量占比也随之依次降低(ΣHREY: 55%~85%→30%~55%→5%~35%),同时伴随轻重稀土配分值显著增高(ΣLREE/ΣHREY: 0.2~1→1~5→2~10)。从上述规律可知,当岩石中的稀土总量(ΣREY)超过200×10-6时都可能构成稀土成矿母岩。形成重稀土型矿床的母岩ΣREY值不一定高,反倒是ΣREY值偏高的花岗岩类更多发育轻稀土型。决定成矿类型变化的关键因素是重稀土分量占比和轻重稀土配分值。即高重稀土占比(ΣHREY: 55%~85%)和低配分值(ΣLREE/ΣHREY: 0.2~1)的母岩形成重稀土矿床,低重稀土占比(ΣHREY: 5%~35%)和高配分值(ΣLREE/ΣHREY: 2~10)的母岩形成轻稀土矿床,处于二者之间过渡类型的母岩形成轻重稀土共生型矿床。

  • 其次,母岩中稀土元素的载体矿物类型影响着风化壳中稀土元素的赋存状态。对于花岗岩类成矿母岩,通常副矿物(特别是稀土独立矿物和含稀土矿物)比造岩矿物的稀土含量高102~104,提供了全相稀土的主要来源(Bea,1996)。但这些副矿物所含的稀土元素能否在风化作用下被释放出来,并经过迁移富集形成离子相稀土矿,还取决于它们在风化环境下的稳定性(袁忠信等,2012)。大量研究表明,只有在风化过程中易于被溶解蚀变的一部分稀土副矿物才能对离子相稀土的形成和富集做出实质性的物源贡献,而其余的抗风化稀土副矿物则在风化壳中以矿物相形式残留(黄典豪等,1988; 吴澄宇等,1989; Sanematsu et al.,2016; Li et al.,2017)。比如,即便是稀土含量很高的独居石、磷钇矿等独立稀土矿物,但由于其抗风化能力强难以被溶解蚀变,并不构成离子相稀土的物源。相反,对于一些稀土含量并不算突出,但易于被风化且丰度较高的副矿物,如磷灰石、榍石等,也可能构成离子相稀土的重要物源(吴澄宇等,1989; Wang et al.,2015; Fu et al.,2019b)。因此,探讨花岗岩类母岩稀土矿物对离子相稀土富集成矿的影响,应重点关注易风化稀土副矿物。本研究在综合考虑稀土副矿物风化可溶性经验规律(吴澄宇,1992)以及矿物溶蚀实验证据(Harlavan et al.,2002; Chaīrat et al.,2007; Harouiya et al.,2007)的基础上,对三种不同成矿类型母岩中的易风化稀土副矿物进行了识别,同时结合前人研究(Sanematsu et al.,2016)及部分测试数据,对各类易风化稀土副矿物的稀土配分属性进行了初步的区分(表2)。对比发现,不同类型成矿母岩在易风化稀土副矿物发育特征上也出现了规律性变化,具体表现为:重稀土成矿母岩大量富集重稀土配分副矿物组合,轻稀土成矿母岩多富集轻稀土配分副矿物组合,而轻重稀土共生成矿母岩则常出现重稀土配分和轻稀土配分副矿物并存的现象。简而言之,从重稀土型→轻重稀土共生型→轻稀土型,母岩中具有重稀土配分属性的易风化稀土副矿物类型和数量会明显减少,这与全岩稀土元素地球化学特征中重稀土分量占比降低趋势相匹配。

  • 由此可见,成矿母岩中稀土元素含量、稀土配分及其易风化稀土副矿物特征从根源上约束了离子吸附型稀土矿床的发育及其成矿类型的变化。换句话说,无论成矿母岩的岩石类型是否相同,或成因机制有何差异等,只要母岩中的稀土元素含量、配分特征及其易风化稀土副矿物相近,就有可能形成同种类型的矿床。同理,之所以成矿类型出现变化,也是母岩稀土元素地球化学和易风化稀土副矿物特征差异所导致,这是解释离子吸附型稀土矿床成矿类型多样性的母岩影响机制。

  • 4 轻重稀土共生型矿床成因初步探讨

  • 前人研究多认为“重稀土配分母岩形成重稀土矿床,轻稀土配分母岩形成轻稀土矿床”(赵芝等,2014; Sanematsu et al.,2016; Li et al.,2017; 周美夫等,2020),这是解释重稀土型和轻稀土型矿床成因机制的基本共识。那么,对于本研究重点关注的轻重稀土共生型矿床,从现有证据来看,它的成因存在一定的特殊性。

  • 首先在母岩条件上,通过前述对江西寨背和清溪、广东馒头山及广西佳平和清湖等一批轻重稀土共生型矿床成矿母岩特征的总结分析,发现此类矿床的成矿母岩具有轻稀土配分属性。也就是说,从母岩稀土配分与矿床类型的对应关系分析,轻稀土配分母岩不仅能形成轻稀土矿床,而且还可以形成轻重稀土共生矿床,这与重稀土配分母岩只形成重稀土矿床明显不同。值得注意的是,形成轻重稀土共生矿床的母岩虽然是轻稀土配分属性,但也有其特殊性,表现出轻稀土配分程度偏弱(ΣLREE/ΣHREY<5)、ΣHREY占比偏高(30%~55%)且Y元素占比(10%~35%)显著高于一般轻稀土成矿母岩(2%~20%)等特点。此外,它在易风化稀土副矿物特征方面同时发育了重稀土配分和轻稀土配分稀土副矿物组合,也与一般的轻稀土成矿母岩通常只富集轻稀土配分稀土副矿物组合明显不同。可见,基于轻重稀土共生型成矿母岩稀土配分的特殊性,我们对离子吸附型稀土矿床母岩控矿规律的理解可进一步扩展为:重稀土配分母岩形成重稀土矿床,轻稀土配分母岩通常形成轻稀土矿床,且一部分低度轻稀土配分母岩(1<ΣLREE/ΣHREY<5)还可能形成轻重稀土共生矿床。

  • 另外,轻重稀土共生型矿床的发育不仅受母岩初始稀土配分特征的约束,而且还与风化作用对稀土配分的再次改造作用有关。之所以风化作用能将母岩的轻稀土配分模式改造成矿体的轻稀土配分和重稀土配分共存模式,是由于LREE和HREY在风化过程中差异化的地球化学行为所致(王中刚等,1989; 赵振华,1997)。由于受到镧系收缩效应影响,以Y为主体的HREY在离子半径上比LREE更小,在风化过程中能与土壤溶液中的腐殖酸更稳定地结合(Sonke et al.,2006),同时HREY比LREE更容易被碳酸盐和碳酸氢盐络合(Pourret et al.,2007),因而HREY在风化壳中的迁移能力比LREE更强,会优先被土壤水流体携带向风化壳底部迁移和淀积(包志伟,1992)。在风化壳上部,由于短距离的淋滤-淀积作用,在风化产物中HREY相对LREE的差异迁移和累积效应较小,总体上会保持LREE/HREY>1的配分属性,因而会先形成轻稀土矿层。而随着风化层位下移,由于经历了更长距离的淋滤-淀积作用,风化产物中HREY相对LREE的差异迁移和累积效应放大,更多的HREY富集会使得稀土配分属性逐渐向ΣLREE/ΣHREY降低的趋势转化,最终在一定深度越过轻重稀土配分转折线(ΣLREE/ΣHREY=1),并在其下部形成ΣLREE/ΣHREY<1的重稀土矿层。这是解释“上轻下重”双层矿化结构发育的可能机制,也是解释为何此类矿化结构更多出现在厚大(>10 m)风化壳中的原因。同时还需要强调,这种由风化作用驱动的从“轻”到“重”的稀土配分转化是一种在继承母岩稀土配分特征基础上的有限改造。从现有数据来看,只有低度轻稀土配分(ΣLREE/ΣHREY<5)属性的母岩在风化后才可能发育此类现象,反之高度轻稀土配分(ΣLREE/ΣHREY>5)母岩则较难出现。

  • 5 重稀土矿床勘查指示意义

  • 本研究对成矿类型多样性和母岩控矿机制的两方面探讨,其意义不仅在于扩展对成矿规律和矿床成因的认识,同时对指导矿床勘查也具有一定的实际作用。离子吸附型稀土矿床之所以备受重视,主要原因是它所蕴藏的重稀土资源比碳酸岩型或热液型等其他稀土矿床类型更具有经济性的开发利用价值(Simandl,2014)。然而,即便是离子吸附型稀土矿床本身,它在矿石稀土含量和配分特征也存在很大差异。尽管当前的开采技术可对离子吸附型稀土矿床中的轻稀土元素和重稀土元素实现综合回收利用,但很显然矿石中重稀土元素所占比例更高的矿床无疑比轻稀土元素所占比例更高的矿床类型更具有经济价值。值得注意的是,目前重稀土型矿床仅占中国南方离子吸附型稀土矿床总量的10%左右(Weng et al.,2015; 周美夫等,2020),近年来勘查工作新发现的矿床类型也多为轻稀土型(王登红等,2017; 赵芝等,2019),因此如何加快更富集重稀土元素矿床的勘查工作需要有新的找矿思路。

  • 传统的重稀土型矿床找矿工作主要参考“足洞式”,但除了在赣南和粤北等少数地区有类似矿床发现以外,长期以来其他地区一直没有突破。其主要原因是,形成此类矿床的成矿母岩必须具备重稀土配分、较高稀土丰度且含有一些特殊的重稀土矿物等非常苛刻的条件(黄典豪等,1988; 吴澄宇等,1992; Xu et al.,2017; Li et al.,2019)。相比之下,轻重稀土共生型矿床不仅在赋矿风化壳中发育重稀土矿层,而且它的成矿母岩条件相对宽泛。正如前文所述,在满足一定风化条件下的轻稀土配分属性母岩条件下就可以发育此类矿床。因此,今后除了继续重视经典的“足洞式”重稀土型矿床外,还应该高度关注“寨背式”轻重稀土共生型矿床的找矿工作。

  • 推进上述两类富集重稀土资源的矿床类型勘查工作,首先应该从寻找有利成矿母岩入手。本研究对不同矿床类型成矿母岩特征的总结,为明确不同类型矿床的有利成矿母岩提供了可参考的找矿标志(表3,图9):

  • 图9 不同成矿类型母岩ΣLREE-ΣHREY协变关系投点图及其对有利成矿母岩的指示

  • Fig.9 Covariant diagrams of ΣLREE-ΣHREY in the parent rocks from different mineralization types and implication for favorable ore-forming parent rocks

  • 重稀土成矿有利母岩位于1∶1线之下; 轻稀土成矿有利母岩位于1∶1线之上; 轻重稀土共生成矿有利母岩位于1∶1线与1∶5线之间

  • The favorable parent rocks for HREE mineralization are located below 1∶1 line; the favorable parent rocks for LREE mineralization are located above1∶1 line; the favorable parent rocks for the LREE+HREE mineralization are located between line1∶1 and line1∶5

  • (1)对于“足洞式”重稀土型矿床,寻找有利成矿母岩应立足标志性的REE地球化学特征,如ΣREY=200×10-6~450×10-6、HREY占比55%~85%、Y占比35%~60%、ΣLREE/ΣHREY值介于0.2~1之间、(La/Sm)N为1~3.5、(Gd/Yb)N为0.3~1,显著δEu异常(0.02~0.2)及海鸥型配分曲线等。同时应综合考虑岩体产状(如小岩株或复式岩体边缘相或晚期相)、岩石学(如白云母钾长-碱长花岗岩、黑云母二长花岗岩和花岗岩闪长岩等)、热液蚀变(如白云母化、钠长石化和萤石化等)、易风化稀土副矿物组合(如氟碳钙钇矿、硅铍钇矿、硅钍钇矿、褐钇铌矿、含钇萤石等)、元素地球化学(如过铝质、富硅、富碱、富氟、贫磷、高分异指数及A型或S型属性等)等前人业已总结出来的其他有利标志(黄典豪等,1988; 张组海,1990; 吴澄宇等,1992; Bao et al.,2008; 赵芝等,2014; Xu et al.,2017; Li et al.,20192021)。寻找此类具有重稀土配分属性的有利成矿母岩,应密切关注北纬 24.5°线附近集中产出的中侏罗世(~160 Ma)经历后期热液蚀变或多期演化的单体/复式花岗岩体,同时三叠纪(~250 Ma)偏中型花岗闪长岩体也是一个潜在有利目标(类似于南安重稀土矿床)。

  • 表3 不同矿床类型有利成矿母岩(花岗岩类)找矿标志

  • Table3 Indicators to favorable ore-forming parent rocks (granitoid) of different mineralization types

  • (2)对于“寨背式”轻重稀土共生型矿床,它的有利成矿母岩具备ΣREY=200×10-6~500×10-6、ΣHREY占比30%~55%、Y占比20%~35%、ΣLREE/ΣHREY=1~5、(La/Sm)N=2~4、(Gd/Yb)N=1~2、弱化轻配分曲线且Y端“翘尾”等特殊的REE地球化学标志。同时也要考虑结合岩体产状(如岩株、岩瘤为主产出,少数为岩基边缘相)、岩石类型(黑云母花岗岩、花岗斑岩、黑云母钾长花岗岩、黑云母二长花岗岩等)、易风化稀土副矿物组合(氟碳铈矿、榍石、磷灰石、褐帘石等)、岩石地球化学(低硅、准铝质、钙碱性、富磷、中等分异指数)(于扬等,2012; 陈斌锋等,2019; 赵芝等,2019)等标志。寻找此类轻重稀土共生成矿有利母岩,应关注中国南方印支期和燕山早期经历多期岩浆演化且稀土配分在晚阶段显著降低的复式花岗岩体。此外,需要补充强调的是,寻找此类矿床不仅要关注上述有利成矿母岩条件,而且还应该注重对风化环境和地貌条件的筛查。勘查经验表明此类矿床多发育在厚层风化壳(>10 m)覆盖区,因此在勘查工程中要兼顾低度轻稀土配分属性母岩和厚层风化壳覆盖两个关键性的找矿标志。

  • 6 结论

  • 本研究依据近年来中国南方离子吸附型稀土矿床勘查最新进展,通过若干典型矿床对比及相关成矿母岩研究资料的系统梳理,在矿床类型多样性和母岩影响机制等方面形成如下认识:

  • (1)离子吸附型稀土矿床的成矿类型存在多样性,除了传统认识上的重稀土型和轻稀土型两种成矿类型外,还存在轻重稀土共生型,这种过渡类型以赋矿风化壳中出现“上轻下重”双层矿体结构为典型标志。

  • (2)成矿类型的多样性与母岩性质密切相关,尤其是母岩的稀土元素地球化学和易风化稀土副矿物发育特征是制约成矿类型变化的关键因素。从重稀土型→轻重稀土共生型→轻稀土型,成矿母岩中的重稀土分量占比依次降低(ΣHREY:55%~85% → 30%~55%→ 5%~35%),轻重稀土配分值显著增高(ΣLREE/ΣHREY:0.2~1 → 1~5→ 2~10),且易风化重稀土配分副矿物的发育类型明显减少。

  • (3)以往认为重稀土配分母岩形成重稀土矿床、轻稀土配分母岩形成轻稀土矿床的传统观点需要外延,即一部分具有低度轻稀土配分属性(1<L/H<5)的母岩还可能形成轻重稀土共生型矿床。这种特殊矿床类型的发育很可能是风化产物在继承母岩初始稀土配分属性的基础上,又经历了风化作用对风化壳内部稀土元素配分模式进行再次强烈改造作用的结果。

  • (4)今后推进离子吸附型重稀土资源的找矿工作,除了继续关注经典的“足洞式”重稀土型矿床,还应该重视以“寨背式”为代表的轻重稀土共生型矿床的找矿潜力评价。

  • 致谢:在野外地质调研过程中得到了广西壮族自治区地质矿产勘查开发局黄宏伟、广西壮族自治区地质调查院王瑞湖、广西壮族自治区第六地质队李春平、江西省赣南地质大队曾载琳、刘翠辉、陈斌峰等专家的大力协助; 在论文写作过程与中国地质科学院矿产资源研究所赵正和赵芝、广西壮族自治区地质调查院邓宾以及中国有色桂林矿产地质研究院黄长帅和李学彪等专家进行了广泛交流; 两名匿名审稿专家对稿件提出了宝贵的修改完善建议,一并致以诚挚谢意。

  • 附件:本文附件(附表1)详见http://www.geojournals.cn/dzxb/ch/reader/view_abstract.aspx?file_no=202201198& flag=1

  • 注释

  • ❶ 白鸽,吴澄宇,丁孝石,袁忠信,王登红.1989. 南岭地区离子吸附型稀土矿床成因及空间分布(研究报告). 地质矿产部矿床地质研究所.

  • 附表1 中国南方离子吸附型稀土矿床不同成矿类型母岩地质特征

  • Appendix 1 Geological characteristics of parent rocks of different metallogenic types of ion-adsorption rare earth deposits insouthern China

  • 续附表1

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