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作者简介:

贾建亮,男,1982年生。研究员,博士生导师,主要从事盆-山关系、石油地质学、沉积地球化学研究。E-mail:jiajl0228@163.com。

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目录contents

    摘要

    在阜新盆地中北部西缘FY-2井钻遇的下白垩统义县组首次发现火山成因古潜山油气藏,但其储层发育类型及油气成藏机制仍不明确。本文利用岩石学、地震识别、U-Pb定年、储层物性评价、生物标志化合物等手段,开展阜新盆地下白垩统义县组火山岩油气成藏机制研究。阜新盆地钻孔揭示的义县组岩石组合划分为火山碎屑岩(火山角砾岩-凝灰岩)、火山熔岩(玄武安山岩-玄武岩)、沉火山碎屑岩(凝灰质砂岩)3种类型,呈现出中酸性到中基性的多期次岩相序列演化,锆石U-Pb定年指示中酸性火山碎屑岩形成于124.8 Ma;义县组火山成因古潜山在地震剖面上表现出杂乱反射特征,古潜山岩体厚度超过800 m。义县组发育的粗安质角砾岩为中等—较好的火山碎屑岩储层类型,含油厚度为7.25 m,孔隙度为5.36%,渗透率为0.026×10-3 μm2,储层孔隙类型以岩屑内溶蚀孔为主。生物标志化合物的油-源对比结果表明,义县组火山岩系原油与下白垩统九佛堂组下段湖泊相烃源岩具有相似的母质来源、水体盐度、降解程度及热成熟度,指示火山岩储层中油气来源于侧向接触的九佛堂组下段优质烃源岩。本文认为阜新盆地义县组火山成因古潜山油气成藏主要受风化淋滤作用改善火山岩储层物性、烃源岩-断裂-储层-盖层良好的空间配置关系两个主要因素控制,建立了阜新盆地义县组火山成因古潜山油气成藏模式。

    Abstract

    A volcanogenic buried-hill hydrocarbon reservoir was firstly discovered by borehole FY-2 in the Early Cretaceous Yixian Formation (K1y) of western margin from the north-central Fuxin basin. However, type of reservoir development and accumulation mechanism of hydrocarbon for volcanogenic rocks are still unclear in the Fuxin basin. Based on detailed analysis of petrology, seismic data, U-Pb dating, reservoir physical properties, and biomarker compounds, we reveal the accumulation mechanism of early Cretaceous volcanogenic reservoir in the K1y of the Fuxin basin. The volcanogenic rocks of the K1y can be divided into three types of volcaniclastic rocks (e.g., volcanic breccia-tuff), volcanic lava (e.g., basaltic andesite-basalt), and sedimentary pyroclastic rocks (e.g., tuffaceous sandstone), which exhibit multiphase lithofacies sequences from intermediate-acid to intermediate-basalt. The forming age of intermediate-acid volcaniclastic rocks is about 124.8 Ma by zircon U-Pb dating in the upper K1y. The volcanogenic buried-hill of the K1y is identified by a chaotic seismic reflection configuration, which reveals over 800 m thickness for buried-hill strata. The andesitic breccia from the K1y presents medium to good physical property of volcaniclastic reservoir, with thickness of 7.25 m, porosity of 5.36%, and permeability of 0.026×10-3 μm2. The dissolution pores in volcanic cuttings are identified as the preponderant pore type of volcanic reservoir. Similar source of organic matter, water salinity, degradation degree and thermal maturity between volcanic crude oil of the K1y and source rocks of the early Cretaceous Lower Jiufotang Formation (K1jf 1) are revealed by oil-source correlation of biomarker compounds. This indicates that the volcanic hydrocarbon of the K1y originated from adjacent lacustrine excellent source rocks of the K1jf 1. We propose that the hydrocarbon accumulation of volcanogenic buried-hill in the K1y is mainly controlled by physical properties of volcanic reservoir improved by weathering and leaching and good spatial configuration of source rock-fault-reservoir-cap rock. Thus, an accumulation model of volcanogenic buried-hill reservoir was established in the K1y of the Fuxin basin.

  • 火山岩油气藏发现百余年来,已在全球300多个沉积盆地内发现了火山岩油气藏或火山岩层段油气显示(Vernik,1990; Schutter,2003; Feng et al.,2008; 邹才能等,2008; 刘嘉麒等,2010; Wang et al.,2015),其中40个盆地火山岩中获得了工业油气流及大规模油气储量(唐华风等,2020)。国外典型的盆地火山岩油气藏主要包括委内瑞拉拉帕斯、美国San Juan坳陷、日本Honshu盆地、印度尼西亚贾蒂巴朗、澳大利亚Scott Reef、纳米比亚Kude等油气藏(Cries et al.,1997; Koning,2003; Magara,2003; Potter et al.,2003)。我国沉积盆地火山岩油气藏首次见于准噶尔盆地西北缘,后相继大规模发现于准噶尔盆地克拉玛依-百口泉-红山嘴-车排子油田、渤海湾盆地辽河-济阳-黄骅坳陷、苏北盆地金湖-溱潼凹陷、松辽盆地徐家围子-长岭断陷、三塘湖盆地马郎凹陷、吐哈盆地台南地区等石炭-二叠系、下白垩统以及古近系(Feng et al.,2008; 王璞珺等,2008; 邹才能等,2008; 刘嘉麒等,2010; 冯子辉等,2014; 陈树民,2015; Liu et al.,2017; Li et al.,2018; Chang et al.,2019; 田伟超等,2019; 苗长盛等,2020; 苏东旭等,2020),形成了西部北疆石炭系、东部松辽盆地下白垩统两大主要火山岩油气区。因此,沉积盆地火山岩油气藏已成为全球油气资源勘探开发的重要领域(唐华风等,2020),使其成为非常规油气勘探的热点方向。

  • 辽西地区下白垩统义县组火山岩广泛发育,对火山岩的喷发期次、形成时限、成因机制、构造背景等已开展了大量工作(张招崇等,1994; Smith et al.,1995; Wang et al.,2001; 李伍平等,2002; 彭艳东等,2003; 张宏等,2006; 邵济安等,2006; 孟凡雪等,2008; 张宏福等,2008; Chang et al.,2009; 蔡厚安等,2010; 徐德斌等,2012; 张乾等,2016)。尽管如此,辽西地区发育的系列断陷盆地义县组火山岩油气发现鲜有报道(图1a),仅在彰武断陷义县组火山岩中首次见到一定油气显示(郭洪宇,2014)。近年来,伴随阜新盆地东梁背斜南翼下白垩统沙海组近生烃洼陷大量工业油气流的发现(贾建亮等,2017),在盆地西缘最新钻孔义县组火山岩中识别出一套非常规油气储层(图1b)。尽管如此,火山岩油气藏作为一种非常规隐伏岩性油气藏类型,一直存在着勘探发现难、控制探明难的被动局面,其形成与分布往往受烃源岩分布、断裂发育、储层物性、区域盖层等多因素控制(Feng et al.,2008; 赵文智等,2008; 邹才能等,2008; 刘嘉麒等,2010)。对于阜新盆地义县组新发现的火山岩油气藏,其岩浆喷发时限、岩石组合类型、储层发育类型与程度、储层油气来源等因素仍不明确,从而制约了研究区火山岩油气成藏机制的揭示。

  • 本文将针对阜新盆地义县组发育的火山岩系(包括火山熔岩、火山碎屑岩、沉火山碎屑岩; 王璞珺等,2008),通过野外地质调查、岩芯观察与描述、铸体薄片鉴定、地震资料解译、U-Pb定年、孔隙度-渗透率测定、生物标志化合物测试等方法手段,分析火山岩的岩石序列与类型、空间展布特征、储层发育特征,确定火山岩形成时限与储层油气来源,探讨断陷盆地火山岩油气成藏机制。本项研究不仅能够标定阜新盆地中北部义县组火山岩喷发的时限及沉积地层形成时间,而且可以为盆地白垩系油气勘探提供新的探索方向。

  • 图1 东北地区沉积盆地分布(a)、阜新盆地构造区划图(b)与地层综合柱状图(c)(据Jia et al.,2021

  • Fig.1 Basin distribution in NE China (a) and map of structural units in the Fuxin basin (b) , and generalized stratigraphic column (c) (after Jia et al., 2021)

  • 1 区域地质概况

  • 辽宁西部早白垩世阜新盆地位于华北克拉通北缘燕山造山带东部,被EW向开原-赤峰断裂与NE向郯庐断裂所围陷(图1a)(吴志国等,2007; Jia et al.,2021)。阜新盆地覆盖面积约1500 km2,盆地长约80 km、宽约11~22 km(图1b)(李思田等,1985; 王伟峰等,1997; 朱志敏等,2007)。阜新盆地深层岩系发生强烈断裂变形,形成一系列NE-NNE向阶梯状断裂,组成断阶带,呈不对称式地堑结构,其发育主要受盆地东部瓦子峪拆离断层和西部松岭断裂控制(图1b)(Li et al.,2012; Jia et al.,2021)。阜新盆地形成时先充填了早白垩世义县组(K1y)火山岩系,继而是早白垩世九佛堂组(K1jf)、沙海组(K1sh)、阜新组(K1f)、孙家湾组(K1s)的陆相碎屑沉积,最后堆积第四纪更新世沉积物,盆地充填最大厚度约6000 m(图1c)(王秀茹等,2007; 吴炳伟等,2015)。阜新盆地早白垩世地层主要记录了初始裂陷(K1y)、早期断陷(K1jf)、晚期断陷(K1sh)、转换挤压(K1f—K1s)4个构造演化阶段(图1c)(Jia et al.,2021)。本文研究的义县组火山岩主要发育于盆地初成时的初始裂陷阶段(图1c)。

  • 辽西地区义县组火山岩广泛分布于全区以及相邻地区,早期为爆发相占优势的各种火山碎屑岩类,晚期以溢流相为主,形成各类火山熔岩(杨庚等,2001)。义县组岩石组合在辽西地区总体具有可对比性,也存在一定分异性,阜新盆地火山岩地层发育更完整且厚度较大。由于构造活动区的位置不同,晚中生代区域内构造活动中心在凌源至义县地区一线自西向东迁移,构造活动区始终更靠近阜新盆地,使得阜新盆地内断裂切穿得较深,基性岩浆占的比例较大,火山岩更偏基性(张招崇等,1994; 张乾等,2016)。阜新地区义县组为一套钙碱性系列的基性-中性-中酸性-酸性火山岩组合,是拉张条件下断陷盆地内的火山喷发产物,岩浆来源于富集地幔的部分熔融(李伍平等,2002; 张宏福等,2008)。义县组火山岩具多期次喷发韵律发育,岩浆演化明显,喷发中心由西向东迁移。义县组火山岩呈现由基性→中性→酸性演化,具有碱性程度向上逐渐增强的总体变化规律(张宏福等,2008),下部为中基性火山熔岩夹火山碎屑岩、沉火山碎屑岩,中部为以中性为主的中基性火山熔岩夹沉积岩,上部为中酸性火山熔岩及火山碎屑岩和沉火山碎屑岩,夹多期次火山间歇期沉积,其中湖泊相沉积夹大量“热河生物群”化石(陈树旺等,2001; 王宇林等,2012; 潘玉啟等,2014)。目前,U-Pb、Ar-Ar等定年方法测定阜新盆地及邻区白垩纪火山岩及火山碎屑岩的年龄范围为145~90 Ma(Smith et al.,1995; Swisher et al.,19992002; Wang et al.,2001; 彭艳东等,2003; 张宏等,2006; 邵济安等,2006; Yang et al.,2008; 孟凡雪等,2008; Chang et al.,2009; 蔡厚安等,2010; 徐德斌等,2012; 陈井胜等,2015; 张乾等,2016),以及古近纪橄榄玄武岩与辉绿岩的年龄分别为56 Ma和34 Ma(蔡厚安等,2010; 吴彦佳等,2022)。尽管如此,辽西地区义县组火山岩年龄集中在132~120 Ma之间,生物地层年代学进一步指示义县组地层介于130~124 Ma之间(万晓樵等,2013),表明辽西地区义县组地层时代为早白垩世中期。

  • 中国沉积盆地内部及其周缘地区火山岩广泛分布,而华北东部广泛发育的燕山期火山岩有利于火山岩油气藏的形成(邹才能等,2008)。阜新盆地燕山期发育的巨厚义县组火山岩具有一定的油气潜力,盆地中北部西缘钻孔FY-2井在义县组火山角砾岩中首次见到良好的油气显示(图2),为研究区今后油气勘探提供一种潜在的方向。

  • 2 样品采集与测试方法

  • 本文主要利用阜新盆地南部义县宋八户屯发育的火山岩野外露头、盆地中北部的FY-2井全井段钻孔岩芯及其过FY-2井二维地震资料开展研究(图1b)。全井段取芯的FY-2井钻孔深度为1862.04 m,主要钻遇了义县组火山岩系、九佛堂组与沙海组湖泊相沉积以及第四系表土沉积(图2a)。其中,义县组火山岩系仅钻遇厚度约为130 m,包括火山碎屑岩、火山熔岩和沉火山碎屑岩(图2b)。本文选取火山碎屑岩底部2个角砾凝灰岩V1(1861 m)和V2(1838 m)样品开展锆石U-Pb定年(图2b),以确定FY-2井钻遇的义县组火山碎屑岩形成年龄。选取20个S1~S20火山岩样品开展薄片鉴定、铸体薄片的微观孔隙描述、孔隙度与渗透率测定等火山岩储层岩性与物性研究(图2b),从而评价火山岩储层发育情况。选取2个义县组火山岩饱含油样品S5、S20(图2b)和6个九佛堂组烃源岩样品B2、B4、B16、B61、BH、B65(图2a)开展生物标志化合物的油-源对比研究,以便确定义县组火山岩油气来源。

  • 图2 阜新盆地FY-2井沉积-火山地层(a)(据Jia et al.,2021)与火山成因岩石类型及取样位置(b)

  • Fig.2 Sedimentary-volcanic strata (a) (after Jia et al., 2021) and volcanogenic types with sampling positions from borehole FY-2 in the Fuxin basin (b)

  • Qz—石英; Pl—斜长石; AF—碱性长石; L—岩屑; Px—辉石; Chl—绿泥石; Am—杏仁

  • Qz—Quartz; Pl—plagioclase; AF—alkali feldspar; L—lithic fragment; Px—pyroxene; Chl—chlorite; Am—amygdala

  • 义县组火山碎屑岩锆石U-Pb同位素定年LA-ICP-MS分析在北京燕都中实测试技术有限公司完成。激光剥蚀系统为NWR193(LLC),ICP-MS为德国耶拿M90。激光剥蚀过程中采用氦气作载气、氩气为补偿气以调节灵敏度,激光剥蚀斑束直径30 μm,频率10 Hz。每个时间分辨分析数据包括大约20~30 s的空白信号和50 s的样品信号。分析数据进行离线处理,测试91500及Plesovice标样均符合推荐值,数据处理采用软件ZSkits完成。U-Pb 同位素定年中采用锆石标准91500作外标进行同位素分馏校正,每分析5~10个样品点,分析2次91500,并对Plesovice分析1次作为监控。锆石样品的U-Pb年龄谐和图绘制和年龄权重平均计算均采用Isoplot/Ex_ver3完成。

  • 铸体薄片是将有蓝色液态胶在真空加压下注入岩石孔隙空间,待液态胶固化后磨制成的岩石薄片,进行岩石矿物鉴定,还可以研究孔隙大小、分布、类型、连通性、组合特征及几何形态、孔隙半径、喉道、裂缝发育等(Ajdukiewicz et al.,2012)。火山岩样品钻取直径2.5 cm的柱体,采用CMS300型计算机控制覆压孔渗自动测试仪在一系列覆压下测试岩石样品的孔隙度、渗透率。CMS300能够计算不服从达西定律的低渗透样品,在样品进口端处有一个充满一定压力的气体容器,测量开始时将该容器与样品进口接通,然后测量压力随时间变化,气体压力沿样品长度分布随位置与时间同步变化,最后根据储气容器压力随时间变化和有关参数来计算样品渗透率。CMS300以波义尔定律结合先进的标定技术测定柱状岩芯孔隙度。上述实验完成于北京理化分析测试中心。

  • 生物标志化合物测试完成于中国石油勘探开发研究院石油地质实验研究中心。150~200 g烃源岩200目粉末样品用二氯甲烷和甲醇的混合物(93∶7)在60℃下抽提72 h,通过柱层析分离出沥青质、饱和烃、芳香烃和NSO化合物。20~50 mg火山岩系原油样品用正己烷沉淀后过滤分离出沥青质,抽提12 h,通过氧化铝/硅胶色谱柱依次洗脱饱和烃、芳香烃和NSO化合物。采用Agilent 7890气相色谱法对饱和烃组分进行气相色谱分析,气相色谱柱为30 m DB-5弹性石英毛细管柱和320℃氢火焰离子检测器(FID),样品由N2携带以分裂模式(20∶1)注入; 烤箱从最初的80℃加热到310℃,升温速率为6℃/min。采用60 m HP-5MS弹性石英毛细管柱,样品携带He在280℃下以分裂模式(20∶1)注入; 烘箱温度为100℃、保持5 min,然后以4℃/min升至220℃,最后到320℃、保持20 min。质谱仪在EI(70 eV)模式下操作,从m/z 50到m/z 650全扫描。

  • 3 结果

  • 3.1 岩石学特征

  • 3.1.1 钻孔岩芯

  • 本文在阜新盆地中北部西缘FY-2井获得厚约130 m义县组火山岩系钻孔岩芯,整体上呈现出中酸性到中基性的岩石序列演化,具有多期次喷发特征(图2b)。根据义县组岩石组合及其成因,划分为中酸性火山碎屑岩、中基性火山熔岩、沉火山碎屑岩3种岩石类型(图2b),具体如下:

  • (1)中下部发育厚层深灰色安山质角砾凝灰岩(图2A)、黄灰色—浅灰色粗安质火山角砾岩(图2B)、浅灰色角砾凝灰岩(图2C)、灰白色含角砾凝灰岩(图2D)组成的中酸性火山角砾岩—凝灰岩序列。下部粗安质火山角砾岩具有火山角砾结构,成分以火山角砾为主(65%~85%),砾石大小为0.03~20 mm,以粗安岩为主,具斑状结构,基质具粗面结构,成分以碱性长石为主,方解石交代强烈; 火山碎屑成分以岩屑为主(>80%),棱角状、不规则状,多为中性喷出岩岩屑,次为晶屑、火山灰,玻屑少见(图2B)。向上发育的岩屑角砾凝灰岩具有火山角砾凝灰结构,角砾大小为0.03~12 mm,火山角砾含量30%~45%,局部见碳酸盐交代; 火山碎屑成分以棱角状安山质岩屑为主(70%~77%),次为棱角状、长石为主的晶屑(15%~20%)与微细、多泥化的火山灰(8%~10%),玻屑少见,不规则状、蚀变深(图2C)。上部的晶屑-岩屑含角砾凝灰岩具有凝灰结构,火山碎屑大小为0.03~4.8 mm,火山角砾含量15%~22%,火山碎屑成分以岩屑为主(62%~65%),次为晶屑(25%~30%)、火山灰(8%~10%),玻屑少见(图2D)。因此,FY-2井中酸性火山碎屑岩自下而上火山角砾变小且含量降低、岩屑-晶屑含量逐渐增多,底部发育的粗安质火山角砾岩为本区有利的火山碎屑岩油气储层(图2b)。

  • (2)中上部发育红灰色、紫红色(图2E)、灰绿色(图2F)、浅灰色玄武安山岩,后发育基性黑灰色气孔玄武岩(图2G)组成的中基性玄武安山岩—玄武岩序列。玄武安山岩具有斑状结构、杏仁构造,基质具交织结构,斑晶含量为4%~6%、大小为0.2~1.4 mm,基质晶粒<0.1 mm; 杏仁体多呈近圆状、含量为2%~4%,充填物为绿泥石、碳酸盐; 斑晶以暗色矿物为主,他形粒状、蚀变深,多已完全绿泥石化; 基质以微晶斜长石为主、长板条状、蚀变深—中等,暗色矿物蚀变完全、绿泥石化(图2F)。气孔玄武岩具有斑状结构、杏仁构造,基质具间粒结构,斑晶含量为13%、大小0.2~4.8 mm,基质晶粒多<0.1 mm,杏仁体含量1%、充填物为多期绿泥石,斑晶以辉石为主(图2G)。

  • (3)顶部发育浅灰色凝灰质中—粗砂岩(图2H)和角砾岩组成的沉火山碎屑岩序列。凝灰质粗砂岩具有不等粒砂状结构,砾石含量为4%,碎屑以线-点接触为主; 碎屑石英表面光洁,长石以碱性长石为主、次为斜长石、双晶发育,蚀变中等—深,多见绢云母化; 岩屑以安山岩为主、部分见方解石交代、被溶蚀,火山碎屑以棱角状长石晶屑为主、少量岩屑及尘屑(图2H)。本序列顶部与九佛堂组深灰色湖泊相泥岩呈整合接触,发育的凝灰质粗砂岩为FY-2井另一套有利火山成因油气储层(图2b)。

  • 图3 阜新盆地宋八户屯义县组火山岩露头照片

  • Fig.3 Outcrop photographs of volcanic rocks from the K1y in the Songbahu village of Fuxin basin

  • (a)—下部球形风化灰绿色安山岩;(b)—下部气孔定向排列灰绿色安山岩;(c)—中部灰白色凝灰质砂岩与页岩;(d)—上部灰白色火山集块岩;(e)—上部火山集块岩下切角砾凝灰岩;(f)—上部火山间歇期水平层理;(g)—义县组角砾凝灰岩与九佛堂组凝灰质砂岩整合接触

  • (a) —Spherical weathered gray-green andesite; (b) —gray-green andesite with directional arrangement of pores; (c) —gray-white tuffaceous sandstone and shale; (d) —gray-white volcanic agglomerate; (e) —breccia tuff incised volcanic agglomerate; (f) —horizontal bedding during volcanic interludes; (g) —conformable contact between K1y and K1jf

  • 3.1.2 野外露头

  • 阜新盆地南部义县地区义县组火山岩广泛出露(图1b),宋八户屯野外露头发育的义县组火山岩系主要为一套中基性到中酸性演化的岩石组合夹多旋回间歇沉积(图3)。① 下部主要发育黑色致密玄武岩、灰绿色玄武安山岩、灰绿色—紫红色安山岩与多斑粗安岩,向上安山岩球形风化普遍可见(图3a),顶部拉长定向排列的气孔杏仁极其发育(图3b)。② 中部主要发育灰白色凝灰质粉砂岩与页岩、中粗砂岩以及砾岩(图3c),夹白色钙质泥岩与灰色凝灰岩薄层,其下与义县组多斑粗安岩接触,可见水道冲刷、滑塌现象,发育水平层理、波纹层理等。③ 上部主要发育大套杂色火山角砾岩或集块岩(图3d),底部发育的灰绿色较细火山角砾岩-凝灰质砂页岩与中部地层顶部细砾岩接触,火山角砾岩或集块岩砾石以浅红色、深灰色、灰绿色安山岩与多斑粗安岩为主(图3d),砾径最大可达110 cm,火山角砾岩或集块岩间歇期夹多期次凝灰质砂岩与泥岩(图3d),可见火山集块岩明显下切较细的角砾凝灰岩(图3e),发育交错层理、平行层理、水平层理(图3f)等,顶部义县组灰白色角砾凝灰岩与九佛堂组灰绿色凝灰质砂岩和泥岩不整合接触(图3g)。因此,阜新盆地义县组野外露头发育了一套玄武岩-安山岩-凝灰质砂岩与页岩-火山角砾岩-角砾凝灰岩的岩石组合序列。

  • 图4 阜新盆地FY-2井义县组火山碎屑岩年代学特征

  • Fig.4 Geochronology of volcaniclastic rocks from borehole FY-2 in the Fuxin basin

  • 图5 阜新盆地过FY-2井地震解释的构造与地层格架

  • Fig.5 Interpreted seismic section acrossing borehole FY-2 in the Fuxin basin illustrating the basin architecture and stratigraphic framework

  • 3.2 锆石U-Pb年龄

  • 本文选取阜新盆地西侧FY-2井下部的两个浅灰色角砾凝灰岩样品V1(1861 m; 图4a)和V2(1838 m; 图4b)进行锆石U-Pb定年。主微量元素分析结果显示,V1和V2两个样品SiO2含量分别为64.2%和58.8%,指示其为酸性和中酸性火山碎屑岩。两个样品发育的锆石呈短柱状,粒径70~150 μm,阴极发光CL图像上显示锆石普遍发育环带结构(图4),Th/U比值为0.46~1.31(表1),表明其明显为岩浆锆石成因,且角砾凝灰岩为火山岩喷发的同期产物,能够代表火山碎屑岩的形成年龄。从样品V1和V2分别选取25颗和22颗晶型发育完好的锆石,其锆石的206Pb/238U年龄分别为127.5~123.3 Ma(图4a)和126.7~123.6 Ma(图4b),投影在谐和图上极其集中,获得加权平均年龄分别为124.9±0.35 Ma(图4a)和124.7±0.40 Ma(图4b; 表1),获取的年龄数据误差较小。因此,阜新盆地中北部义县组顶部中酸性火山碎屑岩形成于124.8 Ma,而九佛堂组沉积时限晚于124.7 Ma,指示其地层年代为早白垩世中期。FY-2井揭示的火山岩系整体上位于义县组(130~124 Ma; Jia et al.,2021)顶部。

  • 表1 阜新盆地FY-2井义县组火山碎屑岩锆石U-Pb年龄测试结果

  • Table1 Zircon U-Pb dating results of volcaniclastic rocks from the K1y of borehole FY-2 in the Fuxin basin

  • 3.3 地球物理特征

  • 野外露头是识别与刻画火山岩体最直接有效的手段,但对于沉积盆地内部隐伏发育的火山岩体需要借助地球物理资料间接推断。尽管如此,沉积盆地钻孔岩芯与测井手段可以直接或间接识别火山岩体的存在,据此标定利用地震反射特征推断火山岩的形态与展布。本文通过FY-2井钻孔岩芯证实了阜新盆地义县组火山岩的存在(图2),据此利用过FY-2井二维地震剖面识别出隐伏的火山岩体,其在地震剖面上显示出明显的古潜山展布特征(图5)。火山岩体内部表现出杂乱地震反射结构,明显区别于其侧向或顶部接触的九佛堂组沉积地层的亚平行、连续地震反射结构(图5)。然而,FY-2井仅钻穿了火山成因古潜山顶部极薄的130 m厚度(图2),但井-震合成记录推断古潜山岩体厚度超过800 m(图5),地震资料揭示其展布范围约为3 km2

  • 图6 阜新盆地FY-2井气测含量、岩石物性和微观孔隙特征

  • Fig.6 Gas content, physical properties and microscopic pore from borehole FY-2 in the Fuxin basin

  • 3.4 储层含油性与物性特征

  • FY-2井钻孔岩芯分别在1852.04~1844.79 m的粗安质火山角砾岩与1737.74~1734.74 m的凝灰质中—粗砂岩,录井鉴定为2个饱含油火山岩系段(图6)。气测结果表明,义县组底部粗安质火山角岩油层厚度约为7.25 m,总烃含量平均值为16.7%,其中甲烷含量平均值高达14.6%(图6); 顶部凝灰质中—粗砂岩可疑油层厚度约为3.0 m,总烃含量平均值仅为11.5%(图6)。

  • 阜新盆地义县组不同火山岩系段具有较大的孔隙度分布范围(0.63%~9.58%),平均值为3.52%(图6)。其中,两个层段呈现出明显较高的平均孔隙度,下部1802~1842 m火山角砾岩-凝灰岩段为5.73%,中部1744~1802 m玄武安山岩-玄武岩段仅为1.45%(图6),顶部1732~1744 m凝灰质中粗砂岩-角砾岩段高达7.09%(图6)。义县组识别的两套火山岩系油气储层均具有较高的孔隙度,为中等—较好的火山岩储层类型。义县组火山岩系渗透率整体较低,最高可达0.026×10-3 μm2,下部火山角砾岩含油段仍具有相对较高的渗透率(图6)。因此,下部火山角砾岩油气储层整体较高的孔隙度和渗透率使其具有较好的油气显示。

  • 阜新盆地义县组火山岩系孔隙度的贡献主要来自于原生孔隙、次生孔隙和构造裂缝(图6)。原生孔隙包括原生超大气孔(图6a)、角砾间孔隙(图6b)、晶粒间孔隙(图6c),次生孔隙包括岩屑内溶蚀孔(图6d)、火山灰溶蚀孔(图6e)、角砾内溶蚀孔(图6f)、晶粒内溶蚀孔(图6g),构造裂缝包括未充填构造裂缝(图6h)、充填构造裂缝(图6i)。通过铸体薄片镜下观察与统计,下部孔隙发育的火山角砾岩-凝灰岩段以岩屑内溶蚀孔为主,次为火山灰溶蚀孔、晶粒内溶蚀孔、原生粒间孔; 中部玄武安山岩-玄武岩段构造裂缝较发育、连通孔隙极其不发育,可能与气孔杏仁发育或方解石充填有关; 顶部凝灰质中粗砂岩-角砾岩以角砾间孔隙为主,少量角砾内溶蚀孔(图6)。

  • 4 讨论

  • 4.1 火山岩储层油气来源

  • 阜新盆地早白垩世发育生油烃源岩与煤系烃源岩两种类型,分别赋存于九佛堂组中上段与沙海组四段的半深湖沉积和沙海组三段与阜新组的滨浅湖沉积,盆地油气资源潜力与烃源岩的埋藏热演化密切相关(Jia et al.,2021; Xie et al.,2021)。Jia et al.(2021)指出阜新盆地西部FY-2井九佛堂组中上段烃源岩处于生油高峰的热演化阶段(Ro>0.9%),为以九佛堂组烃源岩作为生烃来源的油气成藏奠定了基础。从地震剖面解释的空间展布关系推断,义县组火山岩体侧向与九佛堂组中下段地层直接接触(图5),其油气聚集可能来源于侧向接触的九佛堂组发育的半深湖相优质烃源岩。尽管如此,需要利用地球化学定量手段进一步追踪义县组火山岩系的油气来源,生物标志化合物的油-源对比是确定油气来源最有效方法(Peters et al.,1993)。一般而言,利用正构烷烃、类异戊二烯烃、萜烷、甾烷等生物标志化合物指示的有机质生源组合、沉积环境、热成熟度及生物降解等特征相似性,确定烃源岩与原油的亲缘关系(Peters et al.,2007; Bechtel et al.,2012; 王元杰等,2021)。饱和烃或芳烃碳链分布与单体化合物比值常用来揭示烃源岩与原油的成因联系(Peters et al.,1993; Peters et al.,2007)。

  • 阜新盆地义县组火山岩系原油与九佛堂组下段烃源岩具有相似的萜类化合物(m/z 191)分布,且三环萜烷特别是C19-三环萜烷的相对含量明显高于霍烷系列(图7a~c),表明两者遭受了相似且强烈的降解作用(Ro>1.0%)(Peters et al.,2007),而九佛堂组上段烃源岩表现出正常的霍烷系列绝对优势(图7d)。因此,义县组火山岩系油气可能来源于具有相似次生改造的九佛堂组下段烃源岩。义县组火山岩系原油与九佛堂组下段烃源岩具有完全相似的甲基甾烷分布(m/z 231)也验证了这一论断,两者以3α-甲基-24-乙基胆甾烷占绝对优势(图7a~c),而九佛堂组上段烃源岩中还检测出大量4α-甲基-24-乙基胆甾烷与甲藻甾烷(图7d),指示了此时沟鞭藻的逐渐发育(张水昌等,2002)。除底部火山角砾岩原油正构烷烃受强烈降解作用形成双峰背景基线之外(图7a),原油与烃源岩较高成熟度使其正构烷烃分布呈现低碳分布优势(图7b~d),但规则甾烷C27-C28-C29分布(m/z 217)指示两者具有低等藻类与高等植物的混合生源(图7a~d)(Bechtel et al.,2012; Jia et al.,2013)。

  • 单体化合物比值能够更好地进行油-源定量对比分析(图8)。湖泊水体氧化还原参数Pr/Ph整体上介于1.1~1.5(图8a),指示一种贫氧弱还原的水体环境(Bechtel et al.,2012; Jia et al.,2013),可能与九佛堂沉积时期近-多物源且开放的小型湖泊沉积体系有关(Jia et al.,2021); 义县组火山岩系原油与九佛堂组下段烃源岩均具有较高的伽马蜡烷指数(0.6~1.3; 图8b)与β-胡萝卜烷/α,β-C30霍烷比值(1.7~4.2; 图8c),指示其相比九佛堂组上段沉积时期具有较高的水体盐度。义县组火山岩系原油与九佛堂组下段烃源岩检测出较高的莫烷/霍烷比值(0.16~0.29; 图8d)、三环萜烷指数(6.4~21.7; 图8e)、四环萜烷指数(0.18~0.33; 图8f)、三环萜烷/17α-霍烷比值(2.4~6.8; 图8g)、规则甾烷/17α-霍烷比值(16.5~56.1; 图8h),可能与此时萜烷强烈降解作用关系更密切。较高的甲藻甾烷(甲藻甾烷+C29ααα 20R甾烷)(0.06~0.08; 图8i)、4α/(4α+3α)-甲基-24-乙基胆甾烷(0.14~0.20; 图8j)比值指示九佛堂组上段湖泊中沟鞭藻更发育(张水昌等,2002),而较低比值的义县组火山岩系原油与九佛堂组下段烃源岩呈现出生源的亲缘性。由此推断,义县组火山岩系原油与九佛堂组下段烃源沉积时期的有机质来源、水体盐度、降解程度均具有相似性。此外,Ts/(Ts+Tm)(0.32~0.68; 图8k)与镜质组反射率Ro(~1.06%; 图8l)指示九佛堂组烃源岩与义县组火山岩系原油成熟度随着埋深的增加而不断增大(Peters et al.,2007),特别原油的Ts/(Ts+Tm)(0.53~0.68)比值大于其上覆烃源岩(0.32~0.52)(图8k),表明义县组火山岩系原油可能来自埋深更深的九佛堂组下段。因此,生物标志化合物证据表明阜新盆地义县组火山成因古潜山油气可能来源于侧向接触九佛堂组下段优质烃源岩。

  • 4.2 火山成因古潜山油气成藏机制

  • 火山岩油气藏的形成与分布往往受烃源岩分布、断裂发育、储层物性、盖层等多种因素控制(Feng et al.,2008; 赵文智等,2008; 邹才能等,2008; 刘嘉麒等,2010)。冯子辉等(2014)指出断陷盆地原位火山岩油气藏形成机制具有“断控体、体控相、相控储、储控藏”的特点。陈树民(2015)提出了断陷盆地“相-面控储、断-壳控运、复式聚集”的火山岩油气藏运聚成藏机理。阜新断陷盆地义县组火山成因古潜山油气成藏,可能受火山岩储层物性改造与生-储-盖空间配置关系的控制。

  • 图7 阜新盆地FY-2井义县组饱含油火山岩与九佛堂组烃源岩生物标志化合物特征

  • Fig.7 Biomarker characteristics of oil-saturated volcanic rock (K1y) and source rocks (K1jf) from borehole FY-2 in the Fuxin basin

  • (a)—样品S5,K1y,1848.54 m,饱含油火山角砾岩;(b)—样品S20,K1y,1738.34 m,饱含油凝灰质粗砂岩;(c)—样品B2,K1jf1,1720.74 m,灰黑色泥岩;(d)—样品B16,K1jf2,1552.04 m,深灰色粉砂质泥岩

  • (a) —Sample S5, K1y, 1848.54 m, oil-saturated volcanic breccia; (b) —sample S20, K1y, 1738.34 m, oil-saturated tuffaceous coarse sandstone; (c) —sample B2, K1jf1, 1720.74 m, gray-black mudstone; (d) —sample B16, K1jf2, 1552.04 m, dark gray silty mudstone

  • (1)风化淋滤作用改善火山岩储层物性:阜新盆地中北部义县组底部火山碎屑岩形成于124.8 Ma(图4),见良好的油气显示,储层厚度为7.25 m,总烃含量为16.7%,孔隙度为5.36%,渗透率为0.026×10-3 μm2(图6),为中等—较好的火山碎屑岩储层类型(王璞珺等,2008)。义县组饱含油粗安质角砾岩储层物性特别是渗透率明显优于围岩(图6),远高于中基性火山熔岩储层孔隙度与渗透率的下限值(3.56%,0.0085×10-3 μm2; 孙茹雪等,2017)。阜新盆地义县组火山岩形成的时间(130~124 Ma; Jia et al.,2021)与松辽盆地营城组(130~110 Ma)一段发育的火山岩一致,且与营城组三段具有火山角砾岩-安山玄武岩-玄武岩组成的相似岩石组合序列(图2b)(Wang et al.,2015)。阜新盆地义县组饱含油粗安质角砾岩储层的发育可能与风化淋滤作用密切相关。风化壳型火山岩储层普遍发育于西部的准噶尔盆地二叠系风成组与石炭系(Li et al.,2018; 苏东旭等,2020)、三塘湖盆地石炭系卡拉岗组(田伟超等,2019),其淋滤带发育的溶蚀孔会大幅改善火山岩储层物性。东部的松辽盆地早白垩世营城组也发育玄武岩-玄武安山岩风化壳型储层,孔隙度为2%~6%,渗透率为0.01×10-3~1.0×10-3 μm2Liu et al.,2017),与阜新盆地义县组火山碎屑岩储层具有相近的物性特征(图6)。阜新盆地义县组顶部火山岩储层具备风化淋滤的古潜山地貌条件(图5),黄灰色火山岩储层是火山顶部旋回间歇期风化作用所致(图6)。更为重要的是,义县组火山岩系发育的储层孔隙类型以岩屑内溶蚀孔为主,次为火山灰溶蚀孔、晶粒内溶蚀孔、原生粒间孔隙(图6),表明火山岩储层受到成岩后期强烈的流体改造作用。多数火山岩有利储层分布在喷发间断不整合界面或构造不整合界面之下的200 m范围之内(唐华风等,2020),阜新盆地义县组火山角砾岩主力储层位于义县组与九佛堂组不整合面之下113 m(图2b)。因此,阜新盆地义县组火山岩系有利储层的发育受古潜山地貌下强烈风化淋滤作用的影响。

  • 图8 阜新盆地FY-2井生物标志化合物油源对比参数

  • Fig.8 Biomarker parameters for oil-source correlation from borehole FY-2 in the Fuxin basin

  • (2)烃源岩-断裂-储层良好的时空配置关系:储层物性发育的火山岩体之所以能够形成有效的油气藏,往往与火山岩储层和盖层以及优质烃源岩之间的时空配置关系密切相关,沟通油-源的断裂体系发育起到至关重要作用(Feng et al.,2008; 邹才能等,2008; 刘嘉麒等,2010)。准噶尔盆地石炭-二叠系(Li et al.,2018; 苏东旭等,2020)、三塘湖盆地石炭系(田伟超等,2019)、松辽盆地早白垩世营城组(王璞珺等,2008; Wang et al.,2015)发育的火山岩储层油气,都是来源于其下伏较老沉积地层的优质烃源岩生烃、排烃,断裂体系在其中起到沟通油-源的作用,即“下生上储”式火山岩油气成藏模式。尽管如此,阜新盆地义县组火山岩因其特殊的古潜山地貌特征,使其成藏方式呈现差异性。生物标志化合物证据指示阜新盆地义县组火山岩系油气来源于九佛堂组下段湖泊相优质烃源岩(图7、8),地震剖面展示火山岩体(厚度>800 m)具有古潜山展布特征且与九佛堂组下段地层侧向接触(图5),但FY-2井仅揭示了义县组顶部(~124.8 Ma)厚约130 m的地层(图2b),推断整个火山成因古潜山可能具备更优质的油气成藏条件。首先,阜新盆地西部的FY-2井九佛堂组下段发育半深湖相优质烃源岩(Jia et al.,2021),总有机碳含量TOC>2.0%,镜质组反射率Ro>1.0%(图8l),有机质处于生油高峰期到生湿气阶段,从而使其具有充足的油源供给。其次,FY-2井揭示的义县组下部火山角砾岩储层孔隙度为5.36%、渗透率为0.026×10-3 μm2,顶部凝灰质中粗砂岩储层孔隙度高达7.09%、渗透率仅为0.004×10-3 μm2(图6),故义县组火山角砾岩发育中等—较好的油气储层。再次,阜新盆地义县组火山成因古潜山侧向以微断层与九佛堂组下段地层接触,导通了义县组有利火山岩储层与其侧向深部九佛堂组下段烃源岩生成的油气,从而形成了阜新盆地义县组火山成因古潜山油气成藏模式(图9)。最后,义县组顶部九佛堂组中部发育的半深湖相厚层泥岩(图5),可以作为火山成因古潜山油气藏良好的盖层。近年来,与阜新盆地毗邻的彰武断陷(图1a)在构造高部位也发现了义县组火山岩油气藏,其油气成藏主要受发育的同生断裂沟通九佛堂组烃源岩与有利火山岩储层(郭洪宇等,2014),进一步验证义县组火山岩系油气成藏的可能性。

  • 综述所述,阜新盆地义县组火山成因古潜山油气成藏主要受风化淋滤作用改善火山岩储层物性、烃源岩-断裂-储层良好的空间配置关系两个主要因素控制,良好的火山成因储层发育与充足的侧向九佛堂组下段油源供给是义县组火山岩系油气成藏的基础,从而提出了阜新盆地义县组火山成因古潜山油气成藏模式。

  • 图9 阜新盆地义县组火山成因古潜山油气藏模型

  • Fig.9 Model of volcanogenic buried-hill reservoir in the K1y of Fuxin basin

  • 4.3 石油地质与年代地层意义

  • 近年来,寻找近生烃洼陷的常规砂岩隐蔽岩性油气藏、岩性-构造油气藏成为阜新盆地油气勘探的有利方向(吴炳伟等,2015),阜新地区小型断陷盆地白垩系“下洼找油气”成为基本油气勘探思路(殷敬红等,2008; 贾建亮等,2017)。本文在阜新盆地中北部西缘首次识别出一套近九佛堂组生烃洼陷的义县组火山成因古潜山油气储层,进一步验证了近生源岩性-构造油气勘探的可能,也将为本区提供新的非常规油气勘探方向,从而丰富我国火山岩油气藏类型并完善火山岩油气成藏理论。

  • 阜新盆地义县组顶部火山成因岩石类型与锆石U-Pb定年分析,确定了阜新盆地中北部义县组顶部中酸性火山碎屑岩形成于124.8 Ma(图4),从而限定了阜新盆地中北部火山岩喷发的最小时限约为124 Ma,FY-2井揭示的火山岩系整体上位于义县组(130~124 Ma; Jia et al.,2021)最顶部; 同时,阜新盆地义县组顶部中酸性火山碎屑岩成岩年龄可以约束九佛堂组的沉积时限晚于124 Ma,指示九佛堂组地层年代为早白垩世中期。

  • 5 结论

  • (1)阜新盆地中北部西缘FY-2井义县组岩石组合呈现出中酸性到中基性的多期次岩石序列演化,主要划分为中酸性火山碎屑岩(火山角砾岩-凝灰岩)、中基性火山熔岩(玄武安山岩-玄武岩)、沉火山碎屑岩(凝灰质砂岩)3种岩石类型。然而,阜新盆地义县宋八户屯野外露头揭示了一套玄武岩-安山岩-凝灰质砂岩与页岩-火山角砾岩-角砾凝灰岩的完整义县组岩石组合序列。FY-2井义县组顶部中酸性火山碎屑岩形成于124.8 Ma,限定了阜新盆地中北部火山岩喷发时限为早白垩世中期。

  • (2)利用过FY-2井地震剖面识别出隐伏的义县组火山成因古潜山,表现出杂乱地震反射结构,区别于其侧向或顶部接触的九佛堂组的亚平行、连续地震反射结构,井-震合成记录推断古潜山岩体厚度超过800 m、展布范围约为3 km2。义县组粗安质角砾岩油气储层厚度为7.25 m,总烃含量为16.7%,孔隙度为5.36%,渗透率为0.026×10-3 μm2,为中等—较好的火山岩储层类型。义县组火山岩系发育的储层孔隙类型以岩屑内溶蚀孔为主,次为火山灰溶蚀孔、晶粒内溶蚀孔、原生粒间孔。

  • (3)饱和烃碳链分布及其单体化合物比值等生物标志化合物证据,指示阜新盆地义县组火山岩系原油与九佛堂组下段烃源岩具有相似的有机质来源、水体盐度、降解程度及热成熟度,表明义县组火山岩系油气可能来源于侧向接触九佛堂组下段优质烃源岩。阜新盆地义县组火山成因古潜山油气成藏主要受风化淋滤作用改善火山岩储层物性、烃源岩-断裂-储层良好的空间配置关系两个主要因素控制,建立了阜新盆地义县组火山成因古潜山油气成藏模式。

  • 致谢:感谢匡永生、王晓明、谢文泉、王涛、兰波等在阜新盆地火山岩系岩芯观察与描述以及野外地质调查过程中给予的技术指导与帮助; 感谢张晗、刘玉娥、高原等在锆石U-Pb定年、生物标志化合物以及储层物性测试分析方面给予的大力支持; 感谢两位审稿专家对本文提出的建设性改进意见。

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