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作者简介:

韦帅,男,1996年生。硕士,矿物学、矿床学、岩石学专业。E-mail:854007574@qq.com。

通讯作者:

邓宇峰,男,1983年生。副教授,硕士生导师,主要从事岩石学与矿床地球化学研究。E-mail:dyfeng_214@sina.com。

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周虎, 尚德锋, 产思维, 陈俊. 2019. 徐淮地区斑井岩体锆石U-Pb测年、岩石成因及其地质意义. 矿物岩石, 39(3): 9~16.
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朱日祥, 范宏瑞, 李建威, 孟庆任, 李胜荣, 曾庆栋. 2015. 克拉通破坏型金矿床. 中国科学: 地球科学, 45(8): 1153~1168.
目录contents

    摘要

    徐宿弧安徽北段地区是华北克拉通南缘重要的金属资源产区,其中三铺复式岩体北部接触带中段杨桥孜金铜矿床是安徽北部已探明的最大金矿床。本次工作针对杨桥孜矿区含矿的石英二长闪长岩与不含矿的石英二长闪长玢岩展开工作,两者的LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb加权平均年龄分别为128±1.1 Ma、119.9±4.3 Ma,两者都形成于早白垩世早期华北克拉通构造活动与岩浆活动峰期。岩石地球化学分析表明,杨桥孜矿区两种岩石都具有高硅、富碱、富集LREE、富Sr、贫Th和Yb的特征,属高钾钙碱性准铝质I型花岗岩;高Sr/Y、低HREE和Y、无明显Eu异常表明其具有埃达克岩的特征。石英二长闪长岩的锆石εHf(t)为-16.3~-5.3,二阶段模式年龄(tDM2)为2202~1515 Ma,与石英二长闪长岩和石英二长闪长玢岩锆石核部得到的年龄范围一致,表明华北克拉通下地壳是岩浆源区的重要端元,较大的εHf(t)变化范围指示源区混合了幔源岩浆。中生代古太平洋斜向俯冲,导致华北克拉通下地壳拆沉并发生部分熔融,俯冲的洋壳板片扰动软流圈导致岩石圈地幔部分熔融,幔源岩浆与古老下地壳相互作用形成了石英二长闪长岩和石英二长闪长玢岩的母岩浆。这一成因模式与岩石中高Mg#、高La/Ta、低Th/Ce、低Sr/Y、低(La/Yb)N的特征相吻合。两种岩石锆石结晶温度平均分别为742℃、708℃,氧逸度ΔFMQ平均分别为+1.79和+1.48,石英二长闪长岩具有相对较高氧逸度是其成矿的重要因素。

    Abstract

    The northern Anhui section of the Xu-Su arcuate structural region is an important metal resource producing base in the southern margin of the North China Craton. The Yangqiaozi gold-copper deposit in the middle part of the northern contact zone of the Sanpu complex is the largest gold deposit in northern Anhui so far. This work focuses on the ore-bearing quartz monzodiorite and the non-mineralization quartz monzodiorite porphyrite in the Yangqiaozi mining area. The LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb weighted average ages of the two intrusive rocks are 128±1.1 Ma and 119.9±4.3 Ma, respectively, both of which were formed during the tectonic and magmatic peak periods of the North China Craton in the early Early Cretaceous. Geochemical compositions show that the intrusive rocks in the Yangqiaozi deposit are characterized by high silicon, alkali, LREE, Sr, low Th, Yb content, and belong to the high-potassium calcium-alkaline meta-aluminum I type granite. High Sr/Y, low HREE and Y, and no obvious Eu anomalies which indicate that it is similar to the characteristics of adakites. The zircon εHf(t) of the quartz monzodiorite is -16.3~-5.3, and the second-stage model age (tDM2) is 2202~1515 Ma, which is consistent with the age range of the zircon core, indicating that the lower crust of the North China Craton is an important end member of the magma source. Moreover, large εHf(t) variation range indicates that the magma source is mixed with mantle-derived magma. The oblique subduction of the Paleo-Pacific Ocean in the Mesozoic led to delamination and partial melting of the lower crust in the North China Craton. The subduction of oceanic crust slabs disturbed the asthenosphere, caused partial melting of the lithospheric mantle,and produced mantle-derived magma. The interaction of themantle-derived magma and the lower crust formed the parental magma of the quartz monzodiorite and the quartz monzodiorite porphyrite. This genetic model is consistent with the high Mg# and La/Ta, low Th/Ce, Sr/Y and (La/Yb)N ratios of the intrusive rocks. The average crystallization temperature of the two kinds of rock zircons is 742℃ and 708℃, and the average oxygen fugacity ΔFMQ is +1.79 and +1.48. The relatively high oxygen fugacity may have been the key factor for the Au-Cu mineralization of the quartz monzodiorite.

  • 徐宿弧地区多金属矿产是我国东部矽卡岩型成矿带内的重要组成部分,区内矿产资源(如铁、铜、金、钴等)以矽卡岩型矿床为主(Xu Wenliang et al.,2006; Zhang Xi,2017),主要分布在淮北濉溪县秦楼、杨桥孜、前常、前常东、王场、旗杆楼、石楼等地区,主要矿床类型为“杨桥孜式”矽卡岩型金铜矿床和“徐楼式”矽卡岩型铁矿床(Zhao Yiming et al.,1999; Wang Qingsong et al.,20102015; Chan Siwei et al.,2020; Wang Wei et al.,2020)。其中,杨桥孜金铜矿床为皖北地区矿产普查中已探明的最大的镁矽卡岩型金矿床(Wang Qingsong et al.,2015)。前人对与杨桥孜金铜矿床及与成矿有关的岩体进行了一定程度研究,杨桥孜矿床辉钼矿Re-Os等时线年龄为130±3.2 Ma,矿床划分为3个成矿作用阶段:① 镁(钙)矽卡岩阶段; ② 铁(镁)氧化物阶段; ③ 碳酸盐(石英)-硫化物和金矿化阶段(Zhao Yiming et al.,1999; Wang Qingsong et al.,20102015; Wei Shuai et al.,2021)。这些工作对杨桥孜矿床的地质特征有了初步的认识。但目前对于杨桥孜金铜矿床成矿岩体还缺乏准确的年代学工作,且对岩体地球化学、成岩构造环境与成矿条件还有待进一步的研究。

  • 本次研究将对杨桥孜金铜矿床成矿岩体开展锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年、锆石Hf同位素和微量元素地球化学研究,探讨徐宿弧安徽北段地区金铜矿床成矿岩体的岩石成因、构造环境和成矿条件,从而深化对徐宿弧皖北地区金矿床和铁矿床的成岩成矿规律的研究。

  • 1 地质特征

  • 1.1 区域地质背景

  • 研究区位于华北克拉通东南缘(图1a),区内地层除缺失奥陶系上统至石炭系下统外,自新元古界以后的其余地层均有分布; 地层岩性主要为灰岩、白云岩、砂岩及泥岩等。矿区内第四系大面积覆盖,平均厚度在100 m以上,主要由黏土及砂岩层组成,基岩主要为古生代寒武纪地层,由海相碎屑岩-碳酸盐岩组成,中上寒武统毛庄组、徐庄组、风山组为富镁碳酸盐岩类地层,有利于形成矽卡岩型铁铜矿和铜金矿(Wang Qingsong et al.,2015)。

  • 图1 华北地区构造纲要图(a)和徐宿弧安徽北段地区地质简图(b)(据Yang Debin et al.,2008; Wang Qingsong et al.,2010修改)

  • Fig.1 Structural outline map of the northern Anhui region (a) and geological sketch map of the northern part of Anhui, Xusu arc (b) (modified after Yang Debin et al., 2008; Wang Qingsong et al., 2010)

  • 区内构造活动强烈,主要为东西向断裂构造、北北东向断裂构造、徐(州)-宿(州)弧形断裂构造,其次有北东向断裂构造。其中符离集断层经过矿区,为淮北地区最大的一条区域性大断裂,断层面北倾,倾角35°~75°,走向近东西(Wang Qingsong et al.,2015)。区内岩浆活动强烈,与构造活动密切相关,北北东向褶皱、断裂和东西向断裂控制了岩浆岩的分布,形成了一条东西向的岩浆岩带和四条北北东向的岩浆岩带,东西向岩浆岩带分布在符离集断裂带附近。岩浆岩以中-浅成闪长岩类为主(Chan Siwei et al.,2020),主要类型为石英闪长(玢)岩、石英二长(玢)岩、花岗闪长斑岩以及闪长斑岩等(图1b)。

  • 区内矿产多是与中酸性侵入岩有关的矽卡岩矿床,大致分为两类:第一类为与高钾钙碱性侵入岩有关的矽卡岩型铁铜金成矿系列,该成矿系列主要分布在三铺石英二长闪长岩体周围,称为“杨桥孜式”,矿体主要产于三铺岩体与中寒武统毛庄组和徐庄组地层接触带,代表性矿床为杨桥孜金铜矿床、秦楼铜金矿床; 第二类为与高钾钙碱性侵入岩有关的矽卡岩型铁成矿系列,该成矿系列在徐宿弧地区广泛分布,如王场、徐楼、邹楼等地区,矿床类型与“邯邢式”基本一致,称为“徐楼式”,矿体主要产于闪长(玢)岩与下奥陶统萧县组接触带附近,代表性矿床为王场铁矿床和徐楼铁矿床(Zhao Yiming et al.,1999; Wang Qingsong et al.,2010)。成岩成矿时代大都集中于早白垩世早期(Wang Qingsong et al.,2015; Chan Siwei et al.,2020; Wang Wei et al.,2020)。

  • 1.2 矿床地质特征

  • 杨桥孜金铜矿床是安徽省北部目前发现的最大的矽卡岩型金矿床,矿体主要赋存在三铺岩体与寒武系接触带内,三铺岩体内残留的寒武系围岩捕虏体接触带及其层间裂隙是矿体赋存的主要场所(Wang Qingsong et al.,2015; Chan Siwei et al.,2020)。三铺岩体平面呈北西—南东向延长约19 km,岩体边缘具多层分叉侵入于围岩中的特点(图2),是由燕山期四次岩浆活动形成的复式杂岩体,岩体主体由燕山中期石英二长闪长(玢)岩组成(Zhao Yiming et al.,1999; Wang Qingsong et al.,2015)。三铺岩体接触带是区内最重要的控矿构造,鞍状弯曲接触带是成矿最有利的地区,岩体南、北部接触带中段分别发育了杨桥孜金铜矿床、秦楼铜金矿床、三铺铁矿床和前常铁铜矿床,其中在杨桥孜地区接触带向岩体内侧呈鞍状弯曲,地层被东西向构造破坏较轻,有利成矿和矿体保存(Wang Qingsong et al.,2015)。

  • 图2 杨桥孜矿区地质图(据Wang Qingsong et al.,2015修改)

  • Fig.2 Geological map of the Yangqiaozi mining area (modified after Wang Qingsong et al., 2015)

  • 矿区内主矿种为金、铁、铜,次要矿种为钼,并伴生镓、硒、碲等稀有元素,已探明的金金属储量8.71 t,金平均品位3.69 g/t,铜金属储量3.51万t,铜平均品位0.85%,金储量达到中型矿床规模(Wang Qingsong et al.,2015)。矿床处于宿徐弧形褶皱构造与符离集东西向区域性断裂构造(宿北断裂)交汇部位(图2; Wang Qingsong et al.,2010),矿床所在区域被松散的第四系所覆盖,厚度约59.0~92.56 m。矿体产于石英二长闪长(玢)岩与寒武系毛庄组和徐庄组灰岩接触带(图3)。含矿岩体接触带向外可依次划分为4个矿化带,其中勘探3线可见Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ 共3个矿化带(图4)。矿体主要呈似层状或透镜状,矿体走向为NW向,倾向NE,矿体埋深100~700 m。围岩蚀变主要为透辉石化、石榴子石化、蛇纹石化、金云母化、绿泥石化等。矿石主要以浸染状构造和块状构造为主,主要金属矿物为黄铜矿、斑铜矿、黄铁矿、自然金等。脉石矿物以石榴子石、透辉石为主,为典型的矽卡岩型矿床(Wang Qingsong et al.,2015; Chan Siwei et al.,2016)。

  • 2 样品特征及分析方法

  • 2.1 样品特征

  • 本次研究选取杨桥孜金铜矿区中含矿的石英二长闪长岩,进行主微量元素分析、LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年及微量元素分析、锆石Hf同位素分析,并取矿区内不含矿的石英二长闪长玢岩进行对比。

  • 石英二长闪长岩:手标本呈浅灰色,块状构造,半自形粒状结构,主要成分为石英、长石、黑云母、角闪石。石英呈他形粒状,粒径0.5 mm左右,含量约20%; 斜长石为半自形—自形板条状,粒径1.5~3 mm,含量约40%,发生黏土化; 钾长石为他形板状矿物,粒径0.5~1 mm,含量约25%; 角闪石为柱状,粒径约0.5~1.5 mm,含量约10%,发生绿泥石化; 黑云母为板柱状,粒径约0.5~1 mm,含量约5%,发生绿泥石化(图5a~c)。

  • 石英二长闪长玢岩:手标本呈黑色,块状构造,斑状结构,斑晶为长石、石英。石英呈他形粒状,粒径0.5 mm左右,含量约10%; 斜长石为半自形—自形板条状,粒径0.5 mm,含量约30%,具高岭土化; 钾长石为他形板状,粒径0.5~1 mm,含量约25%; 黑云母为板柱状,粒径约0.5~1 mm,含量约10%,发生绿泥石化; 角闪石为短柱状,粒径约0.05~0.1 mm,含量约20%,具绿泥石化; 基质为隐晶质矿物集合体,含量5%(图5d~f)。

  • 图3 杨桥孜金铜矿床基岩地质图(据Chan Siwei et al.,2020修改)

  • Fig.3 Geological map showing the bedrock of Yangqiaozi Au-Cu deposit (modified after Chan Siwei et al., 2020)

  • 图4 杨桥孜金铜矿床3线地质剖面图(据Chan Siwei et al.,2016修改)

  • Fig.4 Geological profile of No.3 exploration line in the Yangqiaozi Au-Cu deposit (modified after Chan Siwei et al., 2016)

  • 矿区中含矿的石英二长闪长岩的石英含量明显高于不含矿的石英二长闪长玢岩,且暗色矿物(角闪石、黑云母)相对较少; 石英二长闪长玢岩具明显的长石、石英斑晶,岩石色率较高,其镁、铁元素含量应比含矿的石英二长闪长岩高。

  • 2.2 岩体主微量分析

  • 主量元素和微量元素测试分析在广州澳实矿物实验室完成,其中主量元素使用ME-XRF06 X荧光光谱仪进行测定,各项元素的分析精度分别为: SiO2 0.8%,Al2O3 0.5%,Fe2O3 0.4%,MgO 0.4%,CaO 0.6%,Na2O 0.3%,K2O 0.4%,MnO 0.7%,TiO2 0.9%,P2O5 0.8%。微量元素的测定采用四酸消解法电感耦合等离子体质谱(ME-MS61)法,微量元素的误差小于10%; 稀土元素的测定采用熔融法电感耦合等离子体质谱(ME-MS81)法,精准度控制相对误差(RE)小于10%,精密度控制相对偏差(RD)小于10%。

  • 2.3 LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年及微量元素分析

  • 锆石微量元素和U-Pb同位素定年在合肥工业大学资源与环境工程学院矿床成因与勘查技术研究中心(OEDC)矿物微区分析实验室利用LA-ICP-MS分析完成。激光剥蚀系统为Cetac Analyte HE,ICP-MS为Agilent 7900。激光剥蚀过程中采用氦气作载气、氩气为补偿气以调节灵敏度,二者在进入ICP之前通过一个T型接头混合。每个时间分辨分析数据包括大约20 s的空白信号和40~50 s的样品信号。对分析数据的离线处理采用软件ICPMSDataCal(Liu Yongsheng et al.,2008)完成。详细的仪器操作条件和数据处理方法同Ning Siyuan et al.(2017)Wang Fangyue et al.(2017)。锆石微量元素含量利用多个参考玻璃(NIST610)作为外标、Si作内标的方法进行定量计算(Liu Yongsheng et al.,2008)。U-Pb同位素定年中采用锆石标准91500 作外标进行同位素分馏校正,每分析5 个样品点,分析2 次91500。分析期间,用Plesovice锆石作为质量监控样。对于与分析时间有关的U-Th-Pb同位素比值漂移,利用91500的变化采用线性内插的方式进行了校正(Liu Yongsheng et al.,2008)。锆石标准91500的U-Th-Pb同位素比值推荐值据Wiedenbeck et al.(1995)。锆石样品的U-Pb年龄谐和图绘制和年龄权重平均计算均采用Isoplot/Ex_ver3(Ludwig,2003)完成。

  • 2.4 锆石 Hf 同位素测试

  • 锆石原位Hf同位素测试在合肥工业大学资源与环境工程学院同位素实验室利用LA-MC-ICP-MS方法分析完成。该系统由Cetac Analyte HE 激光剥蚀系统与Thermo Fisher Neptune Plus MC-ICP-MS联合组成。激光剥蚀过程中采用氦气作载气、氩气为补偿气以调节灵敏度,二者在进入 MC-ICP-MS 之前通过一个T型接头混合。对分析数据的离线处理采用LAZrnHf-Calculator@HFUT(Gu Haiou et al.,2019)完成。

  • 图5 杨桥孜矿床侵入岩手标本及镜下显微照片

  • Fig.5 Hand specimens and microscopic images of Yangqiaozi deposit intrusions

  • (a~c)—石英二长闪长岩手标本及镜下照片;(d~f)—石英二长闪长玢岩手标本及镜下照片; Q—石英; Kfs—钾长石; Pl—斜长石; Hbl—角闪石; Bt—黑云母

  • (a~c) —Hand specimens and microscopic photos of quartz monzodiorite; (d~f) —hand specimens and microscopic photos of quartz monzodiorite porphyrite; Q—quartz; Kfs—k-feldspar; Pl—plagioclase; Hbl—hornblende; Bt—biotite

  • 3 分析结果

  • 3.1 主量元素

  • 岩石的主量元素分析结果见表1。石英二长闪长岩的SiO2含量为64.20%~64.64%,K2O含量为2.46%~2.54%,CaO含量为4.05%~4.54%,Na2O含量为4.03%~4.29%,MgO含量为2.21%~2.73%,Mg#为47.75~53.16,全碱(Na2O+K2O)含量高,为6.53%~6.80%,Na2O>K2O,Al2O3含量为15.14%~15.96%,铝饱和指数(A/CNK)为0.88~0.91; 在TAS图解(图6a)中投影到花岗闪长岩范围内,在SiO2-K2O图解(图6b)中属高钾钙碱性系列,在A/CNK-A/NK图解(图6c)中属准铝质岩。

  • 石英二长闪长玢岩的SiO2含量为62.04%~63.50%,K2O含量为2.51%~2.56%,CaO含量为4.38%~4.50%,Na2O含量为4.41%~4.53%,MgO含量为3.52%~3.89%,Mg#为57.86~60.21,全碱(Na2O+K2O)含量高,为6.97%~7.06%,Na2O>K2O,Al2O3含量为14.88%~15.20%,铝饱和指数(A/CNK)为0.82~0.841; 在TAS图解(图6a)中投影到二长岩-石英闪长岩范围内,在SiO2-K2O图解(图6b)中属高钾钙碱性系列,在A/CNK-A/NK图解(图6c)中属准铝质岩。

  • 3.2 稀土元素和微量元素

  • 岩石微量、稀土元素分析结果见表1。石英二长闪长岩的稀土总量ΣREE为71.43×10-6~101.61×10-6,轻重稀土元素比值LREE/HREE=8.74~10.43,LaN/YbN=9.50~12.68,轻稀土元素(LREE)富集,轻稀土元素具右倾平滑曲线特征,存在一定程度的分馏,HREE曲线明显平坦,基本上不存在分馏(图7a),岩体δEu(0.93~1.03)具较低程度负异常,δCe值(0.98~1.00)无明显负异常,微量元素原始地幔标准化蛛网图(图7b)上石英二长闪长岩具有亏损Nb、P、Ti等高场强元素(HFSE),富集Rb、Ba、K、Sr等大离子亲石元素(LILE)的特征,其中Ba、Sr富集程度高,具有高Sr低Yb的特征。

  • 石英二长闪长玢岩的稀土总量ΣREE为66.64×10-6~72.39×10-6,LREE/HREE为7.80~8.89,LaN/YbN为8.43~10.00,轻稀土相对重稀土元素富集,轻稀土元素具右倾平滑曲线特征,存在一定程度的分馏,重稀土元素曲线明显平坦,基本上不存在分馏(图7a)。δEu(0.95~1.00)具弱负异常,δCe值(1.00~1.02)无负异常。石英二长闪长玢岩具有亏损Nb、P、Ti等高场强元素(HFSE),富集Rb、Ba、K、Sr等大离子亲石元素(LILE)的特征,其中Ba、Sr富集程度高,具有高Sr低Yb的特征(图7b)。

  • 表1 杨桥孜矿区侵入岩主量元素(%)、微量元素(×10-6)分析结果

  • Table1 Major element (%) and trace element (×10-6) compositions of the intrusions in Yangqiaozi deposit area

  • 注:Mg#=100×(MgO/40.3044)/(MgO/40.3044+TFe2O3×0.8998/71.844); A/CNK=Al2O3/(CaO+Na2O+K2O)(摩尔比); δEu =[(Eu/0.0735)/((Sm/0.195)+(Gd/0.259))/2]; δCe=[(Ce/0.808)/((La/0.310)+(Pr/0.122))/2]。

  • 图6 杨桥孜金铜矿床侵入岩岩石系列判别图解

  • Fig.6 Rock series diagrams of the intrusions of Yangqiaozi Au-Cu deposit

  • (a)—岩石TAS图解(据Middlemost,1994);(b)—K2O-SiO2图解(据 Maniar et al.,1989);(c)—A/CNK-A/NK图解(据Rickwood,1989

  • (a) —TAS diagram (after Middlemost, 1994) ; (b) —K2O-SiO2 diagram (after Maniar et al., 1989) ; (c) —A/CNK-A/NK diagram (after Rickwood, 1989)

  • 两种岩石的稀土元素配分曲线总体上类似,但石英二长闪长岩的稀土总量和轻重稀土元素比值略高于石英二长闪长玢岩; 石英二长闪长岩的高场强元素(HFSE)的U、Th、Nd、Zr、Sm 含量略高于石英二长闪长玢岩。

  • 3.3 LA-ICP-MS锆石年代学及微量元素

  • 本文从石英二长闪长玢岩和石英二长闪长岩中挑选锆石进行了LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年分析,分析结果见表2、3; 锆石阴极发光CL图像(图8a、9a)显示锆石边部具有明显的韵律环带,岩浆锆石的Th/U比值一般大于0.1,而变质锆石的Th/U比值一般小于0.1(Rubatto et al.,1999; Sun Weidong et al.,2002),石英二长闪长玢岩Th/U比值在0.14~1.00之间,石英二长闪长岩锆石Th/U比值在0.12~0.90之间,属典型的岩浆成因锆石,能代表侵入岩的形成年龄。

  • 图7 杨桥孜金铜矿床侵入岩的球粒陨石标准化稀土元素分布图(a,标准化值据Boynton,1984)和原始地幔标准化微量元素蛛网图(b,据Sun and McDonough,1989)

  • Fig.7 Chondrite-normalized REE patterns (a, normalization values after Boynton, 1984) and primitive mantle-normalized trace element variation diagram (b, normalization values after Sun and McDonough, 1989) for the intrusive rocks of the Yangqiaozi Au-Cu deposit

  • 图8 杨桥孜矿区石英二长闪长岩锆石CL图(a)、锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年龄谐和图(b,c)

  • Fig.8 Zircons CL diagrams (a) and concordia diagrams of zircons LA-ICP-MS U-Pb age (b, c) of quartz monzodiorite in Yangqiaozi deposit area

  • 石英二长闪长岩U-Pb同位素数据落在谐和线上及附近(图8b),得到加权平均年龄为128.3±1.1 Ma,MSWD=1.7,同时在锆石的核部得到的三组207Pb/206Pb年龄分别为1792~1655 Ma、2016 Ma、2576~2213 Ma(图8c)。在U-Pb谐和图上(图9b),石英二长闪长玢岩数据点都落在谐和线上及附近,得到加权平均年龄为119.9±4.3 Ma,MSWD=4.6,同时在锆石的核部也得到了两组207Pb/206Pb年龄分别为1699~1466 Ma、2345~2002 Ma(图9c)。

  • 锆石微量分析结果见表4。两种锆石的稀土总含量高,HREE逐步富集,具有明显的Ce的正异常(图10),也表明两者都为岩浆成因的锆石。

  • 石英二长闪长岩中锆石中Ti含量为2.94×10-6~13.24×10-6,石英二长闪长玢岩中锆石中Ti含量为2.90×10-6~4.59×10-6。根据Ferry and Waston(2007)的计算方法,得到石英二长闪长岩锆石结晶温度为683~826℃,平均为742℃,石英二长闪长玢岩锆石结晶温度为681~721℃,平均为708℃。

  • 采用Loucks et al.(2020)的方法,计算得到石英二长闪长岩岩浆氧逸度值ΔFMQ为+1.62~+2.09,均值为+1.79; 石英二长闪长玢岩ΔFMQ为+1.45~+1.56,均值为+1.48。

  • 表2 杨桥孜矿区石英二长闪长岩锆石LA-ICP-MS分析结果

  • Table2 LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb dating data of quartz monzodiorite in Yangqiaozi deposit area

  • 表3 杨桥孜矿区石英二长闪长玢岩锆石LA-ICP-MS分析结果

  • Table3 LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb dating data of quartz monzodiorite porphyrite in Yangqiaozi deposit area

  • 图9 杨桥孜矿区石英二长闪长玢岩锆石CL图(a)、锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年龄谐和图(b,c)

  • Fig.9 Zircons CL diagrams (a) and concordia diagrams of zircons LA-ICP-MS U-Pb age (b, c) of quartz monzodiorite porphyrite in Yangqiaozi deposit area

  • 3.4 锆石Hf同位素

  • 本次工作对石英二长闪长岩进行锆石U-Pb定年后的点位上及附近进行Hf同位素分析。测得的锆石Hf同位素数据见表5。岩体锆石中的176Hf/177Hf 值为0.282204~0.282518,εHft)=-16.3~-5.3,二阶段模式年龄(tDM2)为2202~1515 Ma。

  • 4 讨论

  • 4.1 成岩成矿时代及构造意义

  • 杨桥孜矿区石英二长闪长玢岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄范围为120~116 Ma,加权平均年龄为119.9±4.3 Ma(n =6),MSWD=0.43,岩体形成于早白垩世; 石英二长闪长岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄范围为135~125 Ma,加权平均年龄为128.3±1.1 Ma(n =21),MSWD=1.7,与矿体中辉钼矿Re-Os同位素等时线年龄(127.9±1.6 Ma)相吻合(Wei Shuai et al.,2021),表明杨桥孜矽卡岩型金铜矿床及成矿岩体形成时代为早白垩世早期。

  • 中生代早白垩世华北克拉通发生了大规模构造活动导致岩石圈减薄和克拉通破坏,同时期强烈的岩浆活动和大规模成岩成矿作用与此密切相关(Mao Jingwen et al.,2005; Wu Fuyuan et al.,20082014; Gao Shan et al.,2009)。前人经过大量研究认为这次大规模构造活动与岩浆活动峰期为130~120 Ma,可能与古太平洋俯冲作用有关(Xu et al.,2004; Zhai Mingguo,2010),同时徐宿弧地区报道了大量中生代中酸性岩体年龄也在130 Ma左右(徐楼、王场、前欧盘、利国、班井、丰山、蔡山等; Xu Wenliang et al.,2006; Yang Debin et al.,2008; Zhang Xi,2017; Zhou Hu,2019; Wang Wei et al.,2020; Wei Shuai et al.,2021),说明杨桥孜成矿岩体与这些岩体的形成应具有相同的构造环境,可能处于碰撞挤压后伸展阶段(彭凌日等,2017)。杨桥孜矿区石英二长闪长玢岩和石英二长闪长岩具有高钾钙碱性I型花岗岩的特征(图6b、图11),这些特征与富钾钙碱性花岗岩类(KCG)类似,KCG所指示的是一种构造体制转折变化的构造背景(Barbarin,1999),主要产生在从挤压体制转变成拉张体制的过程中(Liu Hongtao et al.,2002; Wang Chuansheng et al.,2009)。从区域上看,华北中东部广泛发育的变质核杂岩、双峰式岩浆岩、裂陷盆地、深层次滑脱界面(Duan Qiuliang et al.,2007; Zhu Rixiang et al.,2015),与同时期产出的I型花岗岩(Sun Jinfeng et al.,2009),均表明该区域晚中生代处于岩石圈减薄的伸展阶段。杨桥孜矿区的岩石的形成时代与区域上的构造及岩浆活动峰期时间吻合,所以杨桥孜矿床岩体可能形成于伸展拉张的构造环境。

  • 表4 杨桥孜矿区侵入岩锆石微量元素分析结果(×10-6

  • Table4 Trace element (×10-6) compositions of zircons in the intrusions of Yangqiaozi deposit area

  • 表5 杨桥孜矿区石英二长闪长岩锆石Hf同位素分析结果

  • Table5 Analysis results of zircon Hf isotopes data in quartz monzodiorite in Yangqiaozi deposit area

  • 图10 杨桥孜金铜矿床侵入岩锆石球粒陨石标准化稀土元素分布图(标准化值据Sun and McDonough,1989)

  • Fig.10 Chondrite-normalized REE patterns of zircon in the intrusive rocks from the Yangqiaozi Au-Cu deposit (chondrite values after Sun and McDonough, 1989)

  • 4.2 岩浆源区性质及成因

  • 岩石主量元素特征表明,三铺岩体中含矿与不含矿的岩石都属高钾钙碱性准铝质花岗岩类。岩石微量元素地球化学特征表明,岩石富集大离子亲石元素(LILE)、亏损高场强元素(HFSF),Ta、Nb、P、Ti明显亏损; 稀土元素特征表明岩石轻稀土元素分馏明显,且具轻稀土富集、重稀土相对亏损的特征; 本次样品(SiO2=62.04%~64.64%)有较高的Na2O(>3.50%)、相对低的K2O(<3.00%)、A/CNK比值<1,中等的Al2O3含量(14.8%~15.9%)和较高的锆石饱和温度(682~826℃)、低Zr(<150×10-6)和Y(<18.5×10-6)含量,都表现出I型花岗岩特征(Xie Jiancheng et al.,2016); 在花岗岩判别图解中(图11),数据点全部落入I型花岗岩的区域,表明三铺岩体的岩石属高钾钙碱性准铝质I型花岗岩。高场强元素不易被风化迁移,高场强元素比值能反映岩浆源区特征。Lassiter et a1.(1997)认为起源于岩石圈地幔或与之有关的岩浆常具有较高的La/Ta值(La/Ta>25),杨桥孜矿区两种岩石的La/Ta为44.67~58.33,指示其岩浆起源与岩石圈地幔有关。通过进一步主微量元素组成的研究,表明其具有明显的埃达克岩的特征,在Sr/Y-Y(图12a)与LaN/YbN-YbN(图12b)图解中样品均落在埃达克岩区域。

  • 通过地球化学特征的对比可以对埃达克岩成因做出初步判断,在图12c、d中,杨桥孜矿区两种岩石样品点表现为高MgO、低Th/Ce、低Sr/Y、低(La/Yb)N的特征,均落入拆沉下地壳熔融有关的埃达克岩区域,区别于俯冲洋壳部分熔融的埃达克岩区域。实验岩石学结果表明由玄武质岩石部分熔融形成的岩浆通常具有低的Mg#值(<40),而当有地幔组分的参与就会使其Mg#>40(Rapp and Watson,1995)。本次分析的不同岩石类型样品Mg#平均为55,表明其岩浆源区有地幔组分的参与,不是直接由加厚的玄武质下地壳部分熔融形成; 岩石表现出低Th/Ce、低Sr/Y、低(La/Yb)N、较低的轻稀土元素丰度的特征可能与徐淮地区加厚下地壳的部分熔融程度相对较高有关(Huang Xianglong et al.,2009; Huo Tengfei et al.,2018),而拆沉作用可能是导致下地壳较高程度部分熔融的原因。说明岩浆源区可能由拆沉下地壳部分熔融和幔源岩浆两个端元混合形成。

  • 图11 杨桥孜金铜矿床侵入岩花岗岩类型判别图(据Collins et al.,1982

  • Fig.11 Diagrams of genetic type discrimination for the intrusive rocks of the Yangqiaozi Au-Cu deposit (after Collins et al., 1982)

  • 在石英二长闪长玢岩的锆石核部得到两组207Pb/206Pb年龄为1699~1466 Ma、2345~2002 Ma,在石英二长闪长岩的锆石核部得到三个207Pb/206Pb年龄段为1792~1655 Ma、2016 Ma、2576~2213 Ma,分别与华北克拉通2.5 Ga左右的岩浆活动、变质作用及克拉通化、2.3~1.9 Ga的古元古代造山活动、1.8~1.6 Ga的基底隆升和裂谷等地质活动的时间基本吻合(Zhai Mingguo,20102019),说明杨桥孜矿区岩石中的古老继承锆石核来自于华北克拉通古老下地壳。石英二长闪长岩的锆石εHft)为-16.3~-5.3,范围跨度较大且均为负值,表明古老的地壳物质熔融是岩浆源区的重要组成部分(Wu Fuyuan et al.,2007),较宽的εHft)值变化范围,应由岩浆的不均一性产生(Bolhar et al.,2008)。在图13中,整理对比了徐宿弧地区早白垩世岩体的Hf同位素特征,从图13中可以看出U-Pb年龄在130 Ma左右的锆石的εHft)都为负值且跨度都较大,同时这些岩体中也发现了U-Pb年龄较大的锆石,主要为2.5 Ga和1.8 Ga左右,与本次研究所得到的锆石核部的年龄类似,这些年龄大的锆石的εHft)值相对偏正。上述特征表明华北克拉通中—古元古代的岩浆源区以幔源岩浆为主,而在早白垩世形成的岩体均与华北克拉通古老下地壳的部分熔融和幔源岩浆有关。在继承锆石核中得到的207Pb/206Pb年龄与锆石边部Hf同位素的两阶段模式年龄(tDM2)大致吻合,也说明华北克拉通古老下地壳部分熔融是杨桥孜矿区岩石岩浆源区的重要端元,同时εHft)较大的变化范围也暗示源区可能混合了幔源岩浆。

  • 在三叠纪期间,扬子克拉通与华北克拉通碰撞造山作用导致华北东部地区岩石圈增厚,形成巨厚的山根,地壳的加厚使下地壳镁铁质岩石转变成高密度的榴辉岩相岩石,早白垩世时期古太平洋板块向欧亚板块之下的斜向俯冲可能导致加厚的下地壳失稳发生拆沉作用,拆沉的同时也可能为古太平洋板块的俯冲提供了有利的空间条件,促进了古太平洋板块向华北东部之下低角度俯冲(Yang Debin et al.,2008; Yang Jinhui et al.,2021)。古太平洋板块俯冲过程中,俯冲洋壳析出富含挥发分流体交代的地幔,同时俯冲板片后撤引起高温软流圈物质上涌,诱发上覆岩石圈发生部分熔融形成幔源岩浆,这些幔源岩浆与由拆沉的古老下地壳在高压下增温发生部分熔融形成的岩浆,共同构成了杨桥孜矿区的岩浆源区。近年的研究表明,华北克拉通的高级变质作用发生在前寒武纪(1.9~1.8 Ga),远早于早白垩世的金成矿作用,而且早期的高级变质作用已使古老地壳极度亏损金和迁移金的流体,不利于后期的大规模成矿,认为金可能来自其他源区,如交代岩石圈地幔(Wang Zaicong et al.,2021)。Wang Zaicong et al.(2019)认为富含挥发分的交代岩石圈地幔虽然并不异常富集金,但可以导致岩石圈地幔中挥发分的含量和氧逸度升高,可以释放更多的金进入原始岩浆,而古太平洋板块的俯冲作用可以作为富含挥发分流体来源的合理解释(Liu Xingcheng et al.,2018,2019,2021)。

  • 4.3 氧逸度与成矿的关系

  • 本次研究通过锆石微量元素,根据Trail et al.(2012)Qiu Junting et al.(2013)Smythe et al.(2016)Loucks et al.(2020)对锆石氧逸度的总结研究,计算得到石英二长闪长岩结晶温度T(℃)变平均为742℃,ΔFMQ为+1.62~+2.09,均值为+1.79,石英二长闪长玢岩结晶温度T(℃)变平均为708℃,ΔFMQ为+1.45~+1.56,均值为+1.48。在图14a中,样品的数据点都集中于HM线至FMQ线之间,而石英二长闪长岩的数据点明显高于石英二长闪长玢岩,从图14b中可看出石英二长闪长岩氧逸度总体上高于石英二长闪长玢岩。

  • 图12 杨桥孜金铜矿床侵入岩埃达克岩判别图(据 Defant et al.,1990; Xiong Xiaolin et al.,2003; Martin et al.,2005; Wang Qiang et al.,2006; Hou Zengqian et al.,2013

  • Fig.12 Diagrams of Adakite discrimination for the intrusive rocks of Yangqiaozi Au-Cu deposit (after Defant et al., 1990; Xiong Xiaolin et al., 2003; Martin et al., 2005; Wang Qiang et al., 2006; Hou Zengqian et al., 2013)

  • 图13 杨桥孜金铜矿床石英二长闪长岩锆石U-Pb年龄与εHft)关系图解(丰山、蔡山、利国、班井、夹沟数据引自Huo Tengfei et al.,2018

  • Fig.13 Zircon U-Pb ages and εHf (t) relationship of ore-bearing quartz monzodiorite in the Yangqiaozi Au-Cu deposit (data of Fengshan, Caishan, Liguo, Banjing, Jiagou are derived from Huo Tengfei et al., 2018)

  • 大量实验研究表明中酸性岩浆的氧化程度与成矿作用密切相关,其中氧逸度对金属硫化物形成起着支配作用(Trail et al.,2012; Qiu Junting et al.,2013)。岩浆的氧逸度控制着熔体中硫的氧化状态,在低氧逸度情况下,岩浆中的硫主要S2-的形式存在; 而在高氧逸度情况下(ΔFMQ>+1.5),它主要以S2+和S4+的形式存在。硫从低价态到高价态的转换能使不混溶的硫化物相不饱和,有利于从岩浆熔体中提取亲铜元素(铜、金等)(Liu Xingcheng et al.,2021)。在岩浆源区铜的溶解度与氧逸度呈正比,氧逸度越高Cu在硅酸盐熔体中的溶解度越高(Zajacz et al.,2012; Liu Xingcheng et al.,2021),因此高氧逸度条件下容易形成富铜的岩浆; Roman et al.(2010)研究表明金在岩浆熔体中的溶解度虽与氧逸度成正比,但在ΔFMQ>2后金在熔体中的溶解度会迅速降低,本次分析得到石英二长闪长岩的ΔFMQ主要集中于(1.5~2),有利于形成矽卡岩金铜矿床,所以石英二长闪长岩相对石英二长闪长玢岩具有相对较高的氧逸度,可能是导致其形成金铜矿床重要原因。

  • 图14 杨桥孜金铜矿床侵入岩氧逸度判别图解(据Qiu Junting et al.,2013; Gou Zongyang et al.,2019

  • Fig.14 Magma oxygen fugacity of the intrusive rocks of the Yangqiaozi Au-Cu deposit (after Qiu Junting et al., 2013; Gou Zongyang et al., 2019)

  • HM—磁铁矿-赤铁矿; FMQ—铁橄榄石-磁铁矿+石英; IW—自然铁-方铁矿

  • HM—Magnetite-hematite; FMQ—fayalite-magnetite + quartz; IW—natural iron-cristobalite

  • 5 结论

  • (1)杨桥孜矿区石英二长闪长玢岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄为119.9±4.3 Ma,石英二长闪长岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb加权平均年龄为128±1.1 Ma,表明杨桥孜矿床成矿岩体形成于早白垩世早期,与区域上中—酸性成矿岩体的形成时代一致,指示徐宿弧皖北地区与矽卡岩矿床成矿有关的侵入岩体形成于晚中生代早白垩世,与中生代华北克拉通构造活动和岩浆活动的峰期时间吻合,岩体可能形成于伸展拉张构造背景。

  • (2)杨桥孜矿区石英二长闪长玢岩与石英二长闪长岩都属高钾钙碱性准铝质I型花岗岩; 两种岩石具有明显的埃达克岩的特征,成因与幔源岩浆和拆沉下地壳部分熔融有关; 其中石英二长闪长岩的锆石εHft)为-16.3~-5.3,与区域上同时代岩体的εHft)值类似,都为负值且跨度较大,表明华北克拉通古老下地壳是区域上早白垩世中—酸性岩体源区的重要端元; 岩浆源区主要由与古太平洋板块俯冲有关的交代岩石圈地幔部分熔融和拆沉的华北克拉通下地壳部分熔融两端元构成。

  • (3)杨桥孜矿区岩石中石英二长闪长岩相对石英二长闪长玢岩具较高氧逸度是其形成金铜矿床的重要条件。

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