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作者简介:

吴彦佳,男,1994年生。硕士研究生,矿产普查与勘探专业。E-mail:wuyj0803@163.com。

通讯作者:

贾建亮,男,1982年生。研究员,硕士生导师,主要从事石油地质学、沉积地球化学研究。E-mail:jiajl0228@163.com。

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目录contents

    摘要

    阜新盆地中北部白垩纪沉积地层中侵入岩广泛发育。该区域侵入岩岩石学特征和空间展布规律与其形成时代,以及侵入岩带来的异常高温对烃源岩生烃演化的影响仍不明确。本文通过岩石学、地球物理测井、有机地球化学、同位素年代学等方法,探讨阜新盆地中北部新生代辉绿岩侵入特征及其油气地质意义。结果表明,研究区内侵入岩主要为辉绿岩,其主要矿物为基性斜长石和辉石。辉绿岩具有典型辉绿结构,具有低自然伽马与声波时差、高电阻率与密度的测井响应特征,其产状主要为岩墙与岩床。钻井资料显示,辉绿岩侵入体具有盆地东部侵入深且规模大、西部侵入浅且规模小的特征;平面分布上与北东向的主要断裂紧密相关,呈3个北东向断续相连的分散条带。该区腰吐呼噜的辉绿岩磷灰石U-Pb同位素定年结果为33.75±1.83 Ma,指示时代为古近纪渐新世初期。此外,辉绿岩侵入带来的异常高温可以显著降低烃源岩生烃埋深,促使烃源岩成熟度大幅提高(R o最高可达2.32%),从而促进烃源岩生烃与排烃进程。一般而言,辉绿岩热效应对其上部(0.8~1.7倍)和下部围岩(0.9~1.5倍)的影响范围呈现一定的差异性。因此,阜新盆地内广泛发育的辉绿岩是古近纪始新世区域性的拉张伸展构造背景下岩浆活动的产物,其对烃源岩二次生烃具有重要的影响。

    Abstract

    Intrusive rocks are widely distributed in Cretaceous sedimentary strata of the central and northern Fuxin basin. The petrological characteristics and spatial distribution of intrusive rocks in this area and their formation age, as well as the influence of the abnormal high temperature brought by intrusive rocks on the hydrocarbon generation and evolution of source rocks are still unclear. Petrology, geophysical logging, organic geochemistry, isotope chronology methods are used in this study to explore the intrusive characteristics of Cenozoic diabase and its petroleum geological significance in the central and northern Fuxin basin. The results show that the intrusive rocks in this study area are mainly diabase, and the main minerals are basic plagioclase and pyroxene, which have typical ophitic textures. Diabase has the logging response characteristics of low gamma and acoustic time difference, high resistivity and density, and its spatial distribution forms are mainly dykes and sills. Drilling data show that the diabase intrusion has the characteristics of deep intrusion and large thickness in the east but shallow intrusion and smaller thickness in the west. The plane distribution is closely related to the main northeast-trending faults, and presents three scattered intermittently connected northeast-trending bands. Apatite U-Pb isotope dating of a diabase sample in the Yaotuhulu area of Fuxin basin, yields an age of 33.75±1.83 Ma indicating the period of the early Paleogene Oligocene. In addition, the abnormally high temperature brought about by diabase intrusion can significantly reduce the hydrocarbon generation depth of source rocks, and promote the maturity of source rocks (R o up to 2.32%), thereby promoting the hydrocarbon generation potential of source rocks and reducing their organic matter abundance. In general, the diabase have thermal aureole thicknesses on the upper surrounding sediments of 0.8~1.7 times its own intrusive thickness, and the influence range of the lower surrounding sediments is about 0.9~1.5 times its own thickness. Therefore, the widely distributed diabase in the Fuxin basin is the product of magmatic activity under the Paleogene Eocene regional extensional setting, and they have an important influence on the secondary hydrocarbon generation of source rocks.

  • 沉积盆地的形成和演化往往与构造活动关系密切,而构造活动常常伴随着剧烈的岩浆活动。国内外大量含油气盆地中都有岩浆侵入的记录(Liang Zhengguo et al.,1987; Chen Rongshu et al.,1989; Bishop et al.,1995; Mao Fengming et al.,2000; Wan Congli et al.,2003; Tang Xiaoyin et al.,2013; Bulguroglu et al.,2020)。岩浆侵入体对油气成藏的影响是多方面、多阶段的,既可以成为良好的盖层或储集层(Sun Ang et al.,2016; Chen Dongxu et al.,2016),也可以在热烘烤作用和伴生挥发分加氢作用以及矿物、过渡金属元素成分催化作用等对烃源岩生烃演化产生重要影响(Wan Congli et al.,2003; Zhao Yan et al.,2016)。其中,岩浆侵入体所带来的异常高温对烃源岩二次生烃具有重要的影响(Wang Youxiao et al.,1990; Feng Qiao et al.,1997; Wang Dayong et al.,2007; Wang Min et al.,2010; Zhu Chuanqing et al.,2010; Wang Kai et al.,2012)。

  • 有关岩浆侵入体对其富含有机质围岩的热影响,已有大量文献进行了相关研究,主要侧重于热效应的影响范围与侵入岩体厚度之间的关系。不同学者对不同地区的研究结果具有较大差异,影响范围介于侵入岩体厚度的0.34~10倍之间,且一般侵入岩体上部围岩受影响范围大于侵入岩体下部围岩(Liang Zhengguo et al.,1987; Chen Rongshu et al.,1989; Bishop et al.,1995; Stewart et al.,2005; Cao Xuewei et al.,2005; Gao Gang et al.,2009; Spacapan et al.,2018; Goodarzi et al.,2019; Bulguroglu et al.,2020)。前人研究表明,上述热效应的差异主要是由富有机质围岩距离侵入岩体远近、侵入岩体规模与产状以及侵入岩和围岩特性之间的差异造成的。

  • 新生代以来,受太平洋板块向亚欧板块做高角度俯冲运动的影响(Li Sanzhong et al.,2019),中国东北部在此区域性的伸展构造背景之下,大量中新生代含油气盆地内都发育了强烈的岩浆活动(Chen Rongshu et al.,1989; Li Li et al.,2015; Chen Dongxu et al.,2016)。位于辽西地区的阜新盆地也有大量古近纪辉绿岩的相关报道,前人已认识到侵入岩体带来的异常高温对成烃作用、油气成藏等能源的重要影响,并对阜新盆地辉绿岩空间赋存形态与形成时期做过初步的探讨(Liang Zhengguo et al.,1987; Liu Jianying et al.,1992; Wang Yulin et al.,1998; Zhu Zhimin et al.,2007; Zhao Qun et al.,2018)。然而,阜新盆地辉绿岩侵入体的综合地质-地球物理响应特征,及其对富有机质围岩的影响程度与范围的探讨比较薄弱。更为重要的是,对研究区广泛分布的辉绿岩形成时代尚未获得确切的限定。

  • 本文基于前人认识基础上,结合野外地质露头、钻孔岩芯、薄片鉴定、测井数据、有机地球化学等资料,研究阜新盆地中北部辉绿岩侵入体的岩石学、矿物学、测井响应及其空间展布特征,并探讨辉绿岩侵入对有机质热演化的影响程度和范围。同时,利用辉绿岩中磷灰石矿物U-Pb同位素测年方法,对研究区辉绿岩形成时代进行精确限定,从而厘定辉绿岩的侵入期次并探讨其构造背景。

  • 1 区域地质概况

  • 阜新盆地位于中国东北辽宁省西部,在大地构造位置上处于华北克拉通北缘阴山-燕山造山带东部,为北边EW走向的赤峰-开原断裂与南边NE走向的郯庐断裂带所夹持(Wang Weifeng et al.,1997)。阜新盆地南北长约90 km,东西宽10~20 km,面积约1500 km2,是呈狭长状沿NE—NNE方向展布的地堑式断陷盆地,主要控盆断裂为东侧的医巫闾山断裂与西侧的松岭断裂,由一系列NE或NNE向盆地内倾斜的高角度正断层组成(图1a)(Liu Zhigang et al.,1988; Wang Guiliang et al.,1996)。阜新盆地内沉积体的平面展布呈现出洼隆相间的构造格局,盆地西侧为西部断阶带,东侧由北向南可划分为新邱洼陷、阜新构造带、海州洼陷、东梁构造带、伊吗图洼陷、清河门-艾友构造带、民家屯洼陷,为盆地次一级构造(Wang Xiuru et al.,2007)。阜新盆地于前寒武系变质岩基底之上沉积充填了一套早白垩世地层,自下而上发育义县组(K1y)、九佛堂组(K1jf)、沙海组(K1sh)、阜新组(K1f)和孙家湾组(K1s)(图1b)(Zhu Zhimin et al.,2007)。其中,九佛堂组中上段与沙海组四段发育的深湖—半深湖相暗色富有机质泥页岩具有油气生成潜力,而沙海组三段和阜新组发育两套主要的含煤地层。

  • 阜新盆地经历了多期次多旋回的岩浆活动,主要为盆地张裂初期的义县组火山岩、阜新期顶部的基性火山活动以及古近纪侵入岩。侵入岩主要为辉绿岩类基性浅成岩,以岩墙、岩床以及岩脉的形态沿前期构造断裂侵入盖层顶部孙家湾组中,且被第四纪更新统沉积物覆盖,最浅部在盆地地表广泛出露,最深处可超过1000 m(Liang Zhengguo et al.,1987; Wu Zhiguo et al.,2007)。

  • 2 样品选取及实验方法

  • 阜新盆地中部的FY-1井与西部的FY-2井两口钻孔(图1a)分别见辉绿岩侵入沙海组四段顶部和阜新组中部。对两口钻孔中辉绿岩侵入体上下围岩的烃源岩进行取样,在FY-1井阜新组层段(250~1120 m)取样20件,在FY-2井沙海组四段(35~450 m)取样12件。岩石样品经去污染处理后,开展岩石总有机碳(TOC)、岩石热解以及镜质组反射率(R o)等有机地球化学测定。沉积岩中TOC测定主要依据现行GB/T19145—2003国标,使用LECO CS-230碳硫分析仪进行测定; 岩石热解分析主要依据现行GB/T18602—2001国标,利用法国万奇牌Rock-Eval6型仪器完成; R o的测定依据中国石油天然气行业标准SY/T5124—2012,通过搭载TIDAS MSP400分光光度计的莱卡MPV显微镜在油浸反射光下测试,每个样品至少选取25个镜质组观测点进行测量并取平均值。TOC与岩石热解分析完成于吉林大学测试分析中心,R o测试完成于中石化胜利油田勘探开发研究院石油地质测试中心。

  • 在阜新盆地中北部腰吐呼噜村的辉绿岩野外露头中,采取新鲜辉绿岩样品(样号20FXTHL-2; 坐标为41°55′27.397″N,121°30′57.657″E),对其进行岩石学鉴定与磷灰石U-Pb同位素定年。样品经粉碎后用浮选和电磁选方法进行分选,在双目镜下挑选出晶形较好、无明显裂痕和包体的磷灰石颗粒,然后将其粘贴在环氧树脂表面。打磨抛光后露出磷灰石的表面,对其进行透射光、反射光和阴极发光(CL)图像的采集。利用LA-ICP-MS进行磷灰石微量元素含量测定和U-Pb同位素定年。激光剥蚀系统为NWR193(Elemental Scientific Lasers,LLC),ICP-MS为德国耶拿M90。激光剥蚀光斑直径为40 μm,脉冲频率为9 Hz,能量密度为7 J/cm2。剥蚀过程中采用氦气(550 mL/min)作载气完成气溶胶的运输,并使用氩气为补偿气以调节灵敏度,二者在进入ICP之前通过一个Y型接头混合。每个时间分辨分析数据包括大约20 s的空白信号和40 s的样品信号。测试使用Madagascar磷灰石(ID-TIMS年龄473.5 ± 0.7 Ma; Cochrane et al.,2014)作为U-Pb同位素比值校准标样,使用McClure 磷灰石(523.51 ± 2.09 Ma; Schoene et al.,2006)作监控标样,每8~10个测试点插入一组标样。标样及样品的元素分馏及普通铅校正通过ZSkits软件完成,此次样品及标样的普通铅校正使用207Pb校正法完成,监控标样McClure 磷灰石使用(207Pb/206Pb)0为0.8819(Schoene et al.,2006)获得的校正年龄值符合推荐值(±2%)。样品数据的(207Pb/206Pb)0使用Stacey et al.(1975)模型获得。磷灰石微量元素使用SRM610作为外标、Ca作内标的方法进行定量计算。SRM610玻璃中元素含量的推荐值据GeoReM数据库获得。样品20FXTHL-2磷灰石的LA-ICP-MS U-Pb分析结果见表1。磷灰石U-Pb测年完成于北京燕都中实测试技术有限公司。

  • 图1 阜新盆地构造分区(a)(据朱志敏等,2007)及地层综合柱状图(b)

  • Fig.1 Structural unites (a) (after Zhu Zhimin et al., 2007) and stratigraphic histogram of Fuxin basin (b)

  • 3 结果

  • 3.1 辉绿岩野外地质特征

  • 经过野外地质调查分析,研究区内辉绿岩侵入体切穿包括九佛堂组、沙海组、阜新组、孙家湾组的所有地层并被第四系覆盖(图2)。阜新盆地辉绿岩岩体在地层中的空间展布形态复杂且不规则,可分为顺层侵入和穿层侵入两种形式。盆地吐呼噜地区野外露头可见辉绿岩呈高角度岩墙沿北西向近垂直切穿阜新组沉积地层(图2a),且发育多期次侵入活动,晚期细小岩脉切穿早期岩墙(图2b)。研究区内辉绿岩多呈高角度侵入,呈树枝状分化(图2a~c)。辉绿岩岩墙厚薄差别较大,最厚可达10 m,最薄约0.5 m,球状风化极其发育(图2d)。

  • 图2 阜新盆地中北部辉绿岩野外展布形态

  • Fig.2 Field distribution of diabase in the central and northern Fuxin basin

  • (a)—高角度岩墙;(b)—晚期岩脉;(c)—分化岩墙;(d)—球状风化

  • (a) —High angle intrusive dykes; (b) —later dykes; (c) —differentiation dykes; (d) —spherical weathering

  • 3.2 辉绿岩岩石学特征

  • 在对阜新盆地野外广泛分布的露头进行踏勘调查和钻孔中侵入厚度较大的FY-1井和FY-2井岩芯观察描述基础上,结合露头新鲜样品(20FXTHL-2)与薄片鉴定,表明阜新盆地中北部侵入岩岩性主要为辉绿岩。

  • FY-1井辉绿岩主要由基性斜长石(60%~65%)和辉石(35%~40%)组成,含极少量磁铁矿等副矿物(图3a)。其中,斜长石呈自形长板状杂乱分布,聚片双晶发育; 辉石具有两组完全解理,呈半自形—他形充填在三角形的斜长石晶粒间,具有典型的辉绿结构(图3a)。FY-2井辉绿岩呈墨绿色—黑绿色显晶质,中细粒结构,块状构造(图3b)。辉绿岩主要矿物为基性斜长石(55%~60%)与辉石(40%~45%),含极少量磁铁矿等副矿物(图3c)。可见在较大的辉石晶体中杂乱地镶嵌着一些自形长板状的斜长石,构成嵌晶含长结构; 局部亦可见他形的单个辉石颗粒充填在杂乱分布的长板状斜长石间隙中,形成典型的辉绿结构(图3c)。

  • 吐呼噜地区野外露头的辉绿岩岩墙中边缘部位为灰黑色致密块状构造,隐晶质结构。薄片镜下可见辉绿岩呈间隐结构,斑晶主要为辉石,基质主要为定向排列斜长石微晶以及玻璃质(图3d); 中心部位呈墨绿色显晶质,中细粒斑状结构,块状构造。20FXTHL-2手标本呈墨绿色块状(图3e),镜下观察主要矿物为基性斜长石(55%~60%)与辉石(40%~45%),含少量磁铁矿、磷灰石等副矿物(图3f)。斜长石自形长柱状,一级灰干涉色,可见聚片双晶发育; 辉石二级中干涉色,可见在较大的辉石晶体中杂乱地包含着一些自形长条状的斜长石,构成嵌晶含长结构,亦可见单个辉石颗粒充填在杂乱分布的板状斜长石间隙中,形成典型的辉绿结构(图3f)。

  • 3.3 辉绿岩测井响应特征

  • 辉绿岩的测井响应特征与上下沉积围岩地层具有显著的差异,包括对岩性成分反映最为灵敏的自然伽马、密度以及对孔隙反映较为明显的深侧向电阻率、声波时差等(Ding Xiuchun et al.,2003; Ye Tao et al.,2016)。

  • 图3 阜新盆地中北部辉绿岩手标本和显微镜下照片(+)

  • Fig.3 Photographs and microphotographs (+) of diabase in the central and northern Fuxin basin

  • (a)—辉绿岩(FY-1)显微镜下照片(+);(b)、(c)—辉绿岩(FY-2)岩芯手标本和显微镜下照片(+);(d)—辉绿岩(20FXTHL-1)显微镜下照片(+);(e)、(f)—辉绿岩(20FXTHL-2)手标本和显微镜下照片(+); Px—辉石; Pl—斜长石; Mt—磁铁矿

  • (a) — Diabase (FY-1) under microscope (+) ; (b) , (c) — diabase (FY-2) core hand specimens and microscopic photographs (+) ; (d) —microscopic photographs of diabase (+) (20FXTHL-1) ; (e) , (f) —diabase (20FXTHL-2) hand specimens and microscopic photographs (+) ; Px—pyroxene; Pl—plagioclase; Mt—magnetite

  • 基于钻井岩芯与薄片鉴定结果,结合区域内钻井测井资料对FY-1井和FY-2井中侵入岩进行识别(图4)。总体上随着岩性从酸性到基性的变化,反映放射性元素含量的自然伽马呈变低的趋势,而铁镁质矿物逐渐增多导致其密度增大(Ye Tao et al.,2016)。通过测井曲线综合分析表明,自然伽马曲线呈箱状低平值,一般为5~30 API(图4),与岩石学鉴定结果一致,反映侵入岩体岩性为基性岩; 密度曲线呈现箱状高平值(2.8~2.9 g/cm3)(图4),与箱状低平值的声波时差曲线(50~60 μs/m)(图4)反映了辉绿岩均匀致密的特征; 深侧向电阻率曲线表现为锯齿状极高值,一般为800~1200 Ω·m(图4),其极高的电阻率测井响应同样反映了辉绿岩致密且孔隙不发育的特征。因此,阜新盆地辉绿岩具有低的自然伽马与声波时差、高的密度与电阻率的测井响应特征。

  • 3.4 辉绿岩展布特征

  • 通过测井、地震资料对阜新盆地辉绿岩的空间展布开展研究。辉绿岩集中出露于盆地西缘的中北部,且中北部380口煤田和油田钻井中有139口钻井可见辉绿岩侵入。结合前人研究结果(Liang Zhengguo et al.,1987; Wang Yulin et al.,1998),认为阜新盆地中北部地区为辉绿岩发育的中心地带。

  • 阜新盆地中北部一系列钻孔揭示辉绿岩主要侵入沙海组四段和阜新组沉积地层,且具有较大深度变化(100~900 m)和较大厚度变化(5~250 m)(图5)。盆地东部侵入地层较深且规模较大,最深可达900 m,最厚在540井可达250 m(图5)。盆地西部侵入深度浅且规模相对较小,含辉绿岩地层对比剖面最西部的892井辉绿岩侵入最浅处约为170 m,呈薄层岩床状展布,厚约5 m(图5)。辉绿岩侵入活动与早前断裂的发育紧密相关。辉绿岩侵入岩体的空间几何形态大体可分为岩墙、岩床、岩盖、岩脉、小型不规则体,其中前两类较为多见。

  • 通过对钻井、测井数据进行统计分析,结合地震资料构造解释编制出阜新盆地中北部断层控制下的辉绿岩平面展布图(图6)。由于研究区内缺少详尽的三维地震资料,所以对区域内辉绿岩平面展布范围及厚度的控制主要依赖于钻孔揭示,未钻遇辉绿岩的钻孔厚度设为零值。辉绿岩在盆地1500 km2面积内均有分布,其中盆地中北部东梁到阜新市区一带为侵入的中心地带,而盆地南部出露较少。

  • 图4 阜新盆地中北部FY-2井(a)与FY-1(b)井辉绿岩测井响应特征

  • Fig.4 Logging response characteristics of diabase in wells FY-2 (a) and FY-1 (b) in the central and northern Fuxin basin

  • 阜新盆地辉绿岩在中北部成片分布,形成数个侵入中心,侵入中心厚度皆超过100 m,最厚可达250 m(图6)。此外,盆地其他地区辉绿岩零星孤立分布,且厚度很薄,绝大多数小于10 m,甚至缺失(图6)。辉绿岩侵入最厚处位于盆地的中、北部,紧邻沟通基底的深大断裂(图6),发育了大量中小型断层,为辉绿岩侵入提供了上升通道。研究表明,如果顶板变薄、上覆地层压力变小的情况下,辉绿岩将发生穿层侵入(Sun Ang et al.,2016)。事实上,连井对比剖面也反映了向浅部穿层侵入的趋势(图5)。上述证据表明,辉绿岩以先前连通深大断裂的次级断层为上侵通道,由深部向上刺穿侵入到中生代地层中。阜新盆地中北部的下层辉绿岩向上穿层侵入,形成了该地区的上层辉绿岩。总体上看,阜新盆地辉绿岩的平面分布呈三个北东向断续出露的分散条带,均沿着北东向的主要断裂带展布。

  • 3.5 辉绿岩年代学特征

  • 为了对阜新盆地中北部辉绿岩形成时代进行精确限定,在吐呼噜地区野外露头采取新鲜样品(样品20FXTHL-2),碎样后获得的磷灰石晶型为自形—半自形棱角状,明显为岩浆成因磷灰石(图7a)。选择29颗此类磷灰石进行测试(表1),投点在U-Pb谐和图上较集中,为34±12 Ma(图7b),29个207Pb校正后的206Pb/238U加权平均年龄为34.3±3.5 Ma(图7c)。因为磷灰石矿物具有较高的普通铅(表1),所以为了避免普通铅含量高造成的年龄误差(Ryan et al.,2014),利用Tera-Wasserburg图解(图7d)计算获得一组33.75±1.83 Ma的年龄。

  • 图5 阜新盆地中北部含辉绿岩地层对比剖面图(岩性图例见图1)

  • Fig.5 Cross-well section of diabase bearing strata in the central and northern Fuxin basin

  • 3.6 含辉绿岩段烃源岩地球化学特征

  • 阜新盆地中北部辉绿岩侵位于FY-2井沙海组四段的湖相烃源岩,以及FY-1井阜新组含煤地层烃源岩中(图8)。因此,本文分别选取了FY-1井与FY-2井中含辉绿岩层段的24个烃源岩样品开展研究(表2),其岩性主要为灰黑色泥岩。其中,FY-1井泥岩总有机碳(TOC)含量介于0.33%~6.30%、平均值为1.86%,产烃潜量S1+S2介于0.10~6.03 mg/g、平均值为1.23 mg/g,生烃产率(PI)介于0.01~0.61 mg/g、平均值为0.17 mg/g,最大热解峰值温度(T max)介于424~520℃、平均值为469℃(表2)。FY-2井泥岩TOC含量为0.08%~4.90%、平均值2.18%,S1+S2介于0.04~25.64 mg/g、平均值为5.93 mg/g,PI介于0.02~0.75 mg/g、平均值为0.25 mg/g,T max介于432~605℃、平均值为462℃,R o介于0.51%~2.32%、平均值为1.10 %(表2)。因此,阜新盆地含辉绿岩层段的沙海组四段泥岩相比阜新组,具有更高的有机质成熟度、有机质丰度以及生烃产率。

  • 图6 阜新盆地中北部辉绿岩平面展布及其与断裂关系

  • Fig.6 Plane distribution of diabase in the north and central Fuxin basin and its relationship with faults

  • 图7 阜新盆地腰吐呼噜地区辉绿岩样品磷灰石阴极发光图(a)、谐和年龄图(b)、加权平均年龄图(c)和Tera-Wasserburg图(d)

  • Fig.7 Apatite cathodoluminescence images (a) , concordant age diagram (b) , weighted average age diagram (c) and Tera-Wasserburg diagram (d) of the diabase sample from Yaotuhulu area in Fuxin basin

  • 表1 阜新盆地磷灰石U-Pb同位素分析结果

  • Table1 U-Pb analytical results of apatite samples in Fuxin basin

  • 4 讨论

  • 4.1 辉绿岩形成时代与构造背景

  • 在阜新盆地野外地质调查以及各种钻孔资料分析归纳的基础上,根据辉绿岩侵入体切割地层关系和断层错断关系可以确定辉绿岩侵入体已切穿盆地内所有早白垩世沉积地层且为第四系沉积物所覆盖。因此,辉绿岩侵入时代的下限应晚于早白垩世孙家湾组的沉积时代,上限应早于第四纪。

  • 精确限定阜新盆地辉绿岩形成的侵位年龄,对于探讨辉绿岩侵入对烃源岩热演化的影响时限及该时期构造背景具有重要意义。本文分别利用FY-2井钻井岩芯和野外地质露头样品对辉绿岩进行同位素年代学测试(图7)。由于钻井辉绿岩岩芯采样受岩体自身岩性、侵入厚度及产状的制约,FY-2钻井取芯样品测试分析发现辉绿岩岩浆锆石发育极差,绝大多数为捕获锆石; 仅得到一颗60.1 Ma的岩浆锆石,但可以推测辉绿岩形成年龄晚于60.1 Ma。因此,本文进一步对盆地吐呼噜地区野外露头辉绿岩新鲜样品挑选副矿物——磷灰石进行U-Pb同位素定年测试,得到一组33.75±1.83 Ma的谐和年龄(图7),表明辉绿岩主要形成于古近纪渐新世时期。结合前人阜新盆地辉绿岩测得70 Ma的K-Ar年龄(Liang Zhengguo et al.,1987)和邻区辽河凹陷古近纪35.5±0.7 Ma岩浆活动(Li Jun et al.,2010; Wang Yanquan et al.,2016),表明它们主要侵位于古近纪时期。

  • 阜新盆地的形成与演化先后受印支运动、燕山运动及喜马拉雅运动的影响改造(Wang Weifeng et al.,1997)。阜新盆地发育于前震旦系变质基底之上,在盆地形成前盆地基底经历了复杂的地质演化,主要区域构造线为近东西向、北东向和北北东向,其次为南北向和北西向(辽河油田石油地质志编写组,1993; Wang Weifeng et al.,1997)。这些盆缘切穿基底的深大断裂和盆内的次级断裂网络作为通道为后期古近纪辉绿岩岩浆的上升侵位奠定了基础。始新世时期受伊泽奈琦-太平洋板块洋中脊向东亚大陆俯冲的“板片窗”效应以及之后太平洋板块西向高角度俯冲后撤的影响,东亚大陆边缘岩石圈处于伸展拉张状态(Li Sanzhong et al.,2019)。与此同时,郯庐断裂带的右旋剪切构造也控制了辽西地区一系列陆相断陷盆地并伴随着大量岩浆活动(Ma Xingyuan et al.,1983; Zhu Guang et al.,2004; Li Li et al.,2015)。结合辉绿岩的形成时间,认为辉绿岩岩浆活动应该与这两个构造运动紧密相关。阜新盆地在近西向的挤压应力场下,先存近南北向、北北东向断裂表现为压扭性,近东西、北东东向断裂表现为张扭性(Zhu Zhimin et al.,2007; Li Sanzhong et al.,2019)。盆地内辉绿岩展布显著受这些张扭性断裂构造所控制(Liang Zhengguo et al.,1987; Wang Yulin et al.,1998; Wu Zhiguo et al.,2007)。因此,阜新盆地中北部辉绿岩是古近纪渐新世区域性的拉张伸展构造背景下岩浆活动的产物。

  • 表2 阜新盆地暗色泥岩有机地球化学参数

  • Table2 Organic geochemical parameters of dark mudstone samples in Fuxin basin

  • 4.2 辉绿岩侵入对烃源岩的影响程度与范围

  • 大量研究表明,盆地内岩浆侵入活动所带来的高热量能对盆地古地温场及围岩地层的物化特征造成显著影响,其影响程度和范围与侵入岩体的规模、形态及距离密切相关(Chen Rongshu et al.,1989; Bishop et al.,1995; Wang Dayong et al.,2007; Wang Kai et al.,2012; Bulguroglu et al.,2020)。阜新盆地内新生代岩浆活动广泛发育且集中分布于中北部地区(图6)。前人研究对该地区侵入岩体的岩石学特征及空间展布形态特征及赋存规律方面都取得了一定认识(Liang Zhengguo et al.,1987; Wang Yulin et al.,1998)。本文结合辉绿岩侵位地层上下烃源岩地球化学资料,探讨阜新盆地辉绿岩侵入对烃源岩的影响程度与范围。

  • 一般情况下,地温值随着盆地埋深而逐渐增加。阜新盆地生烃门限温度为63.5℃,地温梯度为3.93℃/100 m,生烃门限深度为 1350 m(Liu Jianying et al.,1992)。辉绿岩岩浆温度可达约1000℃以上,在10 m范围内围岩温度可达460~650℃(Wang Kai et al.,2012),其侵入体及其伴生的热流温度远远高于围岩而发生大量的热传递。如果这些热量将全部提供给附近烃源岩,最多可以使5倍于辉绿岩岩床体积的烃源岩升高约200℃(Cao Xuewei et al.,2005),这将导致接触带一定范围内烃源岩发生岩石矿物学、有机质成熟度、有机质丰度等方面的改变,从而明显促进烃源岩生烃演化进程。

  • 图8 阜新盆地中北部辉绿岩带有机质热响应(图例见图1)

  • Fig.8 Thermal response of organic matter in diabase belt in the north and central Fuxin basin (see Fig.1 legends)

  • 本文通过FY-2井与FY-1井辉绿岩侵入体上下层位的烃源岩有机地球化学分析,探讨辉绿岩侵入对烃源岩的影响程度与范围(图8)。FY-2井中有机质成熟度背景值为0.51%~1.06%(R o),431~439℃(T max),随距离辉绿岩体越近、有机质成熟度明显增高,且近辉绿岩体的泥岩之镜质组反射率R o高达2.32%,最高热解峰值温度T max高达605℃(图8b)。其中,两个样品(泥质粉砂岩)因其砂质含量高且镜质体组分太少而导致R o测定偏低(图8),而高温下镜质体组分分子排列发生无序化且在高反射率下石墨近表面难以抛光也可造成这种异常(Bishop et al.,1995)。FY-1井中有机质成熟度背景值为425~443℃(T max),且近辉绿岩体的泥岩的最高热解峰值温度T max达520℃(图8b),表现出与FY-2井一致的热成熟度特征。因此,上述结果反映出随着距离侵入岩体越近,烃源岩有机质成熟度越高的总体规律。

  • 对于有机质丰度而言,FY-1井与FY-2井中距离辉绿岩侵入岩体较近泥岩的TOC及S1+S2含量极低,FY-1井为0.33%和0.10 mg/g(图8a),FY-2井急剧降低为0.08%和0.04 mg/g(图8b); 相对而言,远离辉绿岩侵入体的泥岩有机质丰度迅速增高,FY-1井的TOC 与S1+S2含量分别达到1.84%和0.61 mg/g(图8a),而FY-2井更显著提高到3.08%和0.75 mg/g(图8b)。受辉绿岩侵入后热成熟度提高的影响,FY-1井与FY-2井烃源岩中生烃产率PI也显示出越靠近辉绿岩体越高的规律。结果表明,FY-1和FY-2井远离辉绿岩体的泥岩PI分别为0.01 mg/g、0.02 mg/g,而近辉绿岩体泥岩的PI分别高达0.61 mg/g、0.75 mg/g(图8a、b)。因此,阜新盆地发育的烃源岩距离辉绿岩侵入体越近,高温作用可大幅提升有机质成熟度,促使有机质丰度急剧降低,从而大大提高了烃源岩的生烃与排烃效率。

  • 辉绿岩侵入体带来的异常高温对富有机质围岩的垂向上影响是十分显著的(Wang Kai et al.,2012),而其影响范围的分析对评价辉绿岩侵位岩段烃源岩生烃规模具有重要意义。辉绿岩侵入体对富有机质围岩的影响范围主要取决于岩体的规模、空间展布特征以及围岩的特征(表3)。本文FY-1井与FY-2井中的辉绿岩侵入厚度相似,FY-1井辉绿岩厚约107 m、井深441~541 m(图8a),而FY-2辉绿岩厚约120 m、井深132~252 m(图8b)。两口钻井中皆为单层较厚辉绿岩体,与阿根廷北部Northern Neuquén盆地的多层侵入岩复合热效应的结果有较大差异(表3)。通过对辉绿岩侵入体有机地球化学指标分析发现,FY-1井上部围岩受热影响厚度约为200 m,下部围岩受热影响厚度约180 m; FY-2井上部围岩受热影响厚度约为90 m,下部围岩受热作用影响厚度约为110 m。

  • 两口钻井中单层辉绿岩侵入体对围岩的热影响范围具有一定差异,其中FY-1井中辉绿岩段对上部围岩受热影响厚度约为其自身厚度的1.7倍,对下部围岩的热影响范围约为其自身厚度1.5倍(图8a); FY-2井中辉绿岩段对上部围岩热影响范围约为岩体厚度的0.8倍,对下部围岩的影响范围约为厚度的0.9倍(图8b)。两者的差异可能是由于FY-2井中辉绿岩侵入厚度较浅,热量散失较快导致对围岩热影响范围小于FY-1井。两口钻井中单层辉绿岩侵入体对上下围岩的影响范围大体相当,但下部围岩随着靠近侵入岩体受到更显著的影响(图8),这与 Simonet et al.(1978)对大西洋东部钻孔中侵入在白垩系黑色页岩中的辉绿岩热影响规律相近,而与Gao Gang et al.(2009)对三塘湖盆地二叠系火山岩热效应的研究结果明显不同。可能是由于岩床上部流体对流条件比较好,热量扩散范围大,温度升高幅度相对较小有关(Cao Xuewei et al.,2005)。结合本文研究结果以及前人认识可推知,不同条件下辉绿岩侵入影响范围具有较大的差异(表3)。

  • 表3 世界各地区盆地侵入岩对有机质影响范围

  • Table3 Influence range of intrusive rocks on organic matter in basins of various regions

  • 4.3 辉绿岩侵入对烃源岩生烃的影响

  • 阜新盆地辉绿岩侵入体所带来的异常高温对局部烃源岩的油气生成起到明显促进作用(图8)。阜新盆地辉绿岩侵入体发育集中的九佛堂组和沙海组三、四段的有机质丰度均较高,属好—较好生油岩(Liu Jianying et al.,1992; Wang hui et al.,2013),是油气生成的有利层段。在辉绿岩侵入体热效应影响范围内,阜新盆地含辉绿岩段烃源岩的有机质成熟度(R oT max)与生烃产率(PI)都显著提高(图8),反映了烃源岩的热记录受辉绿岩侵入体异常高温的影响而明显提高,从而加速有机质生烃演化,并降低了有机质的生烃埋深(浅部地层再次生烃)。此外,阜新盆地含辉绿岩段烃源岩的有机质丰度(TOC、S1+S2)受成熟度的大幅提高而明显降低(图8),反映了辉绿岩侵入带来的热效应促进了烃源岩的生烃演化,从而使烃源岩中残余有机碳的含量显著降低。

  • 5 结论

  • (1)阜新盆地中北部侵入岩岩性主要为辉绿岩,具有低自然伽玛和声波时差、高电阻率和密度的测井响应特征。辉绿岩体集中侵位于古近纪始新世33.75±1.83 Ma,反映了区域性的拉张伸展构造背景。

  • (2)阜新盆地中北部辉绿岩主要以岩墙、岩床、岩盖形式展布,具有盆地东部侵入深且规模大、西部侵入浅且规模小的侵入特征; 平面分布上与北东向的断裂紧密相关,呈3个北东向断续相连的分散条带。

  • (3)辉绿岩侵入所带来的异常高温对烃源岩的生烃演化具有明显促进作用,其影响程度和范围与岩体规模以及距离远近密切相关,一般可达辉绿岩体自身厚度的0.8~1.7倍左右。

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