Chief Editor:HOU Zengqian
Governing Body:China Association for Science and Technology
Organizer:Geological Society of China
start publication :1922
ISSN:ISSN 1000-9515
CN:CN 11-2001/P
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2000, 74(2).
Abstract:I wish to express my warmest congratulations, on behalf of the Ministry of Land and Resources of China and the Chinese geological community, on the opening of the 31st International Geological Congress. Four years ago, geologists from all over the world gathered in Beijing, China, for the 30th IGC, where discussions were held on a number of frontier issues in the development of geosciences, particularly problems of fundamental geological theories on continent-related
ZHENG Mianping , ZHAO Yuanyi , LIU JunyingResearch & Development Center of Saline Lake , Epithermal Deposits , Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences , Beijing
2000, 74(2).
Abstract:In this paper the authors classify saline lake sediments into the cold, warm and eurythermal phases, reveal the consistency between the zoning of hydrochemical types of modern saline lake water and climatic zoning and give climatic parameters under the conditions of typical cold phase (mirabilite and natron), warm phase (thenar-dite) and slightly warm phase (bloedite) saline lake deposition.
2000, 74(2).
Abstract:The stratigraphic sequence, framework and thickness of the abyssal-bathyal Cretaceous in Gyangze, the northern Tethyan Himalayas, South Xizang(Tibet), are revised in this paper. It is proposed that the Jiabula Formations: Chuangde Formation and Zongzhuo Formation constitute the Cretaceous in this area, in which their sequences, ages and thicknesses are distinctively different from the previous ones. The Jiabula Formation, aged from Berriasian to Santonian, is composed of black shale with intercalated turbiditic sandstone, lenticular limestone and pyrite
WANG Bingchen , QIU Hanxue , XU Qian , ZHENG Xilai , and LIU Guanqun Comprehensive Institute of Geotechnical Investigation , Surveying , Ministry of Construction , Dongzhimennei St. , Beijing Ocean University of Qingdao , Qingdao
2000, 74(2):18.
Abstract:The arid area is one of the most concerned areas among the water resources researchers and economists. Northwest China will be an important developing region of China in the 21st century. Yaoba is a well-irrigation oasis within this arid area, which is located in the Alxa area west of the Helan Mountains and next to the Tengger desert in the east. It has contributed greatly to the local stock raising and agriculture since its development in 1970. However, the groundwater which the oasis depends on to survive has been getting salinized gradually and more serious in recent years.A comprehensive study was carried out using the methods of groundwater environment isotope analysis, lithofaci-es and palaeogeography, calculations of water-rock interaction and the existing form of chemical components in groundwater etc. It has been found that the salinization of groundwater is mainly caused by reinfiltration water solving the salt in soil which is deposited simultaneously with the sediments and accumulated in th
PANG QiqingDepartment of Resources Environmental Protection , Engineering , Shijiazhuang University of Economics , Shijiazhuang , Hebeiand CHENG Zhengwu Institute of Geology , Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences , Beijing
2000, 74(2):117-125.
Abstract:A new gigantic sauropod, Huabeisaurus allocates gen. et sp. nov., about 20 m in length and 5 m in height, was discovered in the Upper Cretaceous Huiquanpu Formation, Tianzhen County, Shanxi Province. It is notably different from Diplodocidae, Titanosauridae and Nemegtosauridae in the following aspects: the teeth are strong, peg-like with a length ratio of the tooth crown to tooth root at about 3 to 1; the cervical vertebrae are long with forked spines; the spines in dorsal vertebrae are relatively high, unbifiarcated; the caudal vertebrae are amphicoelous, with anterior neural spines and unbifurcated spines and chevrons; the femur is straight and long, narrow and flat and the tibia and fibula are long and flat. These characters show that the described genus should represent a new family, Huabeisauridae fam. nov. The discovery enriches the sauropod dinosaur record in China, and is quite significant to the study of the taxonomy, evolution, migration, extinction and palaeobiogeographic provincialism of the Late Cretaceous sauropod dinosaurs.
FU Lipu , ZHANG ZifuXi ''''an Institute of Geology , Mineral Resources , Xi ''''an , Shaanxiand GENG LiangyuNanjing Institute of Geology , Palaeontology , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Nanjing , Jiangsu
2000, 74(2):126-131.
Abstract:This paper divides the Telychian into 7 graptolite zones, 12 subzones and 4 chitinoans in the Ziyangregion, China. The zones and subzones of England are almost totally suitable for the case of Ziyang in China, though they are 10000 km apart. All the above-mentioned biozones are found only in a unitary continuous section in Ziyang. It has been proved that the Ziyang section is the one with the most complete sequence of Telychian graptolite biozones in the world.
LUO Yaonan Sichuan Bureau of Geology , Mineral Exploration , Development , Chengdu , Sichuan and WANG Changsheng Yuzhou University , Chongqing
2000, 74(2):132-136.
Abstract:The paper describes an early and primitive sauropod dinosaur, Gongxianosaurus shibeiensis (gen. et sp. nov.), from the Dongyuemiao Member of the Lower Jurassic Ziliujing Formation in Shibei Township, Gongxian County, Sichuan Province, China, which is one of the 5 dinosaur fossils discovered in Gongxian in 1997. Except the skull which is incomplete, the fossils are well preserved. It has some features of both sauropods and prosauropods. It is an intermediate type in the evolution of dinosaurs from prosauropods to sauropods and provides materials for the study of the origin and evolution of the sauropod dinosaur fauna. The discovery of this new sauropod furnishes a way for the stratigraphic correlation between the Early Jurassic Ziliujing Formation in the Sichuan basin and the Lower Jurassic Lufeng Formation in the Central Yunnan basin.
PEI FangRegional Geological Survey Party , Henan Bureau of Geology , Mineral Exploration , Development , Pingdingshan , Henan
2000, 74(2):137-142.
Abstract:The Ordovician conodont faunal provinces were previously divided into the Midcontinent and Atlantic Faunal Regions situated respectively in low and high latitudes, where warm- and cold-water type conodont faunas flourished respectively. According to the international correlation this paper proposes the third Ordovician conodont faunal region-Qinling Faunal Region, in which cold-water conodont faunas were well developed in the Early to middle Middle Ordovician and warm-water conodont faunas were well developed in the late Middle and Late Ordovician, indicating that the Qinling Region was situated in high latitudes earlier and in low latitudes later. The origin was only due to plate movement In the Qinling Region the time interval of the change of the conodont fauna from the cold- to warm-water type was 4 Ma (from 474 to 470 Ma), during which the fauna geographically spanned 40° of latitudes, with a movement velocity of nearly 1.12 m/a, indicating that the high-latitude plates were divorced and reduced i
YIN Hongfu , TONG Jinnan China University of Geosciences , Wuhan
2000, 74(2):143-147.
Abstract:Analysis of the four cases of the sequence boundary (SB)-transgressive surface (TS) relation in nature shows that applying transgressive surfaces as sequence boundaries has the following merits: it improves the methodology of stratigraphic subdivision; the position of transgressive surface in a sea level curve is relatively fixed; the transgressive surface is a transforming surface of the stratal structure; in platforms or ramps, the transgressive surface is the only choice for determining the sequence boundary; the transgressive surface is a readily recognized physical surface reflected by seismic records in seismostratigraphy. The paper reaches a conclusion that to delineate a SB in terms of the TS is theoretically and practically better than to delineate it between highstand and lowstand sediments as has been done traditionally.
YUAN Zhongxin , BAI Ge Institute of Mineral Deposits , Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences , Baiwanzhuang Rd. , Beijing and ZHANG Zongqing Institute of Geology Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences , Baiwanzhuang Rd. , Beijing
2000, 74(2):148-153.
Abstract:Trachytic rock and its altered rock-fenite-in the Bayan Obo ore district, Inner Mongolia, China, were referred to as slate or feldspar rock before, and identified by the authors for the first time (in 1992). In the paper the mineral assemblages, structures and textures and petrochemical compositions of the rocks, as well as the electron microprobe analysis of feldspars in the rocks are described. The Sm-Nd isochron age of the trachytic rock is 1096±56 Ma, with INd=0.51100+4 (2σ) and εNd(t)= -4.4±0.7. Alterations of the trachytic rock, including microclinization, riebeckitization, aegirinization and biotitization, and accompanied rare element and REE mineralizations are discussed. Based on the occurrence of the trachytic rock and associated fenitization it is deduced that the Bayan Obo Fe-Nb-REE ore deposit is genetically related to magmatic-hydrothermal activity of an alkali carbonatite complex.
WU Xiuling , HAN Yujing , MENG Dawei , YANG Weiran , LI DouxingTest Center , Faculty of Earth Sciences , China University of Geosciences , Wuhan , HubeiLaboratory of Atomic Imaging of Solids , Institute of Metal Research , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shenyang , Liaoning
2000, 74(2):154-162.
Abstract:Transmission electron microscope (TEM) and high resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM) analyses have been performed on omphacite from ultra-high pressure (UHP) eclogites at the locality of Shima, Dabie Mountains, China. TEM reveals that the microstructures consist dominantly of dislocation substructures, including free dislocations, loops, tiltwalls, dislocation tangles and subboundaries. They were produced by high-temperature ductile deformation, of which the main mechanism was dislocation creep. Antiphase domain (APD) boundaries are common planar defects; an age of 470±6 Ma for UHP eclogite formation has been obtained from the equiaxial size of APDs in ordered omphacites from Shima, coincident with ages given by single-zircon U-Pb dating (471±2 Ma). HRTEM reveals C2/c and P2ln space groups in different parts of one single omphacite crystal, and no exsolution is observed in the studied samples, which is attributed to rapid cooling. It is suggested that the UHP eclogites underwent a long
LI Shucai , LI Zhaomu , WANG Xianzheng
2000, 74(2):163-175.
Abstract:Holocene basaltic rocks of the Jingpohu area are located in the "Crater Forest" and Hamatang districts to the northwest of the Jingpohu Lake. Although there is only a distance of 15 km between the two districts, their petrological characteristics are very different: alkaline olivine basalt without any megacrysts in the former, and leucite tephrite with Ti-amphibole, phlogopite and anorthoclasite megacrysts in the latter. On the basis of their geochemical characteristics, the two types of basaltic rocks should belong to weakly sodian alkaline basalts. But leucite tephrite is characterized by higher Al2O3, Na2O and K2O, higher enrichment in light rare earth elements (LREE) and large ion lithophile elements (LILE), lower MgO and CaO, compatible elements and moderately compatible elements and lower Mg# values and Na/K ratios in comparison with alkaline olivine basalt. However, the two types of basaltic rocks have similar Sr, Nd, Pb isotopic compositions, which suggests that the mantle beneath the Jingpohu area was homogeneous before undergoing some geological processes about 3490 years ago. As the activity of the mantle plume led to different degrees of metasomatism, extreme mantle source heterogeneities occurred beneath the Jingpohu area. In comparison with alkaline olivine basalt, the leucite tephrite was derived from the more enriched mantle source region and resulted from strong metasomatism.
LIU Jiaqi , LEE Jong Ik , KIM Hyeoncheol
2000, 74(2):176-182.
Abstract:Ages determined with the 40Ar/39Ar isotopic system affirms the Early Cretaceous volcanic activity in the Barton Peninsula, King George Island, Antarctica. Two specimens of basaltic andesite collected from the lowermost volcanic sequence of the peninsula were irradiated and analyzed in different experiments, yielding an identical age spectrum, and two magmatic thermal events of the Early Cretaceous (120.4± 1.6 Ma, 119± 1 Ma) and Early Tertiary (53.1± 1.5 Ma, 52± 1 Ma) are distinguished. The former is interpreted to represent the primary cooling age of basaltic andesite, whereas the latter is the thermal reset age caused by the intrusion of granitic pluton. These new ages clearly indicate that volcanism was active during the Early Cretaceous on the Barton Peninsula and that intensive hydrothermal alteration and mineralization of Mesozoic volcanic rocks resulted from Tertiary magmatism.
LIU Fulai , ZHANG Zeming , XU Zhiqin , YANG Jingsui , XU HuifenInstitute of Geology , Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences , Beijing , China
2000, 74(2):183-189.
Abstract:Study of micro-area chemical compositions indicates that phengite in albite gneiss from hole ZK2304 of the Donghai region has evident compositional zoning. SiO2 and tetrahedrally coordinated Si contents decrease, and Al2O3, AlIV and AlVI contents increase gradually from core to rim. However, K2O, MgO and FeO contents basically remain unchanged from core to rim. According to P-T estimates obtained from geothermometers and barometers, combined with previous experimental data, the core belt (micro-area I) of phengite was formed at T=637-672℃ and P=1.55-1.73 GPa, and the transitional belt (micro-area II) of the phengite were formed at r=594-654℃ and P=1.35-1.45 GPa. Towards the rim belt (micro-area III), the temperature decreased slightly, but the pressure decreased rapidly with r=542-630℃ and P=1.12-1.19 GPa. The P-T evolution path recorded by the compositional zoning of phengite is characterized by significant near-isothermal decompression, revealing that the gneiss has. undergone high-pressure-ultrahi
WANG Wenkui , ZHAO Shanrong , LEI Xinrong , WU Youcai China University of Geosciences , Wuhan , Hubei
2000, 74(2):190-193.
Abstract:The research on morphology of mineral crystals in China includes classical goniometry of 100 minerals such as hsianghualite, orthobrannerite, jamesonite and bertrandite and surface microtopography of 20 minerals such as wolframite and diamond, among which 5 new minerals and 34 uranium minerals were discovered and measured by Chinese mineralogists. These have enriched mineralogy and crystal morphology and strengthened the study of information of morphological genesis.
WU Genyao Institute of Geology , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing
2000, 74(2):194-200.
Abstract:The Huanan (South China) subcontinent was created by amalgamation of the Yangtze, Xianggan, Ca-thaysia and Zhemin microcontinents by the Guangxi orogeny in the Early Palaeozoic. The closure of the Tethyan Ocean and subsequent collision event outside the amalgamated continent reactivated fossil sutures and resulted in in-tracontinental (ensialic) orogenies in the Mesozoic. Based on evidence from deformation, molasse and granitoids, the Sichuan-Guizhou-Hunan-southern Hubei and Hunan-Jiangxi-Fujian Yanshanian fold-thrust systems and the Lower Yangtze-northwestern Fujian Indosinian fold-thrust system are thought to be intracontinental orogens. Their main features are as follows: intracontinental orogenies occurred areally, thrusting propagated towards the interior of the continental, they extend parallelly to the strikes of the fossil sutures, and the details of the temporal-spatial evolution of the orogens depend on subduction-collision events.
FAN Jintao , CHEN Jiongda , CHEN Huogen Geological Survey of Jiangsu Province , Nanjing , Jianesu
2000, 74(2):201-206.
Abstract:The Su-Jiao orogenic belt is the eastern part of the Central Mountain System of China. Recent studies on its erogenic system indicate that the Su-Jiao erogenic belt is a complex orogenic belt which suffered at least 3 orogenies of different mechanisms in the Mesoproterozoic, Neoproterozoic and Triassic respectively. The Meso-Neoproterozoic orogenies belong to the Wilson cycle on the plate margins. The belt is a part of the Late Mesoproterozoic supercontinent Rodinia. The Triassic orogeny belongs to the re-orogeny of the non-Wilson cycle. Delamina-tion of mountain roots occurred after both the Wilson and non-Wilson cycles in the Su-Jiao erogenic belt. The large-amplitude isostatic uplift of mountains, magmatic activities and basin-forming and mountain-making in the upper crust, all indicate the general significance of delamination in the development of erogenic belts.
ZHOU Taofa , YUE ShucangDepartment of Resources , Environmental Science , Hefei University of Technology , Tunxi Road , Hefei , Anhui
2000, 74(2):207-212.
Abstract:Studies of the Pb, Sr and Nd isotopic composition of Mesozoic intrusive rocks indicate that the basement of the copper-gold metallogenic belt of the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River has "two-layer structure" and partly has "multi-layered structure", and is inhomogeneous and shows the distinct feature of E-W provincialism. The calculated model lead ages (t1) are mostly greater than 2600 Ma, and the model neodymium ages (TDM) vary from 953 to 2276 Ma and concentrate in two time intervals: 1800-2000 Ma and 1200-1600 Ma. It is concluded that the basement of the MBYR is composed of the Late Archaeozoic to Middle Proterozoic metamorphic series and that the crust was initiated in the Archaean and continued to grow in the Early and Middle Proterozoic, and the proportion of new crust formed by mantle differentiation during the Late Proterozoic is low.
ZHANG XinpuNo. Research Institute , East China Bureau of Geology , China National Nonferrous Metals Industry Corporation
2000, 74(2):213-216.
Abstract:This paper mainly proposes six major regional geological events in the active continental-margin mantle uplift zone and discusses the oscillation nature of the evolution of Mesozoic volcanic basins and red basins, origin of erosion in the late stage of red basins and mechanism of volcanism.
TANG Wenquan , BAO Chaomin Geological Society of Zhejiang Province , Hangzhou , Zhejiang
2000, 74(2):217-222.
Abstract:The Asian continent is one of the best places in the world to study continental dynamics. In this region the tectonic framework of the South China plate is related to the activity of the Pacific plate and Indian plate since the Mesozoic. In the South China plate, as the ophiolitic melange of the middle Proterozoic in the Shaoxing-Yingtan-Tengxian-Beihai faulted zone was confirmed to be a subducting ocean, the evolution of the Yangtze block and Cathaysian block, which are located on both sides of the fault zone, becomes clearer and clearer. A primary diamond deposit, which was first found by Bao Chaomin and his colleagues in Longyou County of Zhejiang Province in 1998, originated from kimberlitoid pipes. The pipes are located in the Cretaceous basin beside this deep fault and the diamond-bearing pipe was formed deep within a favourable geological structure. Diamond there occurs as octahedral crystals without visual impurities. There are more than 100 similar pipes in the area, which have been poorly studied so far, so this area should have great prospects for diamond exploration.
SUN Yangui , CHEN Zhengxing , LIU Yong''''an , WANG TongqingQinghai Regional Survey , Comprehensive Geological Party , Nanchuan West Road , Xining , Qinghai Province and ZHANG Zhiyong Qinghai Institute of Geological , Mineral Exploration , Xining , Qinghai
2000, 74(2):223-228.
Abstract:As the main part of the "central mountain system" in the continent of China, the Qinling, Qilian and Kunlun orogenic belts have been comprehensively and deeply studied since the 1970s and rich fruits have been reaped. However, these achievements were mostly confined to an individual orogenic belt and the study of the mutual relationship among the three orogenic belts was obliged to depend on comparative studies. Different views were produced therefrom. The material composition and structural features of the junction region show that there are several epicontinental and intracontinental transform faults developed in different periods. Restricted by these transform faults, the large-scale lateral movements and, as a consequence, complicated magrnatism and tectonic deformation took place in the orogenic belts. According to these features, the authors put forward a three-stage junction and evolution model and point out that there is not a single junction zone traversing from west to east but that the three orogenic belts have been joined progressively by the epicontinental and intracontinental transform faults.
WANG JianpingRegional Geological Survey Party , Henan Bureau of Geology , Mineral Exploration , Development , Pingdingshan , Henan
2000, 74(2):229-235.
Abstract:According to an analysis of the geological features in the eastern sector of the Bangong Co-Nujiang River suture zone, the Tethyan evolution can be divided into three stages. (1) The Embryo-Tethyan stage (Pz1): An immature volcanic arc developed in Taniantaweng (Tanen Taunggyi) Range, indicating the existence of an Embryo-Tethyan ocean. (2) The Palaeo-Tethyan stage (C-T2): During the Carboniferous the northern side of the Taniantaweng Range was the main domain of the Pa-laeo-Tethyan ocean, in which developed flysch sediments intercalated with bimodal volcanic rocks and oceanic tholeiite, and Pemian-Early Triassic arc granites were superimposed on the Taniantaweng magmatic arc; on the southern side the Dengqen-Nujiang zone started secondary extension during the Carboniferous, in which the Nujiang ophiolite developed, and the Palaeo-Tethyan ocean closed before the Middle Triassic. (3) The Neo-Tethyan stage (T3-E): During the Late Triassic the Dengqen zone developed into a relatively matural ocean basin, in which the Dengqen ophiolite was formed. By the end of the Triassic intrao-cean subduction occurred, and the ocean domain was reduced gradually, and collided and closed by the end of the Early Jurassic, forming the Yazong melange; then the Tethyan ocean was completely closed.
ZHU Bingquan , Dong Yunpeng , CHANG Xiangyang , ZHANG ZhengweiGuangzhou Institute of Geochemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou , Guangdong
2000, 74(2):236-240.
Abstract:Through lead isotope geochemical mapping in the Yunnan-Guizhou area geochemical steep zones (GSZ) have been established, which clearly reveal the junction relationship of the Cathaysian, Yangtze and Indo-China plates. GSZ are closey related to gravity Mono gradient zones and lithospheric thickness. The GSZ between the Yangtze and Cathaysian plates is consistent with the Shizong-Mile tectonic belt, where island arc basalts are well developed. The Yangtze-Indo-China GSZ is parallel to the Jingdong-Mojiang volcanic belt in rift-island arc environments. The evidence of geology, geophysics and geochemistry all indicates that Cathaysia was subducted towards the Yangtze plate and that the Yangtze plate was underthrust beneath the Indo-China, which took place from the Early Carboniferous to the Early Triassic.
LIU ChuanxiNo. Party , Henan Coalfield Geological Bureau , Longmen Road , Luoyang , Henan
2000, 74(2):241-245.
Abstract:The West Henan large sliding structure is located in the southern part of the North China plate. It is a planar structural feature of a relatively large scale. To its northwest lie the Taihang Mountains, and to the southwest the Funiu Mountain. In the east it extends between the broad plain and hilly land. Formed in the early Indosinian Period, its main sliding surface is the coal seam II 1 with the sliding direction from NW to SE, and a sliding area of about 23,000 km2. Affected by the big sliding, the coal seam II1 in West Henan occurs in the state of powder, and thickens to the SE. Some small penetrating sliding structures were developed over II 1 in the early Yanshanian Period, causing a disorder on the south border of the North China coal-accumulating basin in the late Palaeozoic Era. An exploration into the West Henan large sliding structure is of great importance in the geological study.
LI Jianghai , Alfred KRONER , QIAN Xianglin , P.O. BRIEN Department of Geology , Peking University , Beijing , China Institut fuer Geowissenschqften Universitaet Mainz , Mainz , Germany Bayerisches Geoinstitut Universitat Bayreuth , Bayreuth , Germany
2000, 74(2):246-258.
Abstract:A large-scale high-pressure granulite belt (HPGB), more than 700 km long, is recognized within the metamorphic basement of the North China craton. In the regional tectonic framework, the Hengshan-Chengde HPGB is located in the central collision belt between the western block and eastern block, and represents the deep crustal structural level. The typical high-pressure granulite (HPG) outcrops are distributed in the Hengshan and Chengde areas. HPGs commonly occur as mafic xenoliths within ductile shear zones, and underwent multipile deformations. To the south, the Hengshan-Chengde HPGB is juxtaposed with the Wutai greenstone belt by several strike-slip shear zones. Preliminary isotopic age dating indicates that HPGs from North China were mainly generated at the end of the Neoarchaean, assocaited with tectonic assembly of the western and eastern blocks.
ZHENG Mianping , ZHAO Yuanyi , LIU Junying
2000, 74(2):259-265.
Abstract:In this paper the authors classify saline lake sediments into the cold, warm and eurythermal phases, reveal the consistency between the zoning of hydrochemical types of modern saline lake water and climatic zoning and give climatic parameters under the conditions of typical cold phase (mirabilite and natron), warm phase (thenardite) and slightly warm phase (bloedite) saline lake deposition.
ZHENG Mianping , MENG Yifeng , Wei LejunResearch & Development Center of Saline Lake , Epithermal Deposits , Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences , Beijing
2000, 74(2):266-272.
Abstract:The Qinghai-Tibet plateau is one of major saline lake regions in China, where saline lakes are widespread and constitute an important object of researches on the palaeoclimatic change in the region. On the basis of comprehensive investigations of the evolution of the lake's surface and sediments on the plateau, the authors have further demonstrated the existence of a pan-lake stage (river and lake flooding stage) on the Qinghai-Tibet plateau during the period of about 40+- 28 ka B.P. and analyzed the palaeoclimatic characteristics of the pan-lake period and relationships between the ancient monsoons and the uplift of the plateau since the beginning of the Quaternary.
WANG Mill , PU Qingyu , Geological Society of China , Baiwanzhuang Rd. , Beijing LIU Chenglin , CHEN YongzhiInstitute of Mineral Deposits , Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences , Baiwanzhuang Rd. , Beijing
2000, 74(2):273-278.
Abstract:Since the middle Early Pleistocene (1.20 Ma B.P.), the desert steppe climate and environment have predominated in the Lop Nur area, Xinjiang, characterized by warm humid epochs interrupted by dry cold intervals. The grain-size and magnetic susceptibility curves record 30 climatic oscillations, each with a ca. 40 ka cycle, in the area since 1.2 Ma B.P., which reflects the controlling effects exerted by the astronomic factor on the environment. The Quaternary sedimentary environment in the Lop Nur gradually changed from a fresh lake through a brackish lake to a saline lake, showing a spiral evolution, and finally it evolved into a playa.
CHEN JunDepartment of Earth Sciences , Nanjing University , Nanjing WANG Yongjin , Department of Geography , Nanjing Normal University , Nanjing CHEN Yang , LIU Lianwen , JI Junfeng Department of Earth Sciences , Nanjing University , Nanjing and LU Huayu Xi ''''an State Key Laboratory of Loess , Quaternary Geology , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Xi ''''an
2000, 74(2):279-288.
Abstract:Concentrations and distributions of Rb and Sr in loess and palaeosol samples from the Luochuan profile have been studied, in grain-size fractions and chemical forms. Results show that Rb is quite rich in the fraction of less than 2 m m, and exits only in the residual phase, while Sr is distributed in sand and silt fractions, occurring in the residual and carbonate phases. Therefore, variations of the concentrations of Rb and Sr in loess and palaeosols are closely related not only to dustfall compositions depending on winter monsoon wind strength but also to summer monsoon-induced pedogenic intensity. This indicates that variations of Rb/Sr ratio in Chinese loess sequences represent cyclic alternations of East Asian summer and winter monsoon climates on the orbital time-scale. Variations in Sr concentrations along the sequence bear a high similarity to the oxygen isotope record of the deep sea sediments over the past 2.5 Ma, whereas variations in Rb concentrations are in good agreement with the record of magnetic susceptibility determined with the duplicated samples from the same profile. This suggests that (1) the high-latitude ice volume is responsible for East Asian monsoon variations and (2) the signal of magnetic susceptibility depends dominantly on pedogenesis in Chinese loess sequences.
PENG Songbai , ZHANG Yeming , ZHAN Mingguo , CHEN Fuwen , QIU Ruizhao Yichang Institute of Geology , Mineral Resources , CAGS , Yichang , Hubei
2000, 74(2):289-296.
Abstract:The samples of ductile-rheologic deformational augen granite from the Yunkai uplift area, western Guangdong province, were determined by the whole-rock Sm-Nd, Pb-Pb and Rb-Sr isotopic dating to have an Sm-Nd isochron age of 1414±68 Ma, a Pb-Pb isochron age of 1388±90 Ma and a Rb-Sr isochron age of 490±36 Ma. The first two ages are interpreted as the formation age of this suite of granite and the last age represents the timing of the tec-tono-thermal event of Caledonian ductile-rheologic shear partial melting. It is indicated that in the study area not only an orogeny took place in the Caledonian, but also a more important tectono-magmatic activity occurred in the Meso-proterozoic there , which may be related to the subduction-collision between the Yangtze block and Cathaysia block.
JIANG Zhi Gold Headquarters , P.O.Box , Beijing
2000, 74(2):297-300.
Abstract:Using d'Alembert equation as the approximation of Einstein's equation, a solution is given in this paper to the time-dependent gravitational equation of the Earth in consideration of the Earth's features, which describes the characteristics of pulsation of the Earth and the structures of spherical layers of its interior, thus providing a theoretical basis for establishing the idea of mantle pulsation.
WANG Shilu , WAN Guojiang State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry , Institute of Geochemistry , CAS , Guiyang
2000, 74(2):301-305.
Abstract:The comparison between the carbon isotope and the index of ring width of a pine disc from the Tuomuer Peak region in Xinjiang shows that the effects of climate changes on the tree-ring growth and carbon isotopic fractionation varies with time. The reason is probably relative to the characters of climate changes and adaptability of the tree-ring growth to climate changes. The relationships between the atmospheric CO2 level and the revised d 13Cair by the tree-ring carbon isotope indicate that the carbon cycle is not in a steady state, but under a stage-change condition in this area. It also can be concluded that the ratio of CO2 from the terrestrial eco-system has increased, and the flux of CO2 exchange between the atmosphere and the biosphere was gradually increasing over the past century. In addition, the results also confirm the validity and superiority of the carbon isotope to the research of the water-use efficiency.
GUAN Kang , LUO Zhenkuan , QIU Youshou , MIAO Laicheng Tianjin Geological Academy of China , Youyi Road , Tianjin , QIU Yumin , Neal MCNAUGHTON , David GROVESDepartment of Geology , University of West Australia , Australia
2000, 74(2):306-310.
Abstract:The Jidong area is located on the north margin of the North China craton. It is a nucleus composed of the oldest rocks in China. Precambrian metamorphic rocks with various Phanerozoic granitoids invaded are widespread. Gold deposits here have close spatial relations to granitoids. Some deposits occur within them and others in the outer zone of the contact belt of the intrusion, extending thousands of metres. There have been controversial views in regard to the relations of the deposits to the intrusions although traditional techniques have been used to date the intrusions. In order to solve such a problem, the SHRIMP technique was adopted to date the U-Pb ages of zircon collected from the Yuerya intrusion which hosts the large-sized Yuerya Au deposit and Qingshankou intrusion 2 km away from the Jinchangyu (larger-sized) Au deposit. Analysis shows that the ages of 175±1 Ma and 174±3 Ma for Yuerya intrusion and the age of 199±2 Ma for Qingshankou granite indicate the Early Yanshanian stage of the Meso-
Ni BinChina National Administration of Coal Geology , Beijing
2000, 74(2):311-315.
Abstract:In the past twenty years, the proportion of coal in primary-energy consumption in China is generally between 71.3% and 76.5%. The output of coal was 1.374 billion tons in 19%, and 1.21 tons in 1998, which ranked first in the world. Now coal is mined mainly with mechanization in China, which is planned to reach 80% in major State-owned coal mines in 2000 according to the planning of the government (Li et al., 1998; Tang Dejin, 1998).Compared with the USA and Australia, China has more complex coal geological structures. Based on high-resolution seismic technique in coal exploration, a new seismic technique with high-precision and high-resolution (2-D and 3-D) has been developed for the purpose of detecting small geological structures in coal mine construction and production to meet the needs of large-scale popularization of mechanized coal mining in China. The technique is low in cost and requires a relatively short period of exploration, with high precision and wide-range applications. In the middle of the 1980s, it began to be used in pre-mining coal exploration on a trial basis, and entered the peak of exploration in the 1990s, which has made significant progress in providing high-precision geological results for the construction and production of coal industry in China, and is still in the ascendant.This paper discusses some new progress and the exploration capability and application range of the technique.
XU Wenxin , CHEN Minyang , PANG Chunyong , LI Heng Research Institute of Geology for Mineral Resources , CNNC , Guilin
2000, 74(2):316-320.
Abstract:Based on Pb-Pb isochron data of more than 40 Precambrian polymetallic deposits, the authors consider that there are four mineralization periods for the Precambrian copper deposits in China, and the major copper deposits were formed at about 1800 Ma; there are three mineralization periods for gold deposits formed from Archaean to Proterozoic. By studying hundreds of lead isotope data from some Mesozoic continental subvolcanic Cu and Ag polymetallic deposits and fine-disseminated gold deposits, the authors found that the calculation based on the lead single-stage evolution model or two-stage evolution model cannot give the true ore-forming ages but can provide more information about mineralization and material sources of the deposits.
ZHAO Zhenhua , BAI Zhenghua , XIONG Xiaolin , MEI Houjun , WANG YixianGuangzhou Institute of Geochemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou
2000, 74(2):321-328.
Abstract:Five nearly E-W-trending alkali-rich igneous rock belts are distributed from north to south in northern Xinjiang, and they are composed mainly of riebeckite, K-feldspar granite and high-K and medium-K calc-alkaline volcanic rocks and shoshonite. They were mainly emplaced or erupted between the Carboniferous and Permian. The compositions of Sr, Nd, Pb, and O isotopes imply that their principal resource materials are derived from the upper mantle or juvenile crust, indicating obvious continental growth in the Phanerozoic. The trace element association implies that their tectonic settings are within plate and volcanic arc for alkali-rich granites, and post-collisional arc, late oceanic arc and continental arc for alkali-rich volcanic rocks. An archipelago model was suggested for the tectonic evolution in northern Xinjiang. It can be named the central-Asia-type orogeny, which is different from the so called circum-Pacific ocean-continent-type tectonics or the Alpine-Himalayan continent-continent-collisional orogeny.
DOU Suzhen , SUN Zhaocai , CAO Ying , MA Yumei , ZHANG Jingfu , LIU Guicheng , KOU Xiaoyan Environmental Protection , Monitoring Station of Taian City , Tai ''''an Shandong Environmental Protection Bureau of Dongping County , Dongping Shandong
2000, 74(2):329-333.
Abstract:The Hydrobios in Dongping Lake, Shandong Province, mainly includes phytoplankton, zooplankton, benthic animals, fishes and hydrophytic vascular plants. Nitrogen and phosphorus are the restrictive factors for the growth and propagation of hydrophyta, therefore the key to the prevention and control of eutrophication in lakes lies in the control of the contents of the two elements in the water. Artificial fishing of algae can reduce the concentrations of trophic substances such as nitrogen and phosphorus in the water bodies, and biological measures may decrease the contents of these trophic substances in the bottom sediments and the water bodies, thereby playing an active role in modifying the eutrophication of the lake.
QIAO Yanxiao , LI Miwen Remote Sensing Center of Hebei Province , Huaizhong Rd. , Shijiazhuang , Hebei
2000, 74(2):334-338.
Abstract:The Taihang Mountains area is an area in North China where serious mudflow hazards take place frequently. The hazards often obstrust traffic and make it difficult to carry out conventional ground investigations of the mudflow hazards. This paper introduces the feasibility study of mudflow hazards by using Landsat-5TM data. The study has achieved a great success through adopting both the faint spectral enhancement technique for mudflow fans (or other depositional areas) and comprehensive study of the environmental background of pregnant mudflows. Thus, remote sensing as a fast, convenient, low-cost and effective technical method can be used to recognise the situation of mudflow hazards so that effective rescue can be provided.
ZHENG Xilai Institute of Geosciences , Qingdao Ocean University , Qingdao , Shandongand WANG Bingchen Comprehensive Institute of Geotechnical Survey , Beijing
2000, 74(2):339-343.
Abstract:Through a survey of the literature on geology, hydrogeology and hydrogeochemistry, this paper presents a hydrogeochemical model for the groundwater system in a dross-dumping area of the Shandong Aluminium Plant. It is considered that the groundwater-bearing medium is a mineral aggregate and that the interactions between groundwater and the groundwater-bearing medium can be described as a series of geochemical reactions. On that basis, the principle of minimum energy and the equations of mass balance, electron balance and electric neutrality are applied to construct a linear programming mathematical model for the calculation of mass transfer between water and rock with the simplex method.
Tong Qianming Hunan Institute of Geology , Furong Zhonglu , Changsha , Hunan
2000, 74(2):344-348.
Abstract:This paper discusses the role of geologic structures in the occurrence of floods and how to prevent flood in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River, and gives the author's suggestion that the Luoshan Qiakou be expanded and the land reclaimed from Dongting Lake be returned to the lake in compliance with the law of geology. .
YAN Chunjie , SUN Yunzhi , TANG Huiming Test Centre , China University of Geosciences , Wuhan , Hubei Institute of Yangtze River Exploring Technique , Ministry of Water Resources , Wuhan , Hubei
2000, 74(2):349-352.
Abstract:The mineral assemblage and content and surface microtextures of slipping zone soil of several landslides in the Three Gorges Reservoir District have been analyzed using the scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffractometer (XRD). All the mineral assemblages are similar in these landslides. The main minerals are montmorillonite, illite, kaolinite, chlorite, quartz and feldspar. There are two kinds of surface microtexture in the slipping zone soil, i.e., linear scratches and arcuate scratches. Based on analyses of the changes of the microtextures, one can obtain information about the number, directions and stages of landslide movements. The authors have also studied the mechanism of landslide formation, evaluated the stability of landslides and revival possibility of ancient landslides and forecasted the activity of similar landslides in different districts. The surface microtexture features of stable landslides and mobile landslides are summarized and it is concluded that the existence of filamentous bacteria may result in or increase movements of landslides.
2000, 74(2):353-361.
Abstract:The Jinsha River runs across the Hengduanshan north-south tectonic zone where neotectonism was relatively strong, accompanied by various geologic hazards. In this case, it seems necessary to make a quantitative assessment and grading of the engineering geological environment for the planning and development of hydropower projects on the Jinsha River.The studies of crustal structures and activities of neotectonic fault blocks provide a three-dimensional geomechanics model for us to make an assessment of the engineering geological environment. Based on the survey data and results from geologic hazard risk analysis, a hierarchical analysis model on the quality of the engineering geological environment is established with respect to the crustal stability, ground stability, and rock and soil mass stability. Nine factors relevant to the geological environment are selected and five levels are used for the quality grades: very bad, bad, mediocre, good, very good. The result indicates that active deep faults have an influence on the engineering geological environment of the Jinshajiang region.Finally, the authors present a preliminary evaluation on the constructional suitability of each planned site in the middle and lower reaches of the Jinsha River.
ZOU Yanrong , Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou YANG Qi , LIU Dameng , KANG Xidong , TANG DazhenChina University of Geosciences , Beijing
2000, 74(2):370-374.
Abstract:Rock-Eval pyrolysis and Py-GC experiments on naturally and artificially matured coal samples were carried out. The results suggest that both depolymerization and defuctionalization exist during the maturation and evolution of coal. The patterns of hydrocarbon regeneration are diverse at different stages of the maturation and evolution. When the vitrinite reflectance (R0) is 0.7%-0.9%, bitumen is the richest in coal while activation energy is the minimum, and the temperature of peak yield is lower than that of primary hydrocarbon generation. However, if reflectance is greater than 0.9%, defunctionalization predominates and the temperature of peak regeneration is shown in lagging compared with the primary hydrocarbon generation. When reflectance is out of the "oil window", the peak temperature of hydrocarbon regeneration and that of the primary hydrocarbon generation seems to be continuous.
WANG Yang , School of Earth Science , Resources , China University of Geosciences , Beijing WANG Jiyang , XIONG Liangping Institute of Geology , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing
2000, 74(2):375-380.
Abstract:On the basis of 723 heat flow measurements in the mainland of China and over 2000 data from the global heat flow data set, the authors compiled the heat flow map of the mainland of China and its adjacent areas to exhibit the overall variation of the heat flow pattern in the mainland. The heat flow pattern of the mainland is complex, and can not be simply summarized as "low in the north and west and high in the south and east". Significant difference exists between eastern and western China in the spatial pattern of heat flow. Divided by the 105°E meridian, heat flow values in eastern China show a westward-decreasing trend; and a northward variation is observed in western China. The high-heat flow regions correspond to tectonically active belts such as Cenozoic orogens and extensional basins, where mantle heat flow is high; and the low-heat flow regions correspond to stable units such as the Tarim and Yangtze platforms. This heat flow pattern is controlled by India-Asia collision in the west and Pacific
ZHAO Yingjun , LIU Dechang Beijing Research Institute of Uranium Geology , Beijing
2000, 74(2):381-383.
Abstract:This paper introduces how to use remote sensing images including Landsat (MSS and TM) andairborne radioactivity images to identify the type of rocks in the areas covered by vegetation. The relationship between light spectrum (Landsat MSS and TM) and energy spectrum (U, Th and K) is discussed on the basis of correlation analysis, and it is proven that there are correlations between the Landsat MSS or TM data and the U, Th and K. data. By using the fusion technique, new images were generated, which contain both the light spectrum and the energy spectrum information.Taking the Lucong basin as the study area, the present paper demonstrates the successful identification of various types of rocks using the fusion technique. Different types of rocks are represented by different colours on the new light-energy spectrum images, so that volcanic rocks of the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods can be discriminated. Another example, in the Lingquan basin in Northeast China, not only the different types of rocks are successfully distinguished, but corrections and modifications are also made on the original geological map after some field investigation. Practice has proven that the light-energy spectrum fusion technique is a good way in lithologic identification.
2000, 74(2):384-385.
Abstract:The method of determining the depth of geological events is based on the geobarometer method. According to this method, a depth to a certain position is obtained in such a way that the pressure at that position is divided by the specific weight (density) of the overlying rock formations, called the "W/SW" method in this paper. This method follows the principle of hydrostatics, assuming that rocks in this case are in a static fluid state (standard state) rather than a solid state. If so, only pressure could be measured from the rocks because the latter does not exist in a hydrostatic state. Unfortunately, a great deal of data in practice show this is not true.
LIU GuijianDepartment of Earth , Space Science , University of Science , Technology of China , No. Jinzhai Road , Hefei , Anhui
2000, 74(2):386-390.
Abstract:Leaching is an important way of separation of trace elements from coal. Based on leaching experiments, the content of trace elements separated out from coal is related to their existing state and content in coal, the duration of leaching process, temperature of leaching liquor and its acidity and basicity. The higher the temperature of leaching liquor and the longer the leaching time, the higher the contents of separated trace elements will be. In the course of leaching, the pH values of leaching liquors change and different trace elements are affected differently by the pH values.
HOU Guiting , QIAN Xianglin , WANG Shuyuan , SUN Jing Department of Geology , Peking University , Beijing
2000, 74(2):391-393.
Abstract:The ultra-long electromagnetic wave remote sensing technique developed by Peking University is one of new future techniques, which can detect the submarine geological information from the depth of 20 to 10000 m below the surface by receiving natural ultra-long electromagnetic waves (n Hz to n 100 Hz). The new remote sensor is composed of three parts: a main instrument with a portable computer, an antenna with an amplifier and an external power.The new remote sensing technique is characterized by good stability and reproducibility at the same spot but at different times and high sensitivity and high signal-to-noise ratio, and can reveal geological and lithologic boundaries as well as strata and related mineral sources. Two years of marine geological experiments on this technique have indicated that it can solve many problems in marine geological exploration, e.g. the burial depths of sea-floor mud, Quaternary sediments and submarine structures. This technique can be applied to detecting the sea bed depth and submarine sediment thickness.
WANG Guangcai , TAO Shu , Department of Urban , Environment Sciences , Peking University , Beijing SHEN Zhaoli , ZHONG Zuoshen Department of Environment Sciences , China University of Geosciences , Beijing
2000, 74(2):394-399.
Abstract:The WATEQ4F-based "multiple step method", or the method of running WATEQ4F repeatedly, was used to evaluate the error propagation in computations of water-mineral interactions under the circumstances of constant and varied temperatures due to the uncertainties of input variables. The results show the following: the errors of water chemistry analysis can strongly affect the modelling results of water-mineral reactions; different input variables (errors) have different effects on the saturation indices (S.I.) of different minerals; in many cases, the S.I. errors of minerals change with temperatures.
ZHANG Ronghua , HU Shumin , ZHANG XuetongOpen Research Laboratory of Geochemical Kinetics , Chinese Academyof Geological Sciences , Baiwanzhuang Road , Beijing
2000, 74(2):400-405.
Abstract:This work presents new experimental results on the kinetics of mineral dissolution in near-critical and supercritical water in a temperature range (T) from 25 to 400℃ and a constant pressure of 23 MPa. Kinetic experiments were carried out by using a flow reactor (packed bed reactor) of an open system. The dissolution rates of albite and magnetite were measured under these experimental conditions. Na, Al and Si release rates for albite dissolution in water were measured as a function of the temperature and flow velocity in the reaction system. The maximum release rates of Na, AI and Si of albite dissolution in the hydrothermal flow systems under different flow velocities were always obtained at 300℃, that is to say, the maximum albite dissolution rates in the flow systems, regardless of different flow rates, were repeatedly measured at 300℃. Results indicate a wide fluctuation in albite dissolution rates occurring close to the critical point of water. The dissolution rates increased when the temperatu
ZHANG Xuetong , ZHANG Ronghua , HU Shumin , YU WenbinOpen Research Laboratory of Geochemical Kinetics , Chinese Academy of GeologicalSciences , Baiwanzhuang Road , Beijing
2000, 74(2):406-411.
Abstract:This work presents new experimental results on surface chemistry of reacting minerals and interface kinetics between mineral and aqueous solutions. These experiments were carried out using a flow reactor (packed bed reactor) of an open system as well as a continuous stirred tank reactor, CSTR. The authors measured reaction rates of such minerals as zeolite, albite and carbonate (rhodochrosite, dolomite) in various solutions, and tested corresponding mineral surface by using SEM, XPS, SIMS, etc. This paper mainly presents the experimental results of zeolite dissolution in water and in low pH solutions at room temperature, and dolomite dissolution at elevated temperatures. The results show that the release rates of Si, Al and Na of zeolite are different in most cases. The incongruent dissolution of zeolite is related to surface chemical modifications. The Na, Al and Si release rates for dissolution of albite and zeolite in water and various solutions were measured as a function of temperature, flow veloci
HU Shumin , ZHANG Ronghua , ZHANG XuetongOpen Research Lab. of Geochemical Kinetics , Chinese Academy ofGeological Sciences , Baiwanzhuang Road , Beijing ,
2000, 74(2):412-417.
Abstract:The phase relation and solution structure of water and NaCl aqueous solution have been observed and examined by using the hydrothermal diamond anvil cell (HDAC) at elevated temperatures and pressures and the in situ FT-IR spectroscopy. The temperature of observations ranges from 25 to 850° C and the pressure up to 10 or 30 kb. At first, we observed the phase transition process from halite+liquid+vapour (H+L+V) to L+H, then to L (or supercritical fluid, SCF), and another path: H+L+V? L+V? L (or SCF) in heating process. By means of the visual microscope, the authors found that in the L+V immiscibility field L+V exhibits an ordered structure, i.e. a large visual cluster of solvent around ions. The liquid phase is manifested by vapour bubbles. When phase transitions are observed, the authors examined their infrared spectra by using the FT-IR microscopy simultaneously. In the case of the phase transition from liquid (L) to liquid + vapor (L+V) immisciblity field of NaCl solutions, a sudden change (strong frequency shift) of infrared spectra of the aqueous solution is observed near the critical temperature of water as the temperature is raised from 25 to 650° C. The frequency of the maximum intensity of OH symmetric and asymmetric vibration varies with respect to temperature. The sharp peak of the OH stretching vibration of the maximum intensity appears in an interval from 300 to 400° C. It is indicated that the hydrogen bonding network is weakened and broken at last near the critical point of water, which causes the aqueous solution to become more associated. Besides, a pressure indicator (a mineral or compound) was introduced to the HDAC.
ZOU Ligui , ZHANG Jiyun , YAN Jun , GUAN ShaobinAirborne Survey , Remote Sensing Center of Nuclear Industry , P. O. Box , Shijiazhuang
2000, 74(2):418-424.
Abstract:This paper introduces the test results of the soil magnetic survey and the integrated gamma-ray TLD and TC methods for sandstone-type uranium exploration and describes the prospecting mechanism. The tests have proved that these approaches have yielded good results on classifying the sedimentary fades, defining the redox transitional zones and reflecting deep mineralization information. They may probably become new methods on searching for sandstone-type uranium deposits.
LIU Mei , GOU Jingwei , YU Guangming , LIN Jiandong Research Institute of Coal Geophysical Exploration , Zhuozhou , Hebei
2000, 74(2):425-428.
Abstract:Coal-bed methane is accumulated in micro-fissures and cracks in coal seams. The coal seam is the source terrace and reservoir bed of the coal-bed methane (Qian et al., 1996). Anisotropy of coal seams is caused by the existence of fissures. Based on the theory of S wave splitting: an S wave will be divided into two S waves with nearly orthogonal polarization directions when passing through anisotropic media, i.e. the fast S wave with its direction of propagation parallel to that of the fissure and slow S wave with the direction of propagation perpendicular to that of the fissure.This paper gives the results of laboratory research and field test on the S wave splitting caused by coal-seam fissures: The results show that it is, feasible to detect fissures in coal seams by applying the converted S wave and finally gives the development zone and development direction of these fissures.
Chief Editor:HOU Zengqian
Governing Body:China Association for Science and Technology
Organizer:Geological Society of China
start publication :1922
ISSN:ISSN 1000-9515
CN:CN 11-2001/P