The author is much indebted to many geoscientists all over the world who offer their deliberation and support to this long-term research. Many thanks are given to a lot of known and unknown geoscientists who kindly discuss the related topics with us and support us with their idea or results. Special thanks are given to Wang Hongzhen, Xiao Xuchang, Ren Jishun, Xu Zhiqin, Zhao Wenjin, Wang Jiyang, Zhang Guowei, Liu Guangding, Teng Jiwen, Jin Zhenmin, Jiang Boming, Deng Jinfu, Wan Tianfeng (China); J. T. Wilson, W. M. Telford, D. Crossley, R. Clowes, J. E. Randolph, F. Cook (Canada); W. J. Morgan, K. C. Burke, W. G. Ernst, W. D. Mooney, S. L. Klemperer, Liou J-G, Zhang R-Y, H. W. Green, D. Rumble, Wu R-S (USA); M. H. Worthington, WangY-H (UK); R. Emmerman, B. Buttkus, F. Wenzel, R. Meissner, H. Kern, A. Schulze (Germany); X. Le Pichon, P. Tapponnier (France); S. Maruyama, and Zhou Dapeng (Japan).