Abstract:

Abstract:The Zhongtiao Mountains, an important part of the Trans- North China Orogen, North China Craton, holds well preserved significant evolution records of the Trans- North China Orogen. The Jiangxian Group is divided into the Henglingguan Subgroup and the Tongkuangyu Subgroup, the Henglingguan Subgroup consists predominantly of metamorphic clastic rocks, specifically quartzite and phyllite. In contrast, the Tongkuangyu Subgroup primarily comprises acid and basic volcanic rocks, with “bimodal” volcanic rocks alternating with normal sedimentary clastic rocks. Based on field investigation on the rock composition and stratigraphic characteristics and comprehensive analysis of zircon isotopic ages of the volcanic rocks, intrusive rocks, and detrital zircon of the Jiangxian Group, the age for this Group is estimated to be around 2200 ~2120 Ma, corresponding to the Paleoproterozoic Era. By integrating the geochemical characteristics of clastic and volcanic rocks with the evolutionary history of the Trans- North China Orogen, it is inferred that the Jiangxian Group likely originated in a tectonic setting linked to a paleo- active continental margin. Specifically, the Henglingguan Subgroup was deposited in an active continental margin basin, whereas the Tongkuangyu Subgroup originated in a volcanic arc of an active continental margin.

Abstract:In order to provide constraints for the Miocene tectonic evolution and deep dynamic process in the SE Pamir area, the age of the intrusive rocks in the Reskam area is redetermined and the petrogenesis and magmatic processes are discussed.Methods: Combined with field work and microscope observation, analysis of the LA- MC- ICP- MS zircon U- Pb isotopic dating, XRF major elements, ICP- MS trace elements, MC- ICP- MS Sr—Nd isotopes, LA- MC- ICPMS zircon Lu—Hf isotopes are carried out.Results: Zircon LA- MC- ICP- MS U- Pb dating results show that these magmatic rocks were emplaced at Miocene (12. 0 ± 0. 3 Ma). Geochemically, they have high SiO2 (72. 14% ~ 74. 35%) and high K2O (3. 78% ~ 5. 25%) contents, with low MgO (0. 13% ~ 0. 50%) and Mg# value (18 ~ 35). They exhibit high Sr (363×10-6~754 ×10-6), low Y (3. 41×10-6 ~ 16. 4 ×10-6) and Yb (0. 327×10-6 ~ 0. 903 ×10-6), thus high Sr/Y (27 ~ 188) and (La/Yb)N (18. 95 ~ 210) ratios, in keeping with the typical adakites. In terms of isotopes, they have significantly enriched in situ zircon εHf(t) (-10. 1 ~ -5. 4) and whole-rock εNd(t)( -8. 33 ~ -6. 39 ) values.Conclusions: The Reskam monzogranite was formed in the Miocene (~ 12 Ma) and has the characteristics of Adakite. The continuous subduction of the Indian plate significantly thickened the crust in the Pamir area. At around 12 Ma, due to the tectonic transformation of the Karakoram fault, the local detachment of the thickened lithospheric mantle in the Pamir area resulted in tectonic extension, triggering the upwelling of the asthenosphere and partial melting of the thickened ancient lower crust.

Abstract:By combining outcrop, core, and logging, the sedimentary characteristics and sand body development characteristics of the Lower Cretaceous were finely characterized, and the exploration direction of sandstone type uranium deposits in the Wuerhe—Huanghuagou area was explored.Methods:Based on the comprehensive analysis of outcrops, drilling cores, drilling and logging in the Wuerhe—Huanghuagou area on the northwestern margin of the Junggar Basin, combined with microscopic observation, the main petrological characteristics, stratigraphic structure, sedimentary facies types and distribution characteristics of the Lower Cretaceous Tugulu Group were comprehensively analyzed. Guided by the metallogenic theory of sandstone- type uranium deposits, the types and distribution of favorable ore- forming sand bodies in the Lower Cretaceous Tugulu Group in the study area were discussed from the perspective of sedimentology. Results: ① The rock types of the Lower Cretaceous Tugulu- a Subgroup in the study area are mainly feldspar lithic sandstone and lithic feldspar sandstone, while the Tugulu- b, Tugulu- c and Tugulu- d subgroups are mainly feldspar sandstone and feldspar lithic sandstone. ② There are four types of sedimentary facies in the Lower Cretaceous Tugulu Group in the study area, which are alluvial fan, braided river, delta and lake, its provenance is from the northwest of Semistan Mountain. With the Delunshan as the boundary, the Wuerhe—Xiazijie area is dominated by shallow- water delta deposits with far- source weak current, while the Delunshan—Huanghuagou area is dominated by high- energy braided river deposits, its provenance should come from the northern part of the basin. ③ The favorable prospecting horizon of the Lower Cretaceous is the primary gray—gray green coarse clastic formation of the Tugulu- a+Tugulu- b Subgroup. Conclusions: The branch channel of delta plain subfacies in Wuerhe—Youshashan area is an important prospecting direction. The underwater distributary channel of delta front and the thick sand body of sheet sand widely developed in the Xiazijie area have good lateral extensibility, it has the ability to form a certain scale sandstone- type uranium deposit.The Huanghuagou area developed a wide and large- scale braided river sand body in the Tugulu- a+Tugulu- b period, which is a favorable area for interlayer oxidation and phreatic oxidation.

Abstract:Analyzed the geochemical analysis data of major elements, trace elements, and rare earth elements (REE) of the Lower Cretaceous sandstone, we studied its sedimentary cycle characteristics, chemical weathering, structural background, and material sources of the sandstone.Methods:Based on the geochemical analysis of major elements, trace elements and rare earth elements (REE)of the Lower Cretaceous sandstone in Zhenyuan area of Ordos Basin, this paper discusses the sedimentary recycling characteristics, chemical weathering, tectonic background and material source of the Lower Cretaceous red variegated sandstone. Results: ① The Lower Cretaceous Luohe Formation, Huanhe Formation and Luohandong Formation are similar in provenance main body, and have good inheritance in structural background, provenance area and provenance characteristics. The REE distribution pattern curves of rare earth elements are consistent, with clear fractionation of light and heavy rare earth elements, enriched in large ion lithophile elements Ba, Pb, Sr, and light rare earth elements, and depleted in high field strength elements Nb, Ta, Th, Y, etc. From bottom to top, with the formation becoming newer, the total REE content in Sedimentary rock tends to decrease, and the fractionation degree of heavy REE decreases. ② The original material of the Lower Cretaceous sandstone in the study area is mainly composed of felsic and mafic mixed rocks (such as intermediate—acid intrusive rocks, felsic metamorphic rocks) and some sedimentary rocks. ③ In the tectonic setting, the passive continental margin tectonic environment is the main advantage. The debris mainly comes from the continental source area, followed by the recycled orogenic belt and the mixed source area.Conclusions: The provenance area is generally characterized by rich quartz, rich Calcite cement, more potassium feldspar or potassium rich minerals than plagioclase. The Luohandong Formation is more siliceous than Huanhe Formation and Luohe Formation, with less Calcite cement and purer quality. Most of the sediments in the study area are transported by the weathering and denudation products of the parent rock in the thrust nappe zone on the southestern margin of the Ordos Basin, Which are the first sedimentary materials. A few sediments (i.e. Aeolian sand) are formed by in- situ re- transport and accumulation, which are recycled sedimentary materials.

Abstract:To further investigate the provenance, weathering, and tectonic setting of the Late Ordovician—Early Silurian black shale in the southern margin of the Upper Yangtze area, this study systematically sampled typical outcrops, analyzed the geochemical characteristics of major, trace and rare earth elements in the Wufeng—Longmaxi Formations shale, and explored its geological significance.Methods: By analyzing the major, trace, and rare earth elements of 22 samples from the Wufeng—Longmaxi Formations shale in the outcrops of the southern margin of the Upper Yangtze area, this study reconstructed ancient weathering intensity and paleoclimate conditions, unveiled the provenance and tectonic setting, and investigated the shale formation environment and processes. These findings provide compelling geochemical evidence to support further exploration and development of the Wufeng—Longmaxi Formations shale in the Upper Yangtze area.Results: The black organic- rich shale of the Wufeng—Longmaxi Formations in the southern margin of the Upper Yangtze area exhibited characteristics such as low abundance of high field strength elements and enrichment of the large ion lithophile elements akin to the Upper Continental Crust. The ∑REE values ranging from 103. 66×10-6~295. 98×10-6, with an average of 180. 57×10-6, indicated generally high rare earth element content. The standardized distribution pattern of the rare earth elements closely resembled that of the Upper Continental Crust, demonstrating a ‘V’ type pattern with rightward skew, enrichment of light rare earth elements, flat heavy rare earth elements, clear differentiation between light and heavy rare earth elements, and a distinct negative Eu anomaly. Moreover, the contents and ratios of characteristic trace and rare earth elements, such as La, Ce, La/Yb, and Sc/Cr, closely align with the characteristic values of the Passive Continental Margin. The ICV values ranging from 0.55 to 14. 1, with an average of 2. 28, and the Zr/Sc versus Th/Sc ratios suggested that the source was the result of initial rapid sedimentation of the tectonic belt, without indications of sedimentary recycling. Furthermore, the lower CIA values (ranging from 54. 89 to 71. 61, with an average of 65. 27), A—CN—K and K2O/Al2O3 versus Ga/Rb ratios suggested minimal impact from chemical weathering on the provenance, and indicated a cold and dry sedimentary environment. The high contents of K2O, Rb, Al2O3/TiO2, and the negative Eu anomaly pointed toward a provenance dominated by felsic igneous rocks and acidic geological bodies such as granites. Conclusions: Based on the discriminant diagram of provenance and tectonic setting, it was inferred that the Wufeng—Longmaxi Formations shale in the southern margin of the Upper Yangtze area originated in the Passive Continental Margin. The predominant provenance was the early Neoproterozoic platform caprock of the Kangdian ancient land to the west, with partial contributions from the Qianzhong uplift, alongside the inflow of intermediate—acid volcanic materials from the southeastern Yangtze area.

Abstract:The North China Craton stands as one of the most ancient cratons worldwide, with its continental crust undergoing multiple episodes of crustal growth events. Considerable research has been conducted on the growth of the continental crust in the North China Craton. However, previous discussions on the crustal growth of basement beneath the Yanliao Rift Basin, obscured by extensive deposits of thick sedimentary cover, have been relatively scarce.Methods:Taking the sedimentary rocks of the Mesoproterozoic Changcheng System above the basement of the Yanliao Rift Basin as example, this study systematically analyzes the detrital zircon age spectra and Lu—Hf isotope data from the Changcheng System strata within the Yanliao Rift Basin. The investigation aims to elucidate scientific inquiries concerning the sedimentary age of the Changcheng Formation, the provenance of detrital zircons and crustal growth events.Results: The isotopic ages constrain the sedimentary age of the Changcheng System in the Yanliao Rift Basin as ca. 1680 Ma, which represent the timing of initiation of the Yanliao Rift. The detrital zircon age spectrum from the Changcheng System in the Yanliao Rift Basin primarily exhibits two stages: 2. 7~2. 5 Ga and 2. 2~1. 9 Ga. The Hf isotope εHf(t) values manifest in a high positive range of 0. 1 to 34. 6. By comparing the detrital zircon U- Pb dating, Lu—Hf isotope εHf(t), and TDM2 model age data of the Changcheng System with the crystalline basement of the North China Craton, it is inferred that the sediment source of the Changcheng System in the Yanliao Rift Basin is the underlying basement of the Yanliao Rift Basin.Conclusions: ① The detrital zircon age spectrum of the Changcheng System in the Yanliao Rift Basin defines two major age populations two main stages: 2. 7~2. 5 Ga and 2. 2~1. 9 Ga. The Hf isotope εHf(t) values exhibit a high positive range between 0. 1 and 34. 6. ② Combining zircon U- Pb dating, zircon Lu—Hf isotope εHf(t) and TDM2 model age, it is suggested that there are three distinct episodes of crustal growth in the Yanliao Rift Basin of the North China Craton during the Neoarchean to Paleoproterozoic Eras, occurring at 2. 7~2. 5 Ga, 2. 2~1. 9 Ga, and 1. 7~1. 6 Ga.

Abstract:The Huagang Formation sandstone reservoir is an important exploration target in thr Xihu Sag, East China Sea Basin, and the study of reservoir heterogeneity is crucial. Based on the analysis of reservoir diagenesis and diagenetic evolution, this paper clarifies the difference between the north and south of the central inversion zone, and further analyzes the causes of the difference.Methods: In this study, one type of thin sections were made, including casting thin sections and the production process was all in accordance with the Chinese Oil and Gas Industry Standard (Y/T5162- 2014). All the thin sections could be used to analyze the mineral composition and pore geometry. The casting thin sections were stained with blue epoxy resin to identify the pore type and size distribution, and a Leica DM4500P/DFC450C high- precision microscope was used for the observation. SEM is a common electronic imaging technique, which is mainly used to observe the pore structure of rocks at micro/nano scale. This study adopted two methods to observe SEM, one was to use Quanta- 200F field emission SEM (with X- ray energy spectrometer) with a minimum resolution of 1. 2 nm to observe the pore type, mineral composition, diagenesis, and pore connectivity. The XRD experiment could be used to analyze the mineral composition. Before the experiment, samples need to be crushed in an agate container to a particle size of < 200 mesh. Take 100~200 g of the original sample, bake until dry, then weigh it, take an appropriate amount of sediment sample into a container, add water to diffuse, and use a 63~125 μm copper sieve for sorting. After screening out the particle size, it is weighed dry and its mass fraction is calculated; take 1~2 grams of sorted samples, separate them with tribromomethane heavy liquid, dry and weigh them, and calculate the mass fraction of heavy minerals.Results:The northern region has stronger compaction and dissolution, and can be divided into three diagenetic zones, acid, acid—base transition and alkaline, with two stages of siliceous cementation and three stages of calcareous cementation. The southern area has two stages of calcareous cementation with shallow burial depth and low geothermal temperature, and can be divided into two diagenetic zones, acidic and alkaline. The analysis of heavy minerals and hydrocarbon generation intensity shows that the Huagang Formation reservoir in the northern region has the characteristics of low porosity and high permeability.Conclusions: Through thin section observation, scanning electron microscopy, reservoir physical properties, heavy mineral composition, clay mineral content, and other research and analysis, it is believed that the northern region has stronger compaction and dissolution effects. Vertically, it is divided into three diagenetic zones, acid, acid—base transition and alkaline with boundary of 3500 m and 4000 m. It undergoes two stages of siliceous cementation and three stages of calcareous cementation. The southern area, with shallow burial depth and low geothermal temperature, has only two stages of calc cementation, and is divided into two diagenetic zones, acidic and alkaline, with a boundary of 4000 m. Due to the contribution of more magma source rocks, the compressive strength of the Huagang Formation reservoir in the northern region is poor, and it is subjected to stronger compaction, and the stronger hydrocarbon generation strength of source rocks makes the reservoir suffer stronger dissolution. Therefore, the reservoir of the Huagang Formation in the northern region has the characteristics of low porosity and high permeability.

Abstract:A series of sand hills formed under specific climatic conditions are widely distributed around the Poyang Lake and the lower reaches of the Ganjiang River. Aeolian sand deposits are non- zonal deposits in the subtropical region of southern China. The authors carried out many investigations on the coast of Poyang Lake in the subtropical humid monsoon climate zone, and took the aeolian sand deposition profile of Houtian Sandy Land as the research object to explore the significance of magnetic susceptibility to paleoclimate and the climate change process of the last glacial period in Houtian Sandy Land.Methods: This study carried out Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) dating method, magnetic susceptibility, grain size and heavy mineral analysis of paleoaeolian sand landforms in the Houtian section of southern Poyang Lake. Results: The results of magnetic susceptibility, grain size and heavy mineral characteristics indicate that the formation environment of different sedimentary facies is different. The dune sand layer in the profile has generally low magnetic susceptibility, coarser mean grain size (Mz), lower maturity index (ZTR), and higher weathering index (HW), suggesting low weathering degree under strong winter monsoon, dry, and cold climatic conditions. On the other hand, the sandy paleosol layer exhibits higher magnetic susceptibility, finer Mz, higher ZTR index, and lower HW index, indicating lower weathering degree formed in a warm and humid climate environment with weak winter monsoon and strong summer monsoon. Additionally, the Ⅰ (77. 0~57. 1 ka), Ⅲ (49. 7~36. 8 ka), and Ⅴ (29. 7~14. 9 ka) stages of the Houtian section correspond to the MIS4, MIS3 b, and MIS2 stages of deep- sea oxygen isotopes, respectively, signifying a cold period, strong winter monsoon, and low magnetic susceptibility. The Ⅱ (57. 1 ~ 49. 7 ka) and Ⅳ (36. 8 ~ 29. 7 ka) stages correspond to the MIS3c and MIS3a stages, respectively, indicating a warm period with strong summer monsoon and high magnetic susceptibility. Conclusions: The climate change features contrast sharply with the record of magnetic susceptibility and mean grain size of the Weinan section on the Loess Plateau, deep- sea oxygen isotope stage and δ18O records of Chinese subtropical cave stalagmites. It can be seen that magnetic susceptibility can also effectively reveal climate change in southern aeolian sand landforms.

Abstract:The microscopic pore structure of a tight sandstone reservoir is highly intricate, presenting challenges in its quantification. The primary focus was on utilizing digital core technology to analyze representative samples extracted from Member 8 of the Lower Permian Shihezi Formation at the Tianshengqiao braided river outcrop in Fugu County, Yulin City, Shaanxi Province.Methods: To achieve the research objectives, eight typical samples were meticulously selected and underwent a series of processes, including image filtering, threshold segmentation, and the maximum sphere equivalent algorithm. Digital representations of the core samples were then processed to establish both three- dimensional pore structure models and ball- stick models. Microscopic structural parameters were calculated to quantitatively characterize the size distribution and connectivity features of pores and throats in tight sandstone reservoirs. The study also incorporated geological assessment methods to complement the quantitative evaluation of the micro- pore structure.Results: The study yielded significant results based on the analysis of pore diameter and throat radius. Pores were systematically categorized into four types (P1 to P4), representing micro, small, medium, and large pores. Similarly, throats were classified into four types (R1 to R4), corresponding to bent sheet- shaped, sheet- shaped, constricted, and pore- narrowing throats. The quantitative evaluation, utilizing parameters such as fractal dimension, shape factor, Euler number, connectivity, apparent porosity, and pore- throat structure type, classified the eight samples into four levels (I, II, III, IV), providing a comprehensive assessment of the micro- pore structure.Conclusion:In conclusion, digital core technology, leveraging its powerful three- dimensional imaging and data processing capabilities, demonstrated effectiveness in accurately and quantitatively characterizing the three- dimensional pore structure in tight sandstone reservoirs. The research outcomes contribute valuable geological insights, establishing a robust foundation for the evaluation and optimization of tight sandstone gas resources.

Abstract:The Qinnan Sag in the Bohai Bay Basin is lowly explored, where hydrocarbon generation potential of source rocks is required detailed investigation to identify hydrocarbon exploration potential and exploration targets. Methods: Burial history, thermal history, and hydrocarbon generation history of source rocks at various subsags were reconstructed on BasinMod software based on reasonable geological model and parameters derived from geological analogy. Results:Source rocks in the Eastern Subsag were mature at early stage due to differential subsidence and sedimentation, which was lasted for a long period and was currently at maturity to high maturity stage (Ro=1.0%～2.0%). Two hydrocarbon generation events were occurred to them in the Oligocene and Miocene, respectively, with intensive hydrocarbon generation capacity. Source rocks at the Southeastern Subsag were mature at later stage, which was lasted for a short period and was currently at medium maturity stage (Ro=0.7%～1.0%). Hydrocarbon generation was primarily occurred since the late Miocene, with intensive hydrocarbon generation capacity. Source rocks at the Western Subsag were generally at low maturity stage (Ro＜0.7%), which began to generate hydrocarbon since Pliocene, with weak hydrocarbon generation capacity. The hydrocarbon generation capacity of source rocks is generally in an order: Es3>Es1>Ed3. Conclusions: The Qinnan Sag has high oil and gas exploration potential, where exploration activities should focus on effective traps located in the dominant migration direction of the depression and slope zones in the Eastern and Southeastern Subsags.

Abstract:Quantitative analysis of the source- to- sink system is the leading edge of the field of sedimentology, and is of great significance for accurate reconstruction of source- to- sink process and prediction of hydrocarbon reservoirs. Methods:We use the heavy mineral assemblages and zircon U- Pb ages to trace the provenance of the Huizhou- 27 transfer zone in the Huizhou Sag, Pearl River Mouth Basin, and quantitatively reconstruct the sediment contribution of potential source areas. In addition, we reveal the source- to- sink process and discuss the control of source- to- sink system on the hydrocarbon reservoir. Results:The results show that the heavy mineral assemblages of the middle Eocene Wenchnag Formation are complex with low ZTR values（the ZTR index is the percentage of detrital zircon, tourmaline and rutile in the transparent heavy mineral detritus of a clastic rock）, while the heavy mineral assemblages of the upper Eocene Enping Formation are relatively simple with high ZTR values. This study further confirms that the Wenchang Formation to the Enping Formation were mainly fed by intrabasinal Mesozoic magmatic basement and extrabasinal Pearl River system. For the Wenchang Formation, ca. 98% sediments were derived from the intrabasinal Mesozoic magmatic basement; for the lower Enping Formation, ca. 58.4% sediments were derived from the northeastern tributaries of the Pearl River, while ca. 36. 5% sediments were derived from the intrabasinal Mesozoic magmatic basement; for the upper Enping Formation, ca. 73. 7% sediments originated from the northeastern tributaries of the Pearl River, while ca. 22. 2% sediments originated from the intrabasinal Mesozoic magmatic basement. Conclusions: We infer that the modern Pearl River system, including the northeastern and western tributaries, was not yet formed during the depositing of the Enping Formation, but the northeastern tributaries (i.e., the paleo- Pearl River) had developed independently. Rather than a simple provenance transition from intrabasinal to extrabasinal, the paleo- Pearl River transported abundant sediments from the Cathaysia Block into the Huizhou Sag, resulting in the transition of the source- to- sink system from “the Wenchang Formation with intrabasinal provenance” to “the Enping Formation with mixed provenance”. This transition of source- to- sink system changes the rock composition of reservoir in the Enping Formation, which improves the reservoir physical properties but enhances the reservoir heterogeneity. This study presents a quantitative analysis of the transition of the source- to- sink system in the Paleogene Huizhou Sag, and provides insights into the quantitative source- to- sink process and its applications in continental rift basins.

Abstract:Jiaodong Peninsula is a typical water- scarce mountainous area in China, where magmatic rocks, metamorphic rocks and chalk impervious sandstones are widely distributed, and aquifers differ greatly in water richness. Meanwhile, there are intensive human activities in Jiaodong Peninsula, and the problem of poor water quality caused by poor water quality is also prominent, and resource- based water shortage and water quality poor water shortage problems exist simultaneously, In order to reveal the water storage structural model and water seeking direction of typical water- scarce mountainous areas under the influence of human activities. Methods: The hydrogeological survey conducted in the typical water- scarce mountainous areas of Jiaodong Peninsula from 2019 to 2022, using 7 groups of borehole data, 7 groups of hydrochemical and isotope analysis samples from this construction, based on the theory of water storage structure and combined with the water chemical and isotope characteristics under the influence of human activities, the water richness of different types of water storage structures and the influence of human activities represented by nitrate on water quality were compared. Results: In this paper, the structure of the water storage structure of the depression, the contact band, the fracture and the karst type are summarized. It is revealed that the nitrate content of the weathered fissure water represented by the weathered water storage structure in the depression and gully is increased and the water quality is poor due to human activities, It also revealed that the water is susceptible to human activity, the nitrate content is raised, the water quality is poor, the complete bedrom of the confined water layer is the influence of human activity on the groundwater, the low nitrate content and the water quality. The upper intact bedrock of structural fissure water (confined water) represented by fault- type water storage structure acts as a water barrier covering layer, which weakens the influence of human activities on groundwater, and has low nitrate content and good water quality. Conclusions: The fault- type water storage structure- confined water is suitable for urban and rural domestic water, while the weathered water storage structure—weathered fissure water in depressions and valleys is suitable for industrial and agricultural production. The development and utilization direction of contact zone type and karst type water storage structure is related to the buried depth of aquifer.

Abstract:River terrace is good carrier for the study of river evolution and tectonic movement. Although the Quaternary geology in Beijing area is highly studied, there are few relevant research data on river terrace in the east of Beijing. In this paper, the Juhe River, Huangsongyushi River and Jiangjunguanshi River developed in front of Yanshan Mountains, are taken as the research objects in Pinggu area, Beijing. Methods:The development sequence of the above- mentioned river terraces is divided in detail. On this basis, the formation times, terrace genesis and the response of river terraces to the uplift of the Yanshan Mountains are discussed by field geological survey and opto—luminescence dating (OSL). Results: It is considered that the Juhe River developed three terraces on the south bank and developed two terraces on the north bank. The Huangsongyushi River developed 6 terraces. The Jiangjunguanshi River developed 5 terraces. The Jiangjunguanshi River was formed no later than the late Middle Pleistocene (161. 7±7. 7 ka BP) and the Huangsongyushi River was formed no later than the early Late Pleistocene (121. 2±5. 4 ka BP~100. 3±4. 1 ka BP). The Juhe River was formed no later than the middle of the Late Pleistocene (79. 4±3. 3 ka BP~70. 8±3. 4 ka BP). The formation of the terraces of the Juhe River, Huangsongyu River and Junjiangguanshi River is influenced by paleoclimate change and the Yanshan Mountains uplift. The Yanshan Mountains in Pinggu area has been in a state of uplift since the late Middle Pleistocene, and the uplift rate reached the maximum in the early Late Pleistocene, up to 0. 24 mm/a~0. 34 mm/a, and decreased in the middle of the Late Pleistocene, to 0. 18 mm/a ~ 0. 24 mm/a.Conclusions: The above results have important reference value for the study of the development characteristics and formation times of river terraces in eastern Beijing, and also provide new evidences for the uplift of the Yanshan Mountains since the late Middle Pleistocene.

Abstract:With the development and utilization of underground space resources, more and more deep foundation pits present the characteristics of deep excavation, large scale, irregular shape, etc., and their supporting structure design is complicated and construction is difficult, with obvious spatial effects. This paper takes a pit project of Nanjing subway as an example to analyze the impact of pit construction on neighboring bridges. The site is located in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River diffuse phase binary structure stratigraphy distribution section, the upper soft soil layer thickness is large, the lower pressurized aquifer water table is high, rich in water, geological conditions are very complex, the pit is a typical deep and large heterogeneous pit, away from the hyperbolic arch approach bridge is only 7.2 m, due to the bridge has been subjected to other underground engineering construction produced by a large deformation, the deformation that can be withstood is close to the critical value, so the subsequent project on the neighboring bridge. For this reason, the station pit support structure design based on the actual function of the underground space by setting partition wall partition excavation and MJS ultra- deep method wall comprehensive deformation control program. In this paper, by taking finite element numerical simulation to carry out the deformation prediction analysis of enclosure structure and bridge pile foundation caused by pit excavation in complex environment, the calculation results show that this deep, narrow and long shaped pit excavation has significant effect on settlement deformation of neighboring bridges, and the deformation control through the setup of partition wall subdividing excavation and MJS method wall can control the spatial effect of the pit and reduce the "long side effect", " heteromorphic effect" and other effects on the bridge settlement deformation. The feasibility of this comprehensive deformation control program is verified through the actual monitoring results of the on- site foundation pit excavation process. The research results are of good reference significance for the support and construction design of deep, narrow and long shaped foundation pits under similar complex geological conditions.

Abstract:Long- term large- scale exploitation of coal resources in China has produced a large number of underground spaces. Directly shutting it down will not only waste underground space resources, but also cause a series of safety, environmental and economic problems. Therefore, how to scientifically and efficiently solve the comprehensive development and utilization problem of underground space in coal mines is of great practical significance for the development of the coal industry and even the national economy. This article takes the main coal producing provinces as representatives and combines the latest data collected from research on production and closure of coal mines to deeply analyze the overall situation of underground space in production and closure of coal mines during the 13th Five Year Plan period. It systematically summarizes the current functional utilization status of underground space in coal mines at home and abroad in terms of storage and energy storage, and points out the scattered resource data information in the current utilization of underground space in coal mines in China, the overall development and utilization rate is low, related technology research work is still relatively lagging behind, and there are few mature demonstration projects available for promotion and reference. Four key development directions have been proposed in the new era, including the construction of coal mine underground space basic database, utilization system construction, key technology research, and demonstration project promotion.

Abstract:Geological maps and their ancillary resources (e. g. , related texts and tables), as an important storage medium for geological knowledge, contain a large amount of geoscientific knowledge as well as expert empirical and implicit knowledge. Rapid and accurate knowledge specification definition, formal representation, semantic association and precise reasoning for multimodal geological data are the frontiers of current geoscientific knowledge extraction and mining. Currently, the knowledge distribution of maps and ancillary descriptive information in massive geological data is scattered, and the information in the maps cannot be effectively associated with the descriptive information and provide knowledge services. Methods: In this paper, we take multimodal geological data as data source, establish a geological map knowledge expression model driven by multi-source data, express explicit and implicit geological knowledge embedded in maps through geological knowledge, rule knowledge and decision knowledge, and express relationships among geological objects from three dimensions of semantic, spatial, and attribute; we also carry out a study of the precise extraction and storage of geological entities and relationships based on domain knowledge for geological maps and descriptive information, and finally conduct a study on the precise extraction and storage of geological entities and relationships based on the domain knowledge for geological map and descriptive information. Result: The vector data of 1∶50, 000 Mineral Geological Survey of Yinkeng, Yudu County, Jiangxi Province on map sheet G50E011007 is taken as an example for validation and analysis. The experimental results verify that the knowledge expression model and knowledge extraction method proposed in this paper can better solve the problems of weak graphical association and insufficient knowledge mining in geological knowledge modeling.

Abstract:The volcanic rocks of the Manitu Formation were formed in the Late Jurassic—Early Cretaceous in the Great Hinggan Mountains. By petrological, geochemical and isotopic chronological study of the Manitu volcanic rocks in Huzhong area, the origin, formation age and tectonic setting of the rocks are discussed. Methods: Based on 1∶50000 field work, the petrogeochemical test and LA- ICP- MS zircon U- Pb dating were carried out on the volcanic rocks of the Manitu Formation. Results: Systematic LA- ICP- MS zircon U- Pb dating of the medium—acidic volcanic rocks of the Manitu Formation yielded an isotopic age of 154. 5±8. 6 Ma, indicating a Late Jurassic age of formation. The rocks are enriched in Rb, Ba, Th, La, Ce, Nd and Hf elements, and light rare earth elements; loss Nb, P and Ti elements; belong to the metaluminous—alumina—high potassium—alkalic calcic rock sreies. The intermediate—acid volcanic magma in the Manitu Formation may be derived from the partial melting of the lower crust caused by the addition of subduction plate fluid, and then the separation crystallization occurred. Conclusions: The tectonic setting is an active continental margin formed by the subduction of the paleo-Pacific plate to the Erguna block.

Abstract:The closure time of the Paleo—Asian Ocean (PAO) on the northern margin of North China Plate is still unclear. The Liangtou monzogranite in Zhangbei area of northern Hebei Province is located in the central part of the northern margin of the North China Craton(NNCC), and has important implications for the PAO closure. This study carried out zircon LA- ICP- MS U- Pb geochronology and geochemistry on the monzogranite to discuss its origin, in order to provide new evidence for the closure time of the PAO. Methods: Based on petrology, geochemistry, LA- ICP- MS zircon U- Pb geochronology and Hf isotopic composition, this paper discusses the petrogenesis and tectonic setting of the Liangtou pluton, and the closure time of the PAO. Results: The zircon U- Pb LA- ICP- MS dating shows that the age of the monzogranite is 262. 5±2. 6 Ma, indicating that the pluton was emplaced in the Late Permian. The rock has higher SiO2 (70. 27%~73. 89%), Na2O (4. 2%~4. 55%), K2O (3. 87%~4. 64%), Sr (417×10-6~827×10-6), and lower Yb (0. 286×10-6~0. 518×10-6), Y (2. 74×10-6~6. 98×10-6) contents. The zircon εHf (t) values range from -17. 50 to -11. 12, with two- stage model ages (tDM2) of 1989~2390 Ma. Conclusions: The Liangtou pluton belongs to adakitic rock and arc magmatite formed in the active continental margin arc setting. It indicates that the PAO may still be in the process of subduction towards the NNCC during the Late Permian(262. 5±2. 6 Ma), and its final closure time may have been at the end of the Late Permian.

Abstract:A set of continuous and stable clastic deposits rock developed after volcanic rocks of the Batamayneishan Formation in Shiqiantan sag, Eastern Junggar Basin. The study of the Upper Carboniferous mudstones are of great significance for restoring the weathering characteristics and paleoclimate of the late Carboniferous source area in Eastern Junggar and judging the properties and tectonic setting of the source rocks.Methods: In order to systematically study the whole- rock geochemistry of the fine- grained sedimentary rocks, the author have combined with the XRD, major and trace element results of the outcrop samples.Results: Mudstones from the Upper Carboniferous mudstones are all have low quartz contents. The Batamayneishan Formation mudstones have high clay contents, whereas those of the Shiqiantan Formation have high andesine contents. The clay compositions both of them are montmorillonites (content>99%), reflecting dry and cold climate characteristics and long- term alkaline deposition medium conditions. The CIA results show that the Batamayneishan and Shiqiantan Formations experienced moderate to weak chemical weathering and had the characteristic of alternating dry and wet climate change. The major trace elements and related discriminant diagrams shows that the provenance of tow formations are dominated by felsic, mixed with a few meso- mafic and acidic sources, and most of them come from undifferentiated arcs. The element- geochemical characteristics of the mudstones reflect that the tectonic background of the provenance is mainly the continental island arc.Conclusions: Combined with the peak age of detrital zircon in Shiqiantan Formation and the analysis of the main provenance area, it is concluded that the Yemaquan terrane and the northeastern Junggar terrane began to change from subduction to collision orogeny around 335 Ma.

Abstract:In 2022, the Fourth Geological and Mineral Exploration Institute of the Gansu Provincial Geological and Mineral Exploration and Development Bureau discovered for the first time a medium- sized magma melting type nickel deposit —— Hongchuan copper—nickel deposit in the western section of the North Qilian Orogenic Belt. Since its discovery, the deposit has mainly carried out mineral exploration work, and various research works are relatively weak. There are few reports on the research of ore bearing ultrabasic rocks, for the first time, authors conducted a supplementary analysis of the petrographic and geochemical characteristics of the No. III ultrabasic rock system in the Hongchuan copper nickel depsoit, and explored the deep structural background and ore bearing potential of the ore bearing ultrabasic rock.

Abstract:中国共产党党员、中国科学院院士、中国工程院院士我国著名矿床地质学家、矿产地质勘查专家，安徽省自然资源厅技术顾问，常印佛先生，因病医治无效，于2024年4月27日在合肥逝世，享年93岁。常印佛，1931年7月6日出出生于江苏泰兴。1979年加入中国共产党，1952年毕业于清华大学地质学系，此后作为地质部直属321地质队成员前往安徽铜官山作地质勘查。1952-1965年在长江中下游从事矿产勘查工作；1965-1974年由原地质部先后派往越南和阿尔巴尼亚从事援外地质技术工作；1977年起，先后任安徽省地质局（后改称地质矿产局）副总工程师、副局长、总工程师、技术顾问；曾任中国科技大学地球与空间科学学院院长；现为安徽省国土资源厅教授级高工、合肥工业大学教授。1991年被选为中国科学院学部委员（院士）；1994年被遴选为中国工程院首批院士。常印佛曾任中国地质学会理事，安徽省地质学会理事长、名誉理事长，安徽省科协副主席、中国科学技术大学地球和空间科学学院首任院长、南京大学内生金属矿床成矿机制研究国家重点实验室学术委员会主任等职。他曾先后获得过国家科技进步特等奖、何梁何利基金科学与技术进步奖等多项奖励和荣誉。

Abstract:This paper focuses on the study of petrology and geochemistry of the newly discovered bimodal volcanic rock assemblage in Mount Bailin area, Yanyuan County, Sichuan Province, and discusses its petrogenesis and tectonic geological background, which provides new clues and geological basis for further research on the formation mechanism, tectonic evolution and mineralization of Emeishan large igneous province. Methods: On the basis of field investigation, representative samples of basic and acid volcanic rocks were collected, and the bimodal volcanic rocks were studied by microscopic observation, analysis of major elements, trace elements and rare earth elements, and the petrogenesis and tectonic environment of the bimodal volcanic rocks were discussed. Results: A bimodal volcanic rock composed of alkali- rich high- titanium basalt and pantellerite was newly discovered in Mount Bailin area of Yanyuan County, Sichuan Province. It belongs to a part of the Emeishan large igneous province and was formed in the late Permian. Both basalt and pantellerite are characterized by light rare earth enrichment. The rare earth content and fractionation degree in pantellerite are significantly higher than those in basalt, and pantellerite shows obvious negative Eu anomaly. The basalts are relatively enriched in high field strength elements such as U, Th, Nb and Ta, and relatively depleted in large ion lithophile elements such as Rb, K and Sr. The pantellerite are significantly enriched in high field strength elements such as U, Th, Nb, Ta, Zr and Hf, and severely depleted in Ba, K, Sr, P, Ti, Ni and Cr. Basalt is the product of partial melting of mantle peridotite to a small extent. Pantellerite is mainly formed by acidic residual magma after extreme separation and crystallization of basaltic magma. The basalt were formed in the oceanic island environment, and the pantellerite were formed in the intracontinental extensional environment. The tectonic environment is related to the activity of the Emeishan mantle plume and the intracontinental rift extension by it. Conclusions: The definition of the late Permian bimodal volcanic rocks in Mount Bailin area, Yanyuan County, Sichuan Province is of great significance for the study of regional tectonic evolution and mineralization and the expansion of prospecting ideas.

Abstract:The Jinyinshan lithium deposit is located in Chibi City, Hubei Province. The ore- bearing rocks are mainly silicified cataclasite, cataclastic silty slate, cataclastic argillaceous slate, metamorphic siltstone, and lamprophyre. It has been reported that the cookeite is found in the cataclastic silty slate in this area, However, there is a lack of research on the form of lithium in all ore- bearing lithology, especially in lamprophyre. The article selected all ore- bearing lithology in the area for scanning electron microscopy analysis, and it is believed that there are no mica minerals in this area. In situ X- ray diffraction (XRD) study was carried out and the characteristic peak of cookeite was found. In situ trace element analysis (LA- ICPMS) and other analyses have been carried out. It is found that Li and Al2O3 have a strong positive correlation, which confirms that lithium in this area exists in the form of cookeite. In addition, cookeite in this area is mainly filled between quartz grains or in olivine pseudocrystals, and its occurrence is scaly and bamboo leaves, It is completely consistent with the genetic characteristics of the hydrothermal cookeite, so it is inferred that cookeite in Jinyinshan mining area is of hydrothermal origin. As the Mufu Mountains complex rock body, which is closely related to rare metal mineralization, is about 15 km away from the south, the ore- forming materials may come from the southern rock body,In the subsequent process of mineral exploration, attention should be paid to searching for similar lithium deposits between the F9 fault and the rock mass.

Abstract:Since the South- to- North Water Diversion Project Central Route was first operated in December, 2014, continuous groundwater recharge makes great contribute to preventing and slowing down the development of land subsidence. However, the influencing factors and the mechanism of land rebound response to the groundwater rise are not yet clear. In- depth exploration and study of the relationship between recharge time, recharge volume, recharge location and water level and land deformation, understanding the mechanism of land deformation, and identifying the primary factors, is of great significance for the follow- up of how to recharge scientifically, maximize the benefits of water recharge, and prevent and control land subsidence and the management of overexploitation areas. Methods: This paper takes the middle and upper area of Chaobai River alluvial fan as an example, adopts permanent scatterer differential interferometry (PS- InSAR) technology to obtain the information of land deformation, and coupling with the multi- groundwater monitoring well and extensormeters and other means of, to find out the response and controlling factors of the ground surface deformation in the study area and the multi- factors. Results: The findings indicate that (1) the region's land subsidence is slowed down by the south water's constant replenishment, and that the Niulan Mountain region experiences surface uplift. With the rise in water level, the uplift area also gradually widens to the middle and downstream, and the maximum rebound rate reaches 469 mm/a in 2022. Conclusions: The Houshayu depression, which is split by the Huangzhuang—Gorliying fault, Shunyi fault, and Nankou—Sunhe fault, has undergone more alterations than other regions because for any particular characteristics of Quaternary depositional differences governed by faults；The range and responsiveness of water level rise are determined by variability in groundwater level amplitude and water richness, and the direction of groundwater flow is somewhat controlled by quaternary sedimentary differences brought on by sedimentary tectonics.

Abstract:The technology of in- seam seismic exploration can effectively detect small faults, collapse columns and other geological anomalies in coal seam, and is obviously superior to other underground exploration methods in detection accuracy and distance. As a basic in- seam seismic detection method, transmission method has the advantages of simple and flexible, large detection range and high accuracy. In this paper, the transmission in- seam wave method is used to detect the fault structure in the actual coal mine working face, and the transmission in- seam wave data are carefully processed through the key technologies such as filtering, dispersion analysis, wave field and velocity analysis, energy analysis and transmission CT imaging, so as to obtain the accurate transmission in- seam wave imaging profile. According to the characteristics that the energy of the in- seam wave will decrease sharply when it is blocked by faults in coal seam or when the coal seam is broken, 12 reliable faults are explained by using the energy CT profile of the transmission in- seam wave and combining with the actual disclosure. Through the test of the transmission in- seam wave exploration method in coal seam face, the validity of the transmission in- seam wave method and its practical value in the detection of coal faults and other structures are verified.

Abstract:The characteristics of paleokarst development and the restoration of paleomorphology are important for preventing and controlling karst water damage in coalfields in North China Craton. This study focuses on the paleokarst in the Ordovician System in Shungeng Mountain, Huainan City, which is located at the southern edge of the North China Craton.Methods: The characteristics of paleokarst development and the bedrock is undulating were revealed by field geological surveys, sectional profiling and residual thickness methods. Based on modern karst theory, the spatial variation patterns of different karst zones were analyzed from the perspective of their formation conditions, and the paleokarst landforms were restored.Results:The results show that the Lower Ordovician Majiagou Formation has mainly large karst channels and holes with little internal filling, while the Lower Ordovician Xiaoxian Formation has mostly interlayer karst along the level, filled with karst breccias. The internal filling calcite increases from east to west. The Ordovician palaeokarsts in the Shungeng Mountains weaken gradually from east to west and from top to bottom.Conclusions: The paleomorphology of the Ordovician System in Shungeng Mountain, Huainan City, is higher in the east and lower in the west and can be divided into four three- level karst geomorphic units: residual hills, gentle slopes, steep slopes and depressions. The paleokarst landscape from top to bottom was classified into superficial karst zone, vertical seepage zone, horizontal submerged flow zone and deep slow flow zone from shallow to deep, based on the karst geological conditions, groundwater runoff patterns and karst development characteristics. The superficial karst zones and vertical seepage zones of the residual hills and gentle slopes are the most developed, and large karst fissures often occur between the sedimentary layers, which may cause karst collapses when the groundwater flow changes.

Abstract:Daocheng County, located in the southern part of the Yidun island arc belt, has rich types of geological relics, huge vertical elevation difference, three- dimensional climate and unique landforms, which have created many magnificent natural landscapes. It is known as “the last pure land on the blue Mercury”. However, it has never comprehensively and systematically sorted out the geological relics resources in Daocheng area. We have classified and summarized the geological relics in Daocheng, clarified their distribution characteristics and scientific connotation, and put forward corresponding protection and utilization suggestions, laying a scientific foundation for the development of local tourism economy.Methods: Through the detailed investigation of geological relics and the data combing of the previous investigation work, according to the “Geological Relics Investigation Specification” (DZ/T0303- 2017), the geological relics in the study area are classified and summarized, and their types and distribution characteristics are clarified. Excavate and enhance its scientific connotation, and from the perspective of tourism geology, put forward suggestions for protection and utilization, and provide ideas for the construction of the Aden Geopark in Daocheng and the protection and utilization of geological relics. Results: There are abundant types of geological relics in Daocheng area, which are divided into 3 groups, 8 types and 17 subtypes, including basic geology, geomorphological landscape and geological disasters, with a total of 194 sites. Among them, there are 171 geomorphological landscapes, accounting for 88. 14% of the total number of geological relics, accounting for the absolute dominant position; there are 69 water landforms in the class, accounting for 35. 57% of the total. Among the subtypes, only the ancient glacial relics subtypes≥50, the largest number. These 194 geological relics are intrinsically linked in genesis and space, and can be summarized as 15 important geological relics concentration areas.Conclusions:① The geological relics of Daocheng are controlled by the influence of strata and structures, characterized by various geomorphological landscapes, showing “linear” and “agglomeration” distribution; ② due to the influence of the “north—south high middle low” geomorphological pattern, the distribution of geological relics is obviously controlled by altitude, and each has its own characteristics. All kinds of canyon forms and glacier landforms are distributed. Based on the types, characteristics and distribution of the geological relics landscape in Daocheng area, some suggestions for protection and utilization are put forward: ① Strengthen the integration of geological culture; ② the rational planning of geological tourism products; ③ innovate the way of popular science propaganda ; ④ pay attention to all kinds of “Geology+” brand creation.

Abstract:Geoscience popularization plays a crucial role in implementing General Secretary Xi Jinping’s “Two- Wings Theory”, disseminating knowledge of Earth sciences, enhancing scientific literacy among the public, and facilitating comprehensive geological services to society. Comprehensive and accurate geological data serve as the foundation for successful geoscience popularization. This article adopts a discursive approach to analyze the significance and advantages of provincial Geo- Prospecting units engaging in geoscience popularization work. Using the example of the Hubei Insititute of Geosciences, it introduces its achievements in creating a popularization brand, conducting popular science content creation, and organizing popular science activities. It also examines how provincial Geo- Prospecting units can fulfill their public welfare functions, promote government cooperation, and meet market demands through geoscience popularization. Feasible development recommendations are proposed, aiming to explore an innovative development path for provincial Geo- Prospecting units that allows them to play a geological role while simultaneously fostering the synergy between scientific research and popularization.

Abstract:Diamond indicator minerals pyropes and Cr- spinels from Xiawengshao area of Shibing County, East Guizhou, were subjected to electron microprobe (EMPA) major elements analysis and LA- ICP- MS micro- area in- situ trace element stesting. The results indicate that these pyropes mainly belongs to G9 type (ca. 87%), followed by G12 type (ca. 11%) and G3 type (ca. 2%), with the source rock being lherzolite and wehrlite. When coexisting with olivine, equilibrium temperatures (tNi) range from 686 to 1225°C and pressures (PCr) range from 1. 9 to 4. 0 GPa, with a few falling within the main pressure—temperature range for diamond formation (pressure ca.4. 0~6. 5 GPa, temperature ca.950~1300°C). Cr- spinel mainly originates from xenocrysts captured by peridotite (Xen) (ca.90%), with a small portion being chromite (Chr) (ca.10%), and a few falling within the range of chromite inclusions in primary diamonds worldwide. The study suggests that reconstructing the paleogeography since the Caledonian orogeny, identifying the source rock/new rock of diamond indicator minerals, and conducting comparative studies on minerals are crucial. Particularly, in- depth investigations into the composition of mantle materials, lithospheric thickness, and thermal state since the Caledonian orogeny in the region will have significant scientific implications for the evolution of the South China Continent, analysis of deep mantle structure, and diamond mineralization events.

Abstract:Physical geological data is a valuable resource formed by geological exploration work. Ensuring the safe and proper storage of important physical geological data is an important guarantee for achieving effective preservation and efficient utilization of their potential value. However, how to improve the contradiction between the growing demand for important core storage and limited warehouse construction is an urgent issue facing the current work of physical geological data storage in China. The paper systematically summarizes the important achievements made in the system construction and warehouse construction of physical geological data storage in China in recent years, analyzes the main problems currently faced, and studies and proposes suggestions on the overall layout and mechanism construction of physical geological data storage in China, providing reference for improving the overall storage capacity of physical geological data in China.

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Abstract:Lujing uranium ore field is one of the most important hard rock- hosted uranium ore fields in South China. The uranium deposits in the field are distributed around Fengzhou Basin. In this paper, a study on the correlation between the uranium ore belt and the red- bed cap rock in the Fengzhou Basin has been carried out, taking into account the uplift and denudation history of the Lujing ore field and the characteristics of the faults in the northern margin of the Nanxiong basin, it is considered that the Fengzhou basin is a remnant of the late Cretaceous—Paleogene red- bed basin and is a small part of a much larger (at least 5～10 times) red- bed basin, about 1.5～2.5 km of red layer sediments have been eroded. There is no necessary genetic relationship between uranium mineralization and red bed basin. The hydrothermal uranium deposits occurred before the formation of the red- bed basin, and were exhumed to the surface (about 95～75 Ma) and then covered by the red- bed basin, it was buried to the deepest depth (about 1.5～2.5 km) at 65～55 Ma. It began to rise again and exfoliation from 55～45 Ma, and is near the surface at about 40 Ma and stable in the normal temperature of the surface since then. The NW side of the Suichuan fault began to uplift and exfoliate rapidly in the middle Miocene about 15 Ma, and the uplift range of the NW plate is larger than that of the SE plate, which reflects the left- lateral strike- slip characteristics of the Suichuan fault, the superimposed zone of the fault and the Reshui fault can preserve the existing Fengzhou basin by pulling apart the basin to slow the uplift and exhumation. The Fengzhou basin plays an important role in the preservation of uranium deposits formed before the basin sedimentation. Therefore, in addition to the surrounding area of Fengzhou basin, there is a favorable area for uranium exploration under the basin, which greatly expands the prospecting space of Lujing uranium ore field.

Abstract:The uplift of the Taihang Mountains in the late Cenozoic signals the primary formation of modern landforms in North China, but there are still many different opinions on its development. Paleontological evidence can play an essential role in the study of the uplift of the Taihang Mountains.Methods: The newly discovered Jingxing Hipparion fauna was excavated from the alluvial—fluvial fan on the Tangxian planation surface at the east piedmont of the Taihang Mountains, including Felidae gen. et sp. indet., Hyaenidae gen. et sp. indet., Dihoplus ringstroemi, Sivalhippus platyodus, Propotamochoerus sp., Chleuastochoerus sp., Schansitherium sp., Palaeotragus sp., Dorcadoryx sp., Gazella gaozhuangensis and G. cf. gaudryi. Results:The Hipparion fauna was discovered firstly in the east piedmont of the Taihang Mountains. Biochronological observation of this fauna implies an age of latest Miocene to earliest Pliocene (about 6.0~5.2 Ma) or late MN 13, correlated to Taoyang member of Gaozhuang Formation in the Yushe Basin of Shanxi Province. Conclusions:Since the fauna was excavated from the redclay on the Tangxian planation surface, it is concluded that the uplift of this surface was not earlier than Early Pliocene. Additionally, the fauna composition indicates an open forest and grassland environment which is entirely different from nowadays.

Abstract:The construction of groundwater monitoring network often has the problems of large investment and high maintenance cost. How to use limited funds to set up a comprehensive, scientific and reasonable monitoring network, select key characteristic indicators to maximize the information of groundwater environment and improve the efficiency of water quality evaluation has become a hot topic in this field. In this paper, Shunping karst groundwater system is taken as the study area. Through the selection of evaluation methods and the optimization of the number of monitoring indicators, the main control factors of water quality in the study area are identified, and the groundwater- monitoring network is optimized.Methods: Based on 49 karst groundwater samples in Shunping karst water system in 2022, the water chemistry and water quality characteristics of the study area were analyzed by statistical analysis, Piper diagram and entropy weight water quality index (EWQI), and the key indicators that can represent the karst groundwater quality in the study area were discussed by coupling stepwise multiple linear regression analysis.Results:(1) The karst groundwater of Shunping karst water system has the characteristics of slightly alkaline and low salinity. The hydrochemical type is mainly HCO-3—Ca2+·Mg2+ type (73.47%). The over- standard indicators were NH+4, pH, Fe, Mn and F-, and the over- standard rates were 10.20%, 4.08%, 4.08%, 4.08% and 2.04%, respectively. (2) The average EWQI in the study area was 26.33, and the water quality was 'excellent', of which the proportions of excellent and good were 91.84% and 8.16%, respectively. (3) The EWQI min model constructed based on groundwater quality data can well represent the actual EWQI, and the key indicators include NH+4, Fe, Mn, NO-3 and F-, and the determination coefficient (R2) and percentage error (PE) values are 0.986 and 3.88%, respectively.Conclusions: The optimization method of groundwater monitoring index based on EWQI and stepwise multiple linear regression can be used as an important reference for optimization index and provide technical methods for regional groundwater environment management.

Abstract:As China's urban and rural development gradually changes from incremental planning based on spatial expansion and rapid economic development to stock planning to address the uncontrolled spread of urban and rural construction land and the imbalance between spatial development and ecological protection, the status of national land spatial planning is becoming more and more important as an important public technical tool for all kinds of spatial protection, development, utilization, construction and restoration activities, and is of great significance for actively promoting the modernization of the national governance system and governance capacity. It is of great significance to actively promote the modernization of the national governance system and governance capacity. The countryside is the material space for the production and life of rural residents, and how to achieve high-level governance and high-quality development in the dual context of national land spatial planning and rural revitalization is particularly important. Geo-cultural Village (town) refers to the characteristic village (town) which is pleasant to live and work, relying on the endowment of geological resources, through deep excavation of geological science and culture, integrating them with the construction of villages and towns, developing characteristic industries and economy, and upgrading the quality of life and cultural connotation of villages and towns. From this, we can see that the planning and construction of Geo-cultural Villages can take advantage of the "geology +" or "+ geology" approach, effectively combining the unique geological resources of the countryside with the development of the countryside to help the revitalization of the countryside.Methods: Taking land spatial planning as the research background and perspective, this study clarifies the planning content of Geo-cultural Villages, constructs the planning system and proposes the future implementation path by analyzing the problems of the existing planning system of Geo-cultural Villages, with a view to making up for the short boards of the development of Geo-cultural Villages, assisting in the revitalization of the countryside, and providing a scientific foundation and basis for realizing the high level of governance and high-quality development of the countryside.Results:Based on the background of China's national land spatial planning and the framework of "five levels, three categories and four systems", this paper proposes that the Geological Cultural Village is a village with special characteristics outside the urban development boundary, and the planning of the Geological Cultural Village belongs to the detailed planning of villages outside the urban development boundary of the national land spatial planning, and it is a practical village planning with geological characteristics, and it is a village construction planning with geological characteristics. "It is a practical village planning with geological characteristics. The planning system should include protection-oriented geological ecological system planning, function-oriented village construction system planning, benefit-oriented integration industry system planning, and sustainability-oriented transportation and management guarantee system planning. In order to promote the scientific preparation and implementation of the planning system of Geo-cultural Villages, it is proposed that in the future, the land space planning should be strictly implemented, insisting on the "multi-planning"; the importance of the planning system should be strengthened, and the technical standards of the planning system should be compiled; the mechanism of participation in the planning by diversified main bodies should be constructed, so as to improve the level of the preparation of the planning system; and the implementation of planning should be monitored, and the evaluation should be carried out regularly. The implementation of the plan will be monitored and evaluated on a regular basis.Conclusions:Geo-cultural Village planning has the characteristics and attributes of underpinning, protection, rural, functional, constructive, integration, multi-dimensional subjectivity and sustainability. In terms of planning nature and positioning, the Geo-cultural Village plan should belong to the detailed planning of villages outside the urban development boundary in the national land space planning, and it is a practical village plan with "multi-planning", and it is a village construction plan with geologic characteristics. According to the nature and orientation of the planning of the Geo-cultural Village, in order to strictly implement the land spatial planning and deeply carry out the purpose of the Geo-cultural Village, which is "Geology as the foundation, culture as the soul, integration as the main point, and benefiting the people as the basis", the planning system should include the geological ecological system planning oriented to protection, the village construction system planning oriented to function, the integration industry system planning oriented to benefit, and the village construction planning oriented to sustainability. Integration industry system planning, and sustainable-oriented transportation and management guarantee system planning. In order to promote the scientific implementation of the planning system of Geo-cultural Villages, in the future, we should strictly implement the spatial planning of the land and insist on the "unity of multiple planning"; strengthen the importance of the planning system, and prepare the technical standards of the planning system; build a mechanism for participation in the planning by diversified main bodies, and improve the level of the preparation of the planning system; and monitor the implementation of the planning, and carry out regular evaluation.

Abstract:Trace fossils play a very important role in palaeontological study, and attract great attention from many researchers. Ichnological study went through three stages of abecedarian (1929~1978), systematic (1978~2004), and innovating (2004~now) stages in China. In this paper, we summarizes the main achievements and progresses of ichnological study in China during the innovating stage and provides an outlook on the future development of ichnology.Results: During the innovating stage, four aspects of achievements and progresses of ichnological research are summarized as follows: ① the coevolution between environment and organism; ② special trace fossils; ③ the application of new techniques and methods; ④ neoichnology. Moreover, based on the systematical regression and summary of the recent ichnological study in China, we propose that the future frontiers in ichnology may include: experimental ichnology, geobiological study of trace fossils, new theory of ichnology, terrestrial ichnology, and applications of big data and artificial intelligence.Conclusions: With the further research of trace fossils, ichnology can get more attention, and will certainly play a more significant role in palaeontology and palaeoenvironment.

Abstract:The development of event deposits in the Carboniferous Naxing Formation is of great significance for clarifying the attributes and tectonic setting of the northern Himalayan basin. Methods: Through field geological investigation, typical deep- water gravity flow and a large number of newly discovered soft- sediment deformation structures were identified in the lower part of Carboniferous Naxing Formation.Results: The deep- water gravity flow is mainly composed of slump and sandy debris flow, with limited development of turbidity. The development of load structure, flame structure, liquefied sandstone vein and liquefied breccia indicates the characteristics of earthquake triggered soft- sediment deformation structure.Conclusions: Based on the regional geological setting, the deep- water gravity flow and soft- sediment deformation structure characteristics of the Naxing Formation indicate that the northern Himalaya was in a passive continental margin rift environment during the Carboniferous.

Abstract:The overwhelming majority of helium reserves are found in oil and gas deposits, with limited research conducted on water- soluble helium in geothermal wells and hot spring wells. As a giant strike- slip fault, the Tanlu Fault Zone is distributed in multiple geothermal wells and hot springs containing helium. Consequently, it is particularly important to identify the source of helium gas in geothermal water. Methods: In this article, the helium content and distribution characteristics of associated gas in geothermal Wells and hot springs groundwater in Linyi section of Tanlu fault zone are analyzed based on the helium sample analysis results, and the helium source in geothermal water is discussed.Results: The results show that 8 obvious high- value points of helium content were found for the first time in the geothermal water of the Linyi section of the TanLu fault zone. With 15×10-6 as the background value of helium content, the high value points were obviously 11.1 to 1360.0 times higher than the background value, which mainly distributed within and on both sides of the TanLu fault zone; Helium isotopes show that helium gas mainly comes from the crust, a small amount comes from the mantle. The highest helium content in the mantle source is 10.75%. This not only provides evidence for the Tanlu fault zone reaching deep into the mantle, but also provides the source of geothermal water is not directly from the mantle but from deep circulation geothermal heating or radioactive heating. Conclusions: The decay of radioactive elements such as U and Th in the deep crust and basement rock masses in the Tanlu Fault Zone generated a large amount of gas, which was to the surface along with tropical gases. During the migration process, some helium gas was also generated, resulting in the enrichment of helium and geothermal resources.

Abstract:A large number of bronze wares have been unearthed from the Sanxingdui site in Guanghan, Sichuan Province. Currently, there is no consensus on the source of copper used in the Sanxingdui bronze wares. Through actual investigations of abandoned mines in the Dabaoshan Copper Deposit, samples of ores and smelting slags were collected from different mining sites for lead isotope determination and the measurement of Cu, Pb, Zn, and other major metallic elements, as well as copper- philic elements such as Au, Ag, Se, As, Sb, and iron- philic elements like Ni, Co. By utilizing the lead isotope ratio method and trace element tracing method, and comparing with previous research results on the chemical composition of Sanxingdui bronze wares, this study comprehensively analyzes the correlation between the copper sources of Dabaoshan Copper Deposit and Sanxingdui bronze wares. The results reveal the following:(1) The copper ores from Dabaoshan are ordinary lead, and using the lead isotope ratio method to trace the copper source of Sanxingdui bronze wares containing special lead cannot accurately determine their copper ore origins.(2) The trace element content characteristics indicate that the trace element combination features of most of the Sanxingdui bronze wares are similar to those of the Dabaoshan Copper Deposit.(3) Further factor analysis and cluster analysis of trace elements show that the trace element combination characteristics of some Sanxingdui bronze wares are similar to those of most samples from the Dabaoshan Copper Deposit, suggesting that the copper material for these bronze wares likely originated from the Dabaoshan Copper Deposit.

Abstract:Zircon is a highly stable mineral that, once formed, will retain information about the source region at the time of formation. Even if it is affected by partial melting or metamorphism again, the information carried by the source region is not easy to lose all, and the information of geological changes can be recorded again. Therefore, detrital zircon plays an important role in the study of sedimentary stratigraphic chronology, sediment sources and tectonic properties of source regions. Its practical practice can not only enrich its geochronology theory, but also have important significance for reshaping basin—mountain pattern and paleogeographic evolution. The existing studies of Qiongzhusi Formation in the margin of Kangdian ancient land mainly carried out the lithofacies paleogeography analysis from the traditional sedimentological perspective, but the detrital zircon chronology and in- situ trace element analysis have not yet been carried out.Methods: Based on the study of palaeogeography, the study of detritonal zircon chronology and trace elements of Qiongzhusi Formation in Zhaotong area of northeast Yunnan Province was carried out for the first time. Results:The results show that the latest age of the detrital zircons in the Qiongzhusi Formation is 521 Ma, which is consistent with the stratigraphic table in China, representing the sedimentary age at the bottom of the Qiongzhusi Formation and the maximum Paleozoic invasion time in southern China. The detrital zircon ages show three age peaks: 2462—2511 Ma, 1700—2061 Ma and 550—1200 Ma, which are closely related to the convergence and cracking of the Kenorland, Columbia and Rodinia paleolands in the Kangdian area. Detrital zircons in the Qiongzhusi Formation are rich in HREE, with positive Ce and negative Eu anomalies and Th/U ratios greater than 0.4, indicating the characteristics of magmatic zircons.Conclusions:The detrital zircons from the Qiongzhusi Formation were mainly derived from the Greenwell orogeny and the Rodinia paleocontinent. The Dengying Formation is the latest horizon in the source area of the Qiongzhusi Formation, but the lithology is dolomite, which cannot provide detrital zircon, and the upper Meishucun Formation is missing. The detrital zircons in Qionhzhusi Formation are mainly derived from granites and mafic rocks, as well as potassium—magnesium lamprophyre and syenite, reflecting the deep influence of S- type granite.

Abstract:According to the 53 pore water samples of Beichuan River in Qinghai Province collected in 2020, the hydrochemical characteristics of the pore water in the Beichuan River Basin and the quantitative analysis of the contribution of the sources were investigated.Methods:Using ArcGIS10.7, SPSS20.0 and Origin2022 software, the hydrochemical characteristics of the pore water in the Beichuan River Basin and the quantitative analysis of the source contribution were studied based on the APCS-MLR model. Results:The results showed that:(1)The pH of the pore water in the study area ranged from 7.0 to 8.0 and was neutral to weakly alkaline. Along the direction of water flow, the mass concentrations of Ca2+ and HCO-3 gradually decreased, and the mass concentrations of Na+, Cl- and SO42- gradually increased, and the hydrochemical type was gradually transformed from HCO-3-Ca2+ and HCO-3·SO2-4-Ca2+ to HCO-3·SO2-4-·Cl--Na+·Ca2+and HCO-3·SO2-4·Cl--Na+ type, compared with the upstream, the mass concentration of TDS and major ions such as Na+, Ca2+, Cl-, SO2-4 increased significantly, and the downstream water quality became worse.(2)The hydrochemical characteristics of pore water in Beichuan River Basin were generally controlled by mineral dissolution and filtration, silicate rock, carbonate rock mineral dissolution were the main source of chemical components of groundwater, while cation exchange was strong, upstream to downstream, evaporation and concentration increased significantly, and the increase in human activities, which had a certain impact on the pore water hydrochemical characteristics.(3)The pore water in the upstream of Beichuan River Basin was mainly controlled by hydrogeochemical processes in the natural state, and the APCS-MLR model showed that the contributions of carbonate rock mineral leaching, rock salt potassium salt dissolution and ion exchange, and evapotranspiration and concentration were 35.93%, 29.68%, and 26.54%, respectively. The contribution of silicate rock dissolution, evaporation concentration, industrial activities, agricultural activities, and carbonate rock mineral dissolution in the downstream pore water were 41.27%, 27.73%, and 22.91%, respectively.Conclusions:The activity of industry and agriculture in the downstream pore water was greater than that in the upstream.We should strengthen the protection of water resources in the downstream basin.

Abstract:The aim is to analyze and organize volcanic rocks’ timeline and chemical composition in the Ibitiara—Rio de Contas area of the So Francisco Craton, Brazil. This analysis will enhance understanding the origin and tectonic setting in which these rocks evolved. It will offer geochronological and geochemical evidence to gain deeper insights into the geodynamic context of the formation of Paleoproterozoic volcanic rocks in the So Francisco Craton.Methods:The macro and micro characteristics of metamorphic rhyolite ignimbrite in Ibitiara—Rio de Contas were identified using thin sections. The content of major elements was analyzed using X- ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF), with typical samples collected and analyzed using the laminate method. The content of trace elements was measured using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA- ICP- MS). Additionally, zircon LA- ICP- MS U- Pb dating was performed using the LA- ICP- MS and laser ablation system.Result: The paper presents LA- ICP- MS zircon analysis of a Paleoproterozoic (metamorphic) rhyolite ignimbrite in the Ibitiara—Rio de Contas area of the So Francisco Craton in Bahia State, Central and eastern Brazil. The analysis revealed U- Pb ages of 1723~1736 Ma, the first time these ages have been reported for this area. The rocks show high levels of silicon, aluminum, and alkali components, and low levels of calcium and magnesium. They also contain enriched large ion lithophile elements (like K, Th, U, Rb, Ba, Sr) and relatively deficient high field strength elements (such as Nb, P, Zr, Hf) and Ti. The rare earth element abundance value is high (∑REE is 325×10-6-830×10-6), and light rare earth elements are relatively enriched (La/Yb)N is 3.26~6.57. The rare earth partition curve shows a slight right- leaning and a strong negative Eu anomaly (δEu = 0.0460~0.416). The volcanic zircon Ti thermometer indicates a magma temperature range of 706~943℃, with a zircon saturation temperature of 836~992℃. Based on these characteristics, it's suggested that the volcanic magma in this area has a high temperature and shallow origin. This implies it is a calc- alkaline aluminum A- type granite formed in a non- orogenic intracontinental plate rift zone environment. The volcanic magma has undergone crust and mantle partial melting and crystallization differentiation and indicates a trend of silica- rich evolution from west to east.

Abstract:The study of Quaternary sedimentary environment of different tectonic units in Hebei Plain is helpful to understand the change of sedimentary paleoenvironment. Dachang depression is located in the north of Hebei Plain, and the work on its sedimentary environment are few. We study the change of sedimentary environment since late Pleistocene in the Touying section in the northern Dachang depression, and to provide some references for understanding the evolution of sedimentary environment of Hebei Plain.Methods:The grain- size characteristics of the Touying section has been studied by grain size samples. The formation age of the profile was analyzed by 14C and OSL dating. Samples were taken from the profile for sporopollen research.Results: The Touying section can be divided into 18 layers and the sediments are dominated by clayey silt, silty clay and clay. The probability accumulation curve is dominated by fine type, and the sample is mainly composed of saltation population and suspension population. 14C and OSL dating results show that the measured stratigraphic section be accumulated at the end of late Pleistocene. According to the characteristics of palynology assemblage, the profile can be divided into three palynology belts. Along sporopolen zone I, the climate was warm and moist. Along sporopolen zone Ⅱ, the climate was cold and dry, Along sporopolen zone Ⅲ, the climate was warm and moist. Conclusions: The comparison between the measured section dating results and the oxygen isotope curve of the Guliya ice core showed that the Touying section experienced a warm—cold—warm climate change, which was consistent with the climate characteristics reflected by the palynology assemblage. The age of the section corresponds to MIS3—MIS1 stage. The sediments of Touying section should belong to floodplain or depression facies since late Pleistocene. The Touying section was formed on relatively stable low- flow conditions and the sedimentary environment was stable.

Abstract:Binhai County, Jiangsu Province, is rich in groundwater resources, and the deep groundwater is one of the most important sources of water supply for local residents, living and production. In order to investigate the hydrochemical characteristics and control factors of the deep groundwater in Binhai County，Northern Jiangsu Province，and to safeguard the development and water supply security of groundwater resources.Methods:The study collected a total of 43 samples of deep groundwater (the Ⅱ, Ⅲ and Ⅳ pressurized aquifers)andseawater. Combined with the hydrogeological conditions and current situation of groundwater exploitation,statistical analysis, Piper trilinear diagram, Gibbs diagram, Schoeller diagram, ion correlation analysis and ion ratio and other methods were used to analyze the chemical composition of groundwater and spatial distribution characteristics and to investigate the controlling role and formation mechanisms of the hydrochemical components of deep groundwate.Results: ① the deep groundwater within the Binhai County region is typocally moderately alkaline, with notable variations in Total dissolved solids（TDS） levels across different aquifers. This variations tend to increase from west to east (from land to sea). ② The hydrochemical characteristics of groundwater have the obvious zonation patterns.The main hydrochemical types of the secong confined groundwater are Cl-·HCO-3—Na+ and HCO-3—Na+ types; the main hydrochemical types of the third confined groundwater are Cl-·HCO-3—Na+ and HCO-3·Cl-—Na+ types; the hydrochemical types of the fourth confined groundwater is Cl-·HCO-3—Na+ type. With the increase of depth, hydrochemical types have changed from pluralism to singleness. ③ The hydrochemical characteristics of the study area are affected by water—rock cation exchange, rock weathering and dissolutionare the main controlling factor.Moreover,the cation exchange is active. Ca2+, Mg2+, HCO-3, etc. in deep groundwater mainly come from the dissolution of silicate rock,While, Na+, SO2-4, Cl-, etc. mainly come from the dissolution of evaporite saline rocks and sulfate rock.Conclusions: The current hydrochemical characteristics of deep groundwater have not yet been significantly affected by human activities such as long- term over- exploitation of groundwater. To avoid or slow down risk of deep groundwater salinization and other environmental issues, it is recommended to reasonably distribute deep groundwater extraction wells and reasonably regulate the amount of withdrawals.These results findings have important implications for groundwater sustainable development and environmental protection in such water- receiving areas of the coastal area of Jiangsu Province.

Abstract:East Junggar is an important part of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt ( CAOB ). In this paper,we study the petrological, geochemical characteristics and zircon U- Pb ages of the rhyolite exposed in Laoyemiao area of East Junggar, to discuss its petrogenesis and tectonic environment. Based on our research, the Laoyemiao rhyolite has the characteristics of high silicon, high potassium,riched in alkali, deficiency in Ca, P, Fe, Mg and Ti. It is riched in large ion lithophile elements (LILE) Rb, K, Th, Nb, Ta and high field strength element (HFSE) Zr, Hf; relatively poored in Ba, Sr, P, Ti. The enrichment of light rare earth elements(LREE) is obvious, and the internal fractionation of LREE is relatively strong. The internal fractionation of heavy rare earth elements(HREE) is weak, and the Eu negative anomaly is strong (δEu=0.12~0.65), showing a right- dipping seagull type. The average zircon saturation temperature is 878 ℃ and belongs to high temperature granite; the formation pressure is <0.8 GPa and the depth is <30 km. Similar to the typical A- type granite, the genetic type belongs to the A2- type rhyolite, which is produced in the post- collision environment. LA- ICP- MS zircon U- Pb dating shows that it formed at 311.6 ± 3.1 Ma, belonging to the Late Carboniferous and the strata belongs to Batamayineishan Formation. Based on the data and regional geological features of the paper, the Laoyemiao area has been planted into the Siberian plate in the Late Carboniferous, and entered the transitional period of post- orogenic conversion into the plate. The lateral growth of the crust in the area was ended. However, due to the large amount of mantle- derived magma underplating, the area is still in vertical expansion.

Abstract:After studying the eastern and western tectonic syntaxis in the Xizang (Tibetan) Plateau, and the tectonic junctions in the Izu region of Japan and Taiwan, it is found that the upper crustal mantle of these four typical tectonic junctions has a common structure: the crustal and lithospheric mantle contain upwelling low- velocity anomalies, while the middle and lower asthenosphere have concentrated convex high- velocity anomalies. The following explanations are proposed for the dynamics of the formation of this crust—mantle structural mode: the intersection of the two groups of ocean- to- continent or continent- to- continent subduction zones squeezes and collides with each other, resulting in the fragmentation of end- part of the relatively weak ocean block. The fragmented high- density oceanic lithospheric blocks sink into the asthenosphere, and at the same time cause the thermal fluid in the upper layer of the asthenosphere to upwell, and finally form a tectonic knot, which also produces the crust—mantle structure characteristics of low and high anomalies of seismic wave velocity.

Abstract:The high- density buildings in urban areas actually occupy the underground space resource at a certain depth below them. The occupancy depth has a significant impact on the interconnected development of urban underground space (UUS). Therefore, it is imperative to ascertain the occupancy depth and spatial distribution prior to UUS planning. The occupancy depth of UUS corresponds to the depth of the foundational load- bearing stratum, and is contingent upon factors such as building height and the geological characteristics of the site. In this paper, a rapid assessment methodology for determining the occupancy depth of UUS based on building height and stratum thickness was proposed and applied to the study area of Hangzhou main urban area. Firstly, the mathematical assessment model was formulated employing building height data from surveys and collected foundation data. Subsequently, the rapid assessment of occupancy depth of UUS in Hangzhou main urban area was achieved by the GIS- based spatial analysis using the building data sourced from Baidu and the stratum thickness data generated by Hangzhou’s 3D geological model. The research results can provide an effective method of assessing the large- scale UUS occupancy requisite for UUS planning endeavors.

Abstract:Knowledge and understanding of the application of geological process to warfare and peacetime practices have been fundamental to military operation, operational environment, battlefield intelligence and MOOTW. Military geology is the term used to describe this area of geological knowledge. Over time the application of military geology has changed as these military requirements such as weaponry, battlespace and geopolitical influences have altered the scale and dynamics of military operations, the concept of military geoscience is formally proposed. Military geoscience focuses on military activities of multi- material, multi- layer and multi- system environmental properties within the earth, on the basis of multifaceted disciplines of earth science. This paper summarizes the past history lessons of military geology and induced five research fields of military geoscience abroad, including of the impact of geo- environment on historical warfares, the impact of earth science on military activities, geopolitical security interests and resource needs, as well as geoscience technologies in military activities, it is suggested that the research progresses and key scientific problems on military geoscience need to be more focused on great military demands and applications such as theory and methodology, typical scenarios and global issues. Therefore, there are several research challenges to be addressed as five follows: (1) the intelligent application of battlefield geospatial intelligence; (2) RS recognition technology for hidden targets in unknown area; (3) military geoforensics of battlefield reconnaissance and trace identification; (4) military new energy security; (5) military geoscience in modern warfare. Above overview of achievements will be an important research evidence for domestic military geoscience on disciplinary development and military application.

Abstract:The largescale mineralization occurring in South China block far away from active continental margins during the Mesozoic. It formed two distinct metallogenic provinces: the eastern tungsten—tin hightemperature metallogenic province and the western gold—antimony—lead—zinc lowtemperature metallogenic province, establishing globally significant metallogenic regions. The Nanling metallogenic belt in central South China block, is one of the most densely distribution regions of tungsten—tin polymetallic deposits in this world. The Nanling metallogenic belt has developed mineralized granites related to tungsten—tin deposits during Caledonian, Indosinian and Yanshanian periods. During the Indosinian period, the metallogenic activity in the region was obviously weaker compared with the Yanshanian period, and research on Indosinian period rocks in Nanling area is relatively lagging behind. This article compares the geochemical features between Indosinian tungsten—tin granites and barren oreforming granites in Nanling. By integrating previous research findings, it is found that high crystallized differentiation, low magnesium iron content, high REE+Y, Nb+Ta values, and mightily depletion of Ti and P.

Abstract:Based on the genealogy theory of landscape genes, this paper explores the genealogy of landscape genes and a construction mode known as “booklike”， while establishing a systematic framework for the geological cultural village based on their intrinsic relationship. The model adheres to the theoretical framework encompassing goals, meanings, functions, and characteristics and is systematically constructed through two approaches: “inheritance path” and “cultural narrative” of genetic information. Building upon this foundation, using Liantang Geological Cultural Village in Jiangshan City, Zhejiang Province as an example, we focus on its geological gene as the primary genetic lineage and construct a visible and accessible scroll model representing geological genes. Additionally, we consider cultural genes as secondary attachments by constructing an internal unique gene pedigree showcasing local folk cultural activities in scroll pattern form; meanwhile, an external unique gene pedigree is created to represent village layout and architectural style with distinct local characteristics. This research aims to provide both theoretical support for popularizing geoscience knowledge and practical guidance for constructing geological cultural villages while contributing to rural revitalization efforts.

Abstract:The paleoelevation change can provide important information for understanding the tectonic uplift processes and mechanisms of the Qinghai—Xizang(Tibetan) Plateau. Meanwhile, the study of paleoelevation in the central—northern parts of the Qinghai—Xizang(Tibetan) Plateau lags behind compared with the southern part of the plateau due to the limitations of research materials and conditions. Based on this, we selected a profile (named the Tuotuo River section) in the Tuotuo River Basin, a sub- basin of the Hoh Xil Basin, in the northeast of the Qiangtang Terrane, to reconstruct the paleoelevation change of this section.Methods: Analyzing carbonate carbon isotopes and then applying empirical formulas of paleoelevation, which is suitable to the Tuotuo River Basin, to reconstruct the late Eocene to Early Miocene paleoelevation of the Tuotuo River Section.Results:The tectonic uplift of the Tuotuo River Basin can be divided into three stages. The first stage is ~37.0~30.5 Ma, and the altitude changes from 2397 m to 2940 m, which is the active stage of tectonic uplift; the second stage is 30.5~26.0 Ma, and the altitude changes from 2940 m to 3100 m, which is relative weaker of the tectonic uplift; the third stage is 26.0~19.7 Ma, and the altitude changes from 3100 m to about 3150 m, which is a relatively static stage of tectonic uplift activity.Conclusions: The Tuotuo River Basin experienced an obvious two- stage uplift process during the Cenozoic, from the late Eocene to the early Miocene and the middle Miocene (~16.0 Ma) to the present. The upper crust shortening and deformation and “mantle convective removal” or “lower crustal flow” or “magmatic inflation” could be applied to explain the two phases uplift, respectively.

Abstract:The tectonic uplift of the Xizang (Tibet) Plateau is one of the major geological events of the Cenozoic, one of the important boundary conditions for the tectonic—climate evolution of the East Asia, and an important factor in the study of global climate change. The history and mechanism of the uplift of the Xizang Plateau are controversial, one of the most important reasons is the stratigraphic chronology. Reliable stratigraphy depositional ages are the basis for subsequent studies. The Hoh Xil Basin in the north—central part of the Xizang Plateau preserves continuous Late Cretaceous to Miocene sediments, which is an indispensable research material for the study of the tectonic evolution of the Xizang Plateau. In this paper, we will propose a new interpretation of the relevant traditional viewpoints, etc., based on the new progress in stratigraphic chronology of the Hoh Xil Basin, while synthesizing the existing geological evidence.Methods:Using the latest stratigraphic chronological advances in the Hoh Xil Basin, while integrating the various geological evidence available in the surrounding area.Results: Based on the latest Late Eocene to Miocene stratigraphic age results in the Hoh Xil Basin, and combining with other published stratigraphic ages with absolute age control points, this paper argues that the Fenghuoshan Group and the Tuotuohe Formation are two distinct units. Following the new result, the stratigraphic divisions of the Hoh Xil Basin from the oldest to the newest are as follows: the Fenghuoshan Group, the Tuotuohe Formation, the Yaxicuo Formation Group, and the Wudaoliang Formation. On the basis of the latest advance in stratigraphic depositional age in the Hoh Xil Basin, the evidence of the basin’s palaeoelevation, palaeolatitude, palaeotemperature, palaeomagnetism, changes in sedimentary facies, stratigraphic contact relationships, global temperature, atmospheric carbon dioxide, and the simulation of the relationship between the Asian monsoon and the uplift of the plateau, we drew the conclusion that: ① The direction of the GPS velocity kinematic field on the surface of the Xizang Plateau similar to the present eastward and southeastward escape may have been formed in the Eocene, with material east of the Tuotuohe Basin escaping to the southeast, and no such trend to the west, and the Tuotuohe Basin may have been an important boundary; ② The East Asian monsoon—inland aridification pattern similar to the present was formed in the Late Oligocene—Early Miocene; ③ The Late Oligocene—Early Miocene uplift of the north central Xizang Plateau has occurred in two main phases since the Eocene. The uplift from >38.5 to 26(24) Ma was mainly caused by the collision and extrusion shortening of the Indian and Eurasian plates, while the uplift from 16 Ma to the present was caused by the convective removal of the lithospheric mantle, and the uplift from 26(24) to 16 Ma was a period of relative quiescence; ④ The main planation surface of the north—central Xizang Plateau may have been developed during the period 26(24)~16 Ma; ⑤ Angular unconformity contact is not a reliable discriminator of the occurrence of tectonic events; ⑥ The occurrence of salt minerals such as gypsum is not a reliable indicator of aridification, but seems to indicate that at least one period of wet climate should have existed in the region prior to the precipitation of salt minerals. According to this theory, it may imply that a monsoon climate already existed in the east—central part of our country at least in the Paleocene.Conclusions:New advances in the stratigraphic chronology of the Hoh Xil Basin and its palaeoenvironmental significance suggest that some indicators need to be interpreted with caution.

Abstract:Due to the great difference in buried depth, the rock- electric characteristics of Sangonghe Formation reservoirs in different regions of Junggar Basin are significantly different. The complex rock- electric relationship makes it impossible to establish a unified oil- bearing logging interpretation standard in the whole region.Methods: In view of the above problems, the isochronous comparison of sand groups in 22 coring wells in the study area and the analysis of sedimentary microfacies and sedimentary sand body superposition patterns were carried out, and the oil- bearing characteristics of each isochronous sand group were determined by logging data. Through the analysis of the differential electrical characteristics of oil and water layers in Shawodi and Zhengshacun areas, the reservoir fluid sensitive logging parameters are screened, the oil—water interface is identified, the oil—water interpretation standard is established in different regions, and the oil—water distribution law is studied.Results:The research shows that the Shawodi area belongs to the ' conventional low- resistance reservoir ', and the Zhengshacun area belongs to the ' low- contrast reservoir '. The oil—water distribution of the reservoir is generally characterized by ' upper oil and lower water ', ' high oil and low water ', and ' upper dry and lower oil '. In the vertical direction, there are three characteristic patterns : ① Oil—water layer— ( poor oil layer ) —water layer—dry layer; ② Oil—water same layer—dry layer difference oil layer interbedded; ③ Dry layer—high resistance water layer interbedded. The distribution of oil—water layer and oil—water interface shows obvious phase- controlled and layer- controlled characteristics, and is affected by micro- geomorphology.Conclusions:The oil—water interface in Shawodi area is mostly distributed in the fourth sand group, and the oil—water interface in Zhengshacun area is mostly distributed in the fifth sand group. The oil layer and oil—water layer are developed in the Heshangba superimposed sand body and the channel weak erosion superimposed sand body of the fourth and fifth sand groups. The oil- bearing water layer and the poor oil layer are developed in the Heshangba superimposed sand body and the channel weak erosion sand body of the third and sixth sand groups. The water layer and the dry layer are mainly distributed in the channel strong erosion sand body of the first and second sand groups. Analyzing the characteristics of oil—water relationship in the study area is conducive to providing a theoretical basis for further oil and gas exploration and deployment in the region, and also provides reference value for reservoir research to distinguish differential burial areas and deep burial areas.

Abstract:The oolitic beachs are widely distributed in the southern Ordos Basin during the Cambrian Zhangxia Formation sedimentary period. However, controlling factors of reservoir are not known, only industrial gas flow have seen in a few wells. The reservoir of the Zhangxia Formations is not a relatively simple beach reservoir, and the degree of reservoir development may be controlled by other factors. Methods: In this paper, the analysis of petrography and geochemistry of new drilling wells and field profiles are utilized to dissect the developmental characteristics of the Zhangxia Formation reservoirs, and then reveal the main controlling factors of the Zhangxia Formation reservoirs.Results: ① The reservoir rocks of the Zhangxia Formation are mainly (residual) oolitic—grainstone dolostone and fine—medium crystallined dolostone, and there are vug, fractures, and enlarged dissolution pores and intergranular pores in the reservoir space. ② The thickness of dolostone of the Zhangxia Formation varies greatly in the southern Ordos Basin, showing the characteristics of “more in the upper section, less in the lower section, more in the south, less in the north”. The dolostone has coarser, relatively authomorphic crystals, carbon, oxygen and strontium isotope values similar to those of seawater, similar rare earth element distribution patterns with seawater, and high strontium content; the fracture- filled dolomite has a saddle structure, with slight Eu anomalies. Dolomitization occurred mainly in the shallow burial period, and the dolomitization fluid is mainly seawater.Conclusions: The Zhangxia Formation in the periphery of the Zhenyuan paleouplift in the southern part of the Ordos Basin is strongly influenced by the karst of the Huaiyuan Movement and the Caledonian Movement—Hercynian Movement. Far away from the Zhenyuan paleo- uplift area, the reservoirs are mainly influenced by the fracture activities of the Huaiyuan Movement.

Abstract:Objectives: The Yucangshan-Pengxi pluton is geographically located in the southeastern part of Zhejiang Province, at the northern end of the granite belt along the eastern coast of China. Magmatic activity is constrained by the subduction of the Pacific Plate, and is also controlled by the Wenzhou Zhenhai Fault in the region, trending northeast.Methods: Based on the field investigation, We conducted microscopic observations, whole-rock geochemical analysis, and LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb dating for the Yucangshan-Pengxi alkali feldspar granite.Results: Two sets of high-precision dating data were obtained, with weighted average ages of 97.0 ± 1.8 Ma and 98.27 ± 0.39 Ma, respectively, indicating that the rock mass is a product of Late Cretaceous magmatic activity. Under the microscope, the main mineral composition of the rock mass is potassium feldspar (60%~69%), quartz (25%~35%), as well as a small amount of plagioclase (<5%), biotite (<2%), etc., presenting a medium to fine-grained granite structure. The rock mass exhibits high Si, rich alkali, low Al; depleted in Mg, Ca, P, Ti, Fe. The samples are enriched in large ion lithophilic elements such as Rb, K, etc; as well as high field strength elements such as Th, U, Zr, and Hf, are enriched. The content of ferrophilic elements such as Co, Ni, Cr, and V is relatively low; The K/Rb ratio is low, while the Rb/Sr and Rb/Ba ratios are high; The total amount of rare earth elements is high, and the enrichment degree of light rare earth elements is much higher than that of heavy rare earth elements. At the same time, it has obvious europium negative anomalies and a high differentiation index; This reflects the strong crustal characteristics of the rock mass, and the high degree of differentiation in magma evolution during its formation.Conclusions: During the diagenesis process, minerals such as plagioclase and apatite were separated and crystallized, belonging to the peraluminous high potassium calcium alkaline granite series. Through exploration of the rock type and tectonic environment, it is believed that the rock mass belongs to A-type granite, which was formed by the upwelling of the asthenosphere mantle and partial melting of the crust in the late Cretaceous intraplate extensional tectonic environment.

Abstract:Objective: It is generally believed that the tight sandstone reservoir has strong heterogeneity and poor physical properties, but the tight sandstone reservoir in the Jimsar Sag, Junggar Basin, has good oil and gas production. Through the core data photos, it is found that the reservoir fractures of the Jinjinzigou Formation (P2jj) in the study area are developed, most of which are filled with crude oil and calcite. Based on the microscopic thin sections and scanning electron microscope photos, it is found that most samples develop micro-fractures. Through the observation, measurement and calculation of micro-fractures under the microscope, combined with the core and regional tectonic background, the development characteristics, main controlling factors and genetic mechanism of micro-fractures were systematically analyzed, and the formation stages of micro-fractures were discussed. The research results have guiding significance for the genesis of micro-fractures in tight sandstone reservoirs and the evaluation of high-quality reservoirs in the Junggar Basin, and can be used as a reference for oil and gas exploration in tight reservoirs with similar geological conditions.

Abstract:

Abstract:There has been a great deal of disagreement about the closure time of the Hegenshan Paleo-ocean Basin in the Paleo- Asian Ocean. The Geleaobao syenogranite and monzogranite in Abaga Banner, Xilin Gol League, the middle of the Chaganaobao—East Ujimqin Banner tectonic magmatic belt, north and central Inner Mongolia, have important implications for revealing the closure time of the Hegenshan Paleo- ocean. Taking the Geleaobao granite as the research object, zircon U- Pb age, rock geochemistry and Hf isotope research were carried out to explore its formation age, rock genesis and tectonic environment. The study shows that the syenogranite and monzogranite were emplaced at 321.3±2.8 Ma and 306.7±2.4 Ma respectively. The rock is generally rich in SiO2, poor in CaO, MgO, P2O5, TiO2, moderate in K2O+Na2O, Al2O3 and Fe2O3T. It belongs to the high- potassium calc- alkaline series of rocks; enriched in light rare earths and trace elements such as Rb, Th, U, Zr, Hf, etc., deficient in heavy rare earths and trace elements such as Ba, Sr, Nb, etc., and have negative Eu anomalies.; The zircon εHf(t) values of the two types of rocks vary from +7.6 to +13.1, corresponding to the two- stage model age of 511~928 Ma. Comprehensive analysis shows that the Geleaobao syenogranite and monzogranite were intruded in Late Carboniferous and belong to differentiated I- type granites. The rocks were formed in the island arc environment of the subduction zone and are the product of the subduction of the Hegenshan Paleo-ocean. The identification and determination of the Geleaobao Late Carboniferous arc magmatic rocks indicate that the Hegenshan Paleo- ocean Basin of the Paleo- Asian Ocean was not closed in the Late Carboniferous, but was in the process of northward subduction of the ocean.

Abstract:Discoid fossils are the earliest and the most important components in the Ediacaran biota. Aspidella, a disk- like Ediacaran form genus, is a typical fossil in Ediacaran sediments distributed worldwide. This article describes the Ediacaran biota element Aspidella disc- like fossil (cf. Aspidella) which is here first recorded in siliceous rocks at the bottom of the Taozichong Formation of the Ediacaran–Cambrian transitional strata in Qingzhen of Guizhou, and studies its biological and ecological characteristics, as well as its preservation mechanism in the Cambrian strata. This is crucial for the rebuilding of the ecosystem during the Ediacaran–Cambrian transition and for the understanding of the early evolution of organisms during the “Cambrian Explosion of life”.Methods: In this article, the 3D view image of fossils was taken using the Leica- DVM6 3D microscopy system. And the micromorphological observations and microchemical analysis of fossils were performed using a HITACHI- SU8010 scanning electron microscope (SEM) equipped with an energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS). The mineral composition of the fossil was analyzed by whole rock X- ray diffraction (XRD, PANalytical B. V.) and Raman spectroscopy (LabRAM HR Evolution).Results: Ediacaran biota element Aspidella disc- like fossil (cf. Aspidella) which is here first recorded in siliceous rocks at the bottom of the Taozichong Formation of the Ediacaran–Cambrian transitional strata in Qingzhen of Guizhou as a disc characterized by concentric ring, central bulge and indentation. A 3D image of the Aspidella fossil shows obvious step- like layer changes. In summary, according to the SEM—EDS analysis, combined with the in situ Raman spectroscopy and the XRD analysis, cf. Aspidella is the morphological remains of holdfasts of organisms on the seabed, rather than geological sedimentary phenomena such as solid fossils or gas escape structures. Its special ring structures are formed by the rapid filling of holdfasts by sand and clay minerals during the process of burial and mutation.Conclusions: We tend to think that cf. Aspidella of Taozichong Formation is the holdfast of benthic soft- body phylloids, and its internal sediments are formed by normal sedimentation of seawater. Fragments of holdfast biofilm containing Fe and Al substances have been found. It is confirmed that the holdfast was preferentially preserved by a microbial mat, while the stem and compound leaves disappeared, and differential compaction of clay and sand produced a stepped profile on the bulb wall of the holdfast after death. Based on the similarity between the bioassemblages in the Ediacaran–Cambrian Taozichong Formation of South China and the Ediacaran in the North China and Qaidam blocks, and the global paleogeographic pattern during the transition period from Ediacaran to Cambrian, the South China Plate have moved continuously from the middle latitudes to the low latitudes of the North China and Qaidam blocks. Environmental changes may have induced the population continuation of late Ediacaran biota elements in the South China Cambrian strata, and further expanding the temporal and spatial distribution of classic Ediacaran- type fossils in geological history.

Abstract:The gold and Pb—Zn—Ag ore deposits in the Qingchengzi ore concentration area in eastern Liaoning Province are strictly controlled by layer- parallel or layer- subparallel faults near the silicon—calcium surfaces within transitional zone between the Paleoproterozoic Dashiqiao and Gaixian formations of the Liaohe Group in the Jiao—Liao—Ji belt in NE China. Stratigraphic correlations of ore- hosted layers within the Dashiqiao and Gaixian formations are of great significances for regional and deep metallogenic predictions in the Qingchengzi ore concentration area. Here we present carbon—oxygen isotopes of 85 samples collected from the ore- hosted marbles and none ore- hosted marbles from the Dashiqiao Formation, and the previous named “Gaojiayu” Formation in the Qingchengzi ore concentration area. Our results show that the thick- layered none ore- hosted marbles from the middle—lower Dashiqiao Formation usually intruded by Paleoproterozoic metamorphosed mafic sills are characterized by positive carbon isotope excursion with ??13CV-PDB values of 2.1~6.1‰, and were deposited during late stage of the Lomagundi—Jatuli Event (LJE). In contrast, middle- to thick- layered ore- hosted marbles from the upper Dashiqiao Formation have ??13CV-PDB values from -6.4‰ to 3.0‰, and those from the previously named “Gaojiayu” Formation have ??13CV-PDB values from -2.8‰ to 0‰. Both the ore- hosted marbles from the upper Dashiqiao Formation and marbles from the previously named “Gaojiayu” Formation exhibit no positive carbon isotope excursion, indicating that their deposition occurred after the LJE. The carbon isotopic compositions of marbles from previously named “Gaojiayu” Formation in southeastern Qingchengzi ore concentration area are significantly different from those of marbles from the Gaojiayu Formation from Anshan area in northwestern part of the Jiao—Li—Ji Belt that are characterized by high positive carbon isotope excursion with ??13CV-PDB values of 10‰, indicating their depositional ages are different. Carbon—oxygen isotopes in combined with stratigraphic lithology show that leptites from the previously named “Gaojiayu” Formation, which are considered as the lower floor of gold and Pb—Zn—Ag ore deposits in the Qingchengzi ore concentration area, are stratigraphically correlated with the upper Dashiqiao Formation. The depositional age of the previously named “Gaojiayu” Formation of “South Liaohe Group” in the Qingchengzi ore concentration area is younger than that of the Gaojiayu Formation of “North Liaohe Group” in Anshan area. Combined with previous research results and exploration achievements, we proposed that multiple silicon—calcium surfaces and mineralization zones may exist beneath the current exploration areas of the Qingchengzi ore concentration area, especially the Linjiasandaogou, Xiaotongjiabuzi and Gaojiabuzi—Fengyindadi deposits. The deep areas of the Linjiasandaogou and Xiaotongjiabuzi deposits and Gaojiabuzi—Fengyindadi Pb—Zn—Ag deposit can be considered as favorable targets for deep metallogenic exploration the Qingchengzi ore concentration area. The future deep metallogenic exploration for the Linjiasandaogou, Xiaotongjiabuzi and Gaojiabuzi—Fengyindadi deposits should reach the thick- layered marbles of the middle—lower Dashiqiao Formation with positive carbon isotope excursions and intrusions of the Paleoproterozoic metamorphosed mafic sills.

Abstract:The Kuqa Depression is located in the southeastern margin of the Tianshan Orogenic Belt. The Mesozoic strata in the Kuqa Depression contain abundant oil and gas resources and have important exploration potential. However, the tectonic setting of the Mesozoic Kuqa Depression, and the paleomorphologic evolution of the Tianshan Orogenic Belt remain controversial. Methods: By systematically collecting and analyzing 1406 U- Pb dating data of 16 detrital zircon samples from the Mesozoic sections of Baicheng, Haiyingshan and Kuchehe in the Kuqa Depression, and then comparing with the U- Pb ages of 17 detrital zircon samples from the Mesozoic basins of Ili and the southern margin of Junggar, finally combining with the regional structure, the tectonic setting of Mesozoic basin- forming in Kuqa Depression and the evolution of paleomorphologic evolution of the Tianshan Orogenic Belt are discussed.Results: The results show that the main provenance area of the Kuqa Depression is mainly the southern Tianshan Mountains and partially the southern margin of the Central Tianshan Mountains; the Mesozoic sediments in the Ili Basin are mainly from the Ili—Centra Tianshan and partially the Southern Tianshan Mountains; and the sediments in the southern Junggar Basin are mainly from the Northern Tianshan Mountains. The detrital zircon U- Pb ages records three phases of provenance transition, which are located in the Early Triassic, Mid—Late Triassic and Late Jurassic respectively.Conclusions:The Kuqa Depression experienced two stages of basin formation in the Mesozoic. After the Triassic compressive tectonic event, the late Triassic to Middle Jurassic was an extensional rift basin, and the Late Cretaceous was a depression basin. The tectonic transition from compression to extension and then to compression occurred in the region. The uplift geomorphology of the Tianshan Orogenic Belt in the early Mesozoic is mainly the Central Tianshan Mountain, and the south Tianshan Mountain is rapidly uplifted during the Late Cretaceous compression. In general, the paleogeomorphology of the Tianshan Orogenic Belt has a significant segmentation effect on the Mesozoic basins on both sides.

Abstract:Fossil has great scientific value because it has witnessed geological history, climatic change, biological evolution, etc. The diagenetic process, combined with chemical, physical, and biological interactions, leads to fossils having higher resistance to weathering and can be stored stably by development and consolidation. However, the composition of some fossils could easily undergo chemical and physical changes in a relatively humid environment, leading to the development of cracks, spalls, and powder, which threatens the conservation of fossils. This paper briefly reviews the development of fossil conservation and focuses on the mechanism and conservation management of fossil weathering, such as salt decay, pyrite decay, and cracking by losing water. Finally, we briefly discuss the relationship between the conservation of fossils and cultural relics. The aim of this review is to guide readers in managing weathering fossils and promote fossil conservation for further development.

Abstract:In order to reveal the genesis mechanism of geothermal water in Dexi Geothermal Field.Methods: This study used techniques including hydrochemistry, isotopes, geothermometers, and audio magnetotelluric to analyze the genesis mechanism of geothermal water based on the hydrochemical data of groups 6 and nearly groups 12 of the geothermal water in Dexi Geothermal Field.Results: Results show that the geothermal water in Dexi Geothermal Field is of the karst type, with the primary heat sources being fault friction heating and geothermal gradients. At 4073~4162 metres above the eastern high mountain, atmospheric precipitation and ice and snow melting water serve as its sources of recharging. The primary hydrochemical processes are the dissolution of carbonate minerals and cation exchange, which are very different from the hydrochemical characteristics of the surrounding geothermal water. The hydrochemical type is mostly HCO-3—Na+·Ca2+ type. Controlled by the Zamagang Syncline and the Dexi Village Fault, the geothermal water in Dexi Geothermal Field is situated on the southwest wing of the Zamagang Syncline. The migration of underground geothermal water is facilitated by karst fractures, dissolution holes, and two sets of impermeable strata primarily made of slate and phyllite. The circulation depth of this water is around 1284~1576 metres. The Dexi Village thrust fault on the west side blocks the geothermal water during the migration process. The water is then transmitted upward along the faults and structural fracture zones, such as tension and brittleness, and is enriched in the karst fracture layer between carbonate and Clastic rocks. This results in the formation of a thermal reservoir, which has a temperature range of about 75.0~89.6℃.Conclusions: This study may offer a crucial support for the development and utilization of geothermal resources in Baiyu County.

Abstract:〖WT5HZ〗Objective:〖WTBZ〗 The railway passing through the loess soil area is prone to settlement under the longterm action of train load. In this paper, the distribution characteristics and dynamic characteristics of loess soil in southern Hebei are studied.

Abstract:In the Early Cambrian, a set of gray—black good source rocks developed in the Yangqiao section of Majiang, Guizhou. At present, in view of the lack of systematic research on the genesis and quantitative analysis of source rocks in this stratum.Methods: This paper discusses the types of SiO2 genesis in this section based on the analysis and testing of organic petrology, SEM, major elements and rare earth elements, and establishes relevant models to quantitatively analyze and calculate the SiO2 content from different sources.Results: The results show that: ① In the early Cambrian, petrological evidence of hydrothermal activity was found in the source rock samples at the bottom of the Niutitang Formation in the Yangtiao outcrop, indicating that the sedimentary process of the source rock at the bottom of the Niutitang Formation was influenced by hydrothermal activity, including chalcedony and hydrothermal organisms such as sponge spicules and Pogonophoran worms. ② The average values of Fe/Ti in siliceous rock and siliceous shale were 51.04 and 17.24, respectively, and the average values of Al/(Al+Fe) were 0.41 and 0.65, respectively. At the same time, ΣLREE/ΣHREE overall greater than 1, and the rare earth element distribution pattern has the characteristics of Eu positive anomaly and Ce negative anomaly, which indicates that siliceous rocks are greatly affected by hydrothermal fluids, while siliceous shales are not affected by hydrothermal fluids or are less affected by hydrothermal fluids. ③ The results of quantitative analysis showed that in source rocks; The average value of detrital silicon is 30.52%; The average value of hydrothermal silicon is 34.67%; The average value of biosilicon is 34.81%, which indicated that the source rocks at the bottom of the Niutitang Formation in the Yangqiao section were mainly of biogenetic and hydrothermal fluids origin. Conclusions: The results of the study will provide a reference for identifying favorable shale gas enrichment and production intervals in the area.

Abstract:In the western segment of the Haiyuan Fault Zone, the Laolongwan Basin's sedimentation encompasses a suite of late Cenozoic red clastic deposits, which document the developmental processes of the northeastern periphery of the Tibetan Plateau. The lack of refined stratigraphic chronology research has led to a generalized classification of these late Cenozoic deposits under the Neogene Gansu Group, sparking debates about the Laolongwan Basin's geological response to the northeastward expansion of the Tibetan Plateau. This study, grounded in a 1:50000 scale regional geological survey, undertakes an in-depth magnetostratigraphic chronology analysis of the Laolongwan Basin's late Cenozoic strata, resulting in the establishment of a magnetostratigraphic chronological framework spanning approximately 13.61~2.58 Ma for the basin. By integrating lithological features and sedimentary environment assessments, the Laolongwan Basin's Neogene Gansu Group strata are differentiated into two distinct lithostratigraphic units: the Xianshuihe Formation (N1x) and the Linxia Formation (N1-2l). The Xianshuihe Formation, dating back to the middle Miocene (ca.13.61~8.11 Ma), comprises a sequence of brick-red sandy conglomerates, blocky medium sandstones, and silty mudstones. This formation is indicative of late Miocene fan delta and shallow lake depositional environments and is characterized by an angular unconformity with the underlying Early Silurian Angzanggou Formation, which consists of greenish-gray metamorphic sandstone. The Linxia Formation, spanning the late Miocene to late Pliocene (8.11~2.58 Ma), is marked by thick layers of shallow brick-red medium sandstone and interbedded medium to coarse conglomerates, with sporadic occurrences of boulder conglomerate. This formation displays a distinctive "sand-gravel interlayering" arrangement and is associated with fluvial depositional processes, exhibiting a parallel unconformity with the preceding Xianshuihe Formation. On a regional scale, the Neogene Gansu Group's Xianshuihe and Linxia Formations within the Laolongwan Basin can be correlated with contemporaneous strata in adjacent areas. This correlation aids in harmonizing the Neogene stratigraphic framework of the Tibetan Plateau's northeastern margin and provides essential stratigraphic insights for investigating the Cenozoic tectonic uplift of this region.

Abstract:The Upper Triassic Huangshanjie Formation in the Kuqa depression, Tarim Basin, is a set of strata with source, reservoir and cap coexistence, which is a potential target of oil and gas exploration in the future. However, at present there is a lack of detailed research on its sedimentary characteristics, which is not conducive to understanding the evolution of paleogeography.Methods: Based on careful observation of the sedimentary phenomena on the multiple outcrop sections, the sedimentary characteristics were analyzed in detail and the revealed geological significance were studied. Results: ① In Huangshanjie Formation, the deep- up lower cycle is formed with the First and Second Members, the incomplete deep- up middle cycle is formed with the Third Member, and the upper cycle changing from shallow deep shallow is formed with the Fourth Member; ② the First and Third Members of the Huangshanjie Formation, formed with pebbly coarse clasts, are the sedimentary responses to two episodes of intense uplift in the provenance area during the Indosinian Movement; ③ event deposits caused by floods, earthquakes, etc. are developed in the Huangshanjie Formation; ④ in the 4th Member, the dark mudstone is the rapid deposition of sufficient provenance under high accommodation; ⑤ after the deposition of the Third Member of the Huangshanjie Formation, regional tectonic uplift and tectonic—sedimentary transformation occurred, and the provenance also became quasi- plain; ⑥ there is a certain hiatus between the 4th Member and the underlying 3rd Member of Huangshanjie Formation and the overlying Taliqik Formation.Conclusions: The sedimentary characteristics of the Huangshanjie Formation in the Kuaq Depression are controlled by the tectonic evolution, forming three sedimentary cycles with different characteristics, and event sedimentary responses have occurred. There are hiatus both inside and at the top of the Huangshanjie Formation.

Abstract:Analysis of the abundance characteristics of strontium elements in study area, the mineral composition of the rocks within the strata identified, and analyzed the chemical structure of the main minerals rich in strontium elements in the minerals. The water seepage into the rock and soil fissures, aqueous rock reactions with strontium- rich minerals. Then, strontium mineral water formed when more strontium elements are dissolve into the water.Methods: Adopting the analysis method of traceability, regional comparative analysis of the abundance characteristics of strontium elements in various strata of rock and soil bodies in the study area, and analysis of strontium- containing minerals within the main rocks. based on the structure of the main strontium- rich minerals, strontium ions therein dissolve into the water by way of substitution with ions similar in nature, and the determination of Sr2+ reaches the strontium- type natural mineral water standard for drinking purposes.Results: The strontium content in the main strata that in the slate, feldspar quartz sandstone and Quaternary residual slope gravel soil in the study area is high, low, high, etc. relative to the region. The slate has a high clay mineral content, and the main components of clay minerals are montmorillonite and illite, which have high strontium content. The structure of montmorillonite makes it easy for strontium in it to replace and displace with elements of similar nature, and dissolve into the water, forming a water supply with high strontium content.Conclusions: Precipitation infiltrates the surface into the fissures and pores of strontium mineral- rich rock and soil bodies. Minerals undergo aqueous rock reactions such as leaching, dissolution, and ion exchange with carbon dioxide and water. The main anions and cations dissolved in the water are HCO-3, Ca2+ and Mg2+. The strontium content in the rock formation is generally higher, and more Sr2+ is dissolving into the water, which can reach the standard of strontium- type natural mineral water for drinking. This results in strontium mineral water with a water chemistry type of calcium magnesium bicarbonate.

Abstract:In recent years, condensate gas reservoirs with large resources have been discovered in the central and western regions of China, several condensate gas reservoirs around Shawan sag also show the potential of deep exploration. In this paper, the physical properties and geochemical analysis of crude oil are used, and the empirical statistical method is used to identify the types of oil and gas reservoirs and analyze the phase characteristics and sources of oil and gas. The main understanding is as follows：① There are mainly condensate gas reservoirs with oil ring in the Permian in Shawan Sag. Zhongjia 2- H well is a typical gas condensate well with oil ring. In the study area, there is a secondary condensate gas reservoir formed by the Fengcheng Formation, which is the primary type of hydrocarbon source—fault vertical transport—temperature and pressure control and natural gas invasion；② Combined with P—V—T phase diagram, it is analyzed that the proportion of hydrocarbon C7 + in Permian condensate gas reservoirs in Shawan sag is relatively small. The formation temperature of volatile reservoir is obviously lower than the critical temperature, and the ground saturation pressure difference is small. The critical temperature and critical condensate temperature of formation fluid in black oil reservoir are higher and the critical pressure is lower；③ According to the fact that the gas—oil ratio of condensate gas reservoir in Xinguang well area is higher than that of 13000m3/m3, and the condensate gas reservoir of Xinguang 1 well belongs to non- oil ring condensate gas reservoir, it can be judged that Xinguang 1 well is a primary condensate gas reservoir. The origin of condensate gas proposed in this article can provide a reference for the next step of oil and gas exploration in the study area, and can also provide methodological support for the research on condensate gas accumulation and resource evaluation in the Junggar Basin.

Abstract:Three- dimensional tomography of seismic wave velocity is an important method to study the three- dimensional structure and dynamics of the mantle and crust. In this paper, we study the three- dimensional tomography of seismic wave velocity in northwest China, and show that the lithospheric wave velocity structure in the study area reflecs the tectonic pattern formed by the combination of multiple land- mass amalgamation in the Phanerozoic. These old landmasses include Tarim, Jungar, Qaidam, Tuha, Yingen, Tengger and Ordos, all of which have high- velocity characteristics in the upper layer of the lithospheric mantle. Three- dimensional tomography also shows that the long- range effects of the India subcontinent’s collision with Eurasia affected the uplift of the Tienshan Mountain, the western Tarim Basin and the Tuha Basin, but the intense deformation formed mainly acted on the upper and middle crust. Based on the characteristics of the combination in the study area and combined with the high- precision data of ground gravity and aeromagnetics, it can also provide accurate positioning of the Phanerozoic dynamical actions the remains, and of the early ocean—continent transition zones.

Abstract:The Dongga Au deposit is located in the Xiongcun Ore Deposit Cluster, at the southern edge of the central part of the southern Lhasa Terrane, and is an early discovered gold deposit in Xizang(Tibet). However, previous studies have mainly focused on the porphyry deposits in the Xiongcun Ore Deposit Cluster, and the extent of research on the Dongga Au deposit is not enough, especially is lack of a comprehensive study on the ore prospecting direction of the Dongga Au deposit. In this paper, based on a systematic summary of the geological characteristics of the Dongga Au deposit, the results of soil geochemical measurements and ground- based high- precision magnetic measurements are integrated to explore the direction of the Dongga Au deposit. The gold ore bodies found in the Dongga Au deposit are hosted in tuffs of the Xiongcun Formation, which are strongly pyritic sericitized, and belongs to the hydrothermal vein type gold orebodies in the periphery of porphyry copper—gold metallogenic system. The mineral and chemical anomalies of the Dongga Au deposit are very similar to the No. 2 deposit found in the Xiongcun Ore Deposit Cluster and are spatially coherent. Combining the geological characteristics of the deposit with soil geochemical and geophysical anomalies, this paper suggests that the No. 2 deposit contains mineralized porphyry extending southwards to the deeper part of the Dongga Au deposit, and that there is great potential for finding porphyry- type ore bodies at the deeper part of the Dongga Au deposit. This thesis is an important guide for the future exploration of the Dongga Au deposit.