Abstract:

Abstract:The Mid—Lower- Yangtze Tectonic Belt located in the interior of the Yangtze Craton is a peculiar lithospheric tectonic belt, and its origin has been a mystery. It was previously thought to be related to the subduction of the Late Jurassic Izanagi Ocean to Eurasia, but why did only the iron—copper and polymetallic ore belts form deeply inland in the Mid—Lower- Yangtze Tectonic Belt? To understand this problem, it is necessary to analyze the properties of the lithosphere and asthenosphere in the study area from geophysical data in South China, and make global comparisons of similar structures. Based on the results of geophysical surveys, the crust of the tectonic belt in the Mid—Lower- Yangtze Tectonic Belt mainly reflects the characteristics of grabens. The lithosphere exhibits low S- wave velocities and high densities. Such shallow mantle dynamic tectonic system was close to the pattern of subduction of mid- ocean ridges to continents. Based on the Jurassic—Cretaceous oceanic magnetic anomaly bands and paleomagnetic studies in the Pacific region, it can be speculated that the formation of the Mid—Lower Yangtze Tectonic Belt and the iron—copper polymetallic ore belt could be the results of subduction of the northern Izanagi ocean ridge and related triple ridge junction to the Yangtze Craton. Of course, more survey data is needed to prove this conjecture.

Abstract:Kailu sag is located in the southwest of Songliao basin with good oil and gas geological conditions, whereas its research degree is low. The study is mainly focused on the secondary structural units in the sag, the research is lacked on the overall structure and basement characteristics of the sag. In order to study the structural characteristics of the Kailu Sag and predict the favorable oil and gas areas, the paper is based on the gravity data and the previous research results such as geology and seismic data. After that, the paper identifies and infers the fault structure system of the study area combined with the actual geological background of the study area and previous relevant research results. To improve the accuracy of the basement depth by using gravity data of the basin, the basement depth was calculated by Parker’s method and the correlation analysis method, combined with reference to previous related research results. According to the interpretation results of gravity data and related data above, predicting reasonably the favorable oil and gas areas. The results show that the gravity characteristics of Kailu Sag are macroscopically the distribution of high and low gravity from northwest to southeast, which reflect the alternative distribution of protuberance and fault depression in the sag from northwest to southeast. Kailu Sag has complex faults and the boundary of the sag is mainly controlled by near SN, EW and two groups of NE faults. The Kailu sag can be further divided into 8 secondary structural units, which are bounded by fracture. The Cenozoic, Mesozoic Cretaceous and Jurassic developed in the sag. The petroleum geology condition in Ping’an fault terrace in Qinghe—Weiliansu fault depression zone in western sag, gentle slope belt in Manghan fault depression in eastern sag and Nanaimanqi fault depression in southern sag are outstanding, which make it a favorable hydrocarbon area.

Abstract:Obtain the apparent age and thermal evolution history of apatite samples in the Ailao Mountains—Honghe River(Red River) shear zone(Ailaoshan—Honghe Shear Zone), then analyze the Cenozoic tectonic significance of the the Ailao Mountains—Honghe River shear zone. Methods: Apatite fission track of sandstone, thermal history modeling. Results:The apparent age of apatite fission track is 31. 0 ～ 18. 0 Ma. The cooling history simulation shows that rapid cooling occurs at 37~14 Ma, and the average cooling rate is 3. 98 ℃/Ma; rapid cooling has occurred since 5. 1 Ma, and the average cooling rate is 11. 15 ℃/Ma. Conclusions: The Ailao(Mounains） tectonic zone has experienced twice similar tectonic evolutions since Cenozoic Era, and the rapid exhumation event from 37 Ma to 14 Ma and since 5. 1 Ma. The rapid cooling in the Ailao Mountains area are characterized by imbalance. In the time of rapid cooling, there is a tendency to gradually become late from east to west, indicating that the southern section of Ailao Mountains may be a curtain uplift from east to west in the new generation.

Abstract:In order to explore the corresponding models of the area—elevation integral values (HI) of the Lianfeng and Zhaotong—Ludian fault zones to the development of the geomorphology in the tectonic active area.Methods:Based on ASTERGDEM data, the catchment areas of Lianfeng and Zhaotong—Ludian fault zones are extracted, and the area—elevation integral values of subbasin basins in this area are calculated. Combined with the characteristics of field profile, historical earthquakes, fault structure and activity, the tectonic geomorphological features and dynamic mechanism of Lianfeng and Zhaotong—Ludian fault zones are discussed.Results:The extracted slope and relief profiles across the Lianfeng Fault and the Zhaotong—Ludian Fault show that the slope and relief of the Jinyang Fold Uplift area west of the Jinsha River vary drastically, and reach a maximum at the Jinsha River, passing through the Lianfeng Fault. The Zhaotong—Ludian fault began to decrease, and reached the lowest value in the Ludian Basin, and then began to increase when it entered the Weining fold fault uplift area, but the slope and undulation were still smaller than the Jinyang fold fault uplift area. The geomorphic type is obviously controlled by faults, and the uplift terrain affected by Lianfeng fault and Baogunao—Xiaohe fault constitutes the western boundary of Ludian Basin. The HI value of the basin in the middle and lower reaches of the Jinsha River has a good consistency with the regional geomorphic uplift and fault distribution. The juvenile landform area is small, scattered between the Lianfeng fault and the Zhaotong—Ludian fault, and most of the areas belong to the mature stage (Fig. 4b). The high- value area is roughly consistent with the strike of the fault, while the area where the fault passes shows a relatively low- value area, revealing the control effect of tectonic activities on the development of landforms. Conclusions:① Except Ludian basin, the geomorphological development stage of most areas in the study area is in the adult stage. ② The area—elevation integral value (HI) of the study area is mainly controlled by tectonic activity, and the erosion resistance of lithology and river system play a local or secondary role. ③ The response of area—elevation integral value (HI) to different tectonic uplift intensity areas in the study area is different: in the strong tectonic uplift area, the HI value reflects the combined action of strong tectonic uplift and erosion in the catchment basin; in the tectonic uplift weakening area, HI value reflects the common result of slow tectonic uplift and sedimentation.

Abstract:Three- dimensional imaging tomography can be used for revealing the layer of containing fluid. In the Qinghai—Xizang(Tibet) Plateau, high resolution seismic tomography was carried out by using the data of the local stations and a three- dimensional image of the seismic wave velocity with a resolution of 0. 5°×0. 5°×10 km in the lithosphere was obtained, revealing the crust structures in and around the plateau. Combining with the density and resistivity imaging, it is found that the crustal fluid layers can be located by resulting velocity disturbance, density and resistivity images. The high velocity anomalies in the upper crust often indicate the cap layers to the fluid layers as well. Based on the images we locate several locations and their ranges of the fluid layers in the plateau. It is found that the crustal fluid layers are related spacially to the asthenosphere upwelling.

Abstract:Alkali- rich porphyry has attracted extensive attention because of its unique tectonic setting, special rock type and close relationship with copper polymetallic deposits. By reviewing the related research progress of alkali- rich porphyry, this paper focuses on discussing the mineralization of alkali- rich magma and its petrogenetic and metallogenic mechanism in the Jinsha River—Honghe River alkali- rich porphyry metallogenic belt, from the comprehensive study of petrogenesis and tectonic setting, magmatic properties and source control of mineralization, etc. Systematic studies on the geology, chronology and geochemistry of ore deposits show that: ① the magmatic emplacement and mineralization ages of porphyry—skarn deposits in the Jinsha River—Honghe River alkali- rich porphyry metallogenic belt are concentrated in the range of 43~32 Ma. The ore- bearing alkali- rich porphyries belong to Eocene—Oligocene I- type shoshonitic granite porphyries, which were products of intracontinental magmatic activity induced by geodynamic processes such as large- scale strike- slip and extension in a post- collisional setting. The divergently magmatic and metallogenic events in the belt may be controlled by the divergent strike- slip movements between the Jinsha River and Ailao Mountains—Honghe River strike- slip faulting resulted from the Indo—Asian collision; ② the ore- bearing alkali- rich porphyries associated with Cu—Mo mineralization in northern section of the metallogenic belt were probably derived from the partial melting of a Neoproterozoic lower crust with the addition of enriched and depleted mantle- derived magmas. However, the ore- bearing alkali- rich porphyries associated with Cu—Au or Cu(—Mo—Au) mineralization in southern section of the metallogenic belt were probably derived from the partial melting of juvenile lower crust with variable contributions from enriched mantle- derived components; and ③ there is a positive relationship between the oxygen fugacity (ΔFMQ) and deposit size (metal tonnage) for porphyry—skarn Cu deposits. In addition to the control by oxygen fugacity, the high K2O content in the magmatic source is conducive to the formation of porphyry—skarn Au deposits. This study has important theoretical and practical significance for theoretical research and exploration of the Jinsha River—Honghe River alkali- rich porphyry metallogenic belt and even similar deposits.

Abstract:As an early discovery of independent gold ore in the Xiongcun area of Xietongmen County, Tibet, the study of the metallogenies of the Dongga gold mine is relatively weak. In this paper, petrographic, chronological, geochemical and Hf isotopic characterization studies were carried out on the Tonga gold- bearing tuffs to investigate the petrogenesis and tectonic setting of the Tonga gold- bearing tuffs and to reveal the role of the tuffs in controlling mineralization. The LA- ICP- MS zircon U- Pb dating of tuff shows that the crystallization age of tuff is 185.1 ±1.9 Ma (MSWD = 0.48), and the diagenetic age is Early Jurassic. The geochemical characteristics of the major elements show that the K2O/Na2O ratio (2.91 ~ 12.3) is high and belongs to the calc- alkaline series; the geochemical characteristics of the trace elements show that they are enriched in large ionic lithophile elements (LILEs; such as Sr, Ba) and light rare earth elements (LREEs), and depletion in high- field strength elements (HFSEs; such as Nb, Ta, Ti) and heavy rare earth elements (HREEs). Combined with the trace element tectonic setting discrimination diagrams, it is suggested that the tuffs formed in an oceanic island arc setting are associated with the northward subduction of the Neo- Tethys Ocean crust. In addition, the tuffs are characterized by Nb/Ta ratios of 14.0 ~ 17.8, La/Nb averages < 2.50, and Zr/Ba averages of 0.31, with high positive εHf(t) (+ 8.05 ~ + 14.2), suggesting that the magma source of tuff is a depleted asthenosphere mantle wedge metasomatism of fluids released by Neo- Tethys subduction oceanic crust. During the process of magma ascending and emplacement, it was not contaminated by crustal materials, and mainly underwent the crystalline differentiation of olivine and clinopyroxene. The fractured structure of the ore- bearing tuff not only provides space for the migration of ore- bearing hydrothermal solution but also provides a place for mineral precipitation. At the same time, the tuff also acts as a caprock to protect the deposit from denudation after its formation. Comprehensive analysis suggests that the Dongga gold deposit was formed in the oceanic island arc setting of the northward subduction of the Neo- Tethys Ocean and is a hydrothermal vein- type gold ore body outside of the porphyry copper—gold deposit.

Abstract:2023年6月17—18日，首届“人类世科学大会”在古都西安成功举办，本次会议由中国地质学会主办，中国地质学会人类世研究分会、中国科学院地球环境研究所、黄土科学全国重点实验室（筹）、陕西省基础学科（地球系统科学）研究中心共同承办。

Abstract:The Gezan Copper Polymetallic Ore Concentration Area is one of the important Cu—Mo polymetallic mineralisation zones in the Southwest Sanjiang Tethys tectonic domain. A series of porphyry—skarn type Cu(Mo) polymetallic deposits were formed during the Yanshan period along with tectonic—magmatic—hydrothermal interaction. Among them, the Hongniu—Hongshan copper deposit is a representative deposit in the region. This paper carried out LA- ICP- MS zircon U- Pb dating, rock geochemistry and zircon Lu—Hf isotope analysis on the granite porphyry—quartz monzonite porphyry complex in Hongniu—Hongshan copper deposit based on systematic field work. The results show that the porphyry is Si- rich (SiO2=59. 19%~72. 20%) and alkali- rich (K2O+Na2O=6. 65%~12. 33%), has a high content of rare earth elements (ΣREE=163×10-6~588×10-6，average value is 272×10-6), a high fractionation degree of light and heavy rare earth elements (LREE/HREE=17. 17~31. 71), negative Eu anomaly (δEu=0. 64~0. 84), relatively enriched in large ion- loving elements such as Rb, Th, U and K (LILE), and relatively depleted in high field strength elements such as Nb, Ti, Ta and P (HFSE). The Hongniu—Hongshan copper deposit complex pluton is a set of quasi- aluminous—peraluminous high- potassium calc- alkaline- shoshonite series of highly differentiated I- type granites, which has the trend of evolving to A- type granites, with high strontium and low yttrium characteristics. The zircon LA- ICP- MS U- Pb ages of the three granitic porphyry samples are 80. 11±0. 63 Ma, 76. 59±0. 53 Ma and 76. 49±0. 63 Ma, respectively, and the zircon LA- ICP- MS U- Pb ages of the two quartz- monzonite porphyries are 77. 27±0. 70 Ma and 76. 99±0. 75 Ma. All belong to the Late Yanshanian. The zircon εHf(t) values range from -10. 3 to -4. 6, and TDM2 ages range from 1. 277 to 1. 582 Ga, with peak between 1. 35 and 1. 40 Ga, which indicates that the granite porphyry—quartz monzonite porphyry in Hongniu—Hongshan copper deposit originated from deep melting at the base of the Middle Proterozoic crust. Combined with previous studies, the formation of the granitic porphyry—quartz diorite in Hongniu—Hongshan copper deposit is closely related to the partial melting of the thickened crust of the Geza island arc formed in the early Indosinian period.

Abstract:The simple zircon U- Pb dating results of the early Cretaceous intrusives in the northern Xiaoshan Mountains contained complex geological information. The emplacement zircon U- Pb ages of the six granitic stocks were simple and clear, forming two periods of ~130 Ma and ~145 Ma. The complex single grain zircon age spectrum provided a new way to consider the regional tectonic background. The zircon U- Pb ages and trace element characteristics from the Baishiya stock were not only important for discussing their petrogenesis and deep processes, but also significant for establishing a precise chronological framework and an integrated genetic model of Yanshanian intrusives in the northern Xiaoshan Mountains.Methods: According to the detailed field obversations of the Bashiya stock in the Xiaoshan Mountain, western Henan Province, the zircon U- Pb dating and rare earth elements were analysed. Results:The dating sample named BSY03 from the Baishiya stock was porphyritic biotite monzogranite. There are 77 zircon spots in three tests were analysed, and 73 results of them were adjacent to n(207Pb)/n(235U)— n(206Pb)/ n(238U) concordia, whose U- Pb ages were clustered in three groups of the ~132 Ma (15 spots), ~145 Ma (49 spots) and ~158 Ma (9 spots). The zircon age spectrum was formed. The weighted average age of the last group suggested the formation age of the Baishiya stock was 132.1±1.0 Ma in the early Cretaceous. The chondrite- normalized distribution of the rare earth elements (REEs) for the three zircon groups, the characteristics of light REEs depletion and heavy REEs enrichment were shown, and the positive anomaly of Ce and negative anomalies of Pr and Nd were obvious for the most zircon spots. The total REE contents of ~145 Ma and ~158 Ma groups were 694×10-6 ~ 2213×10-6 with average of 1309×10-6 and 950×10-6 ~ 1849×10-6 with average of 1360×10-6, respectively. The total REE contents of ~132 Ma group were from 429×10-6 to 2210×10-6, and mean value was 1495×10-6. The formation temperatures of the zircons generally ranged from 539℃ to 748℃, and the values of zircon formation temperature for the ~158 Ma group were higher than the other groups, which were 601 ~ 748℃ (average 662℃). The zircons formation temperatures of ~145 Ma and the ~132 Ma groups were 553 ~ 701℃ (average 633℃) and 539 ~ 717℃ (average 629℃), respectively. The Er, Yb, Lu, and Y contents of zircon spots increased with formation age from ~158 Ma, ~145 Ma to ~132 Ma. The Ce4+/Ce3+ values of ~132 Ma, ~145 Ma and ~158 Ma groups were 13.2 ~ 121 (average 69.7), 27.6 ~ 107 (average 70.3) and 3.53 ~ 81.4, showing the overall trend of increasing from ~158 Ma to ~145 Ma and decreasing from ~145 Ma to ~132 Ma. Conclusions: The Baishiya stock was the product of lithosphere delamination of the northern Xiaoshan Mountains in the early Cretaceous. The deep magma/fluid was discharged, making for mixture and reactivation of the upper magma/fluid reservoirs whose stage of incomplete crystallization mush. The magma/fluid that regained the ability of upwelling carried zircons (such as ~158 Ma and ~145 Ma zircons) to form the Baishiya stock in ~132 Ma.

Abstract:The Nadanhada terrane is located at western margin of the central Sikhote—Alin orogenic belt. Vigorous tectonic—magmatic—mineralization has occurred since the Mesozoic, forming hot spring type, volcanic—hydrothermal type, epithermal low temperature hydrothermal type and skarn type copper—gold deposits. In this paper, based on detailed field geological investigations, geochemical characterization of major elements, rare earths and trace elements as well as zircon U- Pb chronology of four typical deposits in Sipingshan, Xianfengbeishan, 258 highland and Yuejinshan were carried out, aiming to explore the tectonic background and metallogenic mode of Yanshan period copper—gold mineralization in the study area. Results: The results show that the LA- ICP- MS zircon U- Pb ages of the ore- forming rocks of Sipingshan gold deposit, Xianfengbeishan gold deposit, 258 highland gold deposit and Yuejinshan copper—gold deposit are 122. 5±1. 1 Ma, 117. 0±0. 4 Ma, 116. 9±0. 8 Ma and 115. 7±1. 1 Ma, respectively. The mineralization age of these deposits belongs to the late Early Cretaceous. The ore- forming rocks of the four deposits have similar lithogeochemical characteristics and belong to medium divergent I- type granites, with magma originating from partial melt source areas of crustal material and formed in a post- collisional tectonic setting. Conclusions: Combined with the geological setting of the deposit, zircon U- Pb chronological characteristics, petrochemical characteristics and regional tectonic evolution, this paper concludes that the metallogenic age of the Sipingshan gold deposit, Xianfengbeishan gold deposit, 258 highland gold deposit and Yuejinshan copper—gold deposit are basically the same, and their genesis is related to the Yanshanian intermediate—acid magma, belonging to the same metallogenic series. Copper—gold mineralization is closely related to the subduction of the Pale- Pacific plate.

Abstract:In order to study the diagenesis and mineralization mechanism of Jinjiling Pluton and pegmatite in western section of Nanling Mountains. Through analyzing the variation of biotite chemical component to trace magma evolution, reflect magmatic crystallization conditions and provide important information for mineralization enrichment mechanisms. And further exploration relationship between magmatic evolution and mineralization of Jinjiling pluton.Methods: Combined with field work and microscope observation,using EPMA and LA- ICP- MS analysis to determine major and trace element compositions of the biotite respectively in the Jinjiling Pluton and pegmatite.Results: The mica in the Jinjing Pluton (syenogranite, biotite pegmatite, greisen and quartz veins) are similar in chemical composition, rich in FeO, Al2O3, F and Li2O*, and poor in MgO, CaO, Na2O and MnO, all belonging to Li—Fe mica. The content of SiO2 (~ 34. 06% ~ 34. 01% ~ 43. 31%), Al2O3 (~ 12. 91% ~ 15. 99% ~ 22. 30%) and H2O* (~ 1. 54% ~ 1. 78% ~ 2. 00%) in mica increased significantly from syenogranite to pegmatite and then to dolomite and quartz veins. The content of FeOT(~ 31. 80% ~ 30. 42% ~ 16. 02%), MgO(~ 2. 23% ~ 1. 03% ~ 0. 66%) and TiO2 (~ 2. 72% ~ 2. 07%~ 0. 11%) decreased significantly.The trace elements of biotite in the Jinjiling Pluton and pegmatite show the same variation trend on the trace element spider and the REE partition diagram, showing the flat partition pattern of rare earth elements, accompanied by obvious negative Ce and Eu anomalies. The rare earth element content of biotite in pegmatite (mean 154 μg/g) is significantly higher than that in rock mass (mean 28. 7 μg/g). Biotite in pluton and pegmatite is rich in Rb, Nb, Ta, Pb, Nd, Sm and poor in Th, Ce, Sr, Zr and the average content of Rb, Li, Be, Nb and Ta shows an increasing trend from rock mass to pegmatite: 2016 2824 μg/g, 620 2135 μg/g, 2. 50 9. 13 μg/g, 362 716 μg/g, 30. 4 44. 6 μg/g, while that of the average content of Ba decreased (189 to 126 μg/g).Conclusions: The Jinjiiling porphyritic- like syenogranite originated from the proterozoic crust, it has similar mineral composition with the biotite granite—pegmatite. The biotite in the two types of rocks shows a transition relationship from siderophylite to protolithionite to zinnwaldite, and the chemical composition shows a good relationship between affinity and evolution. It is the product of different stages in the continuous crystallization differentiation of homologous magma.Jinjiling pegmatite is a highly evolved rock type, formed during the magmatic—hydrothermal transformation stage, which is a special product between granite and greisen, and the pegmatite stage is an important stage for the enrichment of rare metal elements, especially Sn, and even further mineralization.

Abstract:The Zaozigou gold deposit, the most famous super large gold deposit in the Xiahe—Hezuo gold district witch in the West Qinling gold province, Gansu Province, has undergone continuous exploration and mining during the late two decades, with proved resources of more than 150 t. Although several investigations have conducted on this deposit, the ore- forming material sources remain disputed. Thus, we performed systematic trace elemental and H—O—Pb—S isotopic studies on fresh samples from drill hole SDZK8314, with main aims to reveal the sources of deep fluids and ore- forming materials in the Zaozigou gold deposit. Trace element data of various ores show similar partition curves, characterized by that the ore- bearing rocks have significantly lower ΣREE and higher K and Sr contents than surrounding rocks. In addition, the gold grade in various ores displays an obviously positive correlation with their contents of K2O. Lead isotopes show n(208Pb)/n(204Pb) ratios varying from 38. 23~39. 19 for quartz diorite porphyrite, 38. 23~39. 19 for pyrite and arsenopyrite, and 37. 75~38. 63 for stibnite, suggesting multi- sources and mixed lead characteristics, with corresponding variation trend from upper crust to orogenic belt (even mantle). H—O isotopes show that the ore- forming fluids of the Zaozigou gold deposit derive mainly from magmatic water, as well as the mixture of atmospheric precipitation during the later metallogenic stage. Sulfur isotopes show δ34S range from 14. 7 to -7. 0, with an average value of -10. 3. Through comparison with previous studies, we argue that the sulfur in ores is from magmatic and hydrothermal fluids, with partial low value sulfur from contaminated surrounding rocks. Accordingly, we propose that the formation of the Zaozigou gold deposit is closely correlated with the late magmatic—tectonic activity, and the ore- forming materials are originated from deep quartz diorites.

Abstract:As an important part of the northern sand control belt and an ecological protection area in the lower reaches of Shiyang River, the northern desert area of Minqin Oasis has a low research degree in groundwater hydrochemistry. On the basis of field investigation, exploration and sampling test, the hydrochemical characteristics and cause of groundwater in the northern desert area of Minqin Oasis were analyzed by using the methods of mathematical statistics, Piper trigram, ion correlation analysis, Gibbs diagram and ion proportion coefficient. The results show that the total dissolved solids and hardness of groundwater in the study area are relatively high, and the main hydrochemical type is Cl-·SO2-4－Na+. The groundwater quality can generally meet the needs of planting xerophyte and salt- tolerant vegetation in the ecological barrier area. The hydrochemical evolution of groundwater is dominated by evaporation concentration, accompanied by weathering dissolution and cation exchange. The excessive high nitrate nitrogen in groundwater is related to livestock manure pollution, and the formation of high fluoride water is affected by the original geological environment background. The results not only further improve the research level of groundwater hydrochemistry in the area, but also provide scientific basis for Minqin Oasis protection, the construction of the northern sand prevention belts and the ecological protection and control area in the lower reaches of Shiyang River.

Abstract:The purpose of this paper is to reveal the evolution law and driving mechanism of groundwater chemical characteristics in the Yimu Spring groundwater level funnel area. Methods: Mathematical statistical analysis, ion ratio analysis and hydrogeochemical simulation analysis technology were applied to analyze the variation of groundwater chemical characteristics in the whole process of pre- mining—mining—press- mining. Results: The evolution process of the hydrochemical characteristics of groundwater in the study area is characterized by obvious stages. From the initial stage of mining to the initial stage of pressure mining, the hydrochemical type, TDS and total hardness remained stable, and the hydrochemical type was mainly HCO-3—Ca2+·Mg2+type. During the recovery period of the funnel, the types of groundwater hydrochemical types tended to be complicated, the TDS and total hardness were increased significantly, showing an evolution trend towards salinization and hardening. The hydrochemical components of groundwater in the study area from 1960 to 2010 were mainly controlled by dedolomitization and cation exchange, which was showed the law of natural evolution. After 2010, under the background of funnel restoration, the water—rock interaction process in the vadose zone was intensified, the evolution of groundwater hydrochemistry was controlled by leaching and ion exchange. Conclusions: During the recovery period of the funnel, the impact of human activities on groundwater hydrochemical characteristics gradually emerged. The research results can provide a scientific basis for the protection and restoration of groundwater in the funnel area.

Abstract:7月9日—12日，以“天山联通东西 中亚共聚海内”，“绿色、创新、合作、共享——驱动丝绸之路矿业高质量发展”为主题的“第一届中亚-天山青年地质论坛”在新疆乌鲁木齐成功召开。 本次论坛由中国地质学会主办，青年工作委员会、新疆地质学会和世界青年地球科学家联盟中国委员会等单位联合发起创办，旨在积极落实习近平总书记给山东省地矿局第六地质大队全体地质工作者的重要回信精神，深入贯彻新疆科技创新大会精神，聚焦社会发展重大需求和高质量发展目标，促进西部优势资源转化，推动丝绸之路经济带核心区建设，打造青年地质才俊交流成果、展现风采的区域性国际学术交流平台，推动我国同中亚国家地质事业进步和经济社会发展。

Abstract:Underground space, underground water, shallow geothermal energy and geological materials are important underground geological resources, and collaborative development and utilization is the general trend. Suzhou is both a famous historical and cultural city and a modern international metropolis. The demand for underground geological resources is quite urgent since the development of the city. Through the identification and analysis of multiple underground geological resources, it is found that Suzhou has the ability to develop underground space, groundwater, shallow geothermal energy and geological material resources respectively. If multiple resources are jointly developed, the development and utilization conditions on the plane are better. The vertical scale from shallow underground to sub- deep underground is more suitable for the collaborative development of underground space and geological materials, while the deep layer is more suitable for the collaborative development of shallow geothermal energy. Combined with the development pattern of Suzhou’s land space and the advantageous distribution characteristics of underground resources, it is suggested to adopt the "underground space+shallow geothermal energy" coordinated utilization mode for urban space; It is suggested to adopt the cooperative utilization mode of shallow geothermal energy in agricultural space; Ecological space is based on ecological environment protection.

Abstract:Longshan County of Hunan Province, as one of the important lily production bases in China, has a certain degree of cadmium (Cd) pollution risk in its soil. Meanwhile, lily, as both an edible and medicinal plant, has inconsistent quality and safety standards for food and drug. Therefore, it is of great significance to propose safety zoning of lily planting regions in Longshan County.Methods: 326 samples of surface soil and 70 samples of lily (corresponding to rhizosphere soil samples), which were collected from cultivated land in Longshan County, were analyzed in terms of the Cd contents of soil and lily, as well as oxides, organic matter, pH and other indicators of soil. On this basis, the influencing factors of Cd bioavailability were explored. Accordingly, the prediction model of Cd bioconcentration factors of lily was established to predict the Cd content of lily in cultivated land, and the safety zoning and suggestions for lily planting regions were put forward by combining with the data from geochemical survey of land quality.Results:The results show that the soil is at the risk of Cd pollution and there are some quality and safety problems with lily in study area. The bioavailability of Cd is jointly affected by the CaO, S, P, K2O contents and pH value of soil in study area. Compared with the multiple linear regression model, the random forest model can better predict the Cd bioconcentration factors of lily. The safety zoning of lily planting regions show that the edible lily priority planting regions, the medicinal lily priority planting regions, the medicinal lily secondary planting regions, and the structural adjustment planting regions account for 1. 49%, 92. 71%, 2.88% and 2. 92% in study area, respectively, and it is suggested to energetically develop agricultural products of medicinal lily.Conclusions: The study results effectively connect the safe utilization of Cd- contaminated cultivated land with the quality and safety of the edible and medicinal agricultural products, enhance the method of the safe utilization of contaminated cultivated land and provide scientific supports for promoting the lily industry development of Longshan County.

Abstract:The accidental discovery of high- production gas flow from the unfractured coal measures in well Shuiye 1 shows that the Lower Carboniferous Xiangbai Formation in Weining and its adjacent areas in northwest Guizhou may become a new formation of coal measures gas (CMG) exploration in some areas of the Southwest China. However, the previous geological survey of CMG for the formation in this area is insufficient, there are some differences in the understanding of CMG resources and the prospect spots, and the characteristics of CMG are not considered enough. Methods: In view of this, based on the recent geological survey and the previous basic geological research, the geological conditions and exploration prospect of CMG gas in the Xiangbai Formation in Weining and its adjacent areas are discussed. Results:The results show that the Xiangbai formation in Weining area is a typical set of thin- interbedded coal measures, and has strong CMG display in the lower member of the formation formed in tidal flat and lagoon facies, but the coal measures reservoirs are generally characterized by low porosity and low permeability. It is found that with the increase of buried depth, there is a “critical depth” for the adsorbed gas volume of the reservoirs. Once exceeding this depth, the adsorbed methane volume of coal measures shale rapidly increases, and that of coal seams begins to reduce, but its free gas volume in coal seams may increase, resulting in a significant increase in total gas volume. Conclusions: Based on the comprehensive analysis, it is suggested that the Xiangbiao Formation in Weining area may have the value of comprehensive CMG development when the burial depth is more than 1500 m. Six deep synclines, including the Longjie, Yangchang, Haigaidi, Erdu, Tianxingdong and Yulong ones, are the key structural units for further CMG exploration in Xiangbai formation, and the exploration prospect could be extended to some deep synclines in the east, such as Gemudi, Qinglong and Langdai ones. At the same time, the influence of thrust nappe structure on the preservation of CMG in the formation deserves high attention. Based on the above analysis, the five suggestions on the strategic area selection of CMG exploration in the Xiangbai formation are put forward in principle.

Abstract:Urban geological work is an important foundation for China’s new urbanization strategy and urban development. The urban geological work policy has a huge impact on the deployment and implementation of the work. In 2017, the former Ministry of Land and Resources issued the Guiding Opinions on Strengthening Urban Geological Work (GTZF \[2017\] No. 104), which is the first policy document on urban geological work in China. To understand the implementation effect of this document in the past five years has not been evaluated. Method: Through field survey and questionnaire interview with local government managers and practitioners, this paper evaluates the policy formulation, policy implementation and implementation effect of urban geological work, analyzes the problems and propsoals some advice, and promotes the timely adjustment or correction of urban geological work policies to achieve a virtuous circle. Results: The fact of the policy of urban geological work has made a certain positive effect, promoting the thinking of urban geological work has changed greatly, the content and service field have been greatly expanded, but there are still problems such as the work system is not perfect, the ability to adapt to the new demand is not strong. Conclusion: In order to promote the development of urban geological work in our country, we should further strengthen the construction of legal system, follow up relevant policies, strengthen the existing working system, perfect the coordination and cooperation mechanism of work, and deepen the investment mechanism reform.

Abstract:The continental records of the continental records of the Paleocene—Eocene thermal maximum (PETM) is conducive to carrying out paleoclimate research and revealing the response law of the terrestrial environment to climate change. The aim of this paper is summarizing the PETM research results of typical continental basins in North America, western Europe and China.Methods:Based on summarizing and comparative analysis of lithofacies and carbon isotopes in different sections.Results:First, the comparative analysis shows that the carbon isotope excursion process in continental strata during the PETM can be divided into three phases: Fast negative deviation, low value and slow recovery. Second, concomitant with the carbon isotope excursion that marks the PETM, the lithofacies usually changed to the conglomerate, sandstone body and paleosoil with coarse grains, representing a seasonal intensification of precipitation. Third, mammals and plants on land adapted to rapidly changing environment by evolution, dispersal and local extinction.Conclusions:There are still some problems in the study of PETM continental records in China, such as lack of accurate age constraints and systematic paleontological fossil studies. Future research on PETM should promote the research idea of combining multiple dating methods and multiple index records on the basis of the original profile, and try to find ideal profile in Jianghan Basin and other areas with research potential to carry out systematic work.

Abstract:The Qin- Hang (Qinzhou—Hangzhou) metallogenic belt, situated between the Yangtze Craton and the Cathysia Craton, is an important metallogenic belt in China, and it is of great significance for the study of structure and regional mineralization in South China, and has a crucial guiding value for mineral exploration and prospecting prediction in the future. This study utilized the CNKI (China National Knowledge Infrastructure) database to analyze papers related to Qinzhou—Hangzhou metallogenic belt from 2009 to 2022 using CiteSpace software for literature statistics. The results show a significant increase in the number of articles related to the Qinzhou—Hangzhou metallogenic belt since 2010. A network of cooperative and close relationships has been formed, represented by a typical number of authors. The issuing institutions are mainly based on the “university and research institute” model. In recent years, prospecting in the metallogenic belt, geological characteristics of the mineralization belt, and big data prospecting have emerged as research hotspots of the Qinzhou—Hangzhou metallogenic belt.

Abstract:Crustal anatexis is a significant geological process that plays a crucial role in the differentiation of continental crust and the migration of elements. The Beishan Group, located in the southern edge of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB), underwent amphibolite facies metamorphism and anatexis. The relationship between the Paleoproterozoic amphibolite of the Beishan Group and the related felsic veins suggests that the metamorphic strata of the Beishan Group experienced partial melting, and the melt was segregated and accumulated in situ. Zircon U- Pb chronology indicates that anatexis occurred in the Late Devonian, with the n(206Pb)/n(238U) weighted average ages of zircons from felsic veins being approximately 370 Ma. The age of n(207Pb)/n(206Pb) at one spot is 1623±12 Ma, which is highly consistent with the previous dating results of the Beishan Group reported by others. Although this age is not sufficient to prove it, combined with the other evidence, it may indicate that the source of the felsic veins is the Beishan Group. Furthermore, anatexis is widely developed in the Beishan Rock Group, with a large number of garnet, tourmaline, and mica minerals visible in the outcrop, indicating a high potential for rare- metal mineralization.

Abstract:The spectroscopy, petrology, and sequence stratigraphy were used to study and analyze the cores of the QZ16 Quemocuo Formation in the Maqu area of the Northern Qiangtang Basin, for more accurately classify and identify the stratigraphy and sedimentary facies of the Quemoco Formation. Methods:The infrared spectral reflection technology was used to scan the cores of QZ16 well, analyzes the relative content curve of minerals by using the principle of sequence stratigraphy, well logging and petrology, and identifies the sedimentary facies in combination with the principle of sedimentology.Results: Quartz, gypsum, clay minerals and carbonate minerals were identified and their relative content curves were obtained. According to the test results, the stratum is divided into eight small layers, including Que1 Member: Que1-1, Que1-2, Que1-3; Que2 Member: Que2-1, Que2-2; Que3 Member: Que3-1, Que3-2, Que3-3. Combining with petrology and well logging methods, the sedimentary subfacies can be further divided into alluvial diluvial sediments—channel sediments—floodplain—saline lagoons—desalting lagoons—pre- delta—delta front—pre- delta subfacies.Conclusions: The infrared spectral reflection technology can be used to accurately identify mineral types and obtain their relative content information. This technology has significant advantages in large- scale core scanning and fine stratigraphic division, which can provide scientific basis for the subsequent research on sedimentary system of regional geology.

Abstract:Flood- generated gravity flow (hyperpycnal flow) is the research focus of gravity flow sedimentology in recent years. In the past, the sedimentary dynamic interpretation of hyperpycnal flow was mainly based on the fluid properties supported by turbulence. The possible transformation of its fluid properties and identification of related sedimentary records is still a question for us. Recent studies have revealed that a variety of transitional flows can be formed during the deposition process of gravity flow, with special flow transformation mechanisms and deposition characteristics. Methods: Through the investigation of the literature review, the research progress on the basic characteristics and depositional mechanism of transitional flows is introduced. And, its geological significance for the study of flood- generated gravity flow is also discussed Results: The results show that: under the influence of a small amount of clay, the nature of sediment gravity flow can be transformed from turbulent flow to laminar flow. The transformation of transitional flow mainly depends on the interaction between the clay mineral content related fluid cohesion and the turbulent force controlled by the velocity. During this process, a variety of transitional flows could be formed. Unique bedform types such as large current ripple, low amplitude bed wave with sandy laminae and clay laminae could be generated. Although the experimental study reveals the possible bedform characteristics of transitional flows, the interpretation of transitional flows in the subsurface ancient hyperpycnal flow sedimentary records is still lacking. The transformation mechanism of transitional flows and their sedimentary response in hyperpycnites need to be further explored. The latest research reveals that the special sedimentary bedform related to the transitional flows can be identified in the sedimentary records. The transitional flow deposition could give implications for the sedimentary mechanism of flood - generated gravity flows. Conclusions: Transitional flow sedimentology could provide a new perspective for further understanding the fluid transformation and sedimentary response in the process of gravity flow deposition. And, transitional flow may have a broader range of significance in sedimentary geology research.

Abstract:Traditional methods for identifying fossil organisms often rely on a paleontologist's knowledge and experience, while existing artificial intelligence recognition methods require large amounts of fossil training samples to achieve high accuracy. To address this issue, this paper attempts to use a combination of residual network and attention module and apply it to the identification of fossils in small-sample images.Methods:First, a residual network is used as the model's feature extraction module, and CBAM convolutional attention modules are embedded in the residual blocks of the residual network to improve the model's focus on fossil texture features, extract more comprehensive deep-level fossil image features, then use a prototype network in few-shot metric learning to calculate the extracted features, and finally train the best fossil discrimination model through multiple iterations. Results:This paper compares this method with five classical few-shot learning methods, and experimental results show that this method has the highest recognition accuracy. In the case of 1 and 5 samples, the accuracy is 86.32% and 94.21%, respectively, showing significant advantages in recognizing rare fossil samples.Conclusions: The proposed method in this paper adopts the prototype network, which is a common framework used in few-shot learning, as the backbone. The CBAM convolutional attention module is embedded into the residual block of the ResNet12 residual network to enhance the feature extraction ability of the network. This approach achieves high recognition accuracy with only a small amount of training data for fossil images, which solves the problem of traditional convolutional neural networks requiring a large number of fossil image samples for high accuracy despite the limited availability of such data. However, the current work in this paper only involves training few-shot models on seven species-level categories of fossil images collected, and the fossil dataset still needs further expansion to include more diverse categories. The future research direction of this paper is how to achieve high recognition accuracy using small-sample learning models in situations where multiple categories with significant intra-class differences exist.

Abstract:Fault modeling is the main process in 3D geological structure modeling. In the process of fault modeling, the geometric surfaces should be cut according to the spatial contact or cutting relationship between faults. At present, the most approaches use the TIN intersection for surface cutting, but this algorithm is often unstable when handling the cutting relationship of complex fault surfaces. This paper proposes the method and process of complex fault network processing and automatic modeling based on regular grid, and discusses the core steps such as formal theory expression of fault network model, modeling process, spatial relationship construction of fault network and cutting processing algorithm in detail. Using test data and three- dimensional seismic structure interpretation data of coal mine, this approach can effectively handle multiple fault networks with complex fault relationships, and has good algorithm stability; By comparing with the SKUA—GOCAD fault modeling method, it can reduce the interaction process and improve the automation of fault modeling.

Abstract:River terrace contains a lot of paleo- environmental information such as hydrology, climate and neotectonics. Therefore, terrace research is always an important means to reconstruct the geomorphic process of the basin. In Huishui Basin of Lianjiang River, well- preserved river terraces are perfect indicators for studying the geomorphic evolution process of the basin in Guizhou Plateau.Methods:Through field investigation, the sequence and sedimentary characteristics of terraces were analyzed in different sections along the Lianjiang River. Differential GPS was used to accurately determine the elevation of these terraces. Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating was used to discuss the ages of the terraces.Results:In Huishui Basin, the terraces in the upper reaches along the Lianjiang River are more developed and better preserved than those in the lower reaches. From north to south, the altitude, the elevation above river level and the height difference of the terraces both decrease along the Lianjiang River, which shows the terrain of Huishui Basin tends to converge from upstream to downstream. Along the Lianjiang River, the thickness of terrace gravel layer gradually decreases, the gravel content and size also gradually decrease, and the sandy sediment in terrace gradually increase from the upstream to the downstream. There are more base terraces in the upstream and more accumulation terraces in the downstream. The OSL ages of terrace T1 are from 31. 2±2. 0 ka BP to 14. 7±1. 3 ka BP and those of T2 are from 122. 4±8. 5 ka BP to 66. 9±3. 8 ka BP, which are comparable with the ages of other basins in Guizhou Plateau.Conclusions:Combined with the dating of terraces in other basins of Guizhou Plateau, it is believed that terrace T1 in Huishui Basin was formed from the end of the Late Pleistocene to the early Holocene, and terrace T2 was formed in the middle of the Late Pleistocene. This work hold that the tectonic uplift is the main driving force for the development of river terraces, and the four terraces along the Lianjiang River are the geomorphic records of four tectonic uplifts in Guizhou Plateau since the Pleistocene. The formation of the Huishui Basin records the staged geomorphic transformation process of the basin by eroding upstream and supplying downstream from north to south.

Abstract:H. T. Chang (ZHANG Hongzhao) and J. S. Lee (LI Siguang) are both key people in the field of mordern geosciences in China. In order to boost economic and social development, the first generation of mordern geologists represented by J. S. Lee promoted the geosciences growth in new China（People’s Republic of China) from a difficult start. This article collects the 6 letters written by J. S. Lee to H. T. Chang during this period, with some textual research and brief explanations. A few letters are attached with H. T. Chang’s reply, and one of them is a draft which is even rarer. The contents are mainly related to the establishment of geological institutions at the beginning of new China, which can provide valuable historical information for the study of this period.

Abstract:The Geological Survey Institute of Guangdong and Guangxi is an important geological and mineral resources research institution from 1927 to 1948 for the Nanjing national government of China. After its establishment in 1927, the Institute was mainly responsible for the geological and mineral survey in South China, the compilation of survey reports and the drawing of geological and mineral maps, etc. , which had a far-reaching influence on the regional geodetic geoscience research in modern China. This paper is based on the original documents of the Institute of Geological Survey of Guangdong and Guangxi.

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Abstract:The large- scale gold mineralization in the Jiaodong area is closely related to the Mesozoic Guojialing magmatic activity, but the origin of the Guojialing magma is still controversial. This paper, the Guojialing Congjia pluton, which has a time—space relationship with the gold deposit in the northern part of the Jiaojia gold belt, isselected as the research object. Petrography, geochemistry, LA- MC- ICP- MS zircon U- Pb chronology and Sr—Nd isotope studies are carried out. The Na2O/K2O values of Congjia granite are 0.69～1.23, the Na2O+K2O values 7.29%～9.58%, and the A/CNK values 1.39～1.51, which are peraluminous granites of high potassium calc alkaline series. Congjia pluton is characterized by enrichment of LREE, depletion of HREE, negative Eu anomaly (0.41~0.68), enrichment of LILE such as Ba and Sr, depletion of HFSE such as Nb, Ta and Ti, and high Sr/Y ratio (81.59~235.48). The zircon U- Pb age is 126.07±0.3Ma, which can represent the crystallization age of Congjia pluton. The 87Sr/86Sr value is 0.711463, indicating the participation of mantle derived materials. \[n(87Sr)/n(86Sr)\]i is 0.711117, Nd (t)is -17.14, TDM2 is 3396Ma. Based on analysis, the granite is formed by the mixing of mantle derived basic magma and acidic magma during the remelting of the lower crust. The magma is assimilated and contaminated by Linglong granite during the upwelling process. It is a typical granite formed by the direct participation of mantle derived materials in the mixing of crust and mantle.

Abstract:Based on the regional perspective of northwest China, the paper systematically studied the landscape characteristics, spatial distribution, protection and utilization status of the Danxia Landform(broad sense) in northwest China, and put forward a few future development countermeasures, and preliminarily discusses the protection and utilization mode of the Danxia Landform in northwest China.Methods: Select ninety key Danxia landforms in northwest China, and conduct spatial analysis by Arc GIS based on the geological structure map, use the system to analyze the spatial structure of the locations, the strata, the main landscape types, and the protection and utilization status.Results: In terms of spatial distribution, the Danxia Landform in northwest and the spatial structure of Danxia Landform in northwest is agglomeration, forming five high density areas (Xining Yellow River Basin, Longdong loess plateau area, Linxia-Lanzhou-Baiyin area, Zhangye-Jiayuguan area, and the northern Shaanxi Ganquan-Jingbian area). The loess covered Danxia exists in northwest China, the most typical in Gansu Province and Shaanxi Province; both positive and negative landforms, colorful hills, slit canyons and wave valley type Danxia; Danxia cliff is mostly combined with religious art.Conclusions: The loess covered Danxia exists in northwest China, the most typical in Gansu and Shaanxi provinces; both positive and negative landforms, narrow valleys, wave valley Danxia; Danxia cliffs combined with religious art. In terms of spatial distribution, the Danxia landform in northwest China; using the nearest adjacent index method and nuclear density analysis, the spatial structure of Danxia landform in northwest China is concentrated, forming five high-density areas (Xining Yellow River Basin, Longdong Loess Plateau Area, Linxia-Lanzhou-Baiyin Area, Zhangye-Jiayuguan Area, Northern Shaanxi Ganquan-Jingbian Area). At present, the northwest danxia landform protection using money is not clear, lack of top-level design, danxia brand and IP image has not been established, the future should establish danxia landform vulnerability evaluation and measures system, intensify scientific research, promote the world danxia geological relics brand and IP construction, promote the construction and development of geological culture village danxia landform ecological tourism and studies tourism.The integration of Danxia landform resources is achieved through the combination of protection and utilization.

Abstract:The buried hill strike-slip transfer zone is widely developed in the Bohai Sea, but its development characteristics and reservoir control are weak. Based on drilling, logging, 3D seismic and other data, the development characteristics, genetic mechanism of structural transfer zone and their control effect on buried hill scale reservoirs in northern Liaodong Bay are analyzed. Study shows that under the background of sinistral strike-slip at the late Yanshanian, many types of transfer zones are developed in buried hills in northern Liaodong Bay; based on the interaction of strike-slip faults and the shape of the transfer zone, the buried hill transfer zone in northern Liaodong Bay can be divided into two types: single-branch bending type and double-branch overlapping type; based on the local stress state, it can be further subdivided into 4 subclasses: single-branch anti "S" type, single-branch "S" type, double-branch left-handed right-order and double-branch left-handed left-order transfer zones. Among them, single branch anti "S" type and double branch left-handed right-order transfer zones belong to pressurized transfer zones, and single branch "S" type and double branch left-handed left-order transfer zones belong to pressure relief transfer zones; the compressive torsional dynamic crushing provided by the pressurized transfer zone makes the buried hill develop large-scale fractured reservoir, which is the key to the development of large-scale buried hill reservoir.

Abstract:In the southern margin of North China Craton, a series of alkaline rocks of 1.8 ~ 1.6 Ga were found in Luonan, Shaanxi Province, and the west area of Henan Province. The study of these alkaline rocks can facilitate the understanding of the Paleoproterozoic tectonic environment of the southern margin of the North China Craton. Methods: This paper systematically studied the alkaline intrusive rocks in the Renjiatan-Qiaomaishan area in Luonan County, Shaanxi Province in terms of petrology, LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb dating, Lu-Hf isotope analysis, and petrogeochemistry, and discussed their genetic mechanism and tectonic setting. Results: The results show that the main lithology of the Renjiatan-Qiaomaishan pluton is syenite porphyry, with a weighted average age of 1689±20 Ma ( MSWD=0.12 ), which indicates that the emplacement of the pluton happened in the Paleoproterozoic. The syenite porphyry is rich in alkali ( Na2O+K2O=7.95% ~ 9.5% ) and high in potassium ( K2O=4.67% ~ 8.51% ). The total amount of rare earth elements is high ( 496.2×10-6 ~ 650.2×10-6，average 543.1×10-6 ) , and the fractionation of light ( LREE=454×10-6 ~ 605×10-6 ) and heavy rare earth elements is obvious ( HREE=39.3×10-6 ~ 45.6×10-6 ). The light rare earth elements are relatively rich, while the heavy rare earth elements are deficient, and there is a weak negative europium anomaly. In addition, K , Rb , Ba , Th is rich, while Nb , Ta , P , Ti is deficient, and there is an obvious negative Sr anomaly. The value of εHf (t) is less than 0, the value of TDM1 is 2038 ~ 2218 Ma and TDM2 is 2250 ~ 2516 Ma , indicating that the materials in the magmatic source area are related to the enriched mantle or contaminated by the crustal materials.Conclusions: Therefore, the syenite porphyry in the Renjiatan-Qiaomaishan area is a melt formed by mixing the basaltic magma of the mantle with the medium-acid granitic magma formed by the Taihua complex TTG crust. It was formed in the tectonic environment of an intracontinental rift through strong crystallization differentiation, reflecting a response of the southern margin of the North China Craton to the cracking event of the Columbia Supercontinent.

Abstract:The Indosinian granites in South China are mainly distributed in Hunan，Jiangxi，Guangxi Provinces and their adjacent areas. The large scale of these granites makes them an important research objective in granite petrology of South China. However，there are still questions on their tectonic implication and their relationship with mineralization. Methods:This paper takes the Ziyunshan granitic complex in Shuangfeng County, western Hunan Province, and the Shibanwan granitic complex in Ziyuan County, northeastern Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, as investigated samples，and carries out petrographic，geochemical and zirconological researches on their main intrusive phases and subsequent intrusive phases，Results and Conclusions:(1) The main intrusive phases of the two granitic complexes are a granodiorite for the Ziyunshan complex and a biotite monzogranite for the Shibanwan complex. They show whole- rock compositions of normal granite（e.g.，67.23%~71.94% SiO2and 2.03%~3.73% FeOT），and are enriched in compatible trace elements（e.g.，Ba，Sr，Zr，etc.），with negative Eu anomalies（average Eu/Eu* ratio is 0.49）. Their zircon U- Pb ages and εHf(t) values are 239.6±2.3 Ma and -4.9~-1.0 for the Ziyunshan granodiorite，and 239.7±3.3 Ma and -8.8~-1.1 for the Shibanwan biotite monzogranite，respectively. Therefore，this paper concludes that they belong to the early Indosinian syn- orogenic granites. (2) The subsequent intrusive phases of the two granitic complexes are a muscovite alkali- feldspar granite for the Ziyunshan complex and a two- mica alkali- feldspar granite for the Shibanwan complex，with high SiO2 content (73.92%~76.55%)，low FeOT content（0.71%~1.21%），enriched in compatible trace elements（e.g. Rb，Ta，U，etc.），with strong negative Eu anomalies（average Eu/Eu* ratio is 0.14）；Their zircon U- Pb ages and εHf(t) values are 217.4±2.8 Ma and -7.3~-1.3for the Ziyunshan muscovite alkali- feldspar granite，and 217.4±2.2 Ma and -10.3~-3.1 for the Shibanwan two- mica alkali- feldspar granite，respectively. Therefore，this paper concludes that they belong to the late Indosinian post- orogenic granites. (3) In addition，the U- Pb ages and εHf(t) values of the hydrothermal zircons from the Yuntoujie W deposit in the Shibanwan granitic complex are 217.7±2.8 Ma and -10.5~-3.7，respectively，which are completely similar to the U- Pb ages and Hf isotopic compositions of the hydrothermal zircons from the Shibanwan two- mica alkali- feldspar granite，indicating a direct genetic relationship between the two. This paper proposes that the South China plate was compressed by three plates in the early Triassic，including the Indosinian plate，the North China plate and the Pacific plate，resulting in anatexis of crustal thickening. At ~239 Ma，the compression in this area reached its peak，and the initial granitic magma in the deep- seated magma chamber emplaced in the forceful mechanisms to form syn- orogenic granites（i.e.，the main intrusive phases of the granitic complexes）；after the compression peak，huge amount of granitic magma in deep- seated chamber underwent an ultra- long time of fractional crystallization，resulting in occurrence of residual magma extremely enriched in ore- forming material at the top of magma chamber；At ~225 Ma，the tectonic environment of this area changed from compression to extension，and reached the extension peak at ~217 Ma，when very small volume of highly- fractionated residual magma ascended rapidly along these crustal extensional faults from the deep- seated magma chamber in the permissive mechanisms；Due to the abrupt decrease of pressure and temperature，the highly- fractionated residual magma during the emplacement could split into two portions by fluid—melt immiscibility：ore- forming material- bearing silicious fluid and strongly felsic melt；the former formed the quartz vein- type or greisen- type magmatic—hydrothermal deposits，while the latter formed the post- orogenic granites（i.e.，the subsequent intrusive phases of the granitic complexes）. (4) Based on the peak period of compression（~239 Ma）determined by the ages of the syn- orogenic granites，and the peak period of extension（~217 Ma）determined by the ages of the post- orogenic granites in this area，as well as a large amount of geochronological data of diagenesis and mineralization，this study suggests that the time frame of the Indosinian movement in Hunan，Jiangxi，Guangxi Province and their adjacent areas could be divided into two periods：the early Indosinian（250~225 Ma）in the compression environment and the late Indosinian（225~215 Ma）in the extension environment，and that the majority of magmatic—hydrothermal deposits should be formed during the peak of the late Indosinian extension（~217 Ma）.

Abstract:Satellite gravity field data and wavelet multi- scale analysis methods were used to image the three- dimensional density structure of the Africa Great Rift, and the density disturbance images on multiple depth- equivalent layers of the crust and upper mantle of the Valley were obtained, which provided important supporting evidence for the study of the lithospheric structure and Earth dynamics. The results show that the western rift branch of the middle section of the East African Rift Valley is homologous to the mantle- source melt of the eastern rift valley, but the western branch is not fully developed with later formed time. The kinetic mode of the Great Rift Valley is a tree- shaped bifurcation mode of melt- and- fluid upwelling, which includes: (1) low- density fluid swells up in a large area of the asthenosphere; (2) the melt- and- fluid continues to surge up in the lithosphere, partially converted into basic magma, and the plane area shrinks; (3) after entering the earth's crust, the upwelling molten fluid bifurcates into multiple branches, and the total plane area is further reduced; (4) the melt—fluid only moves in the rift zone after the upsurge to the upper crust, reflecting the volcanic chain and basalt belt.

Abstract:As a convenient, efficient and low-cost research method, geomechanical model experiment can not only present the failure process of engineering intuitively, but also serve as an important research means to understand the overall mechanical characteristics, failure mode and stability of engineering. Therefore, geomechanical model experiments are widely used in the study of various geotechnical engineering problems. Due to the low deformation modulus of geomechanical model materials and their extremely sensitive strain under the same stress conditions, deformation measurement is crucial in model experiments. In order to improve the convenience and accuracy of deformation measurement in geomechanical model experiments, the main methods of deformation measurement in the current geomechanical model are summarized and analyzed. The results indicate that currently, the methods for measuring model deformation mainly include electrical measurement method, optical measurement method, and mechanical measurement method. Among them, electrical measurement method mainly includes resistance strain gauge method and displacement meter method, optical measurement method mainly includes fiber optic sensor method, digital image correlation method, photoelastic patch method, and moire interferometry method, and mechanical measurement method mainly includes percentage meter measurement method and theodolite observation method, through the explanation and comparison of the working principle, main application cases and advantages and disadvantages of various methods. The main difference between the different methods is the difference in the measurement range and the scope of application, among which the percentile meter method is suitable for measuring the deformation of a small area; To measure the internal deformation, the resistive strain gauge method and optical fiber sensor method can be selected; For deformation in larger areas, the displacement meter method and the optical fiber sensor method can be selected; The theodolite observation method can be selected for the specified point displacement; For full-field observation, digital image correlation method, cloud interferometry and photoelastic patch method can be selected. This achievement can provide an experimental reference for the experimental deformation measurement of related geomechanical models.

Abstract:The stromatolites in Ganjingzi Formation, Sinian System(Ediacaaran System， in Liaodong Penisula, are an ideal object for studying the construction of Neoproterozoic microbial carbonate, which is of great significance for restoring paleoenvironment and paleoecology.Methods:Based on field investigation on the Yuanjiagou profile, Fuzhou Bay, Liaodong Penisula, the position of the outlying stromatolites in the Ganjingzi Formation, the macroscopic morphological characteristics of stromatolites, and the morphological changes of stromatolite columns and lamellar structures are identified and recorded. Through the observation of the laminae, the different growth stages of the laminae are distinguished, and the influence of the environment on the bifurcation and morphology of the stromatolite columns are analyzed. The stromatolites building process and characteristics of Neoproterozoic the Ganjingzi Formation stromatolites are reconstructed by comparing them with modern stromatolites. After comprehensive discussion, the growth mechanism of the Ganjingzi Formation stromatolites is summarized.Results: Based on different lithology, the Ganjingzi Formation is divided into three sections from bottom to top in the Yuanjiagou profile, Fuzhou Bay, Liaodong Penisula. Stromatolites appear at the bottom of the Lower Member and the top of the Upper Member of the Ganjingzi Formation. The stromatolites at the bottom produce stromatolite mound or the large- scale stromatolite biostrome at the top. The stromatolites colonize the hard substrate and grow perpendicular to the substrate at the beginning stage. Under the influence of hydrodynamic conditions and photosynthesis, stromatolites gradually grow vertically upward. The stromatolites in the stromatolite mound present a pattern combination of corrugate—columnar—cumulus, and the stromatolites in the stromatolite biostrome present a pattern combination of corrugate—columnar—long columnar, both of which reflect the changing trend of stromatolite morphology with increasing water depth. A comprehensive comparison of modern stromatolites shows that the microstructure of the Ganjingzi Formation stromatolites is similar to that of modern stromatolites, and growth and branch have certain comparability.Conclusions:The stromatolite laminae of the Ganjingzi Formation show different sequences of formation of light laminae and dark laminae. The morphological characteristics of stromatolites show that the growth and branched of stromatolites are affected by the environment to some extent. The formation of stromatolites is subject to environmental changes. The extensive growth of stromatolites requires ample space and a suitable environment. The presence of hard substrates creates favorable conditions for the growth of stromatolites. From micro to macro, the influence of biological factors on the growth and building characteristics of microbial mats gradually increased, while the influence of environmental factors gradually decreased.

Abstract:The Biqigenao granitic complex in northeastern Darhan—Maoming’an Union Banner (Damao Banner) is composed of two phases of intrusions, the lithology of which is granodiorite and monzogranite, the former being the main lithology of the granitic complex . Granodiorite is mainly composed of plagioclase (An= 14~30), quartz, alkali feldspar and amphibole, with mafic microgranular enclave inside; The monzogranite is mainly composed of quartz, alkali feldspar and plagioclase (An = 12~23). Zircon U- Pb dating shows that the granitic complex was formed in the Late Permian, and its formation age is 259 Ma. The main granodiorite with SiO2= 66.37%~68.70% is aluminous—weakly peraluminous (A / CNK = 0.99~1.01), which is characterized by enrichment of light rare earth and large ion lithophile elements, depletion of heavy rare earth and high field strength elements, belongs to I- type granite; mafic microgranular enclave is rounded or elongated flat lenticular, and the age is consistent with the granodiorite, which is the product of magma mixing; Monzogranite is high silica granite (SiO2= 71.51%~73.09%), alkali- rich (Na2O + K2O = 7.91%~8.61%) and weakly peraluminous to strongly peraluminous (A / CNK=1.07~1.11), is a differentiated I- type granite. The εHf (t) of Ziron distribution range is -3.0~3.4, and the corresponding Hf isotope two- stage model age is 1473~1057Ma. It has relatively low (87Sr/86Sr) i value (0.704829~0.705327), ε Nd (t) value is -5.85~-8.86, and the corresponding Nd two- stage model age is 1.69~1.45 Ga. Based on the regional research data, it is considered that the Biqigenao granitic complex is formed by mixing the depleted mantle component with the partially melted ancient crustal material induced by it, and belongs to the post- collisional granite.

Abstract:The Fuling pluton is a granitic body located in the adjacent area of Anhui and Zhejiang provinces, in the eastern section of the Jiangnan Orogenic Belt. The magmatic rocks are distributed along the Ningguo-Jixi deep fault extending near the NE direction. The research work on the Yulongchuan(γ53 -2) unit granite in Fuling pluton has been carried out in this paper.Methods: Based on the field work, we finished microscope observation, whole-rock geochemical analysis, LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb dating and in situ Lu-Hf isotope geochemistry for the Yulongchuan (γ53 -2 ) unit granite.Results: The LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb dating shows that the emplaced age of the granite is 131.75±0.91Ma, which is the product of magmatic activity in the late stage of the Jiangnan Orogenic Belt. The pluton is rich in silica and alkali, and poor in calcium and iron. The characteristics of trace elements show that there are higher Rb, Th, U, Ga, Zr and Y contents, and there are lower Sr , Ba and Nb. The rare earth element pattern curve presents a typical "seagull" distribution, showing strong negative Eu anomalies. Negative anomalies of Ba, Sr and Nb are found in the primitive normalized mantle spider map of trace elements. The zircon εHf (t) of Fuling granite varies from -7.0 to -4.6, and the two-stage model age (TDM2) ranges from 1478 to 1630Ma. Conclusions: The high SiO2 content, Rb/Sr value and low Ba and Sr content show that the Fuling granite has the typical characteristics of the A-type granite in the eastern part of Jiangnan Orogenic Belt, southern Anhui Province. The Fuling pluton has the characteristics of homologous magmatic evolution, and the separation and crystallization of apatite and ilmenite minerals may exist in the source area, while the separation of pyroxene minerals is less. The source rocks of Fuling pluton are mainly derived from partial melting of mafic rocks in the crust, and their geochemical characteristics are inherited from the source rocks. The Fuling granite may have been formed by partial melting of the ancient lower crust in Mesoproterozoic, and its source material is mainly the ancient lower crust. The formation of Fuling pluton may be influenced by collision. The Fuling pluton was formed in post-collision.The Mesoproterozoic basement rocks were melted on a large scale, resulting in the formation of Fuling A-type granite.

Abstract:Objectives: The Sinian—Cambrian natural gas resources are abundant in Sichuan basin. In recent years, two giant gasaccumulating areas with two trillion cubic meters reserves have been discovered in the central Sichuan palaeouplift and northern slope areas of the Sichuan Basin. In order to clarify the scale of natural gas resources and future exploration directions in this field, and to create a practical and feasible evaluation method for crude oil cracking gas resources, this study was conducted. Methods: Based on the basic understanding that the natural gas in this area came from the cracking of crude oil in ancient oil reservoirs, the resource amount of crude oil cracking gas was calculated according to the technical route of kerogen generating oil and then cracking gas from ancient oil reservoirs. The formation thickness maps, lithofacies palaeogeography maps, comprehensive evaluation maps of hydrocarbon source rock, erosion thickness maps and oil generation dynamics parameter plates were inputted to PetroMod 3D basin simulation software, and the 3D geological model was established to calculate oil generation in five primary tectonic units, Then, the oil migration and accumulation coefficient, oil cracking rate, gas loss rate and the partition coefficient of Cambrian oil migration were discussed, and the calculation formula of natural gas loss coefficient was established, eventually the conventional natural gas resources of the Sinian and Cambrian were obtained. Results: The oil generation history of the basin and five primary tectonic units has been restored, and the critical moment of the formation of ancient oil reservoirs has been clarified. The conventional natural gas resources of the Sinian Cambrian in the entire basin and five primary tectonic units have been obtained. Conclusions: In Sichuan Basin, oil generation quantity of the Cambrian was 105 × 1012t, with 033 × 1012t for the Sinian. From the perspective of the whole basin, there is a small amount of oil generation in Ordovician, and a large amount of hydrocarbon generation has started since Silurian, of which Permian Triassic is the main oil generation period. Since Cretaceous, Source rock has entered a high maturity period, oil generation has stopped, and ancient oil reservoirs began to crack. The ancient oil reservoir was formed during Triassic Early and Jurassic, and the key moment for the formation of the ancient oil reservoir is the end of Triassic. The conventional natural gas resources of the Sinian and Cambrian in the whole basin are 1343 trillion cubic meters, including 543 trillion cubic meters in Cambrian and 80 trillion cubic meters in Sinian. Apart from central Sichuan, southern and eastern Sichuan have great exploration potential, especially the platform margin zone and intraplatform granular beach located on both sides of Deyang—Anyue rift in southern Sichuan are the practical areas for further exploration.

Abstract:

Abstract:In 1938, the discovery of the first dinosaur fossil (Lufenglong) in Yunnan marked the beginning of the Jurassic dinosaur explosion in Yunnan. After generations of geologists’ continuous research and excavation, the discovery of dinosaur fossils extended from the Lufeng area to the outside, followed by discoveries in Yimen, Yuanmou, Jinning, Wuding and Shuangbai area in Yunnan, However, the discovery of these dinosaur fossils is concentrated in the central and eastern parts of the Chuxiong Basin, and there have been no reports on the western region of the Chuxiong Basin.Results: Through a comprehensive and systematic investigation of paleontological fossils, the authors discovered for the first time the origin of dinosaur bone fossils in the Fengjiahe Formation of the Lower Jurassic in the Xiangyun area of western Yunnan. A preliminary fossil profile investigation and repair were conducted on the new origin, and a total of 5 enriched layers of dinosaur fossils were found. Some of the preserved fossils are relatively complete, mainly including the intestines, vertebrae, ischium, and humerus. Conclusions:This discovery and research have broadened the distribution range of dinosaur fossils in Yunnan, filling the gap in the absence of dinosaur fossils in the western part of the Chuxiong Basin, greatly enriching the Early Jurassic dinosaur fossil pool in Yunnan, and providing important paleontological fossil research materials for the evolution of the ancient environment and stratigraphic correlation in the western part of the Chuxiong Basin.

Abstract:More than 30 red graben basins developed along some regional fault zones in Jiangxi Province from Late Cretaceous to Paleogene. These red basins with thick continental clastic sediments were the basis for the formation of Danxia landform. The evolutional stages of 228 sites of the Danxia landforms in Jiangxi Province were studied and show that: Most Danxia landforms sites locate in the northern and western piedmont of the Wuyi Mountains. Based on the satellite remote sensing and DEM data, the hypsometric integral simulation analysis of the Danxia landforms in this area is carried out. Evolutional stages of the Danxia landform are late mature to early old- age stage, and there is a tendency from south to north, shifting to higher evolution stage in the spatial distribution. Joints and the uplift of the Wuyi Mountains play an important role in the evolution of the Danxia Landforms in Jiangxi Province, which is shown as follows: (1) the cliffs, thin strip of sky, lane valleys, stone walls, stone camp, peak clusters, peak forests and other landscapes developed in Longhu Mountain, Jiuxian Lake, Xianyan, Hamawu, Zhetingshan and Guifeng peak are all related to joints. (2) Water erosion and other external forces play an important role in the stripping and leveling of Danxia landform. Statistics show that the closer to the Wuyi Mountains, the denser the peaks and the steeper the cliffs of Danxia landform, indicating that the uplift of the Wuyi Mountains is directly related to the development of the Danxia landform. In general, the red beds in Jiangxi Province provide the sediment source for the development of the Danxia landforms, and the uplift of the Wuyi Mountains controls the evolution stage of the Danxia landforms. It is worth noting that whether the joints in Danxia landform area is resulted from the uplift of the Wuyi Mountains needs to further study.

Abstract:Well log identification and quantitative evaluation of source rock are very important for potential exploration of oil and gas resources, reserve evaluation and unconventional oil and gas exploration and development. The well log evaluation of source rock is still limited due to the variations in lithology and maturity of source rocks, and different sensitivity degrees of various response of well log series, as well as differences in the applicability of various methods. At present, it is in an urgent need to further unravel the source rock information contained in geophysical well log data, and to build a bridge between source rock quality and well log information. In addition, it is also in great need to finely characterize the source rock quality of self- generation and self- storage unconventional hydrocarbon using well logs. In this paper, the classification and geological characterization parameters of source rock are firstly clarified. Then the log response characteristics of different types of source rock in conventional log series and advanced logging techniques such as image logs and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance logging (NMR) are analyzed. The response characteristics of source rock are usually shown by “four high values and one low value” (high natural gamma ray, high sonic transit time, high neutron, high resistivity but low density). In addition to single factor analysis, the crossplots and sensitive parameters can be selected to accomplish the qualitative identification of source rock. The quantitative prediction of total organic carbon content (TOC) and other parameters of source rock can be realized by ΔlgR method, modified ΔlgR method (variable baseline and changing coefficient), natural gamma ray spectrum logging method, multiple regression method, Litho Scanner logging data method and artificial intelligence method. The advantages and disadvantages of different TOC content logging methods and their application conditions are reviewed, and then the comprehensive well log evaluation of source rock quality can be realized by TOC prediction combined with the calculation of hydrocarbon generation potential and other parameters. Finally, the existing problems and development trend in the logging identification and quantitative evaluation of source rock are analyzed in order to provide theoretical guidance and technical support for the evaluation of oil and gas resource, and for unconventional oil and gas exploration and development.

Abstract:In order to further explore the genesis of theTangwan uranium deposit，the gangue mianeral pyrite was the main study object. Based on the detailed field and indoor petrographic observation，the pyrite was divided into three period including four stages: early metallogenic period（pyⅠ）， main metallogenic period（two stage： pyⅡa、pyⅡb）and late- metallogenic period（pyⅢ）.Methods:EPMA and LA- ICP- MS technologies were used to conduct in- situ testing and analysis of major, trace elements and sulfur isotopes of pyrite at each stage. Results:The results showed that the Fe content of pyrite in Tangwan uranium deposit is 45.80% -46.80%, the S content is 51.85% -3.84%, and the n(S)/n(Fe) ratio is 1.96~2.03. The trace elements in pyrite were few in variety and low in content, some of which were lower than that of the test line. As, Se, Ag, Sb, Au, Bi and U were significantly enriched relative to the continental crust, and As content was the highest, with an average of 1587×10-6. Co/Ni values range from 1.07 to 59.13. The total amount of rare earth elements was low and the main mineralization period was relatively high. The REE of pyrite in each period showed a similar distribution pattern, which highly similar to granite surrounding rock, and the negative europium anomaly is obvious (Eu is 0.12~0.44). The δ34S values of pyrite was -3.1%～-19.9%, pyⅠ, pyⅡa, pyⅡb, and pyⅢ showed a significant decrease followed by an increase. Conclusions:Based on the above geochemical characteristics, it’s considered that pyrite in Tangwan uranium deposit was rich in As and deficient in S, which was favorable for uranium mineralization. Each period pyrite belongs to the medium to low temperature magmatic hydrothermal origin, and its material comes from the granite surrounding rock. Combining the geochemical characteristics of pyrite in different stages, the geological characteristics of the deposit and the theory of uranium mineralization, it is considered that the ore- forming fluid of Tangwan deposit from the early metallogenic stage, the main metallogenic stage to the late metallogenic stage consistently shows a relative reduction environment, and has undergone the evolution of relative oxidation reduction and relative oxidation, and the mineralization temperature has gradually decreased. Pyrite played an important role in reducing the precipitation of uranium in the fluid．

Abstract:The Shixi area is located in middle of eastern margin of Ordos Basin, where tight sandstone gas resources are abundant. It is important in theory and practice to find out the development of source rocks and their controlling for oil and gas exploration. Methods: In this paper, the source rock samples of the Benxi Formation, Taiyuan Formation and Shanxi Formation from the Well SX- 16 in Shixi area were collected, and their organic and elemental geochemistry characteristics were determined by Leco CS- 200, Rock- Eval 6, ICP- OES and ICP- MS.Results: It may be concluded that the average values of total organic carbon content, hydrocarbon generation potential (S1+S2) and hydrogen index (HI) of carbonaceous mudstone are 4.50%, 0.52‰ and 829.16‰, respectively. The average values of total organic carbon content(TOC), hydrocarbon generation potential (S1+S2) and hydrogen index (HI) of coal are 61.53%, 4.41‰ and 723‰. The ratios of V/(V+Ni), Ni/Co, V/Cr, δU, Sr/Ba and Sr/Cu indicate that the high quality source rocks were deposited in a warm and humid environment with high salinity and oxidation—reduction environment. During the deposition process from the Benxi Formation to Shanxi Formation, the reducibility of sedimentary water tends to decrease gradually. The paleo- productivity index (NiEF and CuEF) shows that the paleo- productivity of the Shanxi Formation is the highest, followed by the Taiyuan Formation and the Benxi Formation.Conclusions: The main controlling factors of organic matter enrichment in source rocks in the study area are paleoredox environment and paleosalinity, and paleoclimate and paleoproductivity level play an important role in the enrichment of organic matter in source rocks.

Abstract:To identify the four geothermal elements of source, channel, cover, and reservoir in the Nyingchi geothermal field in the eastern Himalayan Syntaxis of the Qinghai—Xizang(Tibet) Plateau, writers completed a two- dimensional inversion of two audio- frequency magnetotelluric (AMT) survey lines and proposed two- dimensional resistivity models of the Nyingchi geothermal field. Combining with previous magnetotelluric and seismic results, the following understandings were obtained: (1) There is a low velocity and high conductive body at depths of 10~20 km in the study area, which is formed due to the large scale near east—west distribution and upward extension of the crust. (2) The deep heat source is composed of the crustal melting of low velocity and high conductive body and radioactive heat production. (3) The deep faults in the upper crust are the main channels for the upwelling of hot materials, and the Lulang—Yigong fault and the Jiali—Chayu fault are important thermal conduction channels due to high- pressure shear. (4) A high resistance layer 10 km thick in the upper crust is a cover layer of the deep heat sources, and the shallow Triassic sandstone slate, strong regolith, and the schist dominated by the Zhenba Formation of the Meso—Neoproterozoic Lingzhi Group serve as thermal reservoirs. (5) The atmospheric precipitation and groundwater permeate and circulate along the shallow small fracture to the high- temperature heat storage location, and then form high- temperature water resources.

Abstract:This paper provided petrography, LA- ICP- MS zircon U- Pb age, and zircon Hf isotopes of the Middle Jurassic sandstone in Hanshuiquan area, Santanghu Basin, eastern Junggar, analyses the source of clastic materials and its indication for sandstone- type uranium mineralization.Methods：Based on the field work, through the microscopic observation, the LA- ICP- MS zircon U- Pb isotopic chronology, and the LA- ICP- MS zircon Lu—Hf isotopes of malmstone.Result：The detrital zircon ages of the sandstone in the Middle Jurassic Xishanyao Formation are mainly distributed in the Late Paleozoic, and the peak ages of the two samples are 328 Ma and 340 Ma. The detrital zircon εHf(t) ranges from 8.9 to 14.7, and the two- stage model age ranges from 690 to 415 Ma. Detrital zircon ages from the sandstone in the Toutunhe Formation can be divided into three sections: 238~163 Ma, 505~259 Ma and 1950~744 Ma. Detrital zircon εHf(t)is -6.5~12.1, and the two- stage model age is between 1709~575 Ma. Conclusion：The Xishanyao Formation has a single source of material, mainly from the western Karamaili Maiqinwula and Yemaquan regions; the source of the Toutunhe Formation is relatively complex, and in addition to the detrital material from the Karamaili region, it also receives supply from other regions. The sudden change in age characteristics of detrital zircons between the two represents a severe tectonic deformation event in the Middle Jurassic of the East Junggar region. The source characteristics indicate that the uranium content in the Middle Jurassic strata in the Hanshuiquan area is relatively limited, and uranium source is an important factor limiting the mineralization of sandstone type uranium deposits in the area.

Abstract:Detailed stratigraphy and provenance analysis have been conducted in the Jurassic Shiguai Basin, with aims at constructing the basin’s depositional architecture and facies distribution, tracing provenance’s tectonic position and uplifting history, and finally discussing the Jurassic geomorphic evolution in the Daqing Mountains area.Methods: Conventional sedimentological methods were applied in this study, including detailed logging in six available sections, restoring paleo-drainage system, and calculating detrital/gravel composition in sandstones and conglomerates. Based on these works, along with published studies of growth strata, isotopic dating and structural deformation, depositional architecture and facies distribution can be well reconstructed.Conclusions:The Shiguai Basin is the most well-preserved Jurassic basin among the Yinshan Mountains belt, whose depositional process and detrital composition document the Jurassic geomorphic evolution of the Daqing Mountains area. The Lower Jurassic Wudanggou Fm. and the Middle Jurassic Zhaogou Fm. constitute the lower part of the basin fill, and record an extensional setting. During the initial rifting, southern part of the basin deposited coarse-grained alluvial fan system duo to adjacent steep topography, and gravel composition within these deposits reveals the unroofing process of proximal high-grade metamorphic terrane. The late stage of rifting was characterized by thermal subsidence, and meanwhile the flooding surface reached its maximum. During the same interval, material sourced from sedimentary rocks increased markedly in the Zhaogou Fm., indicating the ongoing deplanation and the corresponding tectonic quiescence. After then, the Late-Middle Jurassic saw a tectonic inversion occurring in the Daqing Mountains area. This event formed the nearly E-trending Daqing Mountains fold-and-thrust belt which involved the southern part of the previous rifting basin into compressive deformation. However, these young structures were probably blind and their actives seemed not to cause obvious uplifting. On the contrary, basin’s northern margin denudated dramatically at the same time, as evidenced not only by the marginal deposition of the Changhangou Formation and Daqingshan Formation merely occurring in the northern part of the Shiguai Basin, but also by alternative unroofing of the deep and shallow materials in the Yinshan Mountains belt. This character that the north terrane uplifted higher than the south, could be attributed to the reactivation of regional faults beside the Yinshan Mountains belt, and also can be considered as remote response to the Late Mesozoic multi-plate convergence in East Asia.

Abstract:The reserves of phosphate rock resources are abundant in the Mabian area. In the previous prospecting work, remarkable prospecting results have been achieved in the exploration of sedimentary phosphate rock. There are 17 mining rights of phosphate rock in the Mabian area. The mining or exploration minerals are all phosphate rock. Only 3 mining rights are attached to the mining of lead—zinc ore, and 1 mining right is attached to the mining of fluorite ore. The mineral exploration and development in the Mabian area presents a situation of single mineral species and narrow space. Based on the prospecting results in recent years, it is suggested to construct a new pattern of multi- space exploration and development of phosphorus—fluorite—lead—zinc—copper multi- minerals in Mabian area, and to deploy comprehensive prospecting work with sedimentary phosphorus ore, hydrothermal fluorite—lead—zinc ore and sandstone- type copper ore as the main direction, mainly including the exploration of increasing reserves and production in the upper and deep parts of the existing mines, the comprehensive prospecting work in the blank area and the corresponding scientific and technological innovation work, so as to strive to produce actual results for the new round of strategic action of prospecting breakthrough and play an important role in ensuring the supply security of key mineral resources in China.

Abstract:Groundwater is a critical and strategic water resource, and its scientific development, utilization, and protection are related with the collaborative healthy development of human society and ecosystems. Therefore, groundwater has always been one of a hotpot and focus in natural science. This paper presents a statistical analysis of the funding of groundwater science from National Natural Science Foundation of China during 1986 to 2022. The current status of groundwater scientific research is summarized based on the discipline distribution, project types and primary research directions of funded projects. Current gaps and bottlenecks are revealed, and the development trend of groundwater science is assessed. The study results indicate that first of all, the number and types of funded projects in the field of groundwater science are increasing rapidly. Secondly, groundwater science is intersected closely with other disciplines via more and more frequency, representing a “multi-point flower” in the application and funding projects. Thirdly, groundwater science, as a branch of Earth science, is facing new opportunities and challenges. Many major scientific issues need to be addressed urgently, so further efforts are needed to enlarge the financial support to major projects. Fourthly, groundwater science research has the potential to intersect with more related fields, such as oceanography, chemistry, meteorology, and atmospheric science. The National Natural Science Foundation of China can serve as a cultivation platform for the intersection of groundwater science and other disciplines.

Abstract:Due to the lack of traditional paleothermal indicators/geothermometer, the evolution of basin thermal history and paleothermal field characteristics of the deep and ultra- deep carbonate formation in the western basin of China are controversial.Methods:Taking calcite in the Wufeng—Longmaxi Formation in southern Sichuan as an example, combined with fluid geochemistry and thermal evolution history, calcite mechanical twins can effectively reveal the thermal history characteristics of Wufeng—Longmaxi FormationResults:Calcite mechanical twins have three evolution processes: twins dislocation formation, twins thickening and merging of thickened lamellage , resulting in different twins structures (thin, tabular thick, curved and tapered etc.) formed in environments below 170℃, 170~200℃ and greater than 200℃, respectively, and with the increase of temperature, there are trend characteristics of decreasing twin density and increasing width. The Wufeng—Longmaxi Formation in Weiyuan area of southern Sichuan developed typical tabular thick calcite twins, with a width of 1~4 um and a density of 30~50 pieces/mm. The calcite twins of Changning Wufeng—Longmaxi Formation has a large width (about 3 um) and a low density (15~20 pieces/mm). The inclusion homogenization temperature and thermal evolution history showed that the peak of homogenization temperature in Changning was 120~140℃, 160~180℃ and 200~220℃, and their buried heat history was significantly greater than that in Weiyuan area, which together revealed that the Wufeng—Longmaxi Formation in Changning area had a higher temperature for mechanical twins formation compared with Weiyuan area.Conclusions:Calcite mechanical twins morphological geometry can be applied as a typical geothermometer to the study of the thermal history of deep carbonate formation in western China.

Abstract:The enrichment of organic matter in sedimentary basins is the essential process of hydrocarbon source rock deposition, and the paleoproductivity is the most important factor to control this process. The Wenchang Sag is one of the main hydrocarbon- generating sags in the Pearl River Mouth Basin. A lot of researches have been carried out in the Wenchang Sag, including the distribution of hydrocarbon source rocks, the abundance, type, and maturity of organic matter, and the hydrocarbon- generating potential, etc. However, the researches on paleoproductivity and organic matter enrichment mechanism need to be strengthened sequentially. Therefore, in this paper the composition and distribution of paleoproductivity during the sedimentary period of hydrocarbon source rock in the Wenchang Sag were analyzed to provide support for the followed study of organic matter enrichment mechanism. Methods: The analysis of TOC content and rock pyrolysis was conducted using a CS- 230 carbon—sulfur analyzer in The Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education of Terrestrial Shale Oil and Gas Formation and Efficient Development, Northeast Petroleum University. The analysis of major and trace element contents was carried out in Suzhou Sike Geological Exploration Technology Service Co. , LTD. The samples were analyzed for major element concentrations by a Axios mAX X- ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometer. The samples were analyzed for trace element concentrations by a NexION 300D inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Further details are described by Ma Pengfei et al. (2015) and Gao Ping et al. (2015). The analysis of kerogen macerals and saturated hydrocarbon GC- MS were conducted at The Analysis and Testing Center of CNOOC Zhanjiang Branch Company. The instrument used for the saturated hydrocarbon GC- MS analysis was an Agilent 5977B chromatography mass spectrometer. Results: The macerals of kerogen in the source rocks from the 2nd Member of Wenchang Formation (E1w2) are mainly composed of sapropelic group. While the macerals of kerogen in the source rocks from the 1st Member of Enping Formation (E1e1) are mainly composed of vitrinite and inertinite. The distribution of n- alkanes is mainly front unimodal or bimodal in the E1w2 source rock, and it is mainly post unimodal or bimodal in the E1e1 source rock. The distribution of C27—C29 regular steranes shows a “V” shape in the Wenchang Sag. The average ratio of (W+T)/C30H in E1w2 and E1e1 source rocks is 0. 38 and 2. 03, respectively. Conclusion: Organic matter in the E1w2 and E1e1 source rocks of the Wenchang Sag are both mixed sources. The aquatic organism in the E1w2 source rock has a greater contribution, with a higher proportion of in- situ organic matter. While the terrestrial higher plant in E1e1 source rock has a greater contribution. The E1e1 source rock has a higher total productivity index whose distribution has strong heterogeneity. During the sedimentary period of the E1e1 source rock, the total productivity index in the northern gentle slope zone is lower than that in the southern steep slope zone, and the high value of the total productivity index is mainly distributed in the places of provenance input and the central areas of the basin.

Abstract:Grain- size distribution is the information carrier of depositional environment for sediments. The evolution processes from river- bed sand- wave to aeolian dune is in complicated and special sedimentary dynamic mechanism. In order to discuss fluvial——aeolian dune depositional environment features, modern sedimentary of low- beach at the head of Tianxing Central- bar in Wuhan section of Yangtze River was investigated in this paper. Methods:68 sediment samples were taken in different depositional environment, and grain- size distributions are acquired by corresponding experiment. Based on this data set, 4 grain- size end- members, EM1, EM2, EM3 and EM4, are optimized and extracted from each grain- size distribution using end- member analysis. Similarities and differences of grain- size end- members in different depositional environments are discussed further. Results: The results show that percentage of EM1 and EM3 components in grain- size distribution are well linear positive and negative correlation with grain- size median respectively. Fluvial sediments are mainly transported by jumping subpopulation which is composed of EM1, EM2 and EM3 components; EM4 component suggests the rolling subpopulation and its percentage is about 5%~10%; suspending subpopulation is few. Aeolian sand- ripple sediments include 2 jumping subpopulations; EM2 is dominant end- member, EM1 and EM3 are secondary components, few EM4 components. In the leeward slope of the dune, sediments slump by grain- flow downslope; EM2 is primary, and EM1 and EM3 is secondary components; percentage of EM4 components is about 5%. Some dune wave- troughs are not been transformed by wind, and not covered by aeolian sand- ripples. These sediments recorded the depositional environment characteristics of fluvial and small stagnant water simultaneously; corresponding fluvial rolling subpopulation, percentage of EM4 components is about 7%~15%; percentage of suspending subpopulations may be up to 20%. Conclusions: Grain- size end- member extracted in this paper offers reference information for researching sedimentary environments and evolutionary processes of small- scale fluvial—aeolian dune in river channel with weak wind.

Abstract:Through the analysis and study of the present situation of the management and service of the physical geological data in 31 provincial-level museums in China(未包括台港澳), this paper understands the progress of the construction of the physical database, grasps the situation of its storage and the degree of its digitization, this paper sums up the situation of service utilization, and advances some problems existing in the staffing, storage capacity, digitization degree and service utilization of provincial-level libraries, some suggestions are put forward as follows: （1）the physical management staff should be reasonably provided; （2）the storage capacity of physical warehouse should be improved; （3） the core digitalization process should be accelerated; and fourthly, the service efficiency should be deepened. The purpose is to provide reference for the decision-making and deployment of the national physical geological data management.