Abstract:

Abstract:Isostasy is a fundamental concept in Earth Sciences, based on the idea that a lighter crust floats on a denser mantle. The emergence and development of isostatic theories (e.g., Punching Hypothesis and Elastic Plate Theory) and models (e.g., Airy model, Pratt model and Flexure model) are of great significance for the study of geodynamic processes, such as the rheological properties of the lithosphere, interactions between the Earth’s spheres and orogenesis. We summarized the isostatic theories, classical models and calculation methods and its application in tectonic geomorphology on variable spatial scales. These examples include the optimization of different glacier isostatic rebound models and its significance to the implication of global sea level change, clarifying the development process and restricting factors of seamounts and ocean islands, using the elastic plate models to reconstruct the history of mountain uplift and basin flexural subsidence and further exploring the interaction between them, constraining physical parameters of the earth according to the shoreline deflection, building the river delta development model to service in the modern social economy, revealing the relationship between the crust flexural deformation caused by reservoir impoundment and the development of geohazards, and coseismic landslides' influence on local landscape evolution. Finally, we discussed and prospected the future development direction of isostasy in tectonic geomorphology research, that is to solve the problems of key areas quantitatively by combining with high- precision geodesy and geochronology methods, and further study the interaction among surface processes, deep earth processes and dynamics, of the Earth’s spheres, comprehensively and systematically.

Abstract:The continental collision orogens are formed by the high coupling and spatio—temporal evolvement of the selforganizing system —— deformation, metamorphism and anatexis. Those three geologic processes are trinity. Therefore, it is significant to understand the dynamics of the collision orogens from this study. In this study, we summarized the research progress of deformation, metamorphism and anatexis in the continental collision orogens. Meanwhile, we review the research status and existing problems of deformation, metamorphism and anatexis in eastern Himalayan syntaxis, we also discussed and prospected the future research direction of this area.

Abstract:The Sumdo high pressure metamorphic belt in the central and eastern part of Lhasa block is an important place for revealing the formation and evolution of Lhasa block. The Sumdo metamorphic belt records processes for the subduction and closure of the Paleo- Tethys Ocean. Numerous studies on eclogites and the country rocks have been carried out in the Sumdo metamorphic belt, but the peak P—T conditions are not well constrained and the metamorphic evolution is still controversial. In this contribution, we summarize the petrological characteristics of eclogites in different areas in Sumdo and the peak P—T conditions on the (U)HPM using different methods. The broad peak P—T conditions of the Sumdo high pressure metamorphic belt in the range of 465~880℃ and 2.5~3. 9 GPa can be explained by different calculation methods and exhumation mechanisms. Our study shows that the phase equilibrium calculation is more suitable to constrain the metamorphic process of the low- temperature eclogites compared with conventional geothermobarometry.

Abstract:The Darbute ophiolites, located in the southwestern CAOB, are the products of the expansion, subduction, closure of the ancient Asian ocean basin in the CAOB and record the history of formation and tectonic evolution of the ocean basin. Scholars have not obtained a unified understanding of the tectonic background of the formation of Darbute ophiolites. To explore the tectonic evolution process represented by the ophiolite, this author presents a new constraint on the genesis and tectonic setting of the Darbute mantle peridotite through detailed mineral geochemistry and its oxygen isotope study using the mantle peridotite in the Darbute ophiolite as the object of study.Methods: The author conducted a detailed mineral geochemical and oxygen isotopic study of mantle peridotite in the Darbute ophiolite.Results: The olivine Ni/Co values in the Darbute mantle peridotite are 21~22, and the Ni/Mn ratios are 3. 0~7. 8, which represent the residual components of partial melting. In addition, the incompatible elements in the peridotite are deficient relative to the normal mantle peridotite, indicating that the harzburgite is a partial melt remnant component. The spinel Cr# of 47~52, TiO2 content of 0. 01%~0. 04%, and olivine Fo of 90. 34%~90. 98% indicate that the harzburgite experienced >20% partial melting. The values of olivine δ18O olivine +5. 1‰~+6. 2‰ and clinopyroxene δ18Ocpx +5. 6‰~+6. 9‰ in the harzburgite, which vary widely and are generally higher than the δ18O values of olivine and clinopyroxene in the normal mantle. The oxygen isotope fractionation coefficients between minerals Δ18OOpx—olivine average -0. 3‰ and Δ18OOpx—cpx average -0. 7‰, which are significantly different from the equilibrium oxygen isotope fractionation coefficients in the normal mantle, and have obvious metasomatism characteristics. Combined with the characteristics of trace elements depleted in peridotite olivine, it is believed that peridotite may be affected by fluid metasomatism. Comparing the compositions of spinel and clinopyroxene in mantle peridotite produced in different tectonic environments, the major elements of spinel and clinopyroxene in this paper have transitional characteristics between fore- arc and abyssal mantle peridotite, similar to the mantle peridotite formed in the initial stage of subduction.Conclusions: Combining the mineral geochemistry and oxygen isotope characteristics, writers believe that the Darbute mantle peridotite was formed in the initial subduction environment from of the fore- arc region. Initial subduction of the plate leads to the spreading of the pre- arc region to form a new oceanic crust, and the upwelling of asthenosphere material due to decompression melting to form MORB- like melts. With the subduction of the plate, the melting of the crustal source material to form melt/fluid intrusion into the mantle wedge, which greatly enhancing the partial melting of the depleted mantle and forming the refractory harzburgite. At the same time, high δ18 O fluids formed by dehydration of Crustal sourced material during subduction interacted with mantle peridotites resulting in an unbalanced oxygen isotopic signature between minerals and minerals. The Darbute peridotites were formed by the interaction between peridotites and the MORB- like melt of upwelling asthenosphere, the melt/fluid from subducted crustal material.

Abstract:Pusangguo is the only cobalt- rich skarn copper polymetallic deposit found in the Gangdese metallogenic belt in Xizang (Tibet) in recent years. It has high grade of copper, lead and zinc and great development value. Biotite granodiorite and diorite porphyrite intermediate acid intrusive rocks are exposed in this mining area. These intrusions are formed in Miocene, but its ore bearing property has not been identified. Whether there is porphyry copper mineralization potential is worthy of further discussion and research. Methods: In this paper, LA- ICP- MS analysis technology is mainly used for systematic in- situ trace element analysis of zircon in biotite granodiorite and diorite porphyrite. Results: The calculation results of zircon initial saturation temperature and zircon crystallization temperature show that the zircon initial saturation temperature range of biotite granodiorite is 633~645℃, and the zircon crystallization temperature is 658~817℃. The initial saturation temperature of zircon in diorite porphyrite is 549~626℃, the crystallization temperature of zircon Ti is 640~772℃, and the initial saturation temperature of zircon is lower than the crystallization temperature of tZr-Ti, which comprehensively indicates that there is multi- stage magmatic melt recharge during the formation of medium—acid magma. The characteristics of zircon n(Ce4+)/n(Ce3+), EuN/Eu*N, trace element Dy/Yb, (Ce/Nd)/Y ratio and oxygen fugacity (ΔFMQ) show that biotite granodiorite has a higher oxygen fugacity range (ΔFMQ +0. 44 ~ ΔFMQ+3. 86) and relatively high water content than diorite porphyrite. Conclusions: The biotite granodiorite is more conducive to the further enrichment and mineralization of copper, sulfur and other ore- forming elements in the magma of pusangguo mining area, and medium—large- scale metal deposits may be developed in the mining area. However, the possibility of further development of porphyry copper deposits is low.

Abstract:Compaction is considered to be a common mechanism for the expulsion of interstitial liquid from the crystal mush when the abundant crystallization of Fe-Ti oxides during the mid-late stage of the solidification of layered intrusions. However, the efficiency of compaction is often different from layer to layer, and the main factors controlling the efficiency of compaction is not clear yet. The Neoproterozoic Wangjiangshan intrusion is a large and well-differentiated layered intrusion in the northern margin of the Yangtze block, and is composed of dunite, pyroxenite and troctolite in the lower zone (LZ), gabbro and gabbronorite in the middle zone (MZ) and diorite in the upper zone (UZ). The ~2000-m-thick MZ is the main part of the Wangjiangshan intrusion, and can be further divided into MZa and MZb based on the occurrence of Fe-Ti-V mineralization. Mineral composition and texture of rocks are distinct from the MZa to MZb, indicating that the different rock units in the MZ may have different mechanisms and different degrees of expulsion of interstitial liquid from the crystal mush. Therefore, we collected samples from the MZ of the Wangjiangshan intrusion and analyzed the crystal size distributions (CSDs) and spatial distribution patterns (SDPs) for clinopyroxene and plagioclase, in order to study the expulsion mechanism of interstitial liquid from crystal mush and its efficiency. Methods: Three samples from the olivine gabbronorite unit, four samples from the gabbronorite unit of the MZb and five samples from the oxide gabbro unit of the MZb were selected for the CSD and SDP measurements for plagioclase and clinopyroxene. Results: Plagioclase and clinopyroxene of the olivine gabbronorite unit and the gabbronorite unit of the MZb, and the oxide gabbro unit of the MZb overall show parallel CSD curves and the negative correlation in the SDP plot, suggesting that the interstitial liquid was expelled by the mechanical compaction in these three units. On the other hand, the fraction of trapped liquid (FTL) of samples from the olivine gabbronorite unit, the gabbronorite unit and the oxide gabbro unit are from 28% to 33%, 14% to 23%, and 7% to 12%, respectively, calculated by the equilibrium distribution method using whole-rock composition, indicating that different degrees of mechanical compaction for these three units. Plagioclase less than 0. 1 mm of the olivine gabbronorite unit has a high aspect ratio from 5∶1 to 11∶1, and the CSD curves have intercept from 2. 23 to 3. 78 with the characteristic length from 0. 29 to 0. 45, suggesting a high rate of magma cooling. This results in a low compaction rate with a maximum of 0. 33 m/a and a high rate of crystal accumulation with a minimum of 0. 27 m/a of the crystal mush, leading to an inefficient mechanical compaction and a low degree of expulsion of interstitial liquid. Plagioclase less than 0. 1 mm of the gabbronorite unit has a low aspect ratio (< 5∶1), and the CSD curves have intercept from 1. 31 to 2. 60 with the characteristic length from 0. 43 to 0. 58, suggesting a low rate of magma cooling. This results in a high compaction rate with a maximum of 0. 54 m/a and a low rate of crystal accumulation with a minimum of 0. 18 m/a of the crystal mush, leading to an efficient mechanical compaction and a slightly higher degree of expulsion of interstitial liquid. Plagioclase less than 0. 1 mm of the oxide gabbro unit has a low aspect ratio (< 5∶1), and the CSD curves have intercept from 0. 49 to 1. 60 with the characteristic length from 0. 53 to 0. 69, suggesting the lowest rate of magma cooling. This results in a high compaction rate with a maximum of 0. 95 m/a and a low rate of crystal accumulation with a minimum of 0. 13 m/a of the crystal mush, leading to a more efficient mechanical compaction and a much higher degree of expulsion of interstitial liquid. Conclusions: The interstitial liquid of the three units in the MZ of the Wangjiangshan intrusion was expelled to varying degrees by the mechanical compaction. Mechanic compaction for samples from the olivine gabbronorite unit of MZa is inefficient, due to the fast magma cooling rate and the small density contrast between the cumulus and the interstitial melt. With the decrease of cooling rate, the compaction efficiency of the gabbronorite unit of MZa and oxide gabbro unit of MZb gradually increases. Simultaneously, abundant crystallization of Fe-Ti oxides may progressively increase the density contrast of the cumulus and the interstitial melt, resulting in a further increase of the compaction efficiency of the oxide gabbro unit. This study indicates that the efficiency of mechanic compaction of layered intrusions is mainly controlled by the cooling rate of magma and the density contrast of the cumulus and interstitial melt, with a distinct enhancement by the low cooling rate of magma and abundant crystallization of Fe-Ti oxides.

Abstract:Through the comparative analysis of the magmatic zircon trace elements and Hf isotopes of the intrusive rocks in the four stages of the Qingyang—Jiuhuashan complex pluton, the magmatic physical and chemical properties, magmatic properties of the four stages of the Qingyang—Jiuhuashan complex pluton was discussed evolution process, differences in magma source areas, and metallogenic potential, demonstrated the magmatic origin, magma source area and metallogenic connection of the four stages of the Qingyang—Jiuhuashan complex pluton, revealing the late Mesozoic crust—mantle interaction of the Yangtze block action process. Methods: On the basis of field work and whole- rock chemical analysis, zircon in- situ trace element and Hf isotope analysis was carried out on the four stages intrusive rocks of the Qingyang—Jiuhuashan complex pluton, and zircon Ti temperature calculation, oxygen for fugacity calculation, the Sr—Nd—O isotope data of the predecessors of the compound rock mass were collected for comparative analysis and source area simulation work. Results:The 4 stages of intrusive rocks in the Qingyang—Jiuhuashan complex pluton from early to late, zircon REE 558. 6×10-6 ~ 3222. 7×10-6971. 1×10-6 ~ 2364. 9×10-6 864. 9×10-6 ~ 4453. 6×10-6962. 2×10-6 ~ 4119. 1×10-6; δEu (mean value 0. 5 0. 4 0. 3 0. 2); magma formation temperature (mean value 705. 3℃ 715. 9℃ 827. 1℃ 805. 5℃) ; Ce4+/Ce3+ (mean value 93. 8 149. 1 70. 1 69. 9); εHf(t) value (-12. 3 ~ -5. 1 -12. 0 ~ -7. 5 -6. 6 ~ -2. 2 -8. 6 ~ -4. 9), intrusive rock at early stage (stage Ⅰ and Ⅱ) have lower REE content, magma formation temperature, εHf(t), higher δEu and oxygen fugacity than the later stages (stage Ⅲ and Ⅳ). By collecting the previous Sr—Nd—O isotope data, combined with the Hf isotope data made in this paper, the simulation analysis of the source area of the Qingyang—Jiuhuashan complex pluton shows that the proportion of mantle sources in the magma chamber in four stages from early to late gradually increase. Conclusions: We find that the Qingyang—Jiuhuashan complex pluton were derived from crust—mantle mixed source, where gradually increased mantle components. The four stages melt all experienced distinct minerals fractional crystallization (FC), such as titanite, amphibole, rutile and plagioclase, and the late (stage Ⅲ and Ⅳ) granite melt experienced higher FC degrees than the early ones (stage Ⅰ and Ⅱ). Compared with stage Ⅲ and Ⅳ intrusions, The stage Ⅰ and Ⅱ intrusions of Qingyang Jiuhuashan complex pluton have better metallogenic potential of the W—polymetallic deposit.

Abstract:This paper provided petrography, geochemical characteristics, LA-ICP-MA zircon U-Pb age, and zircon Lu/Hf isotopes of the Mesozoic granite in the Wugong Mountains area, Jiangxi, south China. The formation age, genesis, and tectonic significance of granites are discussed.Methods: Based on the field work, through the microscopic observation, the whole rock chemical analysis, the LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb isotopic chronology, and the LA-ICP-MS zircon Lu-Hf isotopes of granites.Results: The zircons of the Mesozoic granite in Wugong Mountains area were mostly long columns and developed oscillatory belts, showing the characteristics of magmatic origin. Zircon LA-ICPMS U-Pb isotopic chronology shows that the Mesozoic granites in the Wugong Mountains area were formed at 149.31~152.41 Ma. The rocks are riched in silicon (SiO2=72.96%~74.16%), alkali (Na2O+K2O=6.68%~8.42%), and poor in calcium (CaO=0.55~1.82%), magnesium (MgO=0.29%~0.70%). Aluminum saturation index (A/CNK=1.11~1.36). It is enriched in large ion lithophile elements such as Rb, U, Th and K, and relatively depleted in high field strength elements such as Sr and Ti. The ratio of light and heavy rare earth elements (La/Yb) N=1079~25.43, with a high degree of differentiation and moderate—weak negative Eu anomaly (δEu=0.17~0.28). The rare earth distribution curves are right leaning, indicating the characteristics of Stype granite. Zircon fLu/Hf values of the Wugong Mesozoic granite are all less than -0.9, and εHf(t) are all negative.Conclusions: Collectively, it is suggested that the granite belongs to strong peraluminous high potassium calc alkaline granite. It is Stype granite. The wugong granite was formed in Mesozoic, and the test results are relatively concentrated. The zircon Lu—Hf isotopic characteristics indicate that the magma source area is Neoproterozoic continental crust material. The Wugong granite was formed in an intracontinental subduction environment.

Abstract:The Laiziling pluton in southern Hunan is the oreforming pluton of the Xianghualing Sn—Pb—Zn polymetallic orefield, and mica commonly appears in its magmatic—hydrothermal evolution process. Methods: On the basis of petrographic research, this paper has carried out major and trace element analysis of the Laiziling granite for the magmatic mica (mica in granite) and hydrothermal mica (mineralized greisen, geode mineral aggregates and striped rock) was analyzed by electron probe. Results: The results shows that the Laiziling pluton is a set of high K calc alkaline potassiumbasalt, metaluminous peraluminous granite. The mica in the Laiziling granite is mainly zinnwaldite. From early to late, the contents of FeO and Al2O3 decrease, while the contents of K2O, F, MnO and Rb2O increase, and the oreforming elements such as Pb, Zn and Fe increase gradually. Conclusions: The hydrothermal mica is divided into the following two types: ①Represented by mineralized greisen and geode mineral aggregates, formed in the early stage of fluid exsolution, without the participation of surrounding rock components, the type of mica evolved from zinnwaldite to lepidolite, mainly precipitated Fe, Zn, Pb, Mo and other metallogenic elements. ②Represented by striped rock, formed later than mineralized greisen and geode mineral aggregates, with the participation of wall rock components, the mica type changes from from protolithionite to eastonite, haughtonite to flogopite, mainly precipitates Fe, Sn and W and other metallogenic elements. With the evolution of the fluid, mica showed a gradual decrease in the content of SiO2, F, K2O, and a gradual increase in the content of MgO, and the corresponding oreforming elements gradually transitioned from rich in Pb, Zn, Fe, Mo to rich in Fe, Sn and W.

Abstract:The Earth’s deep carbon cycle is of great significance for studying the global climate change, life exploration, and lithospheric evolution. The lithosphere beneath the eastern China is an important place for the deep carbon cycle, and its thinning and destruction are closely related to the deep carbon cycle. The subduction of the Pacific plate in the Mesozoic is the key to the thinning and destruction of the lithosphere in Eastern China, and plays a vital role in the large- scale metal mineralization in North China Craton and South China Block. This paper systematically elucidates the principle of Mg isotope tracing the Earth’s deep carbon cycle, gives an example of the deep carbon cycle in the eastern China, and discusses the interaction of the mantle with the carbonated melts/fluids released from the subducted paleo- Pacific plate during the Mesozoic, which is an important reason accounting for the commonly existed light Mg isotopic composition in the eastern China. Furthermore, the polysolvability of light magnesium isotopes is pointed out and the future trend of studying the Earth’s deep carbon cycle via multi- isotope joint tracing is also proposed.

Abstract:The Jinchangyu gold deposit in eastern Hebei Province is considered to be related to the Qingshankou granodiorite intrusive. However, the Yaolingzi granodiorite intrusive is less studied in spite of closing to the mining area. Due to the great similarity between the two intrusives in lithology and tectonic setting, it is necessary to discuss the possible reasons for the difference in metallogenic conditions and metallogenic potential.Methods:Based on detailed field observations of Yaolingzi and Qingshankou intrusives, the methods of transmitted light, cathodoluminescence (CL) image, crystal morphology and statistical analysis were used for granodiorite and monzogranite so as to explain conditions of magmatism. The U- Pb isotopic dating by LA- ICP- MS was conducted for the granodiorite in order to determine the igneous intrusion age. Moreover, rare earth element (REEs) geochemistry of zircons was conducted for granodiorite and monzogranite for discussing magmatism, mineralization and tectonic background in the region.Results:The results show that the formation temperature of the two zircons are 650~800℃ and 650~850℃, respectively. The crystallization age of granodiorite from Yaolingzi is 161.5±0.9 Ma. Obvious mafic microgranular enclaves are found in the two intrusives in the field. The REEs geochemical features of the two intrusives show that LREE is relatively depleted while HREE is relatively enriched with obvious positive Ce anomaly and negative Eu anomaly at the same time.Conclusions:Large amount of magmatic water and alkaline- riched environment may be the necessary conditions for the Qingshankou intrusive mineralization. The ore- forming features of granodiorite as well as crystallization age in Yaolingzi area are similar to the diorite in Yuerya gold deposit area. Therefore, we consider that granodiorite intrusive in Yaolingzi have great gold- forming potential. Field geological observations and REEs geochemical analysis indicate that the two intrusions may have experienced crust—mantle mixing. Combined with the results of Qingshankou intrusive age and tectonic background, it is suggested that the two intrusives may come from the same magmatic chamber in different stages.

Abstract:Taking the 2020’s M5.6 earthquake in Shiqu, Sichuan, as an example, the authors use RISP system to retrospectively analyze the earthquake sequence, and obtains a relatively reliable earthquake sequence catalog, which is compared with the manual catalogs.Results: Within 10 days after the main shock, 386 automatic catalogs were automatically processed by the RISP system. The number of automatic catalogs is 1.98 times that of manual ones, and the matching rate is 97.43%. Compared with the manual catalogs, the 71.05% of origin time differences are less than ±1.0 s, the 96.31% of epicentral differences are less than 10 km, and the 9947% of magnitude differences are less than ±0.3. Based on the distribution characteristics of the earthquake sequence detected by RISP and the focal mechanism solution, the seismogenic fault of this earthquake is considered to be an undiscovered branch fault on the northeast side of the Wudaoliang—Changsha Gongma fault. Conclusions: This study shows that the application of the RISP system can improve the seismic detection capabilities in sparse areas of the seismic network, and it can quickly produce a catalog of earthquake sequences, which is of great significance for major earthquake emergency response, postearthquake trend determination, and seismogenic structure research.

Abstract:In order to solve the problem of criteria and basis lack for 5000 m geological core drilling and improve the automation and intelligence level of drilling equipment, the research of 5000 m intelligent geological drilling technology and equipment has been started. A number of innovative achievements have been achieved through the development and test of drilling equipment, drilling tools and drilling technology. Through the optimization research of ultra- deep hole drilling diameter and pipe string specification, drill pipe specification design and equipment performance parameter selection, 5000 m geological core drilling technical specification system has been formed. Based on the development of key equipment such as 5000 m deep hole geological core drilling rig and wellhead automatic operation device, the whole process automation of wellhead operation of wire- line core drilling is realized, and the compliance control technology of pipe string with lightweight drilling rig is formed. Based on the study of technical problems such as discrimination of working conditions in the hole, optimization of drilling parameters and trajectory optimization control in complex formation, an intelligent control technology for the integrated drilling process from surface to hole bottom based on multi- source information fusion is formed. Based on the development of high- performance thin- walled wire- line core drill pipe and a series of high- efficiency drill tools with small- diameter, a series of drill pipe and drill tools technology for deep wire- line coring has been formed. The research and development of environment- friendly flushing fluid with high temperature resistance, biological gel breaking waste slurry treatment technology and "broad- spectrum" double slurry plugging technology have been carried out, with which a green and environment- friendly flushing fluid system and wall protection plugging technology are formed.

Abstract:Visualization of the three- dimensional geological model for the underground geological conditions is of great significance to the transformation and upgrading of the traditional geology and mineral industry, urban planning and construction. For constructing a 3D model under complex geological conditions, a 3D geological modeling method based on multi- source data and geological prior knowledge constraints is used in this paper.Methods:Taking Chengdu as an example, we applied a 3D geological modeling module of the MapGIS10.0 to build the 3D geological model through integrating all the complex geological information concerning the DEM data, digital geological map, comprehensive geological profile, borehole data, geophysical interpretation data, structural outline map, as well as geological prior knowledge such as geological body distribution form, attitude and thickness change, fault characteristic, extension direction, attitude change, staggered cutting of geological body, fold type, morphological characteristics, attitude change of two wings etc. This paper explicates the detailed model building process including the preparation of 3D modeling data source of complex geological body, modeling process and method, model construction and reliability analysis.Results: We proposed that the block modeling technology can effectively reduce the difficulties of building a three- dimensional model of a complex geological body, improve the modeling efficiency, and realize the traceless splicing of the model, while it would be easier to modify and improve the model at a later stage. Based on the constraints of multi- source data and geological prior knowledge, the block modeling technology is first used to construct the three- dimensional geological model of Chengdu.Conclusions: We examined the dependability of the model through geological prior knowledge (geological rule) and static data (visualization and real sparse drilling data which does not participate in the modeling) to calculate the error of the buried depth and layered thickness of the geological body in the three- dimensional geological model. Finally, it shows that the average error of the buried depth of the geological body is 33.15 m and the average error of the layered thickness is 21.37 m, which suggests that the model has high reliability and can provide important basic geological data support for Chengdu urban planning and major project site selection.

Abstract:With the rapid advancement of my country’s urbanization process, large, medium and small cities are showing a situation of comprehensive development of underground space. However, the development and utilization of underground space in many cities has problems such as unclear underground conditions and unclear underground space resources, which have greatly affected the underground space. The development and utilization of the city and the strategic layout planning of the city. Huizhou Tonghu New District is a typical eastern mid- sized urban new district. In order to avoid problems such as unclear ground water and soil quality, unclear underground space resources, and no scientific data support for the development of urban underground space resources after the completion of the old city, We specially carry out green economy ambient noise imaging research in the study area to find out the Quaternary situation and fault development in the Tonghu New Area of Huizhou, and provide data support for the successful completion of the new area. This study is based on a dense seismic array with a interval of about 10m and a length of about 1km. Using the ambient noise data of a total of 200 stations in two survey lines, two methods of noise auto- correlation and noise HVSR were used to measure two linear surveys in the study area. The lines are calculated separately, and through data preprocessing, single data processing, and multiple data integration, the auto- correlation profile and HVSR profile of the two survey lines are finally obtained. This study shows that the time domain of the Quaternary top of the study area is 20~100ms, the depth domain is 5~20m, and the shallow P- wave velocity range is 400~500m/s, which is similar to the collected boreholes. The information is consistent. This study also shows that the combined method of noise auto- correlation and noise HVSR with dense arrays is an efficient, green, and low- cost method that can be used to investigate the Quaternary interface (strong impedance interface) and shallow sediments active faults in.

Abstract:Known as the third pole of the world and the birthplace of mountains, the Qinghai—Xizang(Tibet) Plateau has the highest elevation, the largest area, and the most complex geological structure in the world, with the characteristics of thin air, harsh climate, fragile environment, high- elevation and hard- to- reach. The traditional geological fieldwork methods have been seriously restricted in these areas. In this paper, for the first, Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) are introduced into geological survey work at an elevation of 5000 m in northern Tibet to explore and develop UAV- based geological mapping technology. Through five different types of UAVs mapping flight tests, this paper believes that the fixed- wing and rotor UAVs can be used for fieldwork in geological fields such as large—medium scale (1∶50000 to 1∶1000) regional geological survey in high- elevation and hard- to- reach areas after upgrading the propeller, UAV airframe, UAV wing, and oblique photography platform. The improved UAV has longer theoretical life, smoother flight and greatly improved image quality. Field UAV mapping tests show that the resolution of images obtained by UAVs is better than remote sensing satellites, the local accuracy can reach up to 3 cm, and the contact relationship and texture of geological bodies are clear and obvious. The geological interpretation result is truthfulness and the overall correct rate is higher than 95%. With the advantages of low cost, fast data acquisition, high resolution and various types of equipment on board, UAV mapping technology can be combined with big data, mobile Internet, artificial intelligence, and virtual reality technology to create a safe, multi- dimensional, and high- precision virtual geological operation platform in the future to meet the needs of personalized, intelligent, real- time, and precise geological work.

Abstract:The Wulong gold deposit is one of the large magmatic hydrothermal deposits in Liaodong（eastern Liaoning） area, and its mineralization is mainly related to Mesozoic igneous rocks.In order to clarify the causes of Mesozoic igneous rocks in Wulong area, the geochemical analysis of numerous granite porphyry dykes, diorite dykes, Sanguliu pluton and zircon chronology were tested.Methods: The LA-ICPMS U-Pb dating test and analysis work was performed on the single-particle zircons.The major elements were performed by the XRF method, and trace elements were performed by ICP- MS method. Results:The chronologic results show that there are two diagenetic eras in Wulong area,i.e.the Late Jurassic and the Early Cretaceous. The near north—south trending granitic porphyry dykes in the deposit formed in the Late Jurassic (154.3±0.9 Ma~155.6±1.1 Ma), indicating that the maximum principal stress direction is near north—south in the Late Jurassic, and latest diagenetic age (116.8±0.8 Ma~117.3±0.7 Ma) of the Sanguliu intrusion rocks basically lies in the age range reported by predecessors, showing that the Sanguliu intrusion experienced a long time.Geochemistry results indicate that the magmas belonged to high- K calcium alkaline and shoshonite series are from the same arc magmatic source, and they form in subduction and extension environment in the active continental margin with the crust—mantle mixing characteristics and further evolution trend. Conclusions:Combined with ore-forming elements of different depth level indicate that the diorite is closely related to mineralization, and the deeper the metallogenic potential is greater, which has important guiding significance for prospecting prediction in the region.

Abstract:In the interior of Xizang (Tibetan) plateau, the active tectonics are primary marked by north trending rifts in southern Tibet. Gulu—Yadong rift is the largest and longest extensional rift in South Tibet. The rift valley has a number of hot spring clusters distributed from south to north, and hot springs such as Kangbu, Kangma, Zhadang, and Mengze are concentrated in the southern Rift Valley. Based on the geochemical characteristics of rare earth elements in hot springs in the southern Gulu—Yadong rift valley, this paper discusses the main controlling factors of rare earth elements. The results show that the southern hot springs are weakly acidic—alkaline hot springs. The total rare earth elements (ΣREE) in hot spring of Gulu—Yadong rift ranged from 1.41 to 46.18 ng/L, which is at a low level compared with alkaline hot springs in the world. Most samples show LREE (light rare earth element) and HREE (heavy rare earth element) relative depletion, MREE (medium rare earth element) enrichment and negative Ce anomaly. Adsorption and desorption processes of Fe/Mn minerals to REEs can increase or decrease REE concentration. REECO3+and REE(CO3)2- is the major speciation, and affect the differentiation of rare earth element. The REE distribution pattern of most hot springs in Yadong area is affected by iron rich sediments, resulting in the preferential release of MREE into aqueous solution. The distribution characteristics of rare earth elements in Kangma hot spring are affected by water—rock reactions, including the dissolution of iron- rich sediments and the dissolution of local basic magmatic rocks. Negative Ce anomalies may result from oxidative scavenging process of Ce. pH, Fe/Mn minerals, carbonate complexes and water—rock reaction all affect the REE distribution of hot springs.

Abstract:The Wuzur′enbulage intrusion is located in the eastern section of South Tianshan Orogenic Belt(STOB), which is of great significance for studying the closure time of the Paleozoic South Tianshan Ocean and the tectonic evolution of STOB. In this paper, we report new zircon U-Pb age and geochemical of the Wuzur′enbulage intrusion in the eastern section of south Tianshan Mountains. Methods: On the basis of field investigation, according to the zircon U-Pb age, combined with geochemical characteristics.Results:The zircon U- Pb dating results show that the two ages of granite are 291.2 ± 2.9Ma and 284.9±3.7 Ma，indicating that the Wuzur′enbulage intrusion was formed in the Early Permian. They are characterized by high Si，rich in Al and alkali and low content of Ca, Mg, Fe, Ti and P，belong to high- potassium calc-alkaline I-type granite. They are enriched in LILEs and LREEs, depleted in HFSEs (e.g., Nb, Ta, P, Ti), medium- negative Eu anomalies (δEu = 0.27~0.87), and predominately negative Sr, Ba anomalies.Conclusions：The Wuzur′enbulage intrusion was emplaced in a post- collisional environment，indicating that the eastern section of South Tianshan Ocean was closed at least in the Early Permian, and STOB evolved from syn- collisional tectonic environment to post-collisional tectonic environment in the Early Permian.

Abstract:In order to explore the geothermal geological conditions in the Ganyu—He’an Lake area of the Subei Basin(Northern Jiangsu Basin), Jiangsu Province, on the basis of understanding the geological and geophysical conditions of the area, the methods of geothermal geological survey, Controlled Source Audio Magneto Telluric method （CSAMT）, radon gas measurement, and geothermal measurement were used for detection. The position and distribution characteristics of faults within a depth of about 2500 m are comprehensively analyzed and studied by geophysical prospecting. The research results show that the distribution of geothermal resources in the survey area is closely related to the fault structure, and has basic thermal storage hydrogeological conditions such as “heat source, fluid source, channel, thermal storage, caprock” for the formation of geothermal, and has a good prospect area for exploration. The NWW- trending faults in the area are favorable locations for geothermal resource exploration. This study adds a new geological and geophysical basis for the geothermal genesis and geological structure of northern Jiangsu, and has important guiding significance for the rational development and utilization of geothermal resources.

Abstract:Uranium is an important energy raw material in the world and an important strategic resource for national development. With the rapid development of China’s nuclear power industry, the world’s natural uranium supply and demand pattern will change dramatically. In order to ensure the long-term and stable supply of natural uranium in China,based on the latest data released by the anthority, this paper describes the distribution and production status of uranium resources in the world, the development status and trend of nuclear power in the world and China, and analyzes the current and future situation of natural uranium supply and demand in the world. Right now, the world uranium resources can guarantee long-term nuclear industry development needs, but the resources and production are unable to meet the demand of the current deomestic nuclear power development in China. With the rapid development of China’s nuclear power, China need to rely on foreign uranium resources and international uranium market to supplement, and the world natural uranium supply and demand situation will also change . In order to ensure the long-term and stable supply of natural uranium , on the one hand, it is need to strengthen domestic uranium resources survey and development, to implement the strategy of “going out” on the other hand, Enhance China’s position in the allocation of uranium resources in the world and ensure the sustainable development of nuclear power in China.

Abstract:Holocene climate change keeps being a concern of the academic circles. Especially, multiple large- scale environmental changes in Lop Nur region have led to the disappearance of ancient civilizations as Xiaohe civilization and Loulan civilization. Methods:In this paper, Based on the systematic sampling of the loess profile on the left bank of the Akeqi River in the Yeerqiang River basin at the north piedmont of the Kunlun Mountain and then grain size, magnetic susceptibility and chronology testing, this paper reconstructs the paleoclimate environment since 5ka BP, and analyzes the relationship between the paleoclimate environment recorded in the loess deposit at the north piedmont of the Kunlun Mountain and the Xiaohe civilization in the Lop Nur area in the lower reaches of the Tarim River. Results: The results show that during 4. 5~3. 58 ka BP, secondary loess accumulates rapidly at the north piedmont of the Kunlun Mountain, the climate is gradually humid, the rainfall and ice—snow melting water increase, and the water source in the upper reaches of the Tarim River is abundant, which provides a large amount of water resources for the lower reaches of Lop Nur area, and lays a solid foundation for the gestation and initial development of the Xiaohe civilization. After 3. 58 ka BP, the sediment at the north piedmont of the Kunlun Mountain changed from secondary loess to eolian loess, and the climate began to turn to dry and cold. The decrease of precipitation led to the gradual decrease of available water resources flowing into Lop Nur, and the gradual deterioration of Lop Nur ecological environment, which finally caused the decline and disappearance of Xiaohe civilization. Conclusions: The emergence of Xiaohe civilization is closely related to the Holocene humid climate in the north piedmont of the Kunlun Mountain region.

Abstract:The research on Quaternary glaciers and glacial geoheritages is one of the important topics is one of the important topics in the study of Quaternary global climate change.Quaternary glacial heritages are widely distributed and many kinds in China. Quaternary glacial heritages are distributed in Daxing'an Mountain in the northernmost, Guangxi Daming Mountain in the southern, Changbai Mountain and Taiwan Yushan in the Eastern, and Karakorum mountain in the westernmost. It is the country with the most extensive mountain glaciers in low latitudes in the world. On the basis of previous studies, this paper systematically expounds the distribution of Quaternary glacial geoheritages in China. Combined with the National Important Geoheritages Investigation, and based on the Geoheritages Survey Specifications, this paper systematically carries out the research on the survey methods of Quaternary geoheritages.According to the different stages of geological processes such as ground erosion, moraine transportation and accumulation during glacier movement, this paper summarizes the investigation method system of Quaternary glacial geoheritages in China, so as to provide method guidance for similar geoheritages survey.

Abstract:Recently, with the help of very high resolution satellite images, weathering crust mapping and boreholes, a medium- sized ion adsorption type (medium—heavy) REE deposit has been identified within the granite weathering crust of Panzhihua—Xichang (Panxi) area, Sichuan Province. The preliminary estimate of potential resources (ore) is more than 30 million tons. About 64% of the resources are medium—heavy rare earth as the main part, which has great potential economic value. This newly- found REE deposit is the first ion adsorption- type REE deposit discovered in Sichuan Province. It is a newly discovered ion adsorption type (medium—heavy) REE deposit under the conditions of the oldest known parent rocks, the highest altitude and the most complex regional geomorphology (middle mountain areas). Based on the recent metallogenic prospective investigation, target priority and verification of the whole Panxi area, it is considered that the Panxi area in Sichuan has broad prospects for finding the same type of deposits under similar topography conditions.

Abstract:In order to study the charging mode of ancient ultra-deep natural gas reservoirs and to discuss the quality, size and lifetime of Marine source rocks in the early Cambrian, the Longwangmiao Formation gas reservoir in Gaoshiti—Moxi area of Sichuan Basin is selected as the research object in this paper. Methods: Combining the regional tectonic evolution history and hydrocarbon generation history of source rocks, using the method of comparing the homogenization temperature of inclusions and burial history temperature, the charging model was established and the source rocks were traced to the Lower Cambrian Qiongzhusi Formation; In this paper, the organic productivity and preservation conditions of Marine source rocks formed in the early Cambrian are analyzed from the perspectives of paleoclimate, palaeoenvironment, paleontology and palaeogeography. Results: The research shows that the formation of ultra-deep gas reservoirs in Sichuan Basin has experienced multi-stage charging of paleo-reservoir, paleo-cracking gas reservoir and late dry gas, and the gas reservoirs come from the gas released from paleo-cracking gas and ultra-late source rock. Conclusions: This fact indicates that the global setting of the Early Cambrian provided the basis for the development of high-quality, large-scale and long-lived source rocks, and provided the theoretical basis for the formation of the Sichuan Basin super gas basin.

Abstract:As the main water supply source of Suzhou，groundwater plays an important role in social and economic development. The shallow pore groundwater and middle—deep pore confined groundwater are the main water- bearing rock groups in the study area. Through a comprehensive consideration of the test results of groundwater samples and hydrogeological conditions of Suzhou，this paper aims at studying the hydrochemical characteristics and control processes of groundwater at different depths in urban district of Suzhou.Methods：37 groups of shallow pore groundwater samples and 13 groups of middle pore groundwater samples were collected to measure its cation and anion，total dissolved solids. Statistical techniques，correlation analysis，Piper triangular diagrams，Gibbs figures and ion ratios were used to analyze the test results of samples.Results：① The major cations in shallow and middle-deep groundwater are dominated by Ca2+ and Na+，respectively，and the dominated anions are all HCO3-. The average values of TDS in shallow and middle groundwater are 790.65 mg/L and 585.67 mg/L respectively. Three groups of shallow groundwater samples are brackish water，while the remainder and all the middle-deep groundwater samples are fresh water. ②The hydrochemical types of the shallow groundwater are complex，mainly with HCO3-—Ca2+·Mg2+ and HCO3-—Na+·Ca2+·Mg2+ type，and followed by HCO3-—Na+·Mg2+ type. The middle-deep groundwater is showing the HCO3-—Na+·Ca2+·Mg2+ type.Conclusions：The hydrochemical characteristics of groundwater in urban district of Suzhou was influenced by dissolving filtration，cation exchange and human activities，the hydrochemical components of groundwater mainly came from the weathering and dissolution of silicate and carbonate minerals. The shallow groundwater was greatly affected by human activities，while the middle groundwater was not obviously.

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Abstract:At the beginning of the Republic of China, with the emergence of China's geological cause, the collection and management of geological books was also gradually carried out. The library of the Geological Survey Institute of the Ministry of agriculture and commerce is the earliest geological professional library in China, which has left valuable wealth for future generations and made important contributions to promoting the development of geological science research and geological survey in China. Based on the relevant historical materials, this paper explores the beginning and end of its establishment, inherits the scientific spirit of geological pioneers, and encourages the library to continue to play a good role in document service guarantee for the development of geological undertakings in the new era.

Abstract:In order to implement the outline of the national action plan for scientific quality (2021-2035), popularize Geoscience Knowledge, and smoothly carry out the recommendation and selection of geoscience science popularization and research bases (camps), the Secretariat of the Geological Society of China has formulated the measures for the selection, awarding, supervision and management of Geoscience general research bases (camps) of the Geological Society of China (Trial), It has been approved by the 37th Executive Council meeting (Communication) of the 40th Council of the Geological Society of China, and is hereby printed and distributed. Please comply with it.

Abstract:In order to thoroughly implement the national innovation driven development strategy, improve the innovation ability of geological science and technology, promote the transformation and demonstration application of geological science and technology achievements, and serve the national economic and social development. Relying on its own platform advantages and industry characteristics, the Geological Society of China has carried out the construction of innovation bases. According to the requirements of the 14th five year plan for the development of the cause of the China Association for science and Technology (2021-2025), the three-year action plan for "science and technology innovation China" (2021-2023) and the measures for the implementation and management of the construction of "science and technology innovation China" innovation bases (Trial) of the China Association for science and technology, the Geological Society of China has formulated the measures for the selection and management of innovation bases of the Geological Society of China (Trial), It has been approved by the 37th Executive Council meeting (Communication) of the 40th Council of the Geological Society of China, and is hereby printed and distributed. Please comply with it.

Abstract:In order to further standardize the construction and management of geoscience research routes, courses and smoothly carry out the recommendation and selection of geoscience research routes and courses, the Secretariat Bureau of the Geological Society of China revised the "measures for the selection of excellent geoscience research routes and courses of the Geological Society of China (for Trial Implementation)", which was approved by the 40th Council of the Geological Society of China at the 37th executive director meeting (Communication), and is hereby printed and distributed. Please comply with it.

Abstract:In order to fully mobilize the vast number of geological science and technology workers to actively participate in the creation of geological science popularization and successfully carry out the recommendation and selection of science popularization awards, the Secretariat Bureau of the Chinese Geological Society has formulated the measures for the selection of science popularization awards of the Chinese Geological Society (for trial Implementation), which has been approved by the 13th executive director meeting (Communication) of the 40th Council of the Chinese Geological Society. It is hereby printed and distributed, and please comply with it.

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Abstract:The research on volcanic caldera is a hot spot that scholars in China and abroad continue to pay attention to. This is because the magma that formed the Caldera has a long evolution time, and it is mostly the gathering place of large polymetallic, precious metal, uranium, and other deposits. The formation of large calderas has had a great impact on the evolution history of global lives. This paper summarizes the concept of the caldera, the classification and terms confusing scholars, the world- famous caldera and its formation theory, the relationship between the research understanding of large caldera and the formation of ore deposits, the research on Caldera in China, and the direction of future efforts. In fact, it has built a continuing upward step on the ladder of scientific research. Chinese scholars should conduct high- level research in this field and make Chinese contributions to the protection of national strategic resources and to the study of the world’s caldera.

Abstract:Stream pothole, is a common microrelief type of river bedrock in mountainous area, recording key information of the evolution of regional geomorphy and the interaction between running water and riverbed boundary. In this paper, the morphological characteristics of 110 stream potholes in Longtanzi River， Cangwang Gorge， Wangcang， northern Sichuan, are measured and analyzed statistically. The results show that the size, depth and morphology of common potholes are irregular in the riverbed profile, while bead- like potholes are regular to some extent. The potholes distribute intensively in siliceous conglomerate of the Lower Cambrian Yanwangbian Formation, among which the quartz sandstone interlayers are very important to the formation and evolution of potholes, and potholes in the double- layer natural bridge are the typical representative. NE and E—W planar X- conjugate structural joints and S—N structural joints were developed in the region. Triangular, rhombic and irregular potholes were mostly controlled by two or three sets of joints, among which the S—N structural joints also controlled the long axis direction of the potholes and valley direction. The structural joints have played an important role in the evolution of the mouth morphology of potholes, but have no obvious effect on the vertical morphology of potholes. This study will enrich and improve the research data of stream potholes, provide a scientific basis for the evolution of river geomorphology and tectonics in Micangshan area.

Abstract:Fluid inclusion is a key breakthrough in the study of geological fluids, especially ore- forming fluids in recent years, the related test technologies, methods and theoretical achievements are changing with each passing day. Based on fluid inclusions studying, not only the physical and chemical conditions of ore- forming fluids can be obtained, but also the source and composition of ore- forming materials can be traced, providing direct evidence for identifying deposit types and analyzing metallogenic models. In this paper, the research and development of fluid inclusions are comprehensively analyzed from seven aspects, including fluid inclusion lithofacies, uniform temperature and salinity, component analysis, pH test and calculation, PVTx equation of state, hydrothermal diamond cavity and its application in ore deposit. Firstly, the latest research progress and development trend of fluid inclusions in various aspects in recent years are systematically summarized, furthermore, the main problems existing in the composition test of fluid inclusions are analyzed, which provides a certain direction for its future development. Secondly, the characteristics of ore- forming fluids and fluid inclusions in various deposits are summarized, which has important guiding significance for analyzing the genetic types of deposits. Finally, the development direction of fluid inclusions in future ore deposit studies is summarized.

Abstract:Jiujialu Formation of Early Carboniferous and Dazhuyuan Formation of Late Carboniferous belong to karst bauxite ore- bearing rock series in central Guizhou and southern Chongqing. According to the characteristics of karst morphology combination, it can be divided into dissolution depression type and karst lake type. The lower part of the two types of ore- bearing rock series are mainly iron clay rock and chlorite clay rock, interbedded with hematite layer, and sometimes intercalated with dolomite and limestone lens. Both are permanent, low energy, shallow water and marine lake sedimentary products. The bauxite, bauxite and clay rocks in the upper part of the dissolved depression- type ore- bearing rock series occur in various forms of dissolved depressions on land. All kinds of bauxite, bauxite and clay rocks in the upper part of karst lake- type ore- bearing rock series are deposited in intermittent, flood control, high energy, shallow water and terrestrial lakes. Due to the close distance from the sea, under the influence of flooding and strong storm surge, the sedimentary characteristics of marine and transitional facies in the continental sediments of the upper part of the ore- bearing rock series. Under favorable geological, climatic, hydrological, plant and other conditions near the equator, the weathering crust material formed by the lateritization of parent rock is transported to the dissolution depressions and dissolution lakes in short distance by flowing water. The karst bauxite ore- bearing rock series formed by deposition is a continuous occurrence, development and evolution process in the same period, during which there is no obvious discontinuous period.

Abstract:Source- to- sink system refers to the dynamic system in which the source formed by denudation landform is dispersed and deposited in the catchment basin through the transportation. It has important research significance in the field of Geoscience. The source- to- sink system consists of three important elements: source, transportation and sedimentary system. Only by studying the three elements as a systematic process can we fully understand the dynamic process and evolution of the earth's surface. Continental rift basin is an important type of petroliferous sedimentary basin in China. In this paper, the structural characteristics of continental rift basin are systematically analyzed. As an independent secondary structural unit of faulted basin, the internal steep slope zone and gentle slope zone are different in formation process and geomorphic structure, which leads to the differences in the elements of corresponding source sink system. According to the coupling elements of source- to- sink system, the types of source sink system in different structural zones of the rift basin can be divided into three types: nearby source- short axis- turbidite fan type, nearby source- short axis- alluvial fan / fan delta type and far source- long axis- lacustrine delta type. Two types of source- to- sink system coupling types, nearby source- short axis- turbidite fan type and nearby source- short axis- alluvial fan / fan delta type, are mainly developed in the steep slope zone; In the gentle slope zone and the long axis direction of the basin, the source- to- sink system coupling type of far source- long axis- lacustrine delta type is mainly developed. In the future, the source- to- sink system research will carry out comprehensive research through multiple disciplines and methods, focus on the deep- seated source system, transportation and dispersion system, emphasize the quantitative characterization of source- to- sink system elements and their coupling response relationship, predict large- scale favorable sedimentary sand bodies, and provide predictive models and geological basis for the exploration and development of sedimentary minerals.

Abstract:Peat is a valuable natural resource with multi- purpose. The storage of organic carbon in peat is an important parameter to study the change of global carbon pool and carbon cycle. Due to the particularity of peat distribution in bogs and soft peat water content, the quality of peat depth survey and original peat samples obtained for testing is not high, leading to uncertainty and deviation in the evaluation of peat carbon storage. Through the sampling test of shallow drilling peat investigation in the typical peat formation area of the zoige swamp wetland, the method of undisturbed sampling by vibration shock of portable drilling rig was explored. The adaptability of portable drilling rig in difficult to access swamp wetland has been verified by experiments carried out in two different bog and wetland strata at the edge and center of peat patch. The matching vibration shock process can obtain high- quality undisturbed peat samples and depth information of peat. The effectiveness of peat survey and sampling using vibration and impact drilling technology with portable drilling rig was preliminarily explored through experiments. Shallow sampling drilling, as a direct and effective technical means of peat survey, can effectively improve the efficiency and accuracy of peat survey and provide reliable drilling technical service support for the preparation and evaluation of peat reserve data.

Abstract:To investigate how the boulder levee in Eyukou (located at Mengshan Mountain) was formed and whether Quaternary glaciers exist in the middle and low mountains of Shandong Province, is crucial for us to confirm when the boulder levee was formed.Methods: Based on the evidence of the gravel fabric, the sedimentary structure and the combination of geomorphological features reveal the origin of the Eyukou boulder levee. The age of the boulder levee was speculated by the age of the Quaternary sediments underlying it and the time when local villagers moved here. Because the boulder levee was formed later than the Quaternary sediments underlying it and earlier than villagers moved here.Results: The OSL dating results of sediments underlying the Eyukou boulder levee are 2.1 to 2.3 ka BP., indicating that the debris flow accumulation is not earlier than 2.1 to 2.3 ka BP. The AMS14C dating results of sediments underlying are 951 to 1522 ka BP.Conclusions: Based on the dating results, combined with the oral statements of local villagers, it is inferred that the Eyukou boulder levee were debris flow deposits with low outbreak frequency and long duration, formed several hundred years ago. The newly obtained OSL and AMS 14C dating results in this paper could serve as auxiliary evidence to deny the view which considers the boulder levee distributed at the foot of Mengshan Mountain was a "moraine ridge" or a "typical rock stream " in the Early Holocene.

Abstract:The siliciclastic rocks of the Middle Permian Maokou Formation at Yingpan, Nayong, Guizhou, are the main object of this study, focusing on the genesis of siliciclastic rocks and the origin of defined silica using elemental earth methods.Methods: Based on the field investigation work, the ratio characteristics and enrichment patterns of major, trace and rare earth elements were analyzed by elemental geochemical methods, combined with geological background and petrographic paleogeographic features to discern the siliciclastic genesis and depositional environment.Results: Elemental geochemical correlation ratios and diagrams of diagenetic discrimination indicate that there was a significant input of hot water material during the formation process, and silicon was mainly derived from the hot water system. The depositional environment is the Qianzhong Terrace Trench in the deep- water phase of the same sedimentary fracture.Conclusions: The early submarine volcanism of the Emei mantle column or the associated hot water action provided the siliceous fraction required for the deposition of siliciclastic rocks at Yingpan, Nayong. And the early submarine volcanism of the Emei mantle column may have an important controlling role on the Permian siliciclastic sedimentation in South China.

Abstract:The volcanic rocks of Meifeng formation in Lesser khingan mountains are widely exposed, which is of great significance to study the geochemical characteristics of the volcanic rocks of Meifeng formation. This paper makes research on the petrographic, geochemical and chronological characteristics of the volcanic rocks of Meifeng formation in Sunwu area of Lesser khingan mountains, and discusses their formation age, petrogenesis and tectonic environment. Zircon U- Pb results show that the Meifeng formation was formed in the early Cretaceous (105.2 ± 0.5 Ma). Meifeng formation is dominated by basic volcanic rocks, belonging to high potassium calc alkaline series. Enrichment of Rb, Ba, th, u, La, CE, relative loss of Nb, Ti and other elements; δEu = 0.71 ~ 0.94, light rare earth is slightly enriched, heavy rare earth fractionation is not obvious. The above rock geochemical characteristics show that the original magma of the volcanic rocks of Meifeng formation originated from the mantle and was modified by the contamination of crustal materials. The volcanic rocks of Meifeng formation in the study area were formed in an extensional environment and were the product of the ancient Pacific plate’s subduction to the Asian continental plate.

Abstract:Air foam flooding is an important tertiary oil recovery technology, and its using effect is controlled by the reservoir heterogeneity. The main aim of this paper is to study the applicable reservoir range of this technology. Methods: Theoretical analysis clarifies the mechanism of air foam profile control and water shutoff under different reservoir heterogeneity conditions. Experimental analysis shows the difference of water flooding and foam flooding in different permeability ratio, and the dynamic verification is done by the actual production of oil fields. Results:It showed that the air foam flooding technology improves the sweep efficiency, and improves the mobility ratio through foam, and stripes oil film by surfactant. The foam system can effectively profile and block water. Because the heterogeneous reservoirs have different sizes of pore throat, large pore throat ratio and strong Jia Min effect, the effect of increasing sweep efficiency and flooding and water plugging is stronger. The oil recovery can be further enhanced on the basis of water flooding. The experimental and production dynamic data show that the stronger the reservoir heterogeneity is, the better the effect of increasing production and plugging is. Conclusions: The air foam flooding technology is suitable for the reservoir with strong heterogeneity, and the water flooding is suitable for the homogeneous reservoir. It is possible to select a heterogeneous reservoir in the oilfield to use water flooding first. Then, when the water content is high, the air foam flooding can be used.

Abstract:Large igneous provinces (LIPs) represent extreme geological events in Earth’s history and are usually related to deep processes such as mantle plumes. They are composed of large volumes of intraplate mafic magmatic rocks (sills, dykes or flood lavas) formed during relatively short duration and are of great significances for studying global atmosphere—ocean climate change and mass extinction, large- scale metallogeny as well as paleogeographic reconstruction and continental breakup. The dispersal history of Pangea supercontinent from ~200 Ma shows that although not all LIPs were related to continental breakup, almost every major breakup event was accompanied by LIP. Therefore, LIPs can be used as an important tool for studying the paleogeographic reconstruction and continental breakup of pre- Pangea supercontinents, especially for the Precambrian supercontinents that lack other reliable evidence such as paleontology, glacial deposits and abundant paleomagnetic results.From last 20 years, more and more LIPs have been identified from different cratons, and comparisons of these LIPs have provided important constraints on paleogeographic reconstruction and breakup history of the Precambrian supercontinents. Due to multiple stages of continental breakup, erosion or covered by young basins, the Precambrian LIPs usually occur as LIP fragments/remnants as represented by intraplate mafic events consisting of mafic dykes, sills or occasionally mafic lavas. Geochronogical, petrological and geochemical comparisons of LIP fragments/remnants in different cratons combined with other evidence can be used to recover the original temporal and spatial distributions of LIPs across different cratons, and can therefore provide important constraints on paleo- positions of these cratons in the Precambrian supercontinents. Similar to other tools for Precambrian paleogeographic reconstruction, there are some restrictions or uncertainness in using LIPs as tools for paleogeographic reconstruction and continental breakup. Therefore, when using LIPs as robust tools for Precambrian paleogeographic reconstruction and continental breakup, other evidence such as paleomagnetic data, geometry of mafic dykes, similarities between special geological events (glacial deposits, black shales, tuff layers, fossils, disconformity or unconformity, etc.) recorded in pre- LIPs strata, comparisons of mafic magmatic sequences and large deformation belts and lithosphere structures revealed by geophysical methods should also be considered as possible.

Abstract:A large Mesozoic magmatic rocks are exposed in the coastal area of the southeastern China. The data of geochemistry and zircon U- Pb ages of granitoids from typical plutons in the coastal area of Zhejiang and Fujian are studied systematically in order to explore the reason for the complexity of magmatism during the period of 100~90 Ma.Methods:Comparative analyses of regional geochemical characteristics, U- Pb zircon geochronology and Rhyolite- MELTS method to calculate magma processes at 100~90 Ma in Zhejiang—Fujian area.Results:Plagioclase is as the main mineral in Zhejiang—Fujian plutons at 98 Ma, while typical minerals of aegirine and large amounts of striped feldspar respectively appear at 95 Ma and 92 Ma. The high alkaline granites in Zhejiang—Fujian area is different from those typical island arc granites in the world. The granites in Zhejiang and Fujian area are enriched in LILE, depleted in HFSE, Nb—Ta, negative anomalies of Ba and Sr, strong Eu anomaly and varied LREE/HREE ratios. Most of the granites in Zhejiang—Fujian during this period are derived from partial melting of continental crust materials and existing the transition in chemical composition in 95 Ma.Conclusions:The parental magma of Zhejiang—Fujian granites at 90~100 Ma are derived from partial melting of the mantle caused by the subduction of the paleo- Pacific plate, the Late Mesozoic magmatic evolution in Zhejiang—Fujian area underwent a transition due to the intervention of mantle materials around 95 Ma, and the transition period of the Late Mesozoic granitic formation in Zhejiang—Fujian area is probably about 95 Ma.

Abstract:According to the method of comparative analysis, this paper makes a comparative study on the Chinese and English versions of The Geology of Hsi- Shan or the Western Hills of Peking from two aspects of pictures and texts. In terms of pictures, the English version has made a lot of additions and explanations, and the content is more detailed and exact. There are obvious differences in the texts of Chinese and English versions. The preface and notes of the English version have their unique value and significance. Some details of the Chinese version should also absorb the latest research results at that time. The comparative study of Chinese and English versions provides an accurate and reliable academic foundation for understanding the value and status of The Geology of Hsi- Shan or the Western Hills of Peking.

Abstract:The Longshan Au—Sb mining area is located in the Longshan uplift of Xiangzhong basin. In the past, there were many views on the formation ages of the folds in the upper Paleozoic and on Longshan dome in central Hunan Province, and there is a lack of observation and understanding on the kinematic characteristics and ages of ore- bearing faults in Longshan Au—Sb mining area. Methods: In view of this, this study performed detailed structural observation and analysis of outcrops and in pits in the Longshan deposit and its surrounding areas, and then combined with the regional structural characteristics, Geological characteristics of the deposit and the previous research results of regional tectonics, distinguished the deformation sequences and the formation ages of the folds in the upper Paleozoic and of Longshan dome, and discussed the structural ore- controlling regularity and mechanism. Conclusions:The main achievements are as follows: (1) The study area has experienced six main deformation events: ①Regional NW compression during late Ordovician to Silurian; ②Regional NW compression in the late Middle Triassic; ③Regional SN～NNE compression in the Late Triassic; ④ Regional NWW compression in the late Middle Jurassic; ⑤Regional NW—SE extension in the Cretaceous; ⑥Regional NE compression in the middle—late Paleogene. (2) The NE- trending folds in the upper Paleozoic were formed in the late Middle Triassic, the EW- trending folds were formed in the Late Triassic, and the NNE- trending folds were formed in the late Middle Jurassic; The Longshan dome was formed by the superposition of NE- trending anticlinorium of late Middle Triassic and EW- trending anticlinorium of Late Triassic. (3) It was likely to form ore- guiding and ore- bearing faults in the core of the two stages of anticlinoriums due to stress concentration, in addition, the dome is accompanied by a hidden granite body, which resulted in the location of Longshan Au—Sb deposit in the middle of Longshan dome. The ore- guiding structures of Longshan Au—Sb deposit are NE- and EW- trending hidden thrust faults related to two- stages anticlinoriums; the ore- bearing structures are NWW- trending dextral strike- slip faults formed in late Middle Triassic, NNE- and NE- trending sinistral strike- slip faults and NW- trending dextral strike- slip faults formed in the Late Triassic. (4) The high- angle plunging of the ore bodies in the area is related to the low- angle inclination of the movement direction of ore- bearing faults, and the latter is related to the inclination of the regional maximum principal compression caused by the unidirectional slip of the cover.

Abstract:Coal is a kind of sedimentary rock seriously affected by geological action, and its properties will have a profound impact on the properties of carbon-based materials. In order to explore the influence of contact metamorphism on the properties of coal-based graphene quantum dots, coal formed in plutonic metamorphism and regional magmatic metamorphism was selected for comparison to explore the difference in properties of prepared products. Meththods: Preparation of coal-based graphene quantum dots by oxidative exfoliation method. Graphene quantum dots were obtained from deashed coal by ultrasonic, acid bathing, neutralization, dialysis and drying processes. The structures of raw coal and prepared products were analyzed by X-ray diffraction(XRD), Raman spectroscopy(Raman), Transmission electron microscopy(TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS) and Fluorescence spectroscopy(PL). Results: With the increase of coal rank, the structural defects of deashing coal decrease, the aromatic structure increases gradually, and the crystal structure proceeds in the direction of ordering. The particle size uniformity of quantum dots prepared with coal as carbon source is good, and the particle size tends to be larger with the increase of coal rank. Carbon element is mainly in the form of C-C / C-H, and oxygen mainly exists in carbon and oxygen functional groups, C∶O ≤ 7∶3, and the oxygen content increases with the increase of coal rank. In ultraviolet light (λ= Under the irradiation of 297 nm), the sample emits blue fluorescence, and the fluorescence intensity is higher in lower rank coal and gradually decreases with coal rank increasing. Compared with coal formed by plutonic metamorphism and regional magmatic metamorphism, the thermal coal formed by contact metamorphism has more COO- structure, and the content of C = O bond decreases; The rising trend of fluorescence intensity is more obvious when the coal rank is lower, and reaches the maximum in high rank bituminous coal; The coal affected by contact metamorphism has a more regular graphitization structure. Conclusions: Coal formed by contact metamorphism can be used to prepare graphene quantum dots, and the prepared products have higher aromaticity, greater ductility and smaller interlayer spacing, and show higher graphitization degree. At the same time, the prepared graphene quantum dots have good uniformity, larger size than other metamorphism, and are arranged in a more regular and orderly aromatic structure. With the deepening of metamorphism, the C-C ratio of the prepared products gradually decreases, and more O elements are doped into the quantum dot structure.

Abstract:

Abstract:Clean energy such as the Shale gas and geotherm is becoming an increasingly important part of global energy exploiting and has been a major growth point of China future energy output, which would exert positive effect on ensuring energy security and peaking carbon emissions and carbon neutral. However, the induced earthquakes caused by underground industrial exploiting is increasingly attracting people’s attention. Understanding the relationship between industrial activity and induced earthquake and managing the seismic risk of induced earthquake have been important project and challenge for the current world. Therefore, this study surveys the global typical cases of induced earthquakes and introduces their basic characteristics and differences among different countries. Also, the main manner, physical mechanism and the relationship with fluid injection of induced earthquake are analyzed and summarized. We suggest that the induced earthquake is not only closely related with the fluid injection itself, but also is controlled and determined by the local geology and fault condition.

Abstract:The complex syn- sedimentary deformation structures induced by slump deposits in continental lacustrine basins are essential when interpreting paleotopography and ancient earthquakes. A systematic study on the slump deformation system is conducive to the identification of deformation origin, understanding of deformation mechanism and deeply interpretation of regional tectonic background.Methods:Based on a literature review, we summarize the forming conditions and deformation characteristics of slump deposits along the slope, especially the morphological evolution of slump folds, the associated deformation structures, indication of the ancient slope and physical simulation.Results: Comprehensive analysis shows that: (1) slump deformation in continental lacustrine basin is closely related to gravity flow deposition; (2) cylindrical fold and tight upright fold are at head of single slump body while mushroom- shaped fold at toe, the morphology evolution of these folds can be divided into several stages; (3) thrust faults, clastic dykes, irregular erosion surfaces and soft boudinage can be seen in slump folds; (4) stress mechanism and liquefaction mechanism are the two main mechanism of slump deformation; (5) physical simulation may become an important aspect of slump deformation study due to its changeable parameters of materials.Conclusions: Disputes still exist in the identification of deformation origin. Sediment reworking, remobilization, bioturbation and liquefaction of unconsolidated sediments are the key indicators of soft- sediment deformation.

Abstract:In order to study the characteristics of the Jurassic strata in the eastern segment of the northern Qaidam Basin and its surrounding regions and their response to tectonic activities. Methods: The authors based on the field geological survey of the Jurassic in the Hongshan, Huobuxun and Delingha sags in the eastern segment of the northern Qaidam Basin, through stratigraphic contact relationship tracing, interpretation of 2D seismic data and analysis of lithological and lithofacies mutation characteristics, and comparative analysis with the Jurassic strata development characteristics of other typical basins in Northwest China. Results:The first episode of Yanshanian tectonic movement in the eastern segment of the northern Qaidam Basin and its surrounding regions occurred in the Early—Middle Jurassic. It is relatively uniform in paleogeography and paleo- tectonic environment, and coarse clastic sags are developed. Each sag has episodic sedimentary filling characteristics. In contrast with other basins in Northwest China, this episode of tectonic movement affected large areas but weak intensity. The second episode of Yanshanian tectonic movement in the eastern segment of the northern Qaidam Basin and its surrounding regions occurred in the Late Jurassic—Early Cretaceous, which led to the transformation of paleogeography and paleo- tectonic environment to a new environment, characterized by the angular unconformity between the Middle—Late Jurassic and the incompleteness of the Cretaceous and Upper Jurassic.Conclusions:The stratigraphic feature of first episode is presumed to be related to the extension after the collision of various plates around Northwestern China; the stratigraphic feature of second episode is related to the collision between the Lhasa Block and the Eurasian Plate, the closure of the Mongolia—Okhotsk Ocean and the collision of the Kolyma—Omolon Block.

Abstract:Southwestern margin of the Ordos Block in the Paleo—Mesoproterozoic is a part of the rifts of the southern margin of the North China Craton, previous studies mainly focus on the 1.85~1.75 Ga granites exposed in the research area, but later than 1.85 Ga intermediate—basic eruptive rock in the Proterozoic has not been reported. Basaltic andesite at the Tiemahe section is exposed in the Liupanshan faults zone in the southwestern margin of the Ordos Block with amygdaloid structure and porphyritic texture. The phenocrysts are mainly composed of plagioclase and small amount of mafic minerals. SHRIMP zircon U- Pb dating results show that the Tiemahe basaltic andesite was erupted in the early Mesoproterozoic (ca. 1740±14 Ma). Geochemically, the rock samples show low SiO2, TiO2, K2O, and high Na2O, FeOT and Al2O3.and display LREE- enrichment patterns, with LREE/HREE ratios of 6.50~7.00, (La/Yb)N of 5.62~7.14, and δEu of 0.69~0.91. In the spider diagrams, they are enriched in large ion lithophile elements (e.g., Ba, Th, U, K) and relatively depleted in Nb, Sr and Ti. The values of (87Sr/86Sr)i(0.70587~0.70934)，εNd(t) (-6.9 ~ -4.8), Nb/Ta (6.6~8.3) and TDM (2562~2730 Ma) suggest that the Tiemahe basaltic andesite was originated from enriched lithospheric mantle that had been metasomatized by subducted slab derived fluids, which may be related with late Paleoproterozoic orogeny in the western margin of the Ordos Block. This paper suggests that the Tiemahe volcanic rocks were generated by decompression melting under intracontinental extension, which reverify that the western Ordos Block was involved in tectonic processes of the intracontinental extension of the NCC in the Mesoproterozoic.

Abstract:The Datan basin is situated in the uplift belt of the northern margin of the North China Craton and the southwest section of the Guyuan—Hongshanzi uranium metallogenic belt. A number of uranium occurrences and uranium anomaly site have been newly discovered in the Wuliying area of the basin. They mainly occurs in the middle—basic subvolcanic rocks of the Yixian period, and the geological age belongs to the late Early Cretaceous, which is obviously different from the known ore- bearing horizons in this metallogenic belt——the Zhangjiakou Formation high- potassium calc- alkaline rhyolite in the early Early Cretaceous. The rock——alkaline trachyte assemblage and the high- potassium calc- alkaline—alkaline rhyolite assemblage of the Xinmin Formation in the early Late Jurassic. However, there is still a lack of systematic research on lithology, petrography, geochemical characteristics and petrogenesis in this ore- bearing layer.Methods:Based on detailed observations of occurrence of Wuliying uranium occurrences in the field, we have studied the petrology, geochemistry, Sr—Nd—Pb radio isotope of host rocks to discuss nature of source region and tectonic setting, than, we have discussed the relationship between middle—basic subvolcanic rocks and uranium mineralization.Results:The host rock is ivernite.All of ivernites are characterized by high contents of K2O and total alkali, low contents of TiO2 and iron, and an enrichment of LREE and LILE element. It has the characteristics of alkaline series and calc alkaline series, and belongs to the typical shoshonite series. \[n(87Sr)/n(86Sr)\]i between 0. 707290 and 0. 707399(the average is 0. 707343), \[n(143Nd)/n (144Nd)\]i between 0. 511849 and 0. 511895(the average is 0. 511876),εNd(t) range of -12. 38~-11. 49, \[n(206Pb)/n(204Pb)\]i between 17. 236 and 17. 343(the average is 17. 296), \[n(207Pb)/n(204Pb)\]i between 15. 407 and 15. 428(the average is 15. 416), \[n(208Pb)/n(204Pb)\]i between 37. 666 and 37. 707(the average is 37. 684). In the εNd(t)—\[n(87Sr)/n(86Sr)\]i, \[n(143Nd)/n(144Nd)\]i— \[n(87Sr)/n(86Sr)\]i, \[n(207Pb)/n(204Pb)\]i— \[n(206Pb)/n(204Pb)\]i and \[n(208Pb)/n(204Pb)\]i— \[n(206Pb)/n(204Pb)\]i diagrams. Conclusions: The ivernite belongs to the typical shoshonite series, which shows the source of magma is closely related to EM I enriched mantle, and possibly the participation of lower crust components. Simultaneously, affected by the subduction of the oceanic crust of the Pacific plate and the delamination of the North China Craton’s lithosphere, its tectonic environment is a tensile environment, and the magma mainly originates from the partial melting of the material at the bottom of the thickened continental crust. The Wuliying uranium mineralization is similar to the "junction type" uranium deposit in the Xiazhuang orefield. Uranium mineralization occurs in a series of NNW- trending silicification and cyanidation alteration zones, and The enriched mantle imprint of its host rock, ivernite (shoshonite series), restricts the enrichment of LILE such as U.

Abstract:An unique and relatively complete skull of Wenshanaspis zhichangensis was found in the Gumu area of Wenshan twenty years ago, another relatively complete fossil specimen has been collected for the first time in Zhujie area of Guangnan, Wenshan, Yunnan Province. Results: Wenshanaspis zhichangensis not only greatly widened the distribution range of Wenshanaspis zhichangensis, enriched the study on the sequence stratigraphy of its occurrence horizon——The Posongchong Formation, but also contributed a great deal to the restoration of paleogeographic features of the early Devonian. Conclusions: A new oval opening connecting the posterior supraorbital canal and the lateral dorsal canal has been found by the comparison with the orthotype specimen, and its function has been analyzed and discussed.

Abstract:In order to understand the climate and environment changes during the middle Pleistocene in the southern Xizang(Tibetan) Plateau, we studied the section located in eastern bank of Yeru River in the Dingjie Basin, southern Xizang(Tibetan) Plateau, which is lacustrine, deposited in middle Pleistocene, is consisted of a sequence of gray and white clay sand, silt, fine sand and coarse sand, with a thickness about 41. 3 m. Methods：The pollen samples are treated by hydrofluoric acid. The pollen are separated from the samples by conventional acid treatment and heavy liquid method. The age of lacustrine deposits determined by ESR and U- series dating. Results：The results show that the average pollen content of herbaceous plant, woody plant and ferns is 57. 6%, 38. 8% and 3. 5%, respectively. The vegetation types represented by pollen assemblages are grassland or forest grassland environment. According to the genus type and abundance of pollen fossils, the pollen fossils can be divided into five pollen zones from bottom to top. ESR and U- series dating data indicate that the deposition of the section is between 551. 6 and 202. 4 ka belong to the middle Pleistocene.Conclusion：The climate changes during the Middle Pleistocene in the dingjie basin are as follows: During the period of 551. 6 ~ 448. 4 ka, the climate was warm and humid, suitable for plant growth; during the period of 448. 4 ~ 375. 2 ka, the climate turned to cold and dry; during the period of 375. 2 ~ 291. 2 ka, the climate fluctuated frequently, showing a process from cold—humidity to cold—dry to cold—humidity；during the period of 291. 2 ~ 261. 0 ka, the climate turned to more dry and more cold; during the period of 261. 0 ~ 202. 4 ka, the climate fluctuated frequently, showing a process from cold—dry to warm—humidity to cold—dry.

Abstract:There may be a closed relationship between the velocity and the structural style. It is an important material attribute, which is of great significance to understand the deformation and evolution process of nature. Methods: Therefore, combined with field outcrop observation, this study carried out physical simulation test and analysis of different deformation rates of fold —thrust- belt. Results: The results show that: ①High velocity forms a structural style dominated by forward thrust faults, medium velocity forms a structural style dominated by forward thrust fault and backward thrust fault, while low velocity forms a structural style dominated by pure backward thrust fault. ②The difference of structural deformation patterns is mainly determined by the internal stress state of the rock: the forward thrust fault was developed in the hinterland of the fold - and- thrust belt, and the shear stress of the brittle layer is greater than that of the basal ductile layer, while in the middle and front domains, the shear stress of the brittle layer is close to that of the basal ductile layer, mainly forming back thrust and symmetrical pop- up thrust structures. ③The deformation rate of tectonic geological body may determine its existing state.Conclusions:The pudding structure of the coastal area in the south of Portugal and the dominating back thrusts in Cascadian- type margins in North America are likely to be formed under different deformation rates.

Abstract:The Jiangchuan biota of the Ediacaran (Sinian) upper Dengying Formation in eastern Yunnan is another rich and diverse macrofauna preserved by carbonaceous compressions in South China. A large number of sausage- shaped macroscopic fossils of carbonaceous compressions were found in this biota, which are extremely similar in size and shape to Tawuia carbonaceous fossils that were widely distributed in Mesoproterozoic and Neoproterozoic strata prior to the Cryogenian Snowball Earth episodes. We report that these fossils have a maximum width of 4.5 mm, a maximum length of 4cm, and a length—width ratio greater than 2. The surface appears to be smooth and unornamented. Dark peripheral rings can be observed on some fossil specimens with particularly carbonaceous margins. However, these fossils appear to be more morphologically variable than classic Tawuia, which are commonly characterized by rod- shaped, I- shaped, U- shaped and C- shaped morphologies; we additionally observe fossils with right- angled L- shaped, figure- 8- shaped, wide U- shaped, and annular O- shaped morphologies. Individual specimens are also characterized by bending carbon residue, marginal carbon thickening and transverse ridges are associated with protruding structures of different sizes. Although previous studies have interpreted Tawui a as the thallus of a planktonic alga, we find that the morphological variability we observe in these Tawuia- like fossils cannot be easily reconciled with such an interpretation. These fossils may, alternatively, be related to vermiform animals of macrosomic fossil groups predating the Cryogenian glacials in the lower Neoproterozoic of West Shandong and Huainan. The newly discovered fossil morphology suggests that the Tawuia- like carbonaceous compression fossils may represent an early polyphyletic affinity. The fossils with short to long banded thallus, short peduncles and suspected holdfast structures can be identified as benthic macroalgae. Most of the thalli are assumed to be sausage- shaped or long and saccular, including various life stages of pelagic planktonic organisms, which may belong to primitive unbranched multinucleate algae or early differentiated hollow sac- like multicellular algae. Some of the regularly deformed Tawuia- like fossils shown in this paper are more likely to be bilaterally symmetrical relatives of early animals. Benthic organisms living in offshore marine settings may have experienced taphonomic processes of deformation and burial distinct from those experienced by planktonic organisms or algae transported from more terrestrially proximal settings.

Abstract:In the Middle - Late Triassic, the first episode of Indosinian Orogeny led to the uplift of the Qinling Mountain. In the same period, earthquakes and volcanic activities occurred frequently. A large number of geological event sedimentary layers were preserved in the Ordos Basin. In order to understand the sedimentary sequence of geological events under the influence of tectonic activities, explore the coupling relationship of various geological events in the geological history, and understand the formation and evolution process of large depression lake basin from a new perspective.Methods: Based on the Chang 7 oil member as the research object, and analyzes the sedimentary characteristics of seismites, turbidites, tuffs and organic rich shale corresponding to seismic events, turbidity events, volcanic events and anoxic events and studied their superimposed relationships.Results: In the Chang-7 period, various event sedimentary sequences in the lake basin were controlled by the Qinling orogeny in the Middle - Late Triassic. The subsidence of the lake basin caused by tectonic activities provided conditions for the preservation of event sedimentary layers. Volcanic eruption volcanic ash formed tuffaceous strata, which created conditions for anoxic events in the lake basin. Seismic events formed seismites and led to turbidity current events.Conclusions: The alternation of these geological events constitutes the result of the superposition of various event sedimentary layers in Chang 7 oil member.

Abstract:There is not groundwater exploitation in Hexi area, Nanjing. But land subsidence continues to develop. In order to explore the cause of land subsidence in Hexi area, Nanjing. Methods: Based on the systematic study of hydrogeological and engineering geological conditions. The distribution characteristics and development law of land subsidence, as well as the relationship between land subsidence and groundwater level, soft soil distribution and building load are studied. Furthermore, the causes of land subsidence in Hexi, Nanjing are revealed. Results: The groundwater level in Hexi, Nanjing has been relatively stable in recent 5 years. This is consistent with the condition that groundwater is not exploited. The land subsidence is not affected by groundwater exploitation. Land subsidence is closely related to the thickness of soft soil layer and the density of buildings. On the one hand, the greater the building density, the greater the increase of effective stress of soil mass, resulting in greater land subsidence. On the other hand, pile foundation is usually used for the load of high- rise buildings. And the soil layer is compressed and consolidated under the action of friction. Because the mechanical strength of soft soil layer is lower than that of sandy soil, the land settlement in the area with thick soft soil layer is relatively large. Conclusions: Land subsidence is closely related to the thickness of soft soil layer and the distribution of building load. Land subsidence is mainly affected by buildings engineering. That is, the effect of building load and deep foundation pit dewatering.

Abstract:Nanpanjiang—Youjiang metallogenic area is one of the most important gold resources producing areas in China, where Carlin type gold deposits are concentrated in south China. Based on the sedimentary system, formation system, rock system, tectonic system, geochronology system, material system, positioning system dynamic system expand the connotation of tectonic erosion variation, to establish the discriminant index, expounded that they can occur not only between unconformities, but also between rocks with large differences in permeability, build the card cover type of gold deposits in multi- level tectonic slippage metallogenic system of southern China, and a comprehensive model for regional prospecting prediction of Carlin type gold deposit in Guizhou province is established. Based on the constructed metallogenic system and prediction model, the regional metallogenic prediction was carried out, the prospecting target area was delineated, the prospecting practice under the guidance of theory was carried out, and the historic breakthrough of Guizhou Carlin- type gold deposit was realized.

Abstract:The North China Craton (NCC) is one of the cratons that preserve a large number of Archean Tonalite—Trondhjemite—Granodiorite (TTG) rocks and multi- stage magmatic events. The related studies of NCC have important implications for revealing the late Archean crust—mantle dynamic evolution. This paper collects and arranges the valid geochemical data of 52 Archean TTG gneiss samples in the Xuhuai area, which is located in the southeastern of NCC. According to the distribution of region and petrogenesis, it can be divided into three parts: the low- aluminum and low- pressure TTG rocks in the southeast (Huoqiu and Wuhe) of the Xuhuai area, the medium- aluminum and medium—low- pressure TTG rocks in the north—central (Western Shandong C belt and Zhanghe), and the high- aluminum and high- pressure TTG rocks in the western area (Dengfeng). The TTG gneiss in the Xuhuai area has significantly two stages crustal growth: 2 95 ~ 2. 70 Ga，2. 58 ~ 2. 48 Ga (peak value ~ 2.52 Ga). Based on analysis of major and trace elemental data, it is proposed that they are properly sourced from the partial melting of low- K mafic rocks and the magma source area of TTG gneiss may be affected by the mixture of crust—mantle interaction. The source region of Huoqiu TTG had subjected to fluid metasomatism, whereas the the source region of Dengfeng magma had suffered melt metasomatism. The magma source regions of Western Shandong and Zhanghe had experienced both melt and fluid metasomatism. Tectonic systems show that mantle plume vertical structure may impact the generation of TTG gneiss in the Huoqiu area. In the late Archean, western Shandong and Zhanghe areas may have a relationship of TTG gneiss forming especially lateral intra- oceanic subduction and arc—continent collision accretion control of intra- oceanic island arc terrane, and experienced regional granulite facies metamorphism.

Abstract:Paleosoil is an important record of climate change in geological history. Through the information of palaeosoil records, the paleoenvironmentand paleoclimatecan be reconstructed qualitatively and quantitatively, providing basis for understanding various geological events in geological history. Most of the previous studies have been carried out on palaeosoil in specific areas, but the global palaeosoil data collation, paleoclimateand paleoenvironment research are relatively few. Methods: Based on the indicator function of the dry and wet condition of paleosoilto the paleoclimate environment, we classified the paleosol (410~255 Ma) reported by previous researchers into two types: arid paleosoiland humid paleosoil according to the plant root trace, root structure and root fossil, clay minerals and the structure of paleosoil. Results: Paleoclimate compares the dry and wet characteristics of paleosoils with other climate-sensitive sediments, Compared with typical sensitivity sediments, the arid and humid paleosoil distributions are consitent with calcareous tuberculosis (evaporite), kaolinite (coal and bauxite), respectively. The arid paleosoilis mainly distributed in the middle and low latitude arid area of late Paleozoic. Humidpaleosoils are mainly distributed in the late Paleozoic near the equator and mid-latitude moist regions. Conclusions: Based on the above analysis, it is concluded that the dry and wet characteristics of paleosoil can be used as a new climate sensitive index to indicate the paleoclimate environment, and then as a strong basis for the division of climatic zones.

Abstract:The Upper Ordovician Baota (Pagoda) Formation, a stratigraphic unit widely distributed on the Yangtze platform of South China, is marked by its abundant cephalopods and unique network structures throughout the formation. The water depth for the deposition of the Baota Formation, based on sedimentary structure and paleoecological qualitative analysis, has been a controversial topic for decades. Here, with abundant in situ cephalopod fossils collected from the Baota Formation in the Yaolongshan area of northern Guizhou, a quantitative bathymetry of the epeiric sea where the formation deposited has been interpreted from the coupling relationship between the septal strength index (SSI) of the cephalopods and their implosion depth. A total of 16 Sinoceras and 12 Michelinoceras specimens are selected for the SSI analysis, along with how external characteristics and internal structures is correlated with SSI, respectively. The result indicates that SSI shows significant positive correlations with external cone length and septal distance, but negative with the apical angle. Furthermore, SSI has little relationship to single internal structure, it is likely influenced jointly by multiple internal parameters. Additionally, the SSI values of Sinoceras and Michelinoceras range from 5.564 to 10.829 and 11.432 to 19.532, respectively, approximately equate to 128 to 169 m and 228 to 280 m of the actual depths. Obviously, although Sinoceras and Michelinoceras were often buried on the same bedding surface of the Pagoda network limestone, these two taxa had different ecological stratification in the water column and even different paleobiogeographic environment. Whilst intraspecific ecological stratification are unconspicuous within these two genera. Moreover, quantitative bathymetry of the epeiric sea based on the actual depths of Sinoceras and Michelinoceras show a deep water benthic environment (≥280 m) corresponding to the Baota Formation, which is much deeper than most previous speculations.

Abstract:The Mesoproterozoic Wumishan Formation in Beijing area is mainly composed of chert banded dolostone, chert nodule dolostone, stromatolite dolostone and a small amount of terrigenous silty clastic dolostone. It is widely exposed in the Beijing mountain area with a thickness of 2000~3500 meters. The provenance and cause of the formation of a large number of Mesoproterozoic siliceous sediments represented by the Wumishan Formation have been a controversial issue in the geoscience field for a long time. Most researchers believe that layered chert is biogenic and nodular chert is the diagenetic replacement. After detailed field investigations in the Western Hills of Beijing and other places, the authors have found that most of the siliceous bands or siliceous nodules (generally referred to as chert mat or siliceous gel mat in the following) occur on the sedimentary discontinuity surface, especially on the ancient erosion surface. The underlying dolostone gravels are often cemented with the siliceous material. The interior of chert mats is often mixed with impurities, especially organic matter, showing various dark and mottled colors. Chert mats were formed at the same time with surrounding dolomitic debris before the accumulation of the overlying dolomitic sediments. There is a relationship of mutual interpenetration and wrapping between chert mats and dolomitic sediments, but the boundaries between them are clear. Neither dolostone debris nor chert mat has obvious replacement trace. Therefore, the author believes that the “concretion” of chert is the result of silica gel aggregation and solidification. Silica gel solidification is the only genetic mechanism of primary chert in Wumishan Formation. Usually, the cementation rate of dolomitic mud and intraclast is obviously faster than that of silica gel. When an earthquake occurs or the overlying sediment is too thick, the soft silica gel will intrude upward or squeeze downward along the weakly consolidated dolostone fissure to form siliceous veins. In the event of later magma intrusion or transformation by thermal metamorphism, the composition and color of chert strips and chert concretions will change accordingly. The texture becomes pure, and the color changes from dark to light, but the original bedding or texture is still retained, which is easily mistaken for diagenetic or post-diagenetic siliceous replacement of carbonate minerals.

Abstract:There has been no substantial breakthrough in uranium prospecting in Bayingobi Basin for many years, it is necessary to use new techniques and methods to get new understandings, and provide clues for uranium exploration in this area. Methods: Based on WorldView- 3 (16 bands) remote sensing data, anomaly information of iron staining, Al—OH, Mg—OH and carbonate was extracted using principal components analysis, combined with field verification, ground gamma- ray spectrum measurement, thin sections observation and geochemistry analysis to further identify the alteration information types and distribution in Benbatu area of Bayingobi Basin. Resutls: The extracted iron staining, Al—OH, Mg—OH and carbonate information mainly distributes in the lower member of the Bayingobi Formation in the north of the study area, the granitic rock mass of Tukemu uplift in the south and the target stratum (the upper member of the Bayingobi Formation) at the edge of the depression. Comprehensive analysis indicates that iron staining and carbonate in the upper member of the Bayingobi Formation are most closely related to uranium mineralization. Furthermore, from the analysis of WV- 3 image, the target stratum was seriously deformed and damaged in the northwest wing of NE syncline in the study area, which is not conducive to the formation of sandstone- type uranium deposits. The hinge zone and southeast flank of the syncline are stable, which is favorable for groundwater and hydrothermal migration, and it is also beneficial to uranium mineralization. Conclusions: Based on the distribution of anomaly information extracted by the WV- 3, Combined with geology, geochemistry, and the analysis of WV- 3 images, it was considered that the hinge zone and southeast flank of the syncline in the northeast of Xinniwusu depression are favorable sections for uranium exploration in the next step. This study shows that the WV- 3 remote sensing data can be well applied to sedimentary rock areas, and play an important role in exploring sandstone- type uranium deposits.

Abstract:Authigenic laumontite cements are widely developed in continental lake basin reservoirs dominated by lithic arkose and arkose, which have been reported in almost all petroliferous basins in China. Therefore, to review and summarize the characteristics, origin and distribution of laumontite is not only of great theoretical value, but also of great significance for oil and gas exploration. The rich well data and diverse depositional environments of Yanchang Formation in Ordos Basin lay a good foundation for the study of authigenic laumontite in sedimentary sequences, so we study the formation, distribution and its exploration significance of laumontite by taking Yanchang Formation in Ordos Basin as an example. Methods: The thin sections, scanning electron microscope and energy spectrum were analyzed combined with outcrops observation, as well as the theoretical model of laumontite genesis and the regional evolution history of Ordos Basin, to illustrate the petrological characteristics, diagenetic evolution, genetic mechanism and temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of laumontite in Yanchang formation. Results: It is found that laumontite can be used as a tracer mineral in the process of reservoir formation under specific conditions, because of its relative low density, easy dissolution but resist to pressure, and sensitive to diagenetic environment. It would fill the pores as cement in the alkaline environment from early to early middle diagenetic stage, while it would dissolve to produce a great quantity of secondary pores when diagenetic fluid changes into acidic for the organic acid produced by hydrocarbon expulsion. The secondary dissolution facies related to laumontite is controlled by middle diagenetic stage in time, and by provenance, sedimentary environments and diagenetic fluid related to source rocks and transport system in space. Conclusions: Based on the analysis of laumontite content, dissolution, relationship with reservoir physical properties and its implication of hydrocarbon accumulation, the favorable target areas are presented for the exploration and evaluation of Chang- 10 from Yanchang Formation in Ordos Basin, providing some new clues for the exploration of analogous sedimentary basins.

Abstract:Lithology identification is basic and important for geological work. Traditional lithology identification method is overwhelmingly dependent on manual experience and geological expertise, which is time- consuming and highly professional. Besides, it is vulnerable to subjective factors, resulting in unsatisfactory accuracy. We review the traditional lithology identification methods, then summarize the latest intelligent identification methods. Finally, we detailed introduce the intelligent identification methods based on rock images, microscopic images, images and element data fusion. The accuracy of intelligent lithology identification based on images can reach more than 90%. The lithology identification based on images and element data fusion can alleviate the influence of factors on accuracy such as high image similarity and apparent characteristics of weathering damage. We deem that the current research on intelligent lithology identification is still in its infancy and cannot meet the engineering needs. Combining the advantage of various data sources and using machine learning to deeply mine the internal correlation between rock elements, minerals, spectra and apparent features is conducive to breaking through the limitation of single source information and realizing rapid and accurate lithology identification.

Abstract:The Pamir syntax at the northern margin of the Qinghai—Xizang(Tibet) Plateau underwent a protracted evolution history of terrane drifting, accretion, collision, and final amalgamation of distinct terranes since late Neoproterozoic to early Paleocene. It recorded the whole Tethys evolution process and plays a key role for our undestanding the geodynamics of the Tethys domain. However, some key issues such as the subduction orientation of the Proto- Tethys Ocean, existence or nonexistence of bidirectional subduction of the Paleo- Tethys Ocean and the coupling between northward subdution of the Neo- Tethys Ocean and the basin—mountain architecture, are still hotlly debated. In this contribution, we have compiled the previous data and sketeched its archetecture and Tethys evolution process. Additionally, several key questions related to its tectonic evolution were discussed.Methods: syethesizing the sedimentary sequences, igneous rocks, metmorphic and structural signatures. Results: The Pamir Syntex can be divided into three main tectonic units, i,e, the Northern Pamir, the Central Pamir and the Southern Pamir. Our study demonstrated that the Northern Pamir was neither Precambrian basement nor the Triassic accretionary complex, its main part is the Cambrian accretionary complex induced by the southward subduction of the Proto- Tethys Ocean. Nevertheless, unlike the scenario of the Kunlun—Altyn orogen, the Proto- Tethys Ocean in Pamir had not closed in late Early Paleozoic, this relic ocean reopened in the initial stage of the Paleo- Tethys and the Carboniferous ocean crust within this accretionary complex and coeval rifting- related back- arc volcanic rocks at the southwestern margin of Tarim were fromed. This relic ocean was finally closed during the early Mesozoic as revealed by the Early Jurassic amphibolite- facies metamorphism of the Cambrian accretionary complex. The assumption of the Paleo- Tethys Ocean was accompanied by the opening of the Neo- Tethys Ocean, since the Middle Jurassic, the northward flat subduction of the Neo- Tethys Ocean along the Shyok zone induced the voluminous arc- type igneous rocks in Southern Pamir and at the same time, in the Central and Northern Pamir, back- arc extension basin and minor intraplate- featured igneous rocks were formed. The Neo- Tethys Ocean closed at 60~50 Ma; and at 40 Ma, alkaline volcanic rocks occurred in Kohistan and Central Pamir genetically related to slab delamination were documented. Since 40 Ma, the northward movement of the India Craton led to the quick thickening of the Pamir crust, the delamination of the thickened lithosphere mantle resulted the voluminous alkaline intrusions in the Central Pamir.

Abstract:The Qitadaban Formation of the Qingbaikou System, Neoproterozoic, is an important component of metamorphic basement in the western part of the Central Qilian Block, being of great significance to understanding the Proterozoic geological and tectonic evolution of the Qilian Block. The research work on dacite tuff of the Qitadaban Formation has been carried out in this paper. Methods: Based on the field work, we finished microscope observation, whole- rock geochemical analysis and LA- ICP- MS zircon U- Pb dating for the dacitic tuff in this paper. Results: The zircons from the rock can be divided into three groups in age. Combined with regional geological data, it is considered that the first and the second age groups of zircons (1408~1410 Ma, 1018~1021 Ma) from the dacitic tuff are responding to the Columbia supercontinent breakup and Rodinia continental convergence (Greenwell Orogeny) in the Qilian Block. The third group of zircons (946~964 Ma) has a mean- weighted n(206Pb)/n(238U) age of 958±3 Ma (MSWD=1. 4), interpreted as the formation age of the tuff. Petrogeochemical analysis shows that the dacitic tuffs are peraluminous (A/CNK=1. 37~1. 75), high potassium (K2O>Na2O, K2O=4. 48%~4. 86%) and calc- alkaline (σ=0. 89~1. 26). The ΣREE=149. 7×10-6~156. 4×10-6 , (La/Yb)N=10. 15～10. 61, and δEu=0. 62~0. 63; with enrichment in large ion lithophile elements (K, Rb, Ba, Th) and deplation in high field strength elements (Nb, Ti). Conclusions: The dacite tuff show similar characteristics with island arc calc- alkaline volcanic rocks in geochemical composition. Thus, they formed in an active continental margin environment and was a response to the formation of the Rodinia supercontinent in the early Neoproterozoic in the Qilian Block.

Abstract:Active faults frequently cause earthquakes and geological disasters, produce stick slip dislocations and creep deformation, and form fault fracture zones, which directly threaten the safety of cities and projects. It is very important to determine the spatial geometric distribution, activity and avoidance distance of active faults, which can help us carry out engineering geological research and disaster prevention and reduction. Therefore, determining the spatial geometric distribution, activity and avoidance distance of active faults has guiding significance for engineering geological research and disaster prevention and reduction. Methods: Through remote sensing interpretation, faulty landform, trough profile and 14C dating to research the distribution and activity of the central section of Bangda fault of Nujiang (River) fault. Results: The results show middle section of Bangda fault has occurred one earthquake event at 1457±51/1598±47 a BP, which can induce medium strong earthquakes. The fault activity is mainly controlled by the southward escape extrusion of the Sichuan—Yunnan diamond block and the direct extrusion of the Indian plate in the NEE direction. The central section of Bangda fault is high- angle Holocene active faults, with have a strike- slip and thrust components fault. Conclusions: This study provides basic data for understanding the activity of the east branch of the central section of Bangda fault of Nujiang (River) fault and the seismic fortification of engineering.

Abstract:Yishu Fault Zone is part of Tanlu Fault Zone in the Shandong Province. It cuts through the Moho surface and separates the central Shandong orogenic belt from the Sulu orogenic belt. The activity of the fault zone determines the tectonic stability of Shandong area. In the past, most of the work focused on the investigation and research of surface or near surface geological elements, and some geophysical exploration work was also carried out in some parts, mostly focusing on sections, and the understanding of the geological structure in the area is relatively limited. In this paper, the regional gravity data of about 14600 square kilometers in the Yishu Fault Zone are collected, and the three- dimensional inversion is carried out. The relative density distribution within 0~30 km underground in the area is obtained. The precise survey sections from Zhuge Town to Wulian gold deposit are comprehensively studied, including gravity, magnetic method and magnetotelluric method. The following results are obtained: ① It is revealed that there is a huge hidden uplift structure underground in the east of the area, with a depth of about 2 km to 10 km, extending from south- west to north- east, and there are three local core areas: about 30 km from Shiqiaozi Town to southwest, between Sangyuan Town, Wulian gold deposit and Xumeng Town, and about 30 km from north to south centered on Hutou Town. ② Faults F1 and F2 observed on the surface are shifted to the right than faults F′1 and F′2 determined by the inverted relative density, and the migration in the north area is greater than that in the south area. ③ The comprehensive profile study of gravity, magnetic method and magnetotelluric sounding shows that the rocks and ores in the north section of Yishu Fault Zone have the characteristics of low relative density, low magnetism and low resistivity, which means that the fault zone has tensile characteristics in the north. To sum up, there are concealed uplift structures in the eastern upper crust of the study area. Changyi—Dadian fault and Anqiu—Juxian fault have tensile fault characteristics in the north and compressive characteristics in the south. Small earthquakes occur frequently in the south of Juxian.