Abstract:Since the middle of the 19th century, there have been two major theoretical innovations in tectonics: the theories of geosyncline—platform and plate tectonics. Although the theory of plate tectonics is still popular at present, a new geotectonic concept——the multisphere tectonic view of the Earth system (multisphere tectonic view for short) ——is already in shape. The geosyncline—platform theory was originated in the mid19th century and prevalent in the first half of the 20th century, which should be the beginning of theoretical study on crustal structure and evolution by geologists. The research methods are those used in the traditional geology. The research object is the continental crust, with the fold belt (orogenic belt) and craton being the core of investigations. The geosyncline—platform concept greatly contributed to the advances of the geological science and laid a good foundation for the further development of the Earth sciences. Plate tectonics was firstly developed in the 1960s. In addition to geological methods, geophysical and geochemical and other modern scientific and technological means have been adopted during the study of geological processes. The research object is the global continental and oceanic lithosphere. This theory made the study of tectonics being extended from the surface to the interior of the Earth and from the continent to the ocean, which has brought the Earth sciences to a higher level. Although the theory of plate tectonics is still prevalent at present, its shortcomings and defects have been becoming apparent. The multisphere tectonic view of the Earth system was conceived in the late 1980s and is now developing. Its research is in various ways, including a combination of geology with geophysics, geochemistry, and deep and outer space exploration. The research object is not only the crust of the Earth’s outer layer or lithosphere, but the whole of the Earth and its multisphere interaction. We believe that the 21st century is the era when the multisphere tectonic view will be developed and improved ceaselessly. The Meso—Cenozoic tectonic evolution of China and its adjacent areas is one of the optical starting points in the study of multisphere tectonics in the world. We expect Chinese geoscientists to play their due role in the new round of tectonic theory innovation.

Abstract:Objectives: Based on the crustal density images obtained in Qinghai—Xizang (Tibet) Plateau that we presented by previous papers, a study of causes and sources of lowdensity belts in the studied area is analyzed fin this paper. Methods: The basic theory about thermal stress in continuum physics is applied for the analysis and links to data of lithospheric investigations, aiming at formation mechanics of lowercrustal channel flow. Corresponding functions linking the thermal strain, temperature and density variation in the Lower crust provide the possibility of estimating the Lower crustal thermal strain maps, providing important evidences for study of the channel flows and mass movement. Results: Applying the methods produce the results that the maximum thermal strain of this channel flow caused by heat expansion equals to 15.5mm 3/a. And the resulting map shows that positive thermal strain indicates expansion areas of the Lower crust in the studied area, whilst negative thermal strain indicates cold contraction areas. The lowercrustal channel flows originate from two sources that characterized by areas of the highest thermal strain, then flow into areas of the lower thermal strain. The areas of the highest thermal strain are located at two places, the first is by the eastern side of the Karakoran fault between the Bangong—Nujiang and the Yaluzangbo sutures. The second flow source is located by the northern side of the Yaluzangbo suture between Lhaze—Nyingchi. The channel flows originates from the first source goes to NE and NW, i.e., to Aljin area and Karakoran area respectively. The channel flows originates from the second source goes to east, reaching to Litang—Yajiang area and North Yunnan, then diversely flows to north and south. Conclusions: The study supports the hypothesis of the Lower crust channel flows and diapiric intrusions of the flow from the Lower crust into the middle crust like dental cream, which have been resulting in break of gravitational equilibrium and uplifting of mountains in Qinghai—Xizang (Tibet) Plateau.

Abstract:Objectives:The Xiajiang Group in Southeast Guizhou is an assembly of siliciclastic rocks interbedded with volcanic clastic rock that show the feature of flysch. It can be divided into the Jialu, Wuye, Fanzhao, Qingshuijiang, Pinglue and Longli formations from bottom to top. This paper focused on the major, trace element and Nd isotope features of the group in order to identify the tectonic environment of western Jiangnan Orogen in Xiajiang period, and further to unravel evolution of the orogen and juxtaposition of Yangtze and Cathaysia blocks. Methods: 21 samples have been analyzed, respectively from Jialu, Wuye, Fanzhao, Qingshuijiang, Pinglue and Longli formations. Of these, pointcounting was performed on 9 coarsegrained sandstone samples from the group. Between 300 to 500 points were point counted in each thin section following the Gazzi—Dickinson method . Major, trace and rare earth elements of 12 finegrained sandstones were measured by XRF and ICPMS, respectively, at the State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environment Geology of CUG. Both the accuracy of analysis are >5%. And Nd isotopic analyses are measured by MCICPMS at the Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences. The mass fractionation correction for Nd isotopic ratios are based on n(146Nd)/n(144Nd)=0.7219. The measured n(143 Nd)/n(144Nd) ratios of the La Jalla standard are 0.511862±10(2σ). During the analytical process, withinrun errors of precision are estimated to be better than 0.000015 for n(146Nd)/ n(144Nd) in the 95% confidence level. Results: The results show that all the samples rich in Co, La, Ce, Nd, Y and Lu and deplete in Ta and Ni, wth obvious negative Eu anomalies. SmNd isotopic analyses show negative （εNd(t) values of -0.35 to -3.36. Geochemistry features indicate the source rock are dominated by granitic rocks with the infilling of mafic rocks. And they suffered moderate chemical weathering (CIA=52~79) before the deposition. The tectonic discrimination figures show that the basin was located in an active continental margin, which was related to island arc action. Conclusions: This study indicates that the subduction still went on along the western part of Jiangnan Orogen during the Xiajiang period. The Yangtze Block had not collided with the Cathaysia Block at the western part of the Jiangnan Orogen untill the Xuefeng Event. Compared with the time of orogeny at the eastern part of the belt, we suggest that collision between the Yangtze and Cathaysia blocks was diachronous in the trending direction of orogen, commencing initially in the eastern part of orogen before extending to the west.

Abstract:Objectives:The Wangpo Shale, representing Guadalupian—Lopingian Boundary (GLB) deposits, occurs at the base of the Wujiaping Formation in the Liangshan area of Shaanxi Province. It was traditionally interpreted as a terrigenous shale bed related to a paleoweathering surface, suggesting a regression event after the Maokouan Stage. Methods: We carried out an investigation in detail for Wangpo Shale and collected the rock and fossil samples. the analysis of X ray diffraction (XRD), paleontology, petrography and lithology are carried out. Results:X ray diffraction (XRD) analysis shows that the Wangpo Shale consists predominantly of montmorillonite (71%), heulandite (23%), and quartz (6%), suggesting an origin from volcanic glass. Petrographic analysis shows that the Wangpo Shale is primarily composed of altered minerals montmorillonite and heulandite with residual tuffaceous structures and vitric pyroclast. Abundant brachiopod fossils occur in the Wangpo Shale, suggesting deposition in a marine environment. Conclusions: These data indicate that the Wangpo Shale is a typical bentonite, derived from volcanic ash fall that was subsequently altered in a marine environment. Sudden ash fall may have destabilized the shallow marine ecosystems at the Guadalupian—Lopingian Boundary, resulting in an ecological crisis for Permian brachiopods.

Abstract:Objectives:The Langshan Group is an important Precambrian stratigraphic unit in northeastern Alax Block, which documented complicated evolution histories. Some geochronological data suggested that the depositional age is Neoproterozoic, but it is unclear about the tectonic evolution and deformation history of Langshan Group. Therefore, more detailed researches on this Group are vital to reveal the tectonic evolution and deformation history. Methods:In this study, the deformation of Neoproterozoic Langshan Group outcropped in southwestern of Langshan area was summarized. According to the tectonic mapping and geological section, three deformation stages in Langshan Group were identified. Results: The earliest deformation caused isoclinally overturned folds. The deformation of the second stage was the nearly east—west trending dextrally ductile shearing. The last deformation was caused by the sinistrally ductile shearing of the Langshan—Bayanwulashan Fault. Combination with previous studies and geochronological data in this region, the authors suggested that the NEEtrending and EWtrending isoclinal overturned folds in Neoproterozoic Langshan Group was caused by the closure of the PaleoAsian Ocean along the Enger Us suture zone in the late Paleozoic, which led to nearly north—south trending compression. In the end of late Paleozoic—early Mesozoic, Langshan area was cut by a dextrally ductile fault which may be the intraplate adjustment after the PaleoAsian Orogeny. The early EW trending folds turned to NEtrending due to the sinistral ductile shearing during the Middle—Late Triassic. Conclusions:Langshan Group experienced three main deformation stages, including: nearly north—south trending compression in the late Paleozoic, nearly east—west trending dextrally ductile shearing in Paleozoic—early Mesozoic and NEtrending sinistral ductile shearing during the Middle—Late Triassic. Combination with previous studies and geochronological data, we suggest that the subduction of the PaleoAsian Ocean on the north margin of Alax Block was after early Carboniferous. Those deformation established the basic structural patterns in the Langshan region.

Abstract:Objectives: Neoproterozoic magmatic rocks are widespread in western margin of the Yangtze block, Petrogenesis of the Neoproterozoic granitic rocks has potential significance to the tectonic evolution of supercontinent Rodinia. Methods: In this paper, we present zircon U-Pb age，and whole-rock major and trace elements，Sr—Nd isotopic compositions of the K-feldspar granites from the Anshunchang, Shimian county. Results: K-feldspar granites zircon U-Pb result show that the crystallization age of 777.3±4.8Ma (MSWD =0.23,2σ), which belongs to Neproterozoic granites. The results indicate that the K-feldspar granites are peraluminous, highK calcalkaline Stype granites, with SiO2 content ranging from 72.64% to 76.27%, A/CNK = 1.06~1.24, K2O/Na2O = 1.40~2.22, σ = 2.08~2.74. The granites are enriched in LREE and depleted in Nb and Ta, with significant negative Eu anomalies (δEu = 018~0.23). The εNd(t) vary from 0.5 to 3.3 (average value =2.1), and TDM=1.19~1.61Ga, suggesting Neoproterozoic crust source region. The Kfeldspar granites have \[n(206Pb)/n(204Pb)\]i=15.4103~17.2707, \[n(207Pb)/n(204Pb)\]i=15.4265~15.5479, and \[n(208Pb)/n(204Pb)\]i =33.3518~35.8641, respectively. Conclusion: In combination with geochemistry, isotopic signatures and the regional geology in the western of the Yangtze block, we argued that Kfeldspar granites from the Anshunchang are peraluminous, highK calcalkaline Stype granites, these Kfeldspar granites were derived from partial melting of the pelite in middle—lower crust. They were formed in an compressive tectonic setting.

Abstract:Located in the northwest part of the Erlian—Hegenshan fault belt, Baiyintuga area has wide distribution of Late Paleozoic granite, comprising mainly byporphyriticmonzogranite andalkali granite, which is a part of the accretion zone on the Late Paleozoic continental margin of southeast Siberian plate. Zircon LAICPMS UPb datingage of monzogranite and alkali granite, and petrogeochemical testing were conducted, gained ages 3028±13Ma（MSWD=14）and 3011±06Ma（MSWD=084）of the graniterespectively, belonging toLate Carboniferous.Petrogeochemicalresearches indicate that the granites belong to Potassium basaltic seriesand is characterized by high in silicon (SiO2=7083%～7083%)，alkali (Na2O+K2O=1158%～132%), low calcium (CaO=050%～122%) and magnesium (MgO =011%～033%). The granite is metaluminous to weak peraluminous with A/CNK=081～101.The granite rockare enriched in Rb, Th, U (large ion lithophile elements (LILEs)), but depleted in Ba, Sr and high field strength elements (HFSEs) Nb, Ta, P, Ti; LREE is enriched and HREE relativelydepleted，with obvious negative Eu anomaly (δEu=011～043).The initial magma temperature (75933～80181℃) and Petrogeochemical analysis showed that the Baiyintuga granite has the characteristics of Atype granite. The low Nb/Ta(738～1950),Zr/Hf (2961～3526) and Sm/Nd (022～032)values indicatedthat its source rock iscontinental crust. Comprehensive studies have shown thatthe Baiyintuga granite were from partial melting of continental crust greywacke and formed in extensional tectonic system of the postcollisional Siberian plate and north China plate inLate Carboniferous,which provided new constraints and a supporting instance on the tectonic—magmatic evolution of the Great Hinggan(Da Hinggan)—Inner Mongolia Orogenic Belt in Late Carboniferous and on close time of the PaleoAsian Ocean.

Abstract:The Yuqibulake and Wutujinghe plutons in the Boluokenu area are typical mixing granitoids with numerous mafic enclaves in West Tianshan Orogen. Poikilitic, disequilibrium magmatic textures and needlelike apatite are very developed in the mafic enclaves, suggesting an origin of twoend member magma mixing. In contrasting to the host granitoids, the enclaves show relatively lower SiO2, K2O and higher CaO, FeOT, MgO. While, both of the host granitoids and enclaves have a similar characteristics of trace elements with enrichment in LILE, such as Rb, Th, U and K, depletion in Sr, Nb, Ta, P and Ti, presenting a result from the twoend magma mixing. The Yuqibulake granites and mafic enclaves yielded zircon UPb ages of 301 Ma and 308 Ma, respectively. The ages of 303 Ma and 298 Ma were obtained from Wutujinghe granites and enclaves, suggesting that the coeval mantlederived basic magmatism was occurred with this period of granitoid magmatism. The host granitoids have positive εHf(t) varied from +420 to +833 for Yuqibulake pluton and from +497 to +709 for Wutujinghe pluton with TDMC of 782~1045 Ma and 863~998 Ma, respectively, indicating they were partially melted from the early Neoproterozoic crust materials. The enclaves from both plutons also have positive εHf(t) of +275 to +641 and +463 to +792, respectively, similar to those εHf(t) and εNd(t） from coeval basic dykes in western Tianshan Mountais . Combined with the coeval granitoids with higher εHf(t),εNd(t） and medium n(87Sr)/ n(86Sr), we proposed that they were formed by mixing of the magmas from partial melting of early Neoproterozoic crustal materials and from slightly depleted lithospheric mantle. This magmatism evolved from HighK calcalkaline granitoids in Late Carboniferous to Krich granite and Atype granite in Early Permian, representative of products formed in a transitional tectonic setting from postcollision to extension. The crustal extension resulted in mantle upwelling to produce mantlederived basic magma and then trigged partial melting of crustal materials, leading to a strong and wide granitoid magmatism by the mixing of twoend member magmas, and being a significant vertical crust growth in west Tianshan Mountais .

Abstract:The Junggar Basin, located in the north of Xinjiang, is one of the most important basins producing multienergy resources. On the basic study of basement structure, Mesozoic—Cenozoic tectonic evolution, sedimentary formation and epigenetic alteration, Umetallogenic characteristics have been analyzed and the types of Umineralization also been divided in this paper. Moreover, Geological models in different basin section are established. And the direction of resource breakthrough is discussed on the whole view of the basin. The basin basement is benefited for Umineralization and the general potential conditions of Umineralization are favourable . Interlayer oxidation zone type uranium deposit should lay stress on prospecting orientation in the whole basin. The most favorable prospecting formation are the Lower—Middle Jurassic strata, and the beneficial positions lie in the the eastern of Junggar Basin, following in the western area and the Heshituoluogai depression. Oilcovered type Umineralization also has a greater potential for prospecting in the west part of Junggar basin while Savoy bucchi type Udeposit in the southern margin being as the important direction for prospecting.

Abstract:Through the outcrops and core observation of the Dengying Formation in the Southeast Sichuan and Northwest Guizhou, it is considered that the upper dolomite of Dengying Formation had developmented a series of paleokarst identification, including karst breccias, karst caves and cracks filled, limonite weathering crust, and so on. Based on previous research on the upper Yangtze Tongwan movement, the parallel unconformity between Cambrian and Ediacaran was formed by movement of Episode III and Episode II in most areas. Moldic thickness methods are comprehensively used to restore the karst paleogeomorphy of Tongwan movement Episode III, the moldic thickness include Niutitang Formation, Mingxinsi Formation and Jindingshan Formation, barring Maidiping Formation. Which has obvious diachronism. According to the instructions of moldic thickness and ancient landform, it is indicate that, karst palaeogeomorphology distributed from north to south, the East part was high, the West part was low. Karst highland was developed in the East part, karst depression was developed in the West part, and Karst Slope was developed in the Central part. Which can be furtherly divided into secondary karst palaeogeomorphology units, such as monadnock, platform and upper slope, lower slope.

Abstract:The Meiling Mountain is mainly composed of UpperProterozoic granite. After longterm tectonic uplift and weathering erosion, the mountain landscape is displaying jagged ridge or ridge combining with erosion valley, among which the representative landscape is stacked stone with different size and roundness, widely distributed at the peak, or in the valley and on the hillside. To its formation mechanism, previous studies used to consider it as glacial gravel or talus. Based on the distribution and characteristic of granitic rock, we considered it as granitic stone eggs, including buried stone eggs and exposed stone eggs. The wide distribution of stone eggs suggests that the granite landform evolution is at the stage of late juvenile to youth. The formation mechanism is closely related to the geological tectonic movement and hothumid climate conditions within the areas. The exposed stone eggs mainly attribute to the exposure of buried stone egg, and spherical weathering of granite stone and talus, the stone eggs in the valley mainly derive from the combined interaction results of disintegration of exposed granite rock, outcropping of buried stone egg after soil collapse, flood carrying, seasonal freezing and thawing, as well as their rolling movement along the slope., The buried stone eggs mainly attribute to the differential weathering at different depth within the granite by temperature and precipitation, under the control of the inner fracture and joint of the granite.

Abstract:Objectives: The dark shale layer of the Neoproterozoic Doushantuo Formation is extensively developed in the western Hubei. The well gas show of the ZD1 and EYY1 well reveals that the dark shale has good shale gas potential, but the degree of research is relatively low. This paper will provide a scientific basis for the exploration and development of shale gas in the Neoproterozoic Doushantuo Formation. Methods: Based on comprehensive analysis of outcrops observation, combining with analysis of organic geochemical test，SEM，X-ray diffraction, low-temperature nitrogen adsorption—desorption and isothermal adsorption, this paper studied the shale gas accumulation conditions and characteristics of the Doushantuo Formation in West of Hubei, such as the development and distribution of the shale, the organic geochemical characteristics, reservoir characteristics and the ability of adsorption of the shale. Results: The continuous dark shale is developed in the Doushantuo Formation in western Hubei, with the thickness is about between 50m and 90m. The TOC content of the shale is higher, as the value is about between 1.0% and 2.5%. The type of organic matter is Ⅰ, and the vitrinite reflective is about between 1.8% and 2.2%, which means higher—over mature stage. The mean brittle minerals content of the dark shale of the Doushantuo Formation is about 52.3%, which is conducive to fracturing development. The dark shale is highly compacted. The shale reservoir pore space is widely developed, with high specific surface area and pore volume. The adsorption ability of the dark shale is better, which methane maximum adsorption capacity is about between 1.68 cm 3/g and 2.1 cm3/g. Conclusions: The development of the dark shale in Doushantuo Formation is widely and regional stable. The dark shale is characterized with abundance of organic matter, good organic type, high degree of thermal evolution, brittle minerals wealth, better reservoir physical properties, more type of reservoir pore space, and better ability of methane adsorption. It means the advantageous geological conditions of shale gas enrichment and accumulation. The most favorable area for shale gas accumulation in the Doushantuo Formation shale is the South area of Huangling anticline and Changyang anticline area, furthermore, the most favorable section is the lower part of the second layer in Doushantuo formation, with the method of comprehensive information superposition.

Abstract:Thinlayered and laminated tuff was developed in the Wulalike Formation in the northwestern Ordos Basin.This tuff bed was produced by volcanic ashfall deposits which can reclassify the Ordovician stratigraphic framework of Ordos Basin and provide importantconstrains on the plate tectonic setting of the northwestern Ordos Basin as well as major volcanism—magma activities. In this contribution，wecarried SHRIMP UPb dating and Hf isotope on tuff sample collected from Zhuozishan area, located in Wuhai City，Inner Mongolia.LAICPMS UPb dating on zircons has yielded a weighted average of 4549±34Ma（MSWD=002）. SHRIMP UPb dating on zircons from the tuff sample has yielded a set of concordant ages of 4332±33～4642±35Ma with the mean age 4564±42Ma（MSWD=19）. Accordingly,the main depositional period of Wulalike Formation，which is still controversial，is redefined to Darriwilian—Sandbian，Middle—Late Ordovician. In situ zircon isotope analysis yieldedεHf(t) = +402 ~ +1098,n(176Hf)/n(177Hf)ratios of 0282 619~0282 806 and twostage model age of 729~1178Ma. According to their regional distribution, it is thought that these tuffs derive from volcanic eruption in the North Qinling or/ and North Qilian region. The zircon age and magmas source are in accordance with the tuffs from Wuhai city to the tuffs(or Kbentonites) from the southwestern Ordos Basin, which means all the western and southern Ordos Basin affected by the North Qilian or/ and North Qinling Early Paleozoic orogenic belt during Middle—Late Ordovician.

Abstract:Based on 1∶200000 regional geological mapping in the early 1970’s, the Erdaowa rock Group was named in Erdaowa area of north Hohhot, consisting of metamorphic conglomerate, schists and marbles and so on. According to the latest 1∶250000 regional survey results, the Erdaowa rock Group was subdivided into three sections from the bottom to top, including Hongshankou rock Formation, Halagenggou rock Formation and Dongliang rock Formation. In order to get new age constraint for the Erdaowa rock Group, SHRIMP UPb dating of zircons from the biotite—amphibole schist of the Dongliang rock Formation was carried out by the authors of this paper. The data show the following age: 1890±8 Ma, interpreted as the formation age of biotite—amphibole schist, the intermediate—basic volcanics of the upper part of the the Erdaowa rock Group. Combined with the available age data, it is concluded that the Erdaowa rock Group formed in the Paleoproterozoic(1800~2400Ma).

Abstract:Objectives: Based on Petrology study and method of zircon LA-ICP-MS ages and geochemistry of Intrusive Rocks in Qitaidaban Area，to dicuss the age of the Paleo-Tethys closure and to explore It’s direction subduction． Methods:Zircon trace element analysis by the Northwest University of State Key Laboratory of Continental Dynamics completed，this instrument was the United States Agilent Company produced Agilent7500atype quadrupole mass spectrometer and Germany Microlascompany’s Geolas200Mtype laser ablation system．Calculating rhe zircon age used the standard ziecon 91500 as the external standard，elemental content used NISTSRM610 as an external standard，29Si was calibrated as an internal standard element．Data acquisition and processing used GLITTER，And used the Andersen to test the data for ordinary Pb correction，Ages calculation and concatenation drawing used ISOPLOT． Main quantity elements，rare earth elements，trace elements are completed by Industry Analysis test center of No．203 Researth Institute of Nuclear．Main quantity elements and Trace elements ( such as P, Ba, V, Cr, Rb, Sr, Zr, Sc) was analyzed by XRF method (FeO was analyzed by volumetric method)，this instrument was an Axios Xray spectrometer manufactured in the Netherlands; all rare earth and trace elements such as Co, Ni, Nb, Hf, Ta, Th, U by ICPMS analysis，This instrument was an XSERIES2type ICPMS manufactured by Thermo Fisher Scientific. Results: The intrusive rocks of Qitaidaban area were composed of tonalite, quartz diorite and granodiorite. LAICPMS zircon UPb LA ages results show that their were 2147±2 Ma、2113±33 Ma and 2106±28 Ma，their belongs to Late Triassic. Geochemmical analysis shows that：SiO2＝5896%～6752%，Al2O3＝ 1637%～1479%，CaO＝341%～525%，MgO＝147%～342%， K2O + Na2O )＝436% ～64%，They belong to calcalkaline series. ∑ REE = 10127× 10-6～27104 × 10-6，REE fractionation is obvious ( LaN / YbN average was 1069 )，Which whith Eu is obviously abnormal．LILE(Rb, K and Th)are quite enrichment，but relative loss Ba；Strong loss of high field strength elements( HFSE) such as Nb, Zr, Hf, Sr, P, Ti． Conclusions: Analysis of the intrusive rocks in the study area，results show that they are formed in the continental margin arc environment of Non Itype granite，the material derived from the crust source for amphibolite facies basalt, involved in a small amount of mantle material．According to the genetic types of the intrusives and combined with the regional tectonic environment evolution．in the Late Triassic，the southern margin of the PaleoTethys occurred continuously underthrust from NE to SW， began to ocean—continent transition. At the same time，the intrusives was produced under such mechanism．

Abstract:Through systematic microscope identification and scanning electron microscope observation, pyrites were divided into 6 types (i.e., cuboidal, framboidal, finegrained, coarsegrained, zoned and linelike pyrite) according to their topographic characteristics in the Nibao gold deposit, Pu'an, southwestern Guizhou. Electron microprobe analysis (EMPA) results for pyrites showed that goldbearing minerals were mainly arsenian pyrite (zoned pyrite and finegraned pyrite) and arsenopyrite. The core and zone of zoned pyrite were formed in different diagenetic and metallogenic stages, respectively. The core, formed in the diagenetic stage (partially formed in early hydrothermal stage), is poor in Au and As and is rich in Fe and S. The zone, formed in the main metallogenic stage, is rich in Au and As and is poor in Fe and S. There is a positive corresponding relationship between Au and As in the zone of zoned pyrite, and they have a positive correlation in a certain wedgeshaped space; the high Au content generally corresponds to the intermediate As content (2%~6%). In contrast, there is clearly a negative correlation between As and S, thus indicating that the Asrich zone was generated because As replaced S to enter into the lattice of the pyrite. Finegrained pyrite has high Au and As contents and low Fe and S contents, and its characteristics are similar to those of the zone of zoned pyrite. As a result, it is inferred that the Asrich zone and the finegrained pyrite are both formed in the main metallogenic stage. Arsenopyrite frequently interpenetrates or distributes along the rim of arsenian pyrite, which suggests that it was formed later than the arsenian pyrite in the hydrothermal stage. Therefore, the crystallization order of goldbearing minerals in the Nibao gold deposit is roughly as follows: Aspoor sedimentogenic pyrite (core)zone of Asrich pyrite and finegrained pyrite arsenopyrite. Point analysis by EMPA and the scanning of the surface wave spectrum showed that the distribution of Au in goldbearing minerals (i.e., arsenian pyrite and arsenopyrite) is not uniform. According to the solubility limit of Au (Au/As 002) and the lgw(As)—lgw(Au) diagram, this paper inferred that Au mainly occurs in arsenian pyrite and arsenopyrite as an “invisible” solid solution (Au+1) and probably also as small amounts of nanoparticles native gold (Au0).

Abstract:Objectives：The syenite porphyry is an important magmatism record of China—Mongolia border region in the period of Mesozoic Era. The formation age and geochemical characteristics of the adamellite are significant to reveal the tectonic framework and evolution history at that period. Methods: Samples were crushed into granules of less than 200 mesh and then analyzed for major and trace elements. All analyses were conducted at the IGG’s State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution in Beijing, China. Major elements were determined by xray fluorescence spectrometry on fused glass disks using an Axios mineral separation tool, with analytical uncertainties ranging from 1% to 5%. Traceelement and rareearth element concentrations were determined by ICPMS with an ELEMENT system. According to Chinese national standards GSR1 and GSR2, the error was <5% for trace elements with concentrations of 10×10-6 and <10% for trace elements with concentrations of <10×10-6. Zircon LAICPMS UPb isotope analyses were performed at the Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences using a laserablation system (193 nanometers (nm), GeoLas 200M) coupled to a Neptune (Thermo Fisher) Multicollector Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer (MCICPMS). Zircon U Th Pb measurements were made on 32 nm diameter spots on single grains. NIST 612 was used as an internal standard for U, Th, and Pb analyses and zircon GJ1 was used as the external calibration standard. Common lead was corrected using the method of Andersen (2002). Isotopic ratios and element concentrations were calculated using the ICPMS Data Cal software. Ages were calculated using ISOPLOT 3. Results: The granite was formed in the Middle—Late Jurassic period and the UPb age of zircon is 170.6±17 Ma. The geochemical data of granite show that it is highK calcalkaline. Also the granite is characterized with high silicon, with SiO2 (7399%～7428%), A12O3 (1236%~1430%), and MgO（017%~045%）, peraluminous. The total content of REE is 5192×10-6 to 5832×10-6. The REE distribution patterns demonstrate a significant negative Eu anomaly and a “swallowtype” shape. The spider diagrams of primitive mantle standardized trace elements show enrichment of Rb, Th, U, K, Zr, Hf, strong depletion of Ba, Sr, P, Ti and medium to slight depletion of Nb and Ta. The initial n(143Nd)/n(144Nd) values are high (0512320~0512451), and the average value is 0512404. The εNd(t) values are all negative (-46~-2.3).  Conclusions: The characters of major elements, trace elements, and isotopes show that the syenite porphyry was formed at the transitional period from syncollision to postorogenic tectonic systems, with extensional geotectonic environment. The crustal thickening and the partial melting of crustal materials are possibly main dynamic mechanism to form the granite.

Abstract:The hydrothermal type lead and zinc deposit in northeast Yunnan It has certain mineral assemblage zoning characteristics, the research is lower in this area,this paper for the example of the Maozu lead and zinc deposit of in the northeast of Yunnan province,we use of Eh—pH phase diagram research the balance conditions and change trends of various kinds of metallogenic substances among, from this point of thermal equilibrium condition of Eh—pH, probes the mechanism and characteristic of certain mineral assemblage zoning characteristics of hydrothermal type lead and zinc deposit in northeast yunnan,enriching and improving the physical chemical condition this type of ore deposits origin through this research for the mechanism of metallogenic fluid evolution and mineralization it provides some theoretical basis. Methods:Through field investigation and indoor research, think the northeast hydrothermal type Pb—Zn deposit metallogenic process belongs to the typical solid—liquid phase reactions in mineral balance of thermodynamics, built within the stability of the water balance equation of mineral assemblage of the deposit, using research mineral thermodynamic equilibrium and thermodynamic data calculation and drawing Eh—pH phase diagram of Maozu Pb—Zn deposit Fe—S—Pb—Zn—H—O system,to discuss this Eh—pH among physical chemical condition of oreforming fluid. Results:Through the phase diagram show that mineral assemblage zoning characteristics,be due to pH and Eh dual control,when the Eh value is above 0.5V the metallogenic elements exist in the form of ions or sulfates, when the Eh value below 0.5V the sulfide happen reduction and precipitation. as the pH increases, the metallogenic elements shift in the form of sulfates removal, from the diagram the range of stability of Pyrite, lead ore all contains the range of stability of sphalerite the stability of the sphalerite is significantly broad than the between, it shows that when the precipitation of pyrite and lead ore is precipitated in different time and space, the sphalerite can continue to move and deposit. on the other hand, this phenomenon explains the macrogeological characteristics of the hydrothermal type lead—zinc deposit in the northeast of yunnan province with lead, zinc, iron symbiosis and zinc as the main proportion Conclusions:The method of Eh—pH phase diagram has been successfully applied to the hydrothermal type lead and zinc deposit in northeast yunnan restriction physical chemical condition of metallogenic migration and precipitation the metallic mineral assemblage characteristics of ore deposit are controlled by Eh and pH, the phase diagram reflect the zoning pattern to with the geological characteristics of the ore deposit are matched.

Abstract:Objectives:The permeability of coalbed reservoirs in China is generally 1~2 orders of magnitudes inferior to that of US, leading challenges in coalbed methane (CBM) development. In this paper, the controlling factors of coalbed reservoir permeability are discussed and CBM development strategy is proposed. Methods: Based on insitu permeability data and related geological data from 33 areas/mine sites covering almost all sedimentary basins under CBM exploration and development, this paper carries out a comprehensive analysis of the main controlling factors of coal permeability. Results: The study shows that the permeability is controlled mainly by coal body structure, megascopic fracture and microscopic cleat/fracture density and cleat/fractue filling due to tectonic evolution and related fluid activities as well as by the insitu stress. Complex coal body structure, highly filling status and high insitustress, are the main factors leading the permeability to be low in sedimentary basins in China. Conclusions: Moderate tectonic deformation producing megascopic fracture enhances coal permeability and strong tectonic deformation is detrital to coal permeability. Mineral filling in cleat/fracture system and higy insitu stress is detrital to permeability preservation. Based on logging interpretation, the mylonite coals should be screened out for fracturing operations in highly stressed situations. Due to highly filling status of cleat/fracture system in Carboniferous—Permian coals in northern China, the development and application of acidizationfracturing technology is a new and helpful direction. The insitu stress amplitude and stress types are to be appropriately evaluated for fracturing design. Finally, due to high insitu stress conditions, the drainage of CBM well should be controlled with a schedule of stepwise depressuring.

Abstract:Objectives: In recent years, along with the increasing of underground engineering constructions, which presents deep excavation pit, largescale, complex shape and other characteristics. The geological environment is very complicated in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River, as a result, the supporting structure design and construction is very difficult. Taking a large underground transportation hub project along the Yangtze River in Nanjing as an example, the paper discusses the important role of the research of geological environment on the design of the supporting structure of deep foundation pit. The structure of the project has three layers. The bottom layer would connect riverbottom tunnel, and the upper two layers would connect nearby venues and a plurality of ground road. The foundation pit excavation is very deep, the excavation depths are very different and the shape of foundation pit is very irregular. The project is located on the west side of Nanjing Youth Olympic Center, the place that is near the Yangtze River embankment. The Quaternary loose sediments are widely distributed in this area. Methods: This paper aims at the core area of the super large foundation pit engineering, analyzes its engineering geological conditions and raises the possible engineering geological problems. According to the function and shape of the foundation pit, the soil layer of the foundation pit is partitioned and layered from the plane and section and the supporting structure design has been optimized. The scheme of foundation pits supporting was a combination method of open cut excavation in the upper part and the diaphragm wall in the lower part. The successful completing and deformation monitoring of foundation pit has illustrated the rationality of the design scheme. Results: It solves the problem of large irregular foundation pit construction technology, improves the construction speed and reduces the construction cost. Conclusions: This result can be applied for the design of support scheme and deformation control of some super large foundation pit engineering in the area of the Yangtze River.

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Abstract:The construction of groundwater science and engineering science base in the Ministry of land and resources has been put into full play science base functions to promote the popularization of science earth science and promote science career development of our land resources in an important position, in order to build science of Land and Resources Education Demonstration Base work objectives ,develop construction planning, increase investment, improve science facilities, improve scientific capacity in the infrastructure personnel, scientific research and development activities and other aspects of work have achieved good results

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