Abstract:The fish and conchostracan fossils are firstly discovered from sedimentary strata of Early Cretaceous in Lingshan Island, Qingdao, Shandong, China. The coordinate of discovery site is N35°45′08″, E120°9′12″. The rocks preserved the fossils are dark mudstone, shale and french grey sandstone alternating layers. The fish is Lecoptera sinensis Woodward and the conchostracan is Yanjiestheria Chen, belonging to four species: Y. kyongsangensis (Kobayashi), Y. wannanensis Chen et Shen, Y. chekiangensis (Novojilov) and Y. yumenensis (Chang et Chen). Lecoptera was the typical element of the Jehol Biota. Meanwhile, both fish and conchostracan species were widespread in the Jiaozhou—Laiyang Basin of Shandong Province and attributed to continental lacustrine fauna of the Early Cretaceous. The strata that contained above fossils buried in situ. should be part of continental depositions. Owing to the high similarity in the lithology and sedimentary environment with the Fajiaying Formation of the Laiyang Group in southern region of Jiaozhou—Laiyang Basin, it is suggested to use the Fajiaying Formation rather than "the Lingshandao Formation", which was named after the marine turbidite deposits.

Abstract:Because of the strong uplift of the Qilian Mountains since late Cenozoic, the drainage basins that derived from the mountain have undergone strong tectonic deformation, so the typical geomorphology characteristics of these drainage basins may indicate the strong tectonic movement in the region. Controlled by north Qilian Mountains fault and Qilian—Haiyuan fault, the eastern margin of Qilian Mountains which developed Gulang thrust nappe have undergone strong tectonic deformation and formed unique geomorphological characteristics, previous researchers studied the study region from the geological and geophysical view, while little concern was payed to the eastern Qilian Mountain from the geomorphological view. Methods:Based on ArcGIS spatial analysis, this study takes advantage of Digital Elevation Model (DEM) to extract macro landscape factors (such as Hypsometric Integral and Swath profiles) in the study area and combines rainfall and lithologic data to give systematic analysis to its geological significances. Results:The study shows it is the tectonic movement of the active fault but the lithologic factors and precipitation conditions that has strongly influenced on the regional geomorphic evolution; in addition, controlled by Huangcheng—Shuangta fault, Lenglongling fault and Lianhuaqiao fault, Gulang thrust nappe brings out high HI value, Hexibao—Sidaoshan fault, which lies on the east side of the Longshou hill, shows high HI value on its south side and relatively low HI value on its north side. Furthermore, the seven swath profiles indicated that the macrotopography is largely controlled the activities of the range—front faults.Conclusions:The results show that all the macro geomorphologic factors indicate that the eastern margin of the Qilian Mountains, even Xizang(Tibet) Plateau has been extending northward, and this study provide the geomorphic evidence that the north Qilian Mountains fault has extended into Hexi Corridor.

Abstract:Reequilibration is common in fluid inclusions, and it is a key point how to identify the reequilibration and to explain the geological factors which lead to reequilibration. This paper summarizes the mechanism of fluid inclusion reequilibration and the affecting factors of reequilibration, and introduces how to identify the reequilibration in terms of petrography and homogenization temperature characteristics. We conclude that different P—T evolution history can affect fluid inclusions reequilibration. Specifically, when there is a low deformation degree, plastic deformation can be dominant, while deformation degree is high, fluid inclusion may leak and burst, and irreversible deformation can be dominant. A fluid inclusion in brittle mineral with cleavages, suffering intense geologic process and quickly changeable geological background, is more likely to be reequilibrated. What's more, bigger and irregular (especially elongated shape) inclusions are easy to reequilibration. Specifically, reequilibrated inclusions always show needleshape pattern or decrepitation pattern (such as decrepitation haloes), and inclusions of a FIA have different ratio of gas to liquid or phases, with abnormal homogenization temperature. Quantitative simulation and reference standard of fluid inclusion reequilibration need to be established, which is an important research direction of the future study of fluid inclusions.

Abstract:Sedimentary structures have been playing an important role in indicating sedimentary environment and distinguishing sedimentary facies. Many scholars have carried out much work on the sedimentary structures induced by flow, wind, wave and tide, but few on ice structures developed during the progress of ice freezing and melting. In this paper, a special lacustrine shore ice slid structures have been studied for the first time, which are developed in a special weather condition and climatic background of Ulungur lake along the shore of Ulungur lake, Xinjiang. It can certainly be a useful tool for inferring climatic and environmental conditions.Methods:Based on a great amount of domestic and broad references and modern sedimentary study on the shore of Ulungur lake, we give the sedimentary characteristics of ice slid structure and its sedimentary microfacies in this paper. We also give the evolution stage of ice slid structure and the controlling factors in the formation process.Results:These ice slid sedimentary structures are approximately given a length of 10 m or more and width of 1~5 m. Just like the bulldozed sand, they were formed with three parts including head, side ridges and slid surface. A transversal sand dune was formed at the head and two parallel sand ridges at the boundary of the smoothly slide surface. 6 types of iceinduced physical sedimentary structures can be observed on the slid surface, which respectively are the molten sand ridge, melted ice mark, molten sand cone, molten water drop pit, icecarried tool mark and root flora. Ice slide structures are generated by floating ice when the ice was moving backward from the lake and then obduct onto the beach of the lake. Their geometry and scale are influenced by many factors, like strength of the wind, thickness of the ice, kinetic energy, scale of the iceraft, gradient of the beach, grain size, composition of the surficial sediments on the beach and the shore, etc. Forming processes of ice slid structures can be devided into 5 stages, including: ①lake ice breakingup stage; ②ice floating stage; ③underwater slid stage; ④outwater slid stage; ⑤iceout stage. Conclusions:Ice slid structures appear mainly in the subwater zone, the ice dammed zone, the ice active zone and the back ice zone of Ulungur Lake. They can be reconstructed by lake wave and the wind on land later, and then buried and preserved in the strata.

Abstract:The Jiyang depression is located in Southeastern of the Bohai Bay Basin and borders on Tancheng—Lujiang fault(Tanlu fault) zone which is a huge strikeslip fault. In the process of rifting, it has been controlled by the regional extension and strikeslip of Tanlu fault since Late Mesozoic. Normal faults and strikeslip faults developed, but their relationship are not well understood. So, the paper focuses on the geometry of three dimension to analyze their interplay.Methods:Based on the interpretation of 3D seismic and the distribution of faults in plane, strikeslip faults are recognized and separated into five zones. The interplay are analyzed between normal faults and strikeslip faults in order to figure out their relationships. And then, dynamic background and major factors of rifting are considered in different tectonic phases. The mechanisms of the interplay are discussed and rationalized.Results:The relationships between normal faults and strikeslip faults are divided into the accommodated, the associated, the alternative. The accommodated relationship could be further divided into the oblique faulting and the transformation. The associated relationship could be divided into that the secondary normal faults were associated in the footwall/hangningwall and overlying strata by strikeslip faults. The alternative relationship could be divided into “prestrike slip and postextension” and “preextension and poststrike slip”.Conclusions:In Late Mesozoic, the strikeslip of Tanlu fault associated the faults in Jiyang depression. And the relationship was the associated between the normal fault and strikeslip fault. In Cenozoic, Jiyang depression was controlled by the regional extension. And the strikeslip faults was developed by the differential extension of normal faults, so the relationship was the accommodated between that two kinds of faults. In the two phases of structural evolution, some faults experienced the normal faulting and strikeslip faulting. So, the relationship was the alternative between different stages.

Abstract:The Limu granites in Guangxi Province, rich in tin—tungsten deposit and tantalum—niobium deposit, are typical rareelement granites in South China. There are some puzzling occurrences of silicate rocks that are intimately coexisted and show contrasting textures in the granites. On the basis of petrography study, we apply thermodynamic analysis to these abnormal phenomena to understand the evolution of magma. The results constitute the chain of evidence of magmatic evolution, verify with each other and correspond to the results of tests from thermodynamic equation. The study result illustrated that the liquid—gas fractionation is the most important mechanism in the formation of silicate rocks and deposit. As waterrich magma moves up to emplace, large scale liquid—gas fractionation takes place, the liquid separates into a new liquid phase and bubbles. Rapid reduction of P(H2O) in the liquid system raises the solidus and liquidus temperatures abruptly, and causes the new liquid phase crystallizing quickly to form porphyritic texture rock. Some of the bubbles (vesiculation) rise to the top and upper parts of the magma chamber, and the others escape from the magma into the overlying rock, then they burst and separate into residual vapor and residual liquid phases. Later, the residual vapor can cause autometasomatism of granite, or crystallize to form pegmatite. The residual vapor is the main carrier transporting oreforming metals too. The mineralization of altered granitetype tin—niobium—tantalum deposit is related to the autometasomatism of granite led by residual vapor, and the mineralization of veinstype tin—tungsten deposit is related to the crystallization of residual vapor in voids

Abstract:Breccias are widespread throughout the Xikuangshan antimony deposit, central Hunan. Breccias can be divided into syndepositional breccia, paleokarst breccia, fault breccia, and hydraulic breccia. The orerelated breccias in the Xikuangshan deposit are emphatically discussed in this study. On the basis of detailed field investigation and qualitative analysis for these orerelated breccias, the fractal parameters Ds for breccia’s particle size distribution, and Dr and Dl for breccia’s fragment morphology distribution are determined by quantitative description approaches using fractal geometry methods, and the formation mechanism of these orerelated breccias is finally discussed. It is revealed that breccias related to antimony mineralization in the studied deposit can be divided into calcitecemented and silicacemented breccias. Fragments of those calcitecemented breccias mainly consist of weaklysilicified limestone, but highlysilicified limestone constitutes the silicacemented breccias’ fragments. Based on qualitative analysis and fractal quantitative investigations, it is concluded that hydraulic fracturing is responsible for the formation of calcitecemented breccias. Besides hydraulic fracturing, the formation of silicacemented breccias is also affected by chemical dissolution of hydrothermal solution. Therefore hydraulic fracturing is the most important mechanism for the formation of those orerelated breccias in the Xikuangshan mining district.

Abstract:At present, the combined work of metal deposit prospecting technology is seriously lagging behind, and the geophysical prospecting methods and the geochemical exploration methods are used in a single way. Based on the combination of the use of high power excitation and primary halo discussion is still very little, especially for the rock weathering and erosion is serious and the direct prospecting criteria is not obvious regional research is still very weak. So learn from these experiences, the author in this study, adhere to the “scientific principle of gradual” work plan, in accordance with the “comprehensive analysis of geological, physical and chemical”, as the guiding ideology of prospecting. In a comprehensive collection of the Lamasu area related features of the data, summed up the analysis of various types of prospecting marks. Through the geological, geophysical and geochemical prospecting, engineering, sampling and testing work to carry out the Lamasu prospecting research combined technical method, find out the combination technology of convenient and effective way, to provide scientific basis for the exploration work in the topography and geological conditions to carry out the fast and effective mineral.Methods:In this study we used the combination method of primary halo and IP survey, the first large scale rock geochemical work in Lamasu area, Bole, Xinjiang, according to the geochemical primary halo element assemblage characteristics and spatial distribution characteristics, the single element abnormal limit and enrichment coefficient as the division standard, the delineation of the six class III geochemical anomaly, and then according to the ore occurrence regularity of the region, the geochemical anomalies within the layout of the high power IP in the measurement work, can be subject to verification of geochemical anomalies and further reduce the prospecting target area, the delineation of metal sulfide enrichment area, culminating in the favorable oreforming place drill hole arrangement inferred.Results:The verification results show that the thought mainly in high polarization and low resistivity anomalies and multi element anomaly is Cu—Zn—Pb—Ag—W—Sn—Mn—As—Au—Bi Bole LAMASU peripheral region for copper deposits in important geophysical and geochemical prospecting.Conclusions:Practice has proved that the use of the combination method of primary halo and IP measurement is feasible and effective, changed depending on the metallic ore exploration method used is single, prospecting method is unable to construct ore effective evaluation. This will greatly improve the accuracy of this type of ore deposits in the region to find ore prediction, shorten the cycle of mineral exploration, and has a wide range of practical value.

Abstract:As the research objects of geology, terrain, landforms, engineering geology and geological disasters create lots of battle miracle in traditional contact war. But the modern war's characteristic is global precision attack, no precision boundary between frontline and back, and unimportant role of ground force. This article discuss the function of geological factors in modern war and provide thoughts for application of geology in modern war. Methods:Studying with the characteristics of modern war, the requirements for military geology, evolution stage of war and geological application history, utilizing military thought, we discuss the function of geological body's mechanical properties, geochemistry, physical geography and geological hazard in modern war. The function mainly include certain services for optimization of precise strike and defence priorities, the weapon choice for striking ground fortifications, target detections and the choice of targets, the environment construction of ocean wars and the war estimation, the layout of ground temporary maneuver route and location selection of fortification. We discuss the problem of military geological survey's key region, methods and means, choice of scale, and the workflow, achievement expression based on regional geology, engineering geology, hydrogeology, hazardous geology, geophysical survey, analyze the development and research emphasis of future military geology.Results:Geology can play important role in military, such as ocean battlefield environment, optimal selection of precision attack ground targets, target investigation and precision guidance, the layout of ground temporary maneuver route and location selection of fortification, weapon scientific selection for underground fixed installation, the war environment estimation. Conclusions: Modern war need military geology. Military can solve some problems in modern war. Investigation and collection of military information, classification investigation of military target should be paid more attention.

Abstract:The ZhuI depression is an important region in the Pearl River Mouth Basin whose exploration prospect is good. Recently, the important areas for oil—gas exploration in the ZhuI depression focus on the Neogene Hanjiang Formation and Yuehai Formation while the shallow formations are in a weak zone, which severely limits the exploration progress in shallow formations. Based on researches of formers, this paper integrates the seismic, well logging and oilfield production data to study the factors and models of hydrocarbon accumulation in the shallow formations of ZhuI depression which can provide guide and suggestion on oil and gas prospecting of similar reservoirs. The result shows that, firstly, shallow reservoirs in the ZhuI depression mainly circle around the hydrocarbon generation center while favorable area of hydrocarbon accumulation is less than 15~20 km. At the same time, fullness is higher when reservoir is closer to hydrocarbon generation center especially in PY4 subsag and Huizhou sag. Secondly, matching relationship between fault occurrence and oil migration orientation controls oil and gas migrating to the shallow formations which can be regarded as an index to divide oil source faults into three types. “Forwardsource” fault is characterized by facing oil source, “forwardsource” fault is backing it, while “forwardsource” fault is distinguished from them by that the trend of fault is parallel or intersected with direction of hydrocarbon expulsion at small angles. Thirdly, structure ridges control fardistance lateral migration so the traps far from hydrocarbon generation center can accumulate hydrocarbons too. Taking internal structure of fault zone and “source—transportation” configuration into consideration, the hydrocarbon accumulation models of the ZhuI depression can be divided into four types including “forwardsource” type, “backsource” type, “followsource” type and “farsource” type. And the distinctions between different positions are clear. Oil and gas transports along hanging wall in “forwardsource” type, which mainly exists in the Huizhou sag and the anticline reservoir or fault reservoir can be found in hanging wall. The induced fracture zone in the footwall of fault is main migration pathway in “backsource” type. This type mainly exists in the Enping sag and then divide into anticline reservoir and fault reservoir, too. “Followsource” type exists in the PY4 subsag, Enping sag and the Huizhou sag. The induced fracture zone both in hanging wall and footwall of fault is effective migration pathway. However, the transporting ability of hanging wall is better than footwall. At the same time, the distance between reservoir and hydrocarbon generation center is relatively far at “farsource type” in which structure ridges play a key role in lateral migration of oil and gas. The differences between sags and between regions in the same sag are apparent. “Followsource” type is the uppermost model in the study area.

Abstract:Nowadays in China, the oil and gas development of lacustrine dolostone has been industrialized in the Hetaoyuan formation of Paleogene in Biyang depression, the Xiagou formation of Cretacic in Jiuxi depression and the Fengcheng formation of Palaeozoic-Mesozoic Permian in Junsggar basin, which indicates a good evaluation prospect of the domestic likewise reservoirs. New oil and gas exploration has been discovered in the ES35 lacustrine argillaceous dolostone reservoir of Tanggu Oilfield. The reservoir is interactively formed by the lamina of the argillaceous dolostone and dolomitic mudstone with unequal thickness, which is proved to be weak reduction semi-deep water lacustrine deposition by laboratory assay analysis. It has the feature of double porosity media of fracture and matrix, with the micro-mesoporous rate above 50%. It is a new nano-scale unconventional carbonate reservoir. Based on the core observation and oil/production test data of this kind of reservoir, the oil and gas content affecting factors of lacustrine argillaceous dolostone are analyzed by the thin section analysis, the X-ray diffraction analysis, the SEM analysis, the physical properties analysis, the mercury intrusion analysis and the nitrogen adsorption test at low temperature. The research results show that the ES35 oil-bearing influence factors is closely related to the diagenetic mineral components and development, the reservoir space and type, the micro-fractures development, the distribution of abnormal overpressure space, etc. The proposed evaluation analysis method has great significance for the unconventional oil exploration.

Abstract:In this paper, the characteristics of the Quaternary glacial moraine and related relics found in Mount Mengshan, Shandong Province, are systematically introduced. The authors concentrate mainly on the moraines, scratches, polished surface and chatter marks distributed in Lanxi valley. At the same time, the distribution, size, composition and rock characteristics of the lateral moraines and felsenmeers are reported. Based on the distribution of the lateral moraine and the weathering degree of gravels, we are trying to identify the moraine traces as the product formed at the last glacial period. Based on measurement and statistical analysis of the scratches on the polished bedrock surface from both sides of the valley, the length/width ratio of scratches on valley walls is about 10:1. Using lateral moraine maximum height method and investigation with lateral moraine at Mount Mengshan region, we have estimated the height of the last glaciation snow line in the southern slope of Mount Mengshan. It is about 700 meters.

Abstract:The landform similar to mortar was called “moulin” by Han Tonglin and some other scholars. They considered these landforms were formed by the scouring of meltwater, which ran through the crevasses from top to bottom and its continual dropping wore away the bedrock. Therefore, the “moulins” and “moulin groups” are regarded as a very important evidence of ancient glaciers. Actually, the socalled “moulins” or “moulin groups” are multiple genesis landforms, called “kettle holes” or “potholes” in modern geomorphology. Reviewing the available literatures, the most chaos was caused by Moulin Discovery that has been written by Mr. Han Tonglin. On the sight of glaciology, the theories such as glacier movement and ablation, which do not support the view that “Moulin” is formed by glacialization .The following are some comments on the mistakes in that book. Firstly, according to the knowledge of glaciology, moulins or moulin groups are a kind of negative relief on glacier surface and formed by melting, rather than the bedrock. In other words, they refer to glacial ice, not the bedrock. Secondly, Brgger’s hypothesis of moulin formation—— meltwater penetrated through crevasses to erode the bedrock has already been abandoned. However, Mr. Han chose this abandoned hypothesis to interpretate the formation of moulins or moulin groups in his book. On the basis of glacier knowledge, it is impossible for moulins or moulin groups to form beneath glaciers due to the movement of glacier. Thirdly, the hypothesis of cylindrical roller meltwater flow that focus on one point to erode the bedrock is not consistent with the facts, for the meltwater lubricates the glacier's bottom and accelerates its movement. In addition, there are more or less rock debris and confined groundwater at the bottom of glacier, they will keep the bedrock from erosion. The above comments indicate that the hypothesis in Han Tonglin's book is not correct, it is just a surmise of Mr. Han Tonglin and some other scholars.

Abstract:Based on the analysis of shale gasbearing of the Upper Ordovician Wufeng Formation and the Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation in Well DY1, DY2 in Dingshan area, Qijiang County, Southeastern Sichuan Basin, the paper discusses the influences of various geological factors on the enrichment and productivity of shale gas reservoir.Methods:This paper carries out research with well and logging data comparison,seismic data interpretation and test data et al.Results:The shale gas geological conditions in Dingshan area are advantageous with high TOC, moderate thermal evolution degree, good reservoir properties and gasbearing. Tectonic style is an important factor for controlling the shale gas enrichment, and positive structure is the most conducive type for the enrichment of shale gas in the Sichuan basin. The Dingshan structure is a noselike faulted anticline which located in the edge of the Sichuan basin and adjacent to the Qiyueshan fault, it is also favorable for shale gas enrichment. And the Qiyueshan fault controls gasbearing level in different locations of the Dingshan structure. Fractures are more developed in the locations with short distance to the Qiyueshan fault and shallow buried depth, the horizontal and vertical permeability of shale has obvious increased, shale gas is more prone to largescale emissions, then finally resulting in poor gasbearing of shale gas reservoir.Conclusions:Integrating with shale depth and structural feature, we divide the Dingshan structure into five zones as shallow buried gentle area, western slope area with high angle, middle flat zone, eastern slope area with high angle and deep buried gentle area. Based on the thickness of high shale , and taking “structure and preservation condition” as the key with combination of shale depth, this paper chooses middle flat zone as the most favorablefor shale gas exploration in Dingshan Area.

Abstract:Karst dynamic system is a extremely open, sensitive and complex system. An important method on the research of dissolution rate and carbon cycle in karst dynamic system is hydrological and geochemical analysis under the influence of rainfall in a karst area. Strontium and its isotope (n(87Sr)/n(86Sr)) are important tools to trace dissolution rate, intensity and carbon sink in karst process. Achievements and studies were mainly on hydrogeological processes, groundwater solutes origin and anthropogenic activities through strontium research. However, very few studies have been conducted to distinguished the differences of dissolution rate and carbon sink flux triggered respectively by "old water" storage and fresh rainwater recharge in a karst dynamic system.Methods:Employing the highresolution monitoring and sampling methods, a typical karst dynamic system in subtropical area, south China was chosen to research diel variations of groundwater Sr and n(87Sr)/n(86Sr) in a karst spring and to calculate the dissolution rate in a storm rainfall. Insitu measurement of hydrochemical variables including temperature, pH and specific conductivity (Spc, 25℃) were performed at S31 spring outlet using multiparameters meters. HCO-3 was titrated immediately in the field using a portable testing kit by Merck KGaA Co. (Germany). For continuous streamflow data, weir water stage was continuously monitored at 15min time interval at S31 spring using a CTDP data sonde. Discharge was then calculated using the rectangular weirdischarge formula. Rainwater sample and filtered spring water samples were collected in prewashed high density polyethylene (HDPE). Major anions were measured by an automated ion chromatography. Major cations were analyzed by ICPOES (IRIS Intrepid II XSP, Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA). In addition, the water samples (500 mL) and a bedrock sample (limestone) were collected for the determination of n(87Sr)/n(86Sr). Isotope analyses were determined using a Finnigan MAT 261 multiple collector mass spectrometer. Partial pressure of CO2 (PCO2) and saturation index of calcite (SIc) were calculated by the program WATSPEC using hydrochemical data sets.Results:The results showed that both CO2 effect and dilution effect were the controlling mechanism in hydrochemical variation of spring water in the initial rainfall. Dilution effect became the main controlling mechanism with the spring discharge rise and rainfall continuance. The variations of Sr concentration in spring water were obviously impacted by dilution effect, while n(87Sr)/n(86Sr) variations were not almost impacted, which indicated that continuously karst processes in karst aquifer in rainfall event may maintained the almost stable n(87Sr)/n(86Sr) value of spring water. Conclusions:Results from the mass balance equation indicated that n(87Sr)/n(86Sr) shares originated from the limestone dissolution which triggered by fresh rainwater recharge was 24.3% of total n(87Sr)/n(86Sr) flux in spring water, and the net dissolution rate of CaCO3 (limestone) and carbon sink flux was 0.136 mg/(cm2·d) and 1.01 t CO2, respectively. These results preliminary distinguished the differences of dissolution rate and carbon sink flux triggered respectively by "old water" storage and fresh rainwater recharge in a karst dynamic system. These results also contribute to the exact calculation of dissolution rate and carbon sink flux that triggered by a rain event.

Abstract:The age and tectonic setting of extensive Neoproterozoic volcanic activities around the margin of Yangtze Block were of great significance for reconstructing the position of South China Block in the Rodinia supercontinent. At present, only a few precise ages were obtained from the volcaniclastics of Suxiong Formation in the western margin of Yangtze Block. Therefore, a dacite sample for the stratoype section was collected from Suxiong Formation, with the purpose of determinating the highprecise age in western Sichuan province.Methods:The zircon SHRIMP UPb analysis was used to determinate the age of the dacite sample from the Suxiong Formation, which was carried out by SHRIMP Ⅱ in Beijing SHRIMP Center, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences.Results:Two precise ages of 838 ± 9 Ma and 780 ± 12 Ma were obtained.Conclusions:Among them, the younger one, 780 ± 12 Ma, was interpreted as the eruption age of the dacite sample, which could represented the tectonic—magma event of the Kangdian rift basin during the period of strong extension, and the older one, 838 ± 9 Ma, represented the tectonic—magma event before the opening of the Kangdian rift basin. Through the comprehensive analysis, the Suxiong Formation was regarded as the product of episodic magmatic activity, locating at the accommodation zones of the Kangdian half graben. Consequently, a series of rift basins, which were related to the mantle plume that led to the breakup of Rodinia supercontinent, should be developed around the margin of Yangtze Block, while the South China Block could be a member of Rodinia supercontinent breakup, through the analysis of volcanic activities and sedimentary records.

Abstract:he Duolong copper (gold) ore concentration district, located in the north of Bangong Co—Nujiang suture zone, is the most outstanding oreprospecting achievement in recent years. It is the first discovered superlarge epithermal porphyry Cu (Au) deposit in Xizang (Tibet). Methods:This articale did the first study to the monzonitic granite porphyries via LAMCICPMS ziron UPb dating and whole rock geochemistry analysis collected from the Dibaonamugang deposit in the Duolong copper (gold) ore concentration district.Results:The monzonitic granite porphyries in the district belong to potassium calcalkaline and weakly peraluminous rocks. They have SiO2 values of 66.31% to 67.31%, Al2O3 values of 15.16% to 15.33% , MgO values of 1.30% to 1.47%, CaO values of 1.53% to1.65%, TFe2O3 values of 3.29% to 3.74%, K2O values of 3.72% to 3.98%, Na2O values of 4.48% to 4.96%. These rocks show K2O/Na2O ratios of 0.80 to 0.89, A/CNK ratios of 1.00 to 1.07, Terman index of 2.82 to 3.43. The monzonitic granite porphyries are systematically enriched in largeion lithophile elements(LILE: Th、U、K、Pb and Rb) and LREE, relatively deplted in high strength elements(HFSE:Ta、Nb、Ti and Zr) and HREE. Total Coneentartion of REE range from 131.81×10-6 ~ 151.59×10-6, with LREE/HREE 10.67~10.97, (La/Yb)N 14.03~15.23 and middle negative Eu anomalies(δEu=0.75~0.78). The geochemical characteristics of these intrusions are consistent with those of arctype magmas worldwide. This indicates the arc granitic magma was generated by partial melting of mantle wedges replaced by the fluid which is formed by the dehydration of the oceanic crust subdution plate in the subdution zone. In addition, its high La/Nb ratios (3.36~3.50) and high La/Ta ratios (40.71~42.79) suggest that the magma might be contaminated by crustal mantle. Zicrons coming from the monzonitic granite porphyry have obvious oscillatory zone, yielding Th/U ratios of 0.56 to 1.10. Its have zircon LAMCICPMS UPb age of 112.6±1.3Ma. Conclusions:Combined with the published data, this ore concentration district contains two obvious main diagenesis stage (117~124Ma, 107~112Ma, respectively), suggesting Bangong Co—Nujiang ocean basin was still subducting during ca. 112.6 Ma and the closure time of the ocean should be later than early Cretaceous (112.6±1.3Ma).

Abstract:Based on the field geological investigation, we study that microthermometry and microlaser Raman microprobe compositions for fluid inclusion from the Qingshuitang Pb—Zn deposit, as well as hydrogen and oxygen isotopic compositions. With reference to previous research data, the physical and chemical conditions of the Qingshuitang Pb—Zn deposit are discussed. The microscopic observation shows that fluid inclusions are erratically developed in different minerals. There are more fluid inclusions occurring in sphalerite and calcite than quartz. It mainly consists of liquidrich twophase inclusions. Microthermometry shows that the homogenization temperatures of sphalerite, quartz, and calcite range from 109℃ to 188℃, 122℃ to 239℃, and 144℃ to 326℃, respectively. Their salinities range from 9.47% to 20.97%, NaCl eq., 0.18% to 16.62%, NaCl eq., and 0.18% to 7.31%, NaCl eq., respectively, of which the homogenization temperatures and salinities of sphalerite are in a narrow range. Microlaser Raman spectroscopy of sphalerite shows the gas phase of the fluid inclusions mainly consists of water vapor. δD(H2O, V-SMOW) of orebearing quartz ranges from -98.9 ‰ to -79.3 ‰ , δ18O(H2O, V-SMOW) ranges from -8.10 ‰ to 0.63 ‰, indicating the oreforming fluid was mainly derived from magmatic hydrothermal water, influenced by the meteoric water. The synthetical analytical results indicate that the Qingshuitang Pb—Zn deposit the evolution of the oreforming fluid is simple and the mixing action is dominant during the mineralization process from the Qingshuitang Pb—Zn deposit.

Abstract:Taking the Yizhong area of Karamay Oilfield as an example, fine reservoir architecture analysis using hierarchical analysis method based on comprehensive application of well logs, core data, outcrop and modern deposition data have been performed. Based on facies belt division, the grading system of seven to nine level reservoir architectural elements have been constructed. Then the formation causes, scale and distribution patterns of reservoir architectural elements have been explored, and finally the reservoir architecture model was constructed. The results show five aspects of cognition. Firstly, an alluvial fan can be divided into four facies belts, including trench flow belt, sheet flooding belt, braided stream channel belt and runoff belt. Secondly, the main subject of trench flow belt was broadbandlike trench flow sediment bodies which vertically compounded by several trench flow gravel bodies. In interflood period, small scale streams erode the upper part of each trench flow gravel body, and a gully network formed. Thirdly, the main subject of sheet flooding belt was fanlike gravelsand bodies which were laterally or vertically composed by several sheet flooding lobes. Muddy interlayers covered at the top of lobes can be regarded as stable seepage barrier. Fourthly, the main subject of braided stream channel belt was braided channel association which was composed by several individual channels laterally (include flooding channel and interflood period channel). Among these channels, flooding channels were easier to be flooded due to a larger scale, a higher degree of lateral complexity and better physical properties. On the contrary, interflood period channels have lower degree of lateral complexity and poor physical property. Fifthly, the main subject of runoff belt was overbank fine sediments. Runoff channels had small scale, poor physical properties and can pinch out easily at the head of distal fan.

Abstract:nvironments in the past researches. But whether or not they can form in the waterbodies only and how about the stability, there are disregardful. We want to determine Pr and Ph forming or not in the modern soil samples from different ecological environments to study the isoprenoids formation and characteristics, so to show the geological significance of Pr/Ph. Methods:The soluble organic nalkanes in the modern surface soils from the midforests, interforests, upper limit forests, lower limit forests, upper limit alpine meadow, and Donggi Cona subalpine desert—meadow in the Gansu, Qinghai and Xizang(Tibet) had been analyzed in this paper. Isoprenoids had been determined based on the m/z85 from the total ion current, and the distribution characteristics and origin of Pr and Ph had been discussed.Results:It is shown that Pr and Ph save in the soils distributing in the different geographical environments not only formed in the waterbodies in the past researched. Pr/Ph ratio is in the range of 0.6~1.4, mean 0.95; Pr/ nC17 ratio is 0.2~1.2, mean 0.64; and Ph/ nC18 is 0.4~1.4, mean 0.85. There is not a clear relative between Pr/Ph and the soils in the different ecological environments, but there is a mid degree relation between Pr/Ph with geographical belts. Conclusions:Pr predominance formed by the microorganisms degrade organic matter under aerobic respiration in the relative warm and wet soils. And Ph predominance formed under the anaerobic fermentation in the relative dry and cold soils. Because different parent materials of Pr and Ph, and different sources from terrestrial and waterbodies, and maybe influenced by the forming of Pr and Ph in the process of thermal evolution and diagenesis, Pr/Ph palaeoenvironmental proxy must be testified to judge which kinds of environmental condition in the sediment basins.

Abstract:Geoscience features extraction plays an important role in the quantitative analysis of mathematical geology, which provides an objective basis for identifying the types of surface units. In this paper, a new type of Geoscience features is defined to characterize the roughness of surfaces. In addition, the mathematical characteristic of the new feature is discussed. The new method relies on the theory of stochastic processes. Both the spectrum moments and its statistical invariants are considered as the indicators for characterizing the surface physiography. The experiments are performed on both the satellite gravity data in China and Digital Elevation Model (DEM) data. And the process of geomorphology recognition and steps for the calculation process are demonstrated. The results show that the new feature can reflect the relief characteristics of landforms, and the method can also be applied to create Gravity tectonic units and segmentationbased maps of physiography.

Abstract:Based on the comprehensive survey on hydrogeological characteristics, geomorphology, and geology background of Suyueke tufa in Wuqia ,Xinjiang, through the analysis of rock samples, total analysis of water samples and the comparison of hydrogen and oxygen stable isotope between river and springs water, the paper conducted a preliminary study of the causes of tufa landscape. The results indicated, the springs in Suyueke are typical cool springs, the hydrochemistry type of the springs is HCO-3Ca, the snow meltwater and summer rainfall on the southern slope of the mountain Turgart are main water sources of these springs, the recharging altitude corresponds with the snow line; The spring are all climate causes type; During the process of thermal metamorphism of deep strata and removing carbonation of Limestone, a great deal of carbon dioxide generated, which is the main gas composition in outgassing phenomenon of spring exports; In deep water cycle, the huge number of Ca2+、Mg2+、HCO-3、SO2-4 and other small amount of ion are produced by the chemical reaction between CO2 and adjacent rock or host rock, which are the material basis of tufa；Tufa shoal are mainly located on the slope of the valley and alluvial fans with variety of colors, such as white, brown and other colors, layers of travertine pools and rimstone dam developed on the surface of the tufa shoal. The main component of tufa are CaCO3 and a slight amount of MgCO3, Suyueke tufa is essentially the calcareous sinter. It is the ferric iron from oxidizing action or other elements that made the tufa shoal showing a variety of colors, such as brown, yellow, brownish red, and offwhite. Suyueke tufa has a strong aesthetic value and scientific value.

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