Abstract:This paper reviews continental extension, delamination and rifting processes. As continental lithosphere is usually much thicker and of heterogeneity than the oceanic, its corresponding faulting and rifting processes are much more complex. The mechanics that can generate lithospheric rifts includes long distance effects of continental collision, lithospheric detachment and delamination, as well as irregular plate movements. Delamination of part of lithosphere under gravitational forces causes subsidence of the continental roots, it usually contains three stages as break off the lithospheric root, crustal extension and geothermal subsidence with faulting of the lithospheric mantle. Delamination can occur under continental collision zones, cratons and subduction zones of continental or oceanic plates. Expansion of the grabens or sedimentary basins together with mantle origin magma intrusion indicates maturity of the extension provinces. In this mature stage the extension provinces are characterized by faults cutting whole lithosphere and fast magma intrusion in the lower crust. In the early stage of the rifting, crustal extension, lithospheric detachment, asthenosphere uplifting and heat subsidence are usually occur in the extensional provinces. Further development of a rift shows wide graben complex in the upper crust, uplifting of mantle origin basaltic magmas and creating magma chambers in the lower crust. Take the Suongliao basin in northeast China for an example, in a mature extension province the lithospheric faults should link up together and across through whole basins. Lithospheric faulting provides good pass ways for magma intrusions, letting fast basaltic intrusion and rift expansion. However, most of continental rifts would not become the Wilson rifts that should further develop into an oceanic ridge. The process of creating a Wilson rift requires long period supply of basaltic melts and heat upsweeping from the asthenosphere. Low velocity layers located beneath a Wilson rift indicate partial melting of rocks in the lower crust and uppermost mantle, it is possible caused by mantle plumes that originates from interaction between the mantle and outer core of the solid earth.

Abstract:There are some controversy about some undersea feature terms in China for our government take park in naming undersea feature late and lack of practical experience. We discuss about these terms by comparing some authoritative geological dictionaries and standards from both home and abroad, finally we get the following conclusions: ① Shoal(“An sha”)is an isolated (or group of) offshore hazard(s) to surface navigation with substantially less clearance than the surrounding area and composed of unconsolidated material.Bank(“Tan” or “Qiantan”) is an isolated (or group of) elevation(s) of the sea floor, over which the depth of water is relatively shallow, but sufficient for safe surface navigation. ② Most of the authoritative geology dictionary and standards definite relief of “Seamount” must be greater than 1000m, but there are still a lot of controversy about definition of“Hill” and “Knoll”, SCUFN making no distinctions of each other. ③ The main differences of “Canyon”(Haidixiagu) and “Valley”(Haidigu) is the shape of cross sections, not magnitude. Different geology dictionary has different translation for the term of “Seachannel”. Recent years, most of the academic papers translates it to “Haidishuidao”.It is more easy to separete it from “Haidixiagu” and “Haidigu”. ④ “Haitai” and “Haidigaoyuan” are often used as the translation for “Plateau”,and there is no any difference between them.

Abstract:With the demand for mineral and energy resources at great depth increasing rapidly, scientists and engineers are faced with difficult exploitation problems from the deep, to determine or define in situ stresses accurately is one of the most fundamental tasks to solve the above problems. This paper summarizes 26 stress estimate and measurement methods widely used in energy and mining industry, and briefly reviews the mechanical principles and development history of these methods. From the viewpoint of where these data come from, these 26 methods can be classified into five categories, core based method, borehole based method, geological method, geophysical method and underground opening based method. From the point of meeting the needs of human beings, these methods also can be divided into two groups, active methods, and phenomenon based methods. For social infrastructures, deep exploitation of energy and mineral resources, the active methods are more applicable. The different methods reflect stress information at different volume scales, but the methods based on the large scale rock mass may offer more stable and reliable stress data for the analysis of a regional stress field. Finally, the author discusses some future prospects of the in situ stress measurement techniques.

Abstract:South Africa is one of the countries with the richest gold ore resources in the world.The gold deposits mainly occur in the northeast of the South Africa.Three types of gold ores have been recognized,which are: ① Witwatersrand conglomerate type gold deposits; ② granite greenstone belt type gold deposits; and ③ dolomite type gold deposits,with the former two types being the major ones in the region. Witwatersrand conglomerate type gold deposits are high grade,maximum deposits yield, large scale and very depth and are the most important types in South Africa.The genesis of the deposits is controversial.Two different models occur which include placer mode and thermal fluid model.According to the current data the writers think they represent two different mineralization stages. Granite greenstone belt type gold deposits mainly occur in the Barberton area which are large scale, easy mining and other characteristics, therefore which occupies an important position in the South African. The deposits are mainly hosted in quartz veins or shear zones. Three different models occur which include volcanogenic mineralisation models, inverted decollements modes and structure intersection model.

Abstract:Hiemalora, one of the most widely reported Ediacaran fossils, generally interpreted either as a medusoid or a holdfast of a frond like organism, has a fringed disc, not (previously) found with fronds attached. This paper presents one of the well preserved carbonaceous compressions from the Doushantuo Formation, Guizhou, South China——the abundant, presumed alga, Gesinella, with a complete rhizoid holdfast structure. The rhizoid base of this taxon is quite similar to Hiemalora in shape and size. The thickening and hyperplasia base, and external radiating filament—rhizoids, in Gesinella can be compared respectively with the central disc and the surrounding radial tentacle like elements in Hiemalora. As the Ediacaran macroscopic carbonaceous compressions with the largest thallus, these new specimens of Doushantuo Gesinella offer insights into the benthic Ediacaran biota with casts and molds in the ascendant：the disc shaped Hiemalora might be holdfast discs of multicellular algae, rather than a medusoid organism or an attachment of other frond like life. This new association will arouse further research on the preservation style and the taphonomical environment of Ediacaran organisms.

Abstract:Soft sediment deformation Structure is named syndepositional deformation structure, and the developmental feature, distribution rule and depositional model are important for the research of reservoir. After the observation of the core in the work area, we found the microfault, liquid dike, liquid twist deformation, ellipsoidal structure, autoclastic breccia, and so on. And we analyzed the stress environment and characteristic of the soft sediment deformation structures. By the analysis of the distribution of the soft sediment deformation structures, the developmental frequency and gradation are related with the angle of dip of the Zhen② fault and Hanliu fault, the distribution of the soft sediment deformation structures is controlled by the ancient landform. The physical property and communication of the reservoir are changed by the soft sediment deformation structures. On the base of the depositional model of the soft sediment deformation structures by predecessors, we set up the new depositional model of the soft sediment deformation structures of Gaoyou Sag, the soft sediment deformation structures of work area are mainly developed near the ramp region of boundary fault, and it is departed into 3 parts, the upper shallow water region, middle ramp region, bottom deep water region.

Abstract:The concept of “Yanshan movement” (“Yenshan movement”) had been put forward by Professor Wong W H for more than 90 years. Endless debating exists after the concept was put forward. This paper reviewed the concept and corresponding logical questions firstly. Mr. Wong divided the movement into three stages: the A (the beginning), the middle (the volcanicism) and the B stage. The unconformity of the A stage exists between the upper volcano rock series and the coal measure strata. Bottom of the upper volcano rock series is a suit of conglomerate, for example, the Longmen—Jiulongshan Formation in western Hills， Beijing, and the Haifanggou Formation in Liaoning province. Mr. Wong attributed the conglomerate to the A stage. A question puzzled by Wong W H was the temperal and spacial relationship between the conglomerate and the volcanics. This is an important issue, but frequently escaped the attention by followings. Wong W H did not distinguish the difference between the concept of “Yenshan movement” (“Yanshan movement”) and the “Yenshanian movement” (“Yanshanian movement”), which leads to misunderstandings in following studying. After clarifying the original concept, through a drilling and an exploratory trench in Yanchi town, Mentougou county, Western Hills, this paper firstly discovered a suit of turf in 12m thick under the Jiulongshan Formation. Under the tuff, a suit of calcareous conglomerate in 2m particle size is unconformity with the Cambrian strata, which is just the unconformity of beginning of Yanshan movement. U-Pb dating of the tuff yield the eruption age of 154Ma and the inherited age of 161Ma. The former represents the maximum age of the Jiulongshan Formation and the later responses to the earliest volcanic eruption of the A stage in Western Hills，Beijing. Finally, this paper points out that the diachronism of the three unconformities in Western Hills. The unconformity under the Jiulongshan Formation and the Longmen Formation will converge to the main unconformity under the Tiaojishan Formation. The Longmen—Jiulongshan Formation and the Tiaojishan Formation are at the same time to different strata unit in western Hills.

Abstract:Facing the problems of the red beds “barren strata” division and correlation, a set of scientific, convenient method is formed in the division and correlation on synthetic stratum. It is based on the established in fully absorbing predecessors’ research. It takes many existing methods integrate, contain and confirm with each other. It contains the relationship between the top and bottom contact, lithological and electrical character for the interface, the scheme of multi integration, constraint of seismic data building the frame. According to the particularity of the red beds, the lithological and electrical character in response to a change in arid climate, it fully used the advantage of the continuous longitudinal in the data of test log and the constraint of seismic data. The method effectively solve the problems in the red beds of longitudinal division, horizontal comparison. It obtained good results in the application of the southern slope in the Dongying sag. The method could be used to provide the technical support in other parts of the similar complex stratigraphic classification and correlation.

Abstract:In recent years, many studies on microbially induced sedimentary structures (MISS) and related biogeological processes have been carried out, and become an important way to understand the evolution of early life and interactions between organisms and environments. However, most reports have focussed on the Mesoproterozoic—Neoproterozoic marine sediments, only a few Phanerozoic and terrestrial MISS have been researched. The MISS presented in this paper, mainly consist of mat growth features and mat destruction features, are well preserved in terrestrial clastic rocks around the P—T boundary in Yiyang area, Henan Province. MISS nearby the P—T boundary in this area might indicate that unusual sedimentary rock records of unique aquatic chemical environment and degradation ecosystem after the late Permian biological extinction events. They can be named as “terrestrial anachronistic facies”. MISS's exploration in P—T boundary in the terrestrial environment is meaningful to understand the ecosystem after the mass extinction, and useful for stratigraphical classification and correlation.

Abstract:The Daotuo manganese deposit is an all buried large manganese deposit that had been newly discovered during the integrated exploration in Guizhou. The manganese bearing rock series characterized by layered, stratoid or lenticular structure occured in the “black shale” at the bottom of the First Member of the Datangpo Formation, Nanhua System， Neoproterozoic. In this paper, geochemical characteristics of major and trace elements of the manganese bearing rock series were analyzed. Some geochemical parameters such as the ratios of V/(V+Ni), V/Cr and Ce/La, as well as the enrichment of redox sensitive elements(U, V, Ni and Mo) of the manganese bearing rock series indicate that the deposit was formed a hypoxia environment. In addition, enrichment of elements like As, Mo, Ag and Sb, and the ratios of Al/(Al+Fe+Mn), (Fe+Mn)/Ti, Co/Zn together show typical hydrothermal sedimentary characteristics; and, the diagrams of (Cu+Ni+Co) 10—Fe—Mn and Co/Zn—(Cu+Ni+Co) also show hydrothermal sedimentary characteristics; implying that hydrothermal activities played a vital role in the enrichment of manganese and the formation of the deposit. Furthermore, the ratios of Al2O3/(Al2O3+Fe2O3), Al/(Al+Fe), Al/(A1+Fe+Mn) and (La/Ce)N and the diagrams of K2O/Na2O—SiO2 and La/Ce—Al2O3/(Al2O3+Fe2O3) all suggest that the manganese bearing rock serious may have been formed at a passive continental margin.

Abstract:Qianfangcun profile at the first river terraces of the upper reaches of the Hanjiang River valley were surveyed in detail and then sampled systematically. The profile structure and characteristics were observed in the field. Magnetic susceptibility, particle size distribution, geochemical characteristics and OSL age was analyzed in laboratory. Stratigraphy age was dated using OSL method. An integration of the results show that the first level river terraces of the Hanjiang River was formed 25 ka BP. The Qianfangcun profile in turn divided into following stratigraphic sequences from the lower to the upper: Malan loess (L1) transitional loess (Lt) paleosol (S0) Holocene loess (L0) Modern soil (MS), which is completely consistent with the loess stratigraphic sequences in the Weihe River valley. Bottom boundary age of Malan loess L1 is 25 ka BP and the top boundary age is 11.5 ka BP. Bottom boundary age of paleosol S0 is 0.85 ka BP and the top boundary age is 0.31 ka BP. During 25 ~11.5 ka BP it was cold and dry glacial climatic characteristics, with the winter strong monsoon, and dust storms frequently occurred to form Malan loess layer L1 on the first level river terraces of the Hanjiang River. From the beginning of the 11.5 ka BP, the winter monsoon gradually weakened, the climate began to gradually transform to the warm and wet, and appear weak pedogenesis to form a transition loess layer (Lt). During the Mid Holocene ( 8.5 ~ 3.1 ka BP) various environmental indicators from the paleosol S0 is maximum or minimum value in whole Qianfangcu profile, it reflects strongly pedogenic modification and an optimum water and heat period and indicate summer monsoon reached its peak period after the last glacial period. About 3.1 ka BP, the East Asian monsoon recession leads to the weakening of summer monsoon, climate reentered a relatively cold period, and dust storm were obviously enhanced to from Holocene loess L0. At the same time, modern soil (MS) is formed on the surface by the farming activity. Loess in the Hanjiang River valley reflects a monsoon climate change models which monsoon gradually strengthen after the last glacial period and the most strong in the middle Holocene, monsoon recession and the climate dries after the middle Holocene. Loess in the Hanjiang River valley and in Weihe River valley record monsoon climate change models is completely consistent. Loess in the Hanjiang River valley and stalagmites and peat in adjacent area record East Asia monsoon variation trend is good comparability, but with the stalagmite and peat record start and end time of summer monsoon period (9.3 ~ 4.2 ka BP) is not completely consistent.

Abstract:Based on flow experiments of reservoir sensitivity, combining with X ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, casting thin and so on, clay mineral characteristics and its effect on sensitivity of Fuyu ultra low permeability reservoirs in northern of Fuxin uplift are studied. The results show that Fuyu reservoir contains mostly chlorite, illite, kaolinite and illite/smectite mixed layer, illite is much more than chlorite and illite/smectite mixed layer, kaolinite is at least. Speed sensitive and alkali sensitivity are relatively weak, water sensitivity and salt sensitivity are strong and have a great impact on the reservoir, exploration and development should focus on them. Clay mineral has mainly three effects on reservoir water sensitivity, clay mineral total content has a main control on water sensitivity.

Abstract:Coal vitrinite reflectance ellipsoid fitting is applied to 15 oriented tectonically deformed coal samples from 4 coal mines of Huaibei area based on compatibility adjustment. The influence of stress, temperature and deformation texture on the orientation and shape of ellipsoid is discussed, combining with the tectonic evolution of research area after coal formation and the coal deformation texture. The results show that, dips of the max—intermediate reflectance plane of most of the samples are similar to the source of the regional stress direction, which may be attributed to the coal aromatic plane is prefer to grow along the direction perpendicular to the resultant stress direction of horizontal tectonic stress and overburden stress; Few samples exhibit abnormal indication may due to the influences of the nearby fault striking perpendicular to the compress stress, coal deformation extent or multiphase stress field; Affected by the multiphase stress, the indication turn to the resultant stress direction of later stress field. While the process will be stopped by strong deformation, the shift and rotation of particles of coal with strong deformation weaken the turning and make the indication remains the resultant stress direction of former stress field; Magma thermal abnormality is one of the main reason leading to the max—intermediate reflectance plane dips steeply; According to Flinn parameters, most of the samples exhibit flat ellipsoid, only three samples exhibit long ellipsoid, which reflect the normal coal evolution and the influence of magma thermal respectively.

Abstract:Wetland is one of the important ecological zones which is located between aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems, and dissolved organic matter (DOM) is an important loading material for the transfer of nutrients from terrestrial to aquatic systems. The source of DOM in wetland is divided into autochthonous and allochthonous. Source identification of DOM in wetland can benefit to understand the features of biochemical cycles about nutrients in wetland, and then get more information about material circulation between aquatic and terrestrial ecosystem. At present, there are a number of methods to identify the source of DOM in wetland. According to extensiveness and availability of different methods in application, it is mainly introduced the optical method, isotope method, C/N ratio method and biomarker method in the source identification of DOM in wetland in this paper. The results show that optical method, isotopic method and C/N ratio method have been more frequently used in previous researches. In recent years, the biomarker method plays more and more important rule, because the biomarkers such as lignin can not only be used to identify the sources, but also be very sensitive to the changes of different sources. As a conclusion, advantages and disadvantages in present research are summarized, and it is pointed out the research way in the future based on the discussion above.

Abstract:Horizontal thick bedded limestones of Palaeozoic Permian Maokou Formation that build the World wide known scenery Ashima （means a beautiful girl) stele in the Shilin(means stone forest) World Geopark, Yunnan, China. The writers got 5 rock samples from the inconspicuous place of the stele (being allowed by the Geopark), respectively from the base part, lower part, middle part, upper part and top part. More studies focus on the micro carbonates characteristics and the sedimentary environments. Finally the writers uncover the micro carbonates and the sedimentary environment of the whole stele, from the bottom to the top of this world wide known of Ashima stele. The base is made of high energy shoal facies of grey thick bedded grainstones with bioclasts and parallel beddings. That built Ashima’s feet. The lower part is made of middle energy shallow subtidal facies of grey thick bedded packstones with bioclasts of Fusulinida. That builds Ashima’s leg. The middle part is made of middle energy shallow subtidal facies of grey thick bedded packstones with intraclasts. That builds the Ashima’s waist. The upper part is made of middle energy shallow subtidal facies of grey thick bedded packstones with intraclasts and bioclasts, or bioturbation structure. That builds Ashima’s breast. The top is made of high energy shoal facies of grey thick bedded grainstones with intraclasts and bioclasts. That builds Ashima’s head. The carbonates contained amount of bioclasts, like foraminifera, trilobite, alga, Ostracoda, brachiopod, bryozoansea moss, Fusulinida, crinoid, bivalve. The sedimentary environments are high energy shoal and middle energy shallow subtidal.

Abstract:The dolomitic rocks of the Permian Fengcheng Formation are the most significant hydrocarbon reservoir rocks in Wuerhe—Xiazijie area in the Junggar Basin. About a hundred milliontons of oil (3P) reserves have been found. On the basis of predecessor's studies, unifying petrology and geochemistry methods, this article explores origin of the dolomitic rocks, and provides a scientific geological foundation for exploration and evaluation of this tight oil reservoir in the northwestern margin of the Junggar Basin. By X ray diffraction, cathodoluminescence and scanning electron microscope, and microscopic identification of rock thin sections, we concluded that the dolomitizing host rock consists of tephra and tuffaceous debris of terrigenous origin. The obvious residual texture of replacement in the dolomite minerals under microscope indicates that the dolomitic rocks in the area had not been deposited initially. Strata thickness and mineral assemblage both are the important evidences that reject the viewpoint of hydrothermal jet. Element analyses indicate that, with intensified dolomitization, rock chemical compositions had regularlychanged. The ratios of Yb/La and Yb/Ca of special rocks fall within the scope of carbonatite, indicating that the dolomitizing initial rock has obvious magmatogene.Comprehensive analysis shows that, the dolomitizing initial materials are volcanic ashes. After sedimentation, alteration and calcilization, the volcanic ashes were unequally replaced by Mg2+.

Abstract:Huanglongmiao garnet bearing monzogranite is a typical U bearing leucogranite. The leucogranite has features as follow, high silica（73.65%～76.60%）, peraluminous(13.01%～13.80%，A/CNK>1.0)， K rich（4.89%～6.14%）, and the rare earth elements show a distribution of fractionated strongly, with a obviously negative Eu anomaly, while it’s trace elements are distributed as the upper land crust’s do. The granite age is 415.2±2.0Ma, which is obtained from zircon U-Pb , by LA-ICP-MS analyses, And the age indicates a granite in end of Silurian. The granite is partially melt from gneiss bearing garnet biotite and plagioclase in Guozhuang petrofabric of Qinling Group Complex under Post collision setting, it is Calc Alkaline series S type granite. The beginning of post collision is 415~426 Ma of early Paleozoic in eastern Qinling, which is limited by the granite age and regional metamorphism age. At the same time, the granite features indicate that there is no large scale metamorphism and deformation, and the geology evolution turn into a relatively stable process in eastern Qinling Mts. area since early Devonian.

Abstract:Acid gas injection (AGI) is not only one of carbon abatement technologies, but also one of the green technologies conducive to environmental protection because it can alleviate the sulfur supply and demand to some extent, and it can also reduce the potential frequency of acid rain. Therefore, AGI is increasingly affected by global concern. The Amu Darya right bank block in Turkmenistan is one of important sources of Chinese overseas natural gas exploitation. During the international development of this natural gas block, the adverse factors are taken into account according to uncertainty and volatility of the sulfur market and transportation, etc. It is found that acid gas injection is worthy of study and deep analysis with comparison to conventional sulfur recovery process technology. Limited to its special geopolitical and environmental characteristics, sequestration site selection of acid gas injection is particularly important in Central Asia. By reference to the selection principles of carbon dioxide sequestration site, a geoengineering method is proposed for acid gas injection, and the suitability evaluation of the Amu Darya right bank area is investigated for the potential sequestration of acid gases. Firstly, the suitability indicators are selected for sequestration site of acid gases, which include stability of geological structure of study area, earthquakes and faults, formation pressure, temperature, porosity and permeability of the reservoir, caprock, etc. Then, the indicators are assigned proper weighted coefficients according to the actual geological conditions of study area, and analytic hierarchy process (AHP) are used to conduct a basin level evaluation of sequestration suitability. Finally, according to micro facies of sedimentary environments and more detailed information of reservoir properties, a further analysis is carried out to seek a target zone of potential sequestration sites. It also points out the future work direction.

Abstract:Liupan Mountain—Ordos Basin Deep seismic sounding profiles in the northeastern margin of Qinghai—Xizang (Tibet) plateau along the Near East — West direction laid about 420km, which goes across the Ordos basin, Liupan Mountain orgenic belt and Qin Qi plots. According to travel time data of 6 seismic phases and the amplitude information which were recognized by the recorded sections in 6 shots of the explosion , the authors obtained the two dimensional P waves velocity structure along the profile, the average crustal velocity is 6.38～6.40km/s and the crustal depth is 41.7~48.2km in Ordos basin. In Liupan Mountain area, the average crustal velocity is 6.40 ~ 6.42 km / s, crustal thickness of up to 53~54km. In Qin Qi fold zone, the average crustal velocity minimum is 6.32~6.40km/s, crustal thickness is 50.3~53km. The Moho boundary is shallow in eastern and deep in western, obviously westward tilt. The most shallow Moho depth is 417km in Ordos Basin east. Below Liupan Mountain, the deepest depth of the Moho is 54km. The Head wave(Pn) of Moho boundary appears after the 220km, the velocity is 7.8～8.1km/s. To discuss the relation of basin—mountain structure finally.

Abstract:The high resolution sequence stratigraphy of the Toutunhe formation of the Middle Jurassic in Fudong slope area of Eastern Junggar Basin is studied through high resolution sequence stratigraphic theory, which ten short term base level cycles, three middle term base level cycles, and one long term base level cycles can be identified. Interlayer heterogeneity, intralayer heterogeneity and plane heterogeneity are searched under middle term sequence stratigraphic framework , the results show that there are some obvious regularity exists in macro heterogeneity of reservoirs, especially in MSC2. Sandbodies of reservoirs in MSC2 have the heaviest heterogeneity, and sandbodies with large thickness in the early period of the base level rise and in the late period of the base level fall have good properties, where are favorable to be explored and developed. Above all, heterogeneity of every sequence is affected by values of A/S.

Abstract:Based on the geological surveys of Caledonian sediments, comparison of horizontal profiles and palaeogeographical mapping in southeastern Hunan and western Jiangxi area, five types of sedimentary facies were found in the study region, which were carbonate shelf facies, mixed continental shelf facies, glaciomarine facies, undercompensation silicalite—shale basin facies and turbidite basin facies. The comparison of horizontal profiles showed that in study region, the Caledonian sediments were normal continuous sedimentary sequence from west to east, while horizontally, a variety of facies were crossed and mutually transitional. Lithofacies study showed that two facies belts were mainly developed in southeastern Hunan and western Jiangxi. They were silicalite—shale basin facies and turbidite basin facies. There were slightly differences in development scale between the two facies belts. A crossed transitional belt was often developed in the connecting part of the two facies belts. We believe that the sedimentary facies is transitional in this area, which will play an important role in discussing the attribution of south-China sea in Caledonian period.

Abstract: