Abstract:Structural geology and tectonics are geology sub disciplines with philosophical thinking in nature and concern about different research directions and reference scales. For the last few years, small scale structural geology has not limited to the analyses

Abstract:This paper continues to review continental accretion processes, focusing on cratonization of the lithosphere of Phanerozoic continental collision zones. Based on geophysical investigations, cratonization of the lithosphere results in increasing crustal de

Abstract:Based on five lately research findings from five areas in China, this article compares their lower time limits which are relatively accurate horizontally and analyses the connection between these lower limits and G—M （Gauss normal polarity—Matsuyama rever

Abstract:Hydrogen is considered as one of the convenient and environment friendly renewable energy. This paper begins with the utilization and development of hydrogen, explains the significance of underground hydrogen storage and conventional storage methods (dep

Abstract:Dendrogeomorphology is now playing an important role in the study of geomorphic processes because of such characteristics tree ring have: accurately dating, high resolution and long time span. Some previous researches have shown that tree rings can be used as a reliable tool for historical evidence of past landslides, which can explain what is happening now and detect landslide deformation in the future. The paper reviewed the current situation and achievements of landslide studies which use dendrogeomorphological methods, especially the principles, the reconstruction of landslide activity and spatio-temporal distribution were illuminated. Finally, the shortcomings of this method were pointed out and the future development prospects were looked forward to.

Abstract:The samples in Permian strata in Pengzhuang and Zibo are studied, 42 genera and 146 species sporopollen fossils have been found by analysis and identification. According to the content change and vertical variation of sporopollen fossils in the strata, the sporopollen can be distinguished into 3 assemblages as follows（in descending order）：Ⅰ. Apiculatisporites—Gulisporites—Macrotorispora (Heishan Member), Ⅱ. Patellisporites—Sinulatisporites—Florinites (Wanshan Member, Kuishan Member), Ⅲ. Anapiculatisporites—Cordaitina (Xiaofuhe Member). The analysis showed that the palynological assemblage of the Shihezi still belongs to Cathaysia flora. Differently, gymnosperms are increasingly prosperous and varied, which indicates the upper stratum tends to be drought. Simultaneously, based on the Shanxi Formation of Permian, shape and overall appearance changes, ancient climatic conditions during the Permian and its evolution is that: the Shanxi Formation, Heishan Member(the Shihezi Formation)during the deposition of the warm humid climate; the Wanshan, Kuishan and Xiaofuhe Member(the Shihezi Formation) during the deposition of arid climate.

Abstract:On the outcrop of flysch nearby Beilaishi(flying stone), north of Lingshan Island, we recognized the typical structures of slump depletion zone——slump scarps. The flysch there belongs to the upper part of Lingshandao Formation (K1lsd), which is mainly composed of coarse sandstone and pelitic sandstone, embedded with some conglomerate beds. Slump scarps were found in the event deposits——sandstone and pebbly sandstone beds. The pelitic sandstone or silty mudstone beds were cut by the slump surface concaving upward. Slump folds, liquefaction sand dikes and event deposits that are frequently outcropped in the flysch were speculated to be triggered by earthquakes. Attitudes of slump folds and scarps reveal the major slump direction, SWNE, and the minor slump direction, SN. Slump folds and scarps in the same section imply a transformation from pure slump accumulation zone to slump depletion—accumulation zone of this area in the Early Cretaceous. The sand—shale ratio of the upper part of Lingshandao Formation nearby Beilaishi(flying stone) is higher than that of the flysch in the Shipyard outcrop. Besides, many gneissose and quartzitic gravels are found in sandstone beds in the upper part of Lingshandao Formation. Therefore, the remnant basin was in its late stage with water shallowing upward during the sedimentation time.

Abstract:In order to analyze basin evolution of the eastern section of North Qaidam from Carboniferous to Cretaceous and explore the reasons for the lack of Carboniferous — Jurassic， the paper， based on identifying distribution of residual Carboniferous and Jurassic， balanced cross section and fault throw， analysised the characteristics of the activities of major faults and proposed tectonic evolution pattern from Carboniferous to Cretaceous． Using the finite element method to simulate tectonic stress field of Indosinian (T)， early Yanshanian (J1—J2)， late Yanshanian (J3—K) in the eastern section of North Qaidam， tectonic evolution of the model has been validated． The results indicated as follows， the eastern section of North Qaidam experienced expansion within Carboniferous and Permian， extrusion uplift within Triassic， fault basin within the period of early Jurassic to middle Jurassic， depression basin within Late Jurassic and extrusion inversion within Cretaceous．In Triassic: The eastern section of North Qaidam formed two rows of nearly east—west trending anticline which resulted in the erosion of stratum in various regions from Carboniferous to Permian． From Jurassic to Early Cretaceous: The Ounan area， which was an inherited uplift， had not fully deposited． In Late Cretaceous: The stress field gradually transformed from tensile into compressive in late Yanshanian， leading to tectonic inversion and the revival of thrust faults． As a result， the mountains such as Lvliang， Xitie， Amunike， Olongbluk uplifted under the control of re activity of thrust faults．

Abstract:This paper investigates and discusses the effect of key geological factors on diagenesis. Siliceous artificial sands are chosen as object of study. Response characteristics of diagenesis to temperature, pressure, and time are quantitatively studied from the perspective of forward physical simulation. The results indicate that, the compaction of siliceous artificial sandstones increases with pressure and temperature. Temperature has the most significant effect on the crystallinity of authigenic minerals like quartz. In the simulation, the transformation of amorphous silica to crystalline occurs under the temperature of 400℃. In a certain range of temperatures, there is a parabolic correlation between mineral crystalline and pressure, with a dominant pressure range. Best pressure for siliceous crystalline is around 137.5MPa. The pressure contributes to diagenesis in two ways, i.e., compaction and thermal effect of which the former is more significant. During the process of diagenesis, longer reaction time may compensate temperature and pressure. Reaction time has greater effects on chemical diagenesis than compaction. Results of this research are of great reference value for diagenesis numerical simulation, quantitative study, and further research in mechanisms of diagenesis.

Abstract:The Jikelikuole mafic—ultramafic rocks in Qiemo County, Xinjiang, is located on the north side of the central section of Late Paleozoic Karamilan arc, the southern active belt margin of the Tarim plate, intruded into the formation of marine clastic rocks, carbonate rocks and intermediate—acidic volcanic rocks, the Third Member of Carboniferous Mandelaqiapu Formation. The mafic—ultramafic rocks are dunite, lherzolite, wehrlite, plagioclase bearing olivine websterite, websterite, olivine—gabbro, leucogabbro. Geochemical and petrographic characteristics show that fractional crystallization dominates the magma evolution and formation of the rocks during early magmatism, and olivine and orthopyroxene are the fractional/cumulated phases; the mineral crystal order is: spinel/olivineorthopyroxene clinopyroxeneclinopyroxene + plagioclasebrown hornblende/biotite. Primary magma may come from the primitive mantle or the Mg high basaltic magma about moderate degree of partial melting. The magma is originated from the the spinel stability domain and belongs to the tholeiitic series, which has undergone little immiscible separation of metal sulfide.

Abstract:Based on field geological investigation, this paper studied the whole rock petrochemistry, LA ICP MS zircon U Pb dating, and in situ zircon Hf isotopic geochemistry, for the granodiorite in the Shuikoushan Pb—Zn deposit to better constrain its formation mechanism. The granodiorite study shows that it is characterized by high potassium, rich alkali, enrichment in light rare earth elements (LREEs) and large ion lithophiles elements (LILEs, Rb, Th,U) and Pb, deficited in heavy rare earth elements (HREEs) and high field strength elements (HFSFs, Nb, Ta, Ti) and Sr, Ba. LA ICP MS zircon U Pb dating yielded weighted average age of 156.0 ± 1.0 Ma (MSWD = 0.33，2σ，N = 20)，which is belong to the early Yanshanian product. In situ zircon Hf isotope analysis indicates that the granodiorite has low εHf (t) values (-10.78 to -8.71), and old Hf model ages TCDM (1.75 to 1.88 Ga). These isotopic compositions suggest that the granodiorite magma source mainly came from the lower crust in the Paleoproterozoic. During the early Yanshanian, the lithosphere in southeastern China was overall tensional and thinning, causing mantle upwelling and basaltic magma underplating. With a large scale crustal substances melting, the magma derived from the lower crust intruded along the deep fault, and ultimately emplaced in the near curst surface, formed the granodiorite in the Shuikoushan Pb—Zn deposit.

Abstract:There are phenocryst clinopyroxenes, phenocryst olivines and phenocryst amphiboles in Cenozoic basalts dredged from the South China Sea. Most of clinopyroxenes are resorbed into rounded shape and have narrow reaction rims. Phenocryst clinopyroxenes with characteristics of megacryst are crystallized from parent magma which have the same source with the host lavas. Without long time crystallization, clinopyroxenes are carried up to the surface so that they don't have shape of megacryst. Clinopyroxene has lower REE abundance, and its REE content shows a heavily depletion of HREE and LREE in comparison with MREE. The LILE (such as Rb, Ba, Sr) and HFSE (such as Nb, Zr) show heavily depletions in comparison with Hf which shows lightly enrichment. Nb/Ta and Zr/Hf show obvious fractionation features. Th shows lightly enriched but Pb heavily depleted. This study shows the source of clinopyroxene is relatively simple. As a result of mantle plumes, they are not affected by the interaction between mid ocean ridge and mantle plumes. Due to the fast rising of parent magma, the pressure drops rapidly and lots of olivines crystallize out from magma. All these factors result in the variation of magma composition and finally lead to the disequilibrium of both composition and texture between clinopyroxene and host lavas.

Abstract:It is important to investigate the erosion depth and explore the tectonic—thermal history of orogenic belt by obtaining pluton’s crystallization pressure quantitatively. For the calc alkaline intrusions, the Al in hornblende barometry can be applied to estimate their crystallization pressure. The premise for choosing the different formula of Al in hornblende barometry is to content with their applicable conditions, otherwise the results will be meaningless. Accordingly, the Al in hornblende barometry cannot be used for estimating the crystallization pressure of A type granitoids, neither the metamorphic pressure of the rocks. Meanwhile, it is argued that the temperature correction of Al in hornblende barometer proposed by Anderson and Smith (1995) is unnecessary for the calc alkaline intermediate—acid intrusions which crystallization temperature are below 750℃. The exponential formula of Al in hornblende barometer proposed by Ridolfi et al. (2010) is suitable to estimate the crystallization pressure of the hornblende phenocryst in calc alkaline volcanic rocks. However, the Al in biotite barometer proposed by Uchida et al. (2007) cannot be used any way due to the lack of theoretical and experimental evidences. The regional variation of emplacement depth of the Xuejiashiliang— Heishanzhai composite pluton estimated by Al in hornblende barometry indicates the tilting of the footwall of Yunmengshan metamorphic core complex. The low angle normal fault (LANF, i.e. detachment fault) can be formed by the tilting of the high angle normal fault.

Abstract:The Laos’s salt bearing Basin was located in the southeast of new Tethys domain during Cretaceous and hosted huge potash deposit during late Cretaceous. δ34SV CDT of anhydrite from borehole of Thakhek basin located in the southeastern Vientiane with value of 13.8‰~15.3‰ is similar to that of contemporaneous marine evaporites that indicated these anhydrites were with marine origin. These evidences further prove that the potassium materials in both the Laos’s salt bearing basin sourced from Cretaceous seawater with the mixture of fresh water from land. Combining with the update data that the time of potash deposition in both the Laos’s salt bearing basin and Simao basin was approximated and sulfur isotopic composition of Mengyejing Formation，we inferred that the sulfur isotopic composition in both the Laos’s salt bearing basin and Simao basin were consistent with that of contemporaneous sea water and proposed a preliminary scenario that the two basins were possibly connected when marine transgression happened.

Abstract:The genetic types of landslide and debris flow disasters are brought forward basede on inventory of 160 cases collected in 1920~2013 in China and combined more than 30 years from author's research experiences. Landslide disasters are divided into 10 types that consists of rainfall sliding, earthquake breakdown, natural sliding, frost melting collapse, underground excavation sliding, cut slope relaxing action, soil fill loads pushing, reservoir watertable fluctuation and infiltration, irrigation seepage and blasting vibration types. Basic property of each type of landslide disaster is described that involve with deformation mechanism, failure model, movement feature, endangering modes and its representative cases. Debris flow disasters are classified into 7 types that consist of ravine evolution, slope soil liquefaction, landslide dam breaking, engineering discard soil burst, tailings dam breaking, ice lake dam burst and soil deposit slipping—eroding types. Basic property of each type of debris flow disaster is described that involve with main induced factors, startup models, movement property and harmful modes. This classification scheme is aimed at rapid jugement of slope hazards for to provide technical support in decision making and to set up a basis for to develop an emergency response system.

Abstract:It is important to determine the physical threshold of effective reservoirs for hydrocarbon exploration. The physical property of reservoir sandstones and surrounding rocks is used to study in this paper. It is found that the criterion of effective reservoirs is not constant and unconditional, while controlled by the relative physical property between reservoir sandstones and surrounding rocks, having a relationship with burial depths. A new evaluation method is proposed in this paper, in which the ratios of capillary pressure of sandstone reservoirs to surrounding rocks are used to determine the threshold of effective reservoirs. The ratios on the critical conditions become larger with increasing depth, which means the threshold of effective reservoirs has a certain relationship with burial depth. The physical property of effective reservoir with certain depth must exceed the threshold with the same depth, otherwise it cannot accumulate oil or gas. The new method is applied to evaluate the Paleogene reservoirs of Zhu 1 Depression, and the effective reservoirs recognized by the new method coincide well with the well logging results. The new method would be significant for petroleum accumulation and distribution prediction.

Abstract:On the basis of sedimentary organic facies study and source rocks fine classification, we select the excellent source rocks of different maturity from the 4th Member, Shahejie Formation, Palaeocene (E2-3s4) and set up a natural evolutionary geochemistry section. Using material balance method, the original organic matter contents are recovered and the petroleum expulsion efficiency is quantitatively studied. According to the quantitatively calculation, the expulsion efficiency of the excellent source rocks in principal hydrocarbon supplying stage are high and can reach 70%~80%, and the original organic matter content recovery factor of the deep zone can reach 1.5~2.0. These results will bring important influence to the total resource and resource distribution evaluation. The total hydrocarbon content generated and expelled will be higher than previous study, with the source rocks in the deep zone will be significantly higher than before. These result imply that the principal effective hydrocarbon source rocks will be more deep than previously believed. So the study has great significance to the resource reevaluation and deep zone oil and gas reservoir exploitations.

Abstract:The carbonate reservoir of Ordovician in the sixth—seventh blocks of the Tahe Oilfield is a kind of special reservoir, which is affected by the karstification, and having strong heterogeneity. Consequently, it is important to depict the shape and 3D distribution of this reservoir for the oil and gas field exploration and development. The method of “multipoint geostatistics” was first proposed for sixth—seventh blocks in the Tahe Oilfield from the point of vug reservoir development rule and mode in the vertical, and on the basis of the special corresponding relationship between vug reservoir and seismic attributes. According to the corresponding relationship between vug reservoir and seismic attributes, the training image was built base on the special attribute. Taking drilling, seismic and well logging interpretation as hard date, and using the cave development probability cube from seismic wave impedance as software date to restrain the interwell. The result shows that the method not only can display the shape of vug reservoir, but also reproduce the complex structure and spatial distribution of the reservoir, and the simulation results has consistence with the reservoir development rule in the vertical.

Abstract:The Balang Formation is exposed completely at Jiaobang section, Jianhe County, Guizhou Province, and contains abundant trilobites, including corynexochid 5 genera and 7 species, in addition, redlichid 1genus and 3 species, and ptychoparild 1genus and 1species yielded. Of which Arthricocephalus chauveaui Bergeron，1899，Changaspis elongata Lee in Chien,1961，Arthricocephalites jishouensis Zhou in Zhou et al.,1977 also occur in the lower Cambrian Henson Gletscher Formation of Greenland,which provides significant information for global correlation . A. chauveaui firstly appears at 4m above base the Balang Formation range to 278m of the upper part of the formation at Jiaobang section. New data from lithostratigraphy, biostratigraphy and chronostratigraphy of Jiaobang section of the Balang Formation indicate this section more suit to be as the standard sections of lithostratigraphy of the Balang Formation. It should be the standard stratotype section of boundary for constraining the base of Duyunian (Cambrian) defined by the FAD(First appearance datum) of A. chauveaui in Soth China. It may become a potential proposal stratotype section of boundary defined by the FAD of A. chauveaui for the global Cambrian Series 2 stage 4.

Abstract:The age of the Ordovician Zhaolaoyu Formation has been determined by fossil assemblage, and different ages have been suggested according to this method. Some researchers thought the Zhaolaoyu Formation was formed during the Late Ordovician according to recognition of the Graptolite zone, whereas others thought it was formed during the Middle Ordovician or late Middle Ordovician according to the Conodont assemblage. In this paper, SHRIMP U Pb zircon age of 453.2 ± 6.9 Ma has been obtained from the volcanic tuff interlayer in the Zhaolaoyu Formation, the Zhaolaoyu section of the Fuping area. Considering the sample was collected under the fossil zone in the Zhaolaoyu section, this age indicated that the Zhaolaoyu Formation developed in the Fuping area belongs to Late Ordovician. Furthermore, the geological implications of this zircon age are discussed in combination with regional data. The form of volcanic tuff interlayer in the Zhaolaoyu Formation may be best interpreted as the responses to the northward subduction of ancient Qinling oceanic basin. The isotope chronological data show that the Zhaolaoyu Formation on southern margin of the Ordos Basin is the youngest in North China Craton, so, these data not only accurately indicate the age of the strata but also have great significance for understanding of the geological evolution of the Early Paleozoic in the whole North China Craton.

Abstract:We conduct the quantitative calculation and analyses on Wudang area structure by remote sensing mathematical statistical methods. The work shows that the linear tectonic structure of the Wudang area is mostly the small and medium size fractures which are less than 100 kilometers long. The quantitative analyses of iso density， frequency， intersection points and advantageous， reflect that the leading directions are NWW and NE． The NE direction fractures are more developed from north to south. It infers that the Tectonic deformation developed from ductile to brittle from north to south in Wudang area． The particularly high value—high value of the excellent benefits provide the structural information for prospecting prognosis. This has a preferable guiding significance for the further investigation of mineral resources in the area.

Abstract:The Dingjie section is located in Eastern bank of the Yairu Zangbo(River) in the Dingjie Basin,Xizang(Tibet). ESR dating shows that the lacustrine deposit is Middle Pleistocene in age. The sediments exposed here are 41.3 m thick, which consists of a sequence of gray/gray-white clay sand, silt, fine sand and coarse sand. Abundant ostracods, including 10 genera and 26 species, are found here. Based on the ostracods type and abundance changes, the environment, lakes and climate envolution of the Dingjie Basin during the Middle Pleistocene is divided into the following 6 phases: (1) Period 1 (543.8～437.9 kaBP), during this period, climate of the lake area was cool and wet. The lake surface is wide with a little salinity and the temperature of the lake water is low. (2) Period 2 (437.9～34.77 kaBP), the climate became colder than Period 1. The water level of the lake may become lower, and the lake developed into more salinity.(3) Period 3 (34.77～264.2 kaBP), climate became colder and colder. At the same time, the water level became higher than the last period. The salineness of the lake water reduced with desalinate development. (4) Period 4 (264.2～254.9 kaBP), the temperature of lake water continued to decline, and the water level gradually increased after shrink in the last stage. (5) Period 5 (254.9～239.0 kaBP), the water level of the lake decreased and climate became warmer. (6) Period 6 (239.0～184.0 kaBP), the lake expanded than the previous period and desalinated obviously, but climate was still cold.

Abstract:Studies on petrology, geochemistry and chronology for the granite and rhyolite porphyry, that are the most widely distributed in the Lizikeng Volcanic Basin, Shangrao，Jiangxi, carried out in this paper. Zircon U Pb dating yielded an 165±1Ma for Zhoujia granite porphyry, 137±2Ma and 139±1Ma for the rhyolite porphyries of Caijiaping and Chenshouping respectively, equivalent to the Late Jurassic and the Early Cretaceous respectively. Combined with the characteristics of the subvolcanic rocks and the relationship between granite and rhyolite porphyry and Pb—Zn mineralization in space, age, hydrothermal alteration and material sources, we suggested that the Late Jurassic—Early Cretaceous granite and rhyolite porphyry are the most important metallogenic source rocks and ore hosting rocks, which indicates the ore finding direction for the area in future.