Abstract:Based on geophysical investigations of worldwide crust and upper mantle, this paper analyzes ocean—continent transition process and lithospheric thickening process. The ocean—continent transition process contains five stages: ① crustal thickening during co expansion of an ocean, ② trench formation of and early subduction, ③ mature subduction and formation of trench—arc—basin belts, ④ convergence and migration of subduction zones, and ⑤ island—continent collision and connection to a continent. Geophysical profiles show that the crustal thickening during co expansion occurs in passive continental margins, sedimentation, magma underplating and ultra pressure hydraulic fracturing resulting in formation of trenches. After formation of trenches the passive continental margins become active, tectonic mechanics tends to subduction. In the mature subduction stage the expansion of ocean basins keeps compensation with the crustal shortening of the subduction, while opening of back arc basins or marginal seas indicates the mature subduction stage. During the post mature subduction stage, marginal sea micro plates are narrowing and subduction zones are convergence and migrating. Crowded and short subduction zones with different subduction directions can cause local extension basins, they all mix together. As crustal thickening and gravity equilibrium go on, the arc belts would uplift and finally connecting to a continent via island—continent collision, becoming a special unit of continental lithosphere, i.e. the phanerozoic eon ocean—continent zone.

Abstract:Regional crustal stability assessment，an important sub discipline of engineering geology, is a unique regional engineering geological theory developed in decades practice of Chinese engineering geological. It played a positive role in engineering site selection, land and resources planning, disaster prevention and other geological work, having formed a better theory, be widely accepted by the majority of engineering geologists. Based on review and summary of regional crustal stability studies, this article divided its development experiences to 4 stages: ① incubation period of 1950s~1970s; ② established period of 1960s~1980s; ③ development period from the 1980s to the early 21st century; ④ wandering period from start of 21st century to the present, and analyzed the main problems of the regional crustal stability studies. On this basis, combined with the compilation of first specification of Investigation and Assessment for Active Fault and Regional Crustal Stability by China Geological Survey Bureau, this paper described the social needs, guideline and main content structure of the specification, discussed some problems of considerable controversy and given corresponding solutions. The aim of those work is to contribute a help to the development of the specific engineering geological theory and the implement of this specification.

Abstract:It is one of the significant frontier issues that obtain the ages of water laid deposits in the quaternary geochronology. There are some new progresses in the following areas with the development of thermoluminescence: specific luminescence technique, luminescence method, luminescence mineral species, mineral grain size and statistical method of obtaining equivalent dose. Single aliquot regenerative dose protocol is used widely; the fast component of OSL signal can be measured by linearly modulated optically stimulated luminescence (LM OSL); single grain optical dating procedures have a certain advantage in identifying the fully bleached grains; quartz is more easily bleached than feldspar from the water laid deposits; more and more experiments demonstrate that coarse grains are more sensitive to light than fine grains; there is no statistic model among the numerous that can be used to measure the equivalent dose from all samples. On this basis discussed the significance of luminescence dating and future direction for water laid sediments in climate, tectonic, history of glacier movement and amount of soil erosion dominated by human activities research, provided comprehensively references in acquiring the latest research progress of the field.

Abstract:Sediment gravity flow, one of the two most important transport flows, has attracted widespread attentions due to its significance in recording geological events, changing geomorphology and exploring hydrocarbon resources since 1950s. The history of sediment gravity flow study may be divided into five stage, i.e., random observation, concepts system, sedimentary models, industrial application and crisis, debris flow study. In recent 20 years, great advances had been made in rebuilding of concept on sandy debris flow, classification schemes of sedimentary gravity flow on the basis of division of debris flows, “hydroplaning” transport mechanism and forming conditions systematic discussion based on clay contents and clay compositions. As a result, another research boom on sediment gravity flow was formed since 1996 after the first research boom in 1960's and 1970's. The comprehensive analysis from progresses on theoretic research, experiment and industrial application of subaqueous debris flow and other gravity flows showed that four directions would be become the hotspots as following: (1) classification scheme of subaqueous debris flow and modification of classification of sediment gravity flows, (2) transportation and deposition mechanism study based on flume experiments restrained by modern submarine field observation, (3) muddy debrite and trubidite study and its significance in evaluation of hydrocarbon resources and (4) sedimentary models dominated by subaqueous debris flow and application to hydrocarbon exploration and production.

Abstract:The Tian’e carbonate platform in Northwestern Guangxi, formed in the late period of Early Devonian and demised in the end of Early Triassic, was surrounded by deep sea trough during Late Paleozoic. It is a typical isolated carbonate platform in the northern part of the Youjiang Basin，and the stratigraphic and sedimentary characteristics of the Upper Paleozoic are mainly controlled by the base subsidence, sea level fluctuation, as well as changes of the carbonate deposition rate in the basin. Two facies regions and six kinds of sedimentary facies can be identified, mainly comprising isolated platform facies region, slope basin facies region, and restricted platform, semi restricted platform, open platform, platform margin, front slope of carbonate platform and basin between platforms facies, respectively. Palaeogeography in different periods have obvious inheritance and development, so a related depositional model for the isolated platform can be established. The current study suggests that it experienced four evolutional stages, namely, embryonic stage (D31— D2) , forming stage (D3), sustained development stage (C1—P2) and atrophy foundering stage (P3—T1), which correspond to the process of Youjiang Basin evolving from rifting basin (D31—D3) to passive continental margin (C1—T1) with intense expansion and subsidence, while the southern margin of the Yangtze Platform experienced extension and breaking splitting.

Abstract:Research Swine Limestone Member of the Permian Chihsia (Qixia) Formation in Chaobei, Anhui, aimed at discussing the relationship between rich organic deposits and Tempestite Sediments. Swine Limestone Member is generally composed of limestone (grey black, medium bedded) and a small amount of calcareous mud stones (grey black, few millimeters or centimeters thick) which are sandwiched between above limestone layers. This set of strata contains a lot of fossil remains which reflect tropical or subtropical zone, normal salinity, natural shallow sea environment. According to the petrologic, palaeontological and sedimentological features, the study indicates that Swine Limestone Member generally deposits in normal shallow sea carbonate platform, the water in which is not dysoxic or anoxic. Based on the large biomass liveweight, the rich organic feature of Swine Limestone Member would profit from more rapid and large deposits by frequent storms. In rapid deposition conditions, organic matter could not be oxidized before being buried rapidly. Frequent storms due to the relatively low palaeolatitude in the deposition period.

Abstract:Strong and frequent earthquake activities makes the central segment of the Tan Lu Fault Zone (Tancheng—Lujiang Fault Zone) become an important seismic belt in eastern China. The fault zone shows local strong earthquakes, inhomogeneous distribution of weak earthquakes and the presence of non earthquake parts. On the basis of five magnetotelluric sections, comparison analyses are made for deep background triggering earthquakes in the central segment of the fault zone in this text. The results indicate that the fault zone cuts through the whole crust and shows highly heterogeneous crust textures. The common presence of alternation of steeply low and high resistivity zones in the crust sections leads intense neotectonic activities along the fault zone. Three examples of crust electrical textures for ≥Ms 7 earthquakes in the fault zone reveal that the strong earthquakes occurred when middle and lower parts of upper crust have a rigid, high resistivity layer connecting a rigid high resistivity zone on one side or two rigid zones on both sides. In this case, the large, connecting rigid high resistivity zone can accumulate big stress and trigger a strong earthquake. Weak earthquake regions in the fault zone show alternation of steeply soft low resistivity and rigid high resistivity zones, and the latter can accumulate limited stress and lead to weak earthquakes. Aseismic regions in the fault zone correspond to the presence of an extremely thick, soft low resistivity layer that becomes a totally creeping zone. In this case, a rigid high resistivity zone by the side of the extremely soft low resistivity layer is difficult to accumulate any stress and cannot cause any earthquakes. The above comparison analyses suggest that seismic activities along a large active fault zone are closely related to its upper crust electrical texture and rheology.

Abstract:Based on the development models of growth strata, in combination with the type of unconformity and variational rules of the Maigaiti slope, finely research tectonic evolution of the Maigaiti slope. In the Early Cambrian, the Maigaiti slope presents the characteristic of the north dip slope and structural heighs lies in the north of the slope. In the Mesozoic, tectonic evolution of the Maigaiti slope is characterized by segmentation. In the western slope, Late Carboniferous—Early Permain is the main period of tectonic evolution, whereas, the main tectonic movement stage of eastern slope is postponed to Late Permain. The Maigaiti slope had reversed to south dip slope in the Cenozoic and structural heighs migrated to northern slope.Eastern slope started its activities since Miocene, whereas western slope was delay until Pliocene and intensity of tectonic activity in eastern slope is stronger than western.

Abstract:In this article, writers studied the ages of the non ore and ore bearing two types of quartz diorite porphyry in the Disuga porphyries of the central Geza island arc with zircon LA ICP MS U Pb dating method. We got the formation age of the non ore quartz diorite porphyry（DSG 1） was 203.03±0.54 Ma，the age of the ore bearing porphyry（DSG 2） was divided into two groups 217.25±0.89 Ma and 208.5±1.0Ma，so the magmatic intrusion time was restricted to 217～203Ma. However， the hydrothermal events associated with mineralization mainly occurred in 208Ma. The Disuga quartz dioritic porphyrite has a geochemical affinity of arc magmas，Na riched（Na2O/K2O=0.91～2.91，average of 1.65），metaluminous（A/CNK=0.848～1.244，average of 0.996)，enriched in LREE（LaN/YbN=9.44～26.09）and LILEs (K、Rb、Ba、Sr） and incompatible elements （U，Th and Pb），depleted in high field strength elements (HFSE，Nb、Hf、P、Ti). The Studies have shown that the time of genetic and metallogenic occurred in the Late Triassic，magmatism and mineralization are basically consistent，the geochronological，geochemical characteristics of the Disuga porphyry，combined with tectonic evolution，suggests that it was formed in magmatic arc setting，implying that its formation is probably related to the subduction of oceanic crust in Indosinian. But the time of the magmatism is close to the Yanshanian， which explains the existence of magmatism in Geza arc in the early Yanshanian and has the very important significance of investigating on the evolution of arc magmatic and diagenetic mineralization.

Abstract:Research on the natural rock combination and petrochemistry of different sections in Bogda—Harlik mountain, results show that the rock combination is basalt, basaltic andesite andesite and dacite and rhyolite composition, different from the continental rift environment or extended alkalin bimodal volcanic rocks. Geochemical characteristics show that the study area volcano rock mostly belong to calc alkaline series, enriched in Al high Ti, and HFSE depletion, performance for the volcano arc environment. And consider that the evolution of the carboniferous volcano activity may be associated with the Kanggurtag basin.

Abstract:Machangqing intrusive is a typical intrusive body of the alkali rich intrusive rock belt in western Yunnan, and in which a large number of mafic microgranular enclaves have been found. While petrological, petrochemical and Sr, Nd, Pb isotopic data of mafic microgranular enclaves and their host rocks show that the Machangqing intrusive was generated from magma mixing, and formed in the tectonic background of Cenozoic continental crust thickening. These data also show that the mafic microgranular enclaves were derived from the enriched mantle magmas while their host granite porphyry were derived from felsic magmas of the continental crust. And both the mific microgranular enclaves and their host rocks were created as a result of the magma emplacement and magma mixture that evoked by the underplating of mantle derived magma and then the melting of the continental crust that above it. Mantle derived magmas play an important role in the porphyry copper—molybdenum deposit as they furnished ore forming materials and fluids to them, and also the microgranular enclaves could be an important index in porphyry copper—molybdenum deposit prospecting.

Abstract:116 large scale landslides develop between Lagan Gorge and Sigou Gorge in the upper reaches of the Yellow River. And there, Qunjian basin has an edge over others in quantity and intensity of landslide events, as has a direct correlation with the unique tectonic position and the characteristic change of the major fracture zone during Kun Huang movement epoch. The tilting uplift process of plateau causes more large scale landslides to occur in the west coast than the east coast along the major tributaries of river systems. Large scale landslides were triggered by the respective factors during 4 distinct phases, i.e. before 50km and 30km for the coupling cause of tectonic and climatic, before 10km by tectonic, and before 5km by rainfall.

Abstract:The key of finding high quality reservoirs in hydrocarbon exploration is predicting secondary porosity zones, especially in deeply tight siliciclastic reservoirs. Mechanism of forming secondary porosity is numerous in siliciclastic reservoirs and the mechanism of meteoric water leaching is ignored because minerals formed by dissolution of meteoric water in eodiagenesis were transformed by late diagenesis. Meteoric water leaching of siliciclastic rocks in eodiagenesis and epidiagenesis at home and abroad, and water—rock interaction of experimental imitation are studied by typical examples. Results show that there are close relationship between secondary porosity and meteoric water in siliciclastic reservoirs. Reaction products can be taken away immediately, because the reaction of meteoric water and unstable minerals happens in open and semi closed diagenetic systems, then water—rock interaction continues and secondary porosity increases. Secondary porosity zones caused by meteoric water leaching can be predicted by reservoirs petrophysics and sequence stratigraphy.

Abstract:Discussions about integrated resource evaluation are recently mentioned by domain researchers and energy companies, which are paying more attention on the development of integrated evaluation software. However, there does still exist different ways to demystify techniques about integrated resource evaluation. This paper presents experienced understandings about it in three perspectives : integrated resource management, integrated assessment process and integrated software implementation. As well, they are guiding the development of our integrated evaluation software, PetroV. From importing, cleaning and normalizing plenty of magnitude of accumulation information to the delineation of hierarchical evaluation units, integrated resource management embraces resource evaluation with series of resource portfolio, namely prospects, against multiple engineering and marketing scenes, benefits with resource evaluation, exploration planning and marketing decisions etc in full scale way, and expresses its full edge capability of investment management. Tracing the full cycle fluctuating wave of resource and reserve, integrated assessment process unifies kinds of evaluation activities against different geological units stepping from a basin, to a play, to a trap, to a pool, even to a production well, and sets up an needed, adjusted and traced enable assessment process. The implementation of integrated software shields from heterogeneous distribution environment under the help of domain middleware and shares a common language among assessments of a basin, a play, a trap etc with ST based KIDA modeling mechanism in order to seamlessly concatenate assessment phases. Having being benefitted from the advancement of software and data integration techniques as E&P information technique solution, experienced by multiple resource evaluation rounds and enlighten by the latest advancement of information technique, it is time to let integrated resource evaluation play more for us.

Abstract:The geochemical features of the Late Permian tuff in Nanchuan District, Chongqing, southwestern China, were studied using the methods of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry(ICP MS), X ray fluorescence(XRF)，powder X ray diffraction(XRD), A scanning electron microscope equipped with an energy dispersive X ray spectrometer(SEM EDX). The results show that elements including Al, Ti, Li, Cu, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Nb, Ta, Zr, Hf, Ga, Sc, Th, U and REE are enriched, especially the concentrations of Ti, Nb, Ga and REE, which are higher than cut off grades of national standards of China, respectively. The potential comprehensive utilization of Ti, Nb, Ga and REE should be paid more attention. The concentrations of trace elements increase from the bottom of tuff to the top, and the rare earth elements (REE) in tuff have obviously differentiation, the upper portion of tuff enriched light rare earth elements(LREE) and medium rare earth elements(MREE), while the lower portion enriched heavy rare earth elements(HREE). The characteristics of elements and its assemblage in the tuff show that the materials of tuff may be originated from Emeishan basalt magma and of the mafic volcanic origin.

Abstract:In this study, we carried out a comprehensive research including petrochemistry, zircon U Pb dating and Hf isotopic composition analysis on the rhyolite in the Zhaxikang deposit, Lhünzê County, South Xizang(Tibet). Chemical analyses show the rhyolite has high SiO2(SiO2=73.37%~77.08%), low alkaline (Na2O+K2O=3.48%~3.56%), low Mg and Ca (MgO=0.36%~0.49%,CaO=0.50%~0.66%), strong peraluminous (A/CNK=2.16~2.62), enriched in LILEs such as Rb, Th, U, Pb and HFSEs such as Hf and Nb, and depleted in Sr and Ti. The rocks also display high total REE contents (∑REE=295.71×10-6~343.82×10-6), enrich LREE and differentiate obviously (LREE/HREE=10.00~12.62), with weakly negative Eu anomalies (δEu=0.57~0.88), without cerium anomalies. LA MC ICP MS zircon U Pb chronology indicated that the Zhaxikang rhyolite emplaced at 135.33±0.62Ma. Zircon Hf isotope analyses show relatively homogeneous Hf isotopic compositions with εHf(t) values from -9.5 to -24.2, which indicate that the rhyolite are likely generated from crust. The rhyolite is the product of the Early Cretaceous magmatic activity and may be the part of Comei—Bunbury large igneous province.

Abstract:The Anjishan pluton in Ningzhen area(i.e. Nanjing—Zhenjiang area) is the earliest conformed to be adakitic rocks in the Middle and Lower Yangtze Valley. For further understanding its petrogenesis and the deep geological evolution, we did geochronology using zircon LA ICPMS U Pb dating for the granodiorite porphyry from Anjishan pluton. A weighted mean 206Pb/235U age of 108.8±1.2 Ma is obtained, which represent magma intrusive age of Early Cretaceous. In addition, the refined geochronological framework of the Mesozoic magmatic rocks in the Middle and Lower Yangtze Valley is established by combining with the expressed high precision data of ages. It can be divided into four stages, namely 148~133 Ma (the first stage), 131~127 Ma (the second stage), 126~123 Ma (the third stage) and 109~102 Ma (the fourth stage).

Abstract:Qimantage tectonic—magamatic belt in East Kunlun Mountains develops a large number of granitoids associated with the caledonian orogency. Researching these can provide new informations for the tectonic evolution of Qimantage in Early Paleozoic, and also has great significances for investigating the geodynamic evolution characteristics of the whole East Kunlun orogenic belt. In this paper, writers report the new zircon U Pb ages and geochemical datas of the biotite monzogranite in East Nalinggele River and the potash feldspar granite in Wulanwuzhuer, and discussed the petrogenesis and tectonic significance of Late Silurian to Early Devonian granitoids in studied area. The LA ICP MS zircon U Pb ages of the biotite monzogranite and the potash feldspar granite are 4206 ±26Ma and 4212 ±19Ma, respectively. Late Silurian to Early Devonian granitoids in studied area belong to high K calc alkaline metaluminous to peraluminous rocks，with REE patterns displaying enriched LREE，flat HREE and moderate negative Eu anomalities, and trace elements showing relative enrichment of large iron lithophile elements Rb,Th and depletement of high field strength elements Nb,Sr,P,Ti; the tectonic setting is post collision, and the petrogenetic type gives priority to high K calc alkaline I type granites, meanwhile, the study area exposures some S type granites. It is inferred that tectonic regime transformation from compressive tectonic setting of syn collision to stretching tectonic setting of post collision produces the granites having some traits of A type granites，high K calc alkaline I type granites and peraluminous granites.

Abstract:The distribution of reservoir is related with the location. When forecasting the reservoir, not only the geological structure and statistical information is investigated, but also the place must be considered to reflect the variability of the reservoir sedimentary pattern, the so called non stationary characteristics. A pattern based multiple point geostatistics is proposed in the paper. The distance function is introduced to characterize the relationship between the sedimentary pattern and the deposit place, the whole substitution, structured random path and multi grid strategy are selected to reproduce the sediment patterns. A synthesized 3 D training image is construced by the constrain of Poyang lake in China and the comparison test is executed. The new designed method is better reproduced the non stationary characteristics than the traditional one, and is more suitable for the simulation of delta front deposits.The research enriches the theory of reservoir stochastic modeling and provides a new choice in real reservoir modeling.

Abstract:The Ashele large scale copper—zinc deposit is a typical volcanogenic massive sulfide deposit in China, which is hosted in the marine volcaniclastic—sedimentary sequence of the Early to Middle Devonian Ashele Formation. No. 1 orebody occurs as stratoid or large lenticular. The structures of ores are massive, disseminated, ribboned, banded and veinlet. In this paper, we analyzed the helium and argon isotopic compositions of fluid inclusions in pyrite from massive, disseminated, ribboned ores. The 4He content vary from 64.5×10-7cm3STP/g to 173.0×10-7cm3STP/g, the n(3He)/n(4He) ratios are 0.1358 Ra to 0.379 Ra, and the contents of He derived from mantle vary from 1.79% to 5.55%, all of these characteristics suggest that the He in ore forming fluids should mainly be derived from crust. The 40Ar content vary from 0.318×10-7 cm3STP/g to 4.69×10-7 cm3STP/g, the n(40Ar)/n(36Ar) ratios are 389.1 to 9425，and the 40Ar* content vary from 24.06% to 96.89%，indicate the existence of seawater in ore forming fluids, which contain radioactive Ar. Combining hydrogen, oxygen and sulfur isotopic characteristics of the Ashele copper—zinc deposit, it can be concluded that the ore forming fluids were a mixture between crustal derived seawater and mantle derived magmatic fluid, and the crustal derived seawater is dominated.

Abstract:The ground water level has been declining since the concentrated exploitation of groundwater in Guanzhong urban agglomeration. The declining amplitude of it is 30~50m in major water source, with a maximum more than 120 m. Long term excessive exploitation of groundwater has caused a continuous decline in groundwater level, ground subsidence, ground fissure, water pollution and other environmental geological problems. In recent years, the exploitation control on groundwater in urban agglomeration is relieving the continuous decline in groundwater level and the related local environment geological problems. This paper based on 50 year monitoring data of groundwater dynamics, studied in dynamic characteristics of groundwater and related environmental geological problems, proposed suggestions for prevention and mitigation of environmental geological problems and development of groundwater.

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