Abstract:After restudying the 10 sections of the bottom boundary of the Wenlock Series in the Ziyang area, the writers suggest that the standard fossil Oktavites spiralis (Geinitz) of the late Llandovery has never entered the Wenlock. This conclusion is consistent with the international view. All the fossils which were identified as C. centrifugus Boucek in the Ziyang area should be changed to C. annularis Fu, and they all occur in the C. lapworthi biozone. In recent years authentic specimens of C. centrifugus Boucek and C. murchisoni Carruthers have been collected in Ziyang, which will substantiate the cyrtograptid succession process of C. lapworthi-C. sakmaricus-C. insectus-C. centrifugus-C. murchisoni.

Abstract:Molar-tooth carbonates are intricately crumpled, microsparry calcite fissure fills formed during the Mesoproterozoic-Neoproterozoic. This article studied the sedimentary environment, petrological characteristics and age limit of distribution of molar-tooth carbonates in the Xuzhou-Huainan Area, and discussed its origin. Molar-tooth carbonates mostly occur in micritic limestone, marls, calcisilicic micrite, micrites and marls bearing silt in strata of the Xuzhou-Huainan area. The petrological characteristics of molar-tooth carbonates indicate their formation and development in a sedimentary system of slow ramp in a stable craton, and represent a shallow-water environment of subtide. According to their relationship with neighboring rocks, molar-tooth carbonates are divided into four types, perpendicular, handing-over, disorderly and parallel, and six types of combination types. The classification has an environmental implication and reflects respectively different carbonate sedimentary environments. Based on the cycle sequences and the microfacies units of the molar-tooth types, microfacies environment diagrams of the molar-tooth carbonate types are established. Neoproterozoic molar-tooth carbonates of this area are composed of microsparite calcite of homogenous, uniform, equal-axial and polygonal forms obviously different from its surrounding matrix in composition, texture and mineralogy. The formation of the molar-tooth carbonates needs rapid lithification not observed in modern subtide environments, and would seem, to require higher level of CaCO3 supersaturation than that in today's oceans. They developed during 850- 720 Ma and disappeared before the Sturtian glaciation in the Xuzhou-Huainan area. Molar-tooth carbonates disappeared suddenly before 700 Ma because the Sturtian glaciation changed the chemistry of the oceans. A decrease in CaCO3 saturation and increase in the concentration of precipitation in the mid-Neoproterozoic seawater might have contributed to the disappearance of molar-tooth carbonates.

Abstract:Intense tectonic deformations in Mesozoic occurred in the Yanshan area in North China, which influenced the tectonic configuration of the whole area. Some important progresses were obtained in the study of Mesozoic tectonics and their associated basin systems in recent years, and at the same time different understandings about the tectonic events of the area also appear. One of the focuses about the events is whether the movement direction of the Late Jurassic thrusting was generally from the north to the south or from the south to the north, and what its scale of displacement in horizontal is. This understanding involves the way of tectonicactivity and its geodynamic background in the Yanshan area during that time. The Chengde area is a typical location to examine the direction of the Late Jurassic structural displacement. Two conflicting understandings have been proposed for the main thrust movement direction and its scale in the Late Jurassic. One is that the direction of thrusting was generally from the north to the south, and formed piggyback basins associated with southward propagating thrusting faults. The other suggests that the direction of thrust faulting was generally from the south to the north, and a block ("thrust plate") bounded by two roughly E-W trending thrust faults, the Shuangmiao fault on the north and the Jiyuqing fault on the south, between Chengde city and Chengde county, was a Late Jurassic exotic "Chengde thrust plate" formed in a low-angle northward thrust faulting, and its thrust distance is more than 40 km. The Shuangmiao thrust fault has been interpreted as a zone constituting the north limb of the "thrust plate". A study of the original sedimentary characteristic, lithofacies distribution, sequences and thickness of the Mesoproterozoic Changchengian strata shows that the strata involved in the interior of the so-call "Chengde thrust plate" are similar to the closed outside about 2 km from the "thrust plate", but different from a hypothetical "root belt" in the Kuancheng area, 40, km or more southwards far away. Additional evidences that the present Mesozoic basins still keep their relatively complete outline in shape are from geological maps and our fieldwork, which indicate the continuity of Mesozoic sedimentary strata, geological boundary lines and even faults in the Chengde area. That the Changchengian lithofacies configuration was not destroyed demonstrate that no obvious change took place in the Mesozoic structural deformation, and the possibility of large-scale horizontal displacement (>40 km) from the south to the north in the Late Jurassic is very small. Therefore, this study does not support the interpretation of large-scale external "thrust plate" in the Chengde area. We interpret that the Shuangmiao thrust fault as a back thrust played a role of accommodation fault due to the late Jurassic southward thrusting on the Jiyuqing fault, and it was reactivated again after the Jurassic.

Abstract:Abnormal high pressure is distributed in a E-W-stretching zone in the Kuqa depression. The formation pressure coefficient is above 2. 0 in the middle part of the Kelasu - Dongqiu - Dina structural zone, and it decreases northwards and southwards from the centre. The distribution of abnormal high pressure is relative to Eogene gypsolith and salt layers. Huge gypsolith and salt layers are the important condition for the formation of abnormal high pressure. Tectonic compression at the late stage of the Himalayan Orogeny is the main factor of the formation of the abnormal high pressure in the Kuqa depression. The formation pressure and residual formation pressure have good relations with the maximum tectonic principal stress. The influence of tectonic uplift on the formation of the abnormal high pressure is relatively small. Abnormal high pressure has a very important effect on the formation and preservation of oil and gas reservoirs and is a necessary condition for formine larse oil and gas reservoirs in the Kuqa depression.

Abstract:This paper quantitatively describes the net growth, net growth rate and strain rate of the salt structures in the Kuqa depression and illustrates the salt movement characteristics of Kuqa depression based on analysis of abundant seismic and geological data. The first movement of the salt began in the early Miocene, when the salt structure grew slowly and stably. The fast growth of the salt structure took place from the middle-late Pliocene to Quaternary, featuring quick and differentiated growth. The salt structure in the Kuqa depression has five continuous growth stages: sedimentation of salt and gypsum, slow growth of low-relief salt pillows, development of salt anticlines, salt diapir expansion and breakage of salt diapir piercement.

Abstract:Based on the interpretation of the seismic profiles in the middle Jizhong depression, it is pointed out that the area underwent three types of extension since the mid-Mesozoic, that is, heat doming extension, stress extension and gravity extension. The heat doming extension related with the Fuping nuclear complex took place in the Taihang Mountains in the middle-late Mesozoic. Doming of the nuclear complex lead to lateral extension and detachment faults were developed on the east margin of the Taihangshan Mountains to form a contemporaneous down-faulted basin (Baoding depression) in the foot wall. It is well known that the Bohai Bay Basin came into a stress extension stage in the Eogene, during which the detachment fault and normal fault are two types of growing faults. The former dips gently in shallow layers, but steeply in deep layers of the crust and becomes a horizontal ductile shear zone at the bottom, expressing strongly horizontal extension, whereas the latter has a small extension. A large-scale detachment structure was distinguished in the south area of the Raoyang depression. It is bounded by the Cangxi fault in the east, the Lixian slop in the west, the north Liulu fault in the north and the Hengshui fault in the south. The area is near 2000 km2. This took place due to gravity gliding after the unbalanced uplifting of the Cangxian bulge at the end of the Eogene. This structure is characterized by clear detachment faults, two different deformation systems, as well as the front edge and back edge. The gliding track in the area is like a crawl tract of insects. This is a new gravity gliding model. The three types of extensional structures are connected to each other, influence each other, and there are clear coupling relationships between basins and mountains.

Abstract:柯坪玄武岩位于塔里木板块西缘，产于下二叠统库普库兹曼组和开派兹雷克组中。岩石化学组成以富集TFeO、TiO2、P2O5和SiO2不饱和为特征。大部分样品属碱性玄武岩系列，个别属拉斑玄武岩系列。它们的稀土元素和微量元素显示了板内拉张环境玄武岩的地球化学特征。εNd(t)=-1.73～-3．69，εSr(t)= 27．56～ 56．87，^206Pb／^204Pb=17．87～18．02，^207Pb／^204Pb=15．45～15．53，^208Pb／^204Pb=38．22～38．49。Nd、Sr、Pb同位素组成证明柯坪玄武岩源自于前寒武纪的富集型大陆岩石圈地幔。而且，这种情况在塔里木盆地及周缘地区十分发育的镁铁质岩浆岩中具有广泛的代表性。据此，可以将新疆南部和北部划分为两个明显不同的同位素地球化学省。南部省以富集型地幔的同位素组成为特征，而北部省以亏损型地幔的同位素组成为特征。分属于这两个省的古生代晚期阶段岩浆岩有可能不是同一个地质过程的产物。

Abstract:The Gaoqing-Pingnan fault is the primary pathway of mantle-derived fluids flow in the Dongying sag. The mantle-derived fluids consist of magma and CO2. There are temporal and spatial differences in the flow pattern and activity intensity of the mantle-derived fluids in the Gaoqing-Pingnan fault. It has experienced at least 4 times of CO2-rich mantle-derived fluids flow in the Gaoqing-Pingnan fault during the Tertiary. The influences of the CO2-rich mantle-derived fluids on oil-gas reservoir formation in the Gaoqing-Pingnan fault are: (1) to form directly inorganic CO2 reservoirs; (2) to influence the direction and intensity of water-rock interaction and improve the porosity and permeability of the reservoir by the input of energy (i. e. heat action) and material (i. e. CO2); (3) to improve the expulsion efficiency of source rocks and increase oil and gas migration velocity.

Abstract:Based on continuous observations of the macrofractures and microfractures and systemic measurements of pores in coal reservoirs, combined with experimental results of stress permeability, methane - water relativepermeability and adsorption-swelling on high-rank coal reservoirs, this paper has analyzed the tertiary seepage characteristics of high-rank coal reservoirs, discussed the coupling effect of effective stress and coal matrix shrinkage on permeability of high-rank coal reservoirs, revealed the " bottle-neck" phenomenon that the productivity of coalbed methane (CBM)is high in the initial stages and attenuates rapidly after a few months in the course of development using the water drainage and pressure reduction methods, and found out the radical reason that leads to the reduction of methane recovery in high -rank coal reservoirs. Techniques and measures are suggested for developing CBM in high-rank coal reservoirs aiming at the particularity of physical properties of high-rank coal reservoirs.

Abstract:The basic principle and technique for CO2 sequestration are briefly introduced. Suggestions are made for the pre-study of the CO2 sequestration technique in our country.

Abstract:The Lower Ordovician is composed mainly of a series of carbonate platform deposits interbedded with shale and is especially characterized by a large number of organic reefs or buildups that occur widely in the research area. The reefs have different thicknesses ranging from 0.5m to 11.5m and lengths varying from 1 m to 130 m, and the most important is that the reefs are characterized by a great quantity, wide distribution, thin thickness and small scale. The reef-building organisms are Archaeoscyphia, Recepthaculitids, Batostoma, Cyanobacteria, Pulchrilamina and so on. Through the study of the characteristics of the reef-bearing strata of the Lower Ordovician in the Yichang area, four sorts of Biofacies are recognized, which are (1) Shelly Biofacies: containing Tritoechia-Pelmatozans community and Tritoechia-Pamatotrema community; ( 2 ) Reef Biofacies: including Batostoma community, Calathium-Archaeoscyphia community, Pelmatozoans-Batostoma community, Archeoscyphia community and Calathium-Cyanobacteria community; ( 3 ) Standing-water Biofacies : including Acanthograptus-Dendrogptus community and Yichangopora community; and (4) Allochthonous Fades: containing Nanorthis-Psilocephlina taphocoense. The analysis of sea-level changes indicate that there are four cycles of sea-level change during the period when reef-bearing strata were formed in this area, and the development of reefs is obviously controlled by the velocity of sea-level changes and the growing velocity of accommodation space. The authors hold that reefs mostly formed in the period of high sea level. Because of the development of several subordinate cycles while the sea-level rising, the reefs are characterized by a great quantity, wide distribution, thin thickness and small scale. The research of evolution of community shows that succession and replacement are the main forms. The former is favourable to the development of reefs and the latter indicates the disappearance of reefs.

Abstract:On the basis of a review of the research advances in the clay mineral composition of loess in China, the results of clay mineral composition, detected quantitatively by the method of X-ray diffraction including techniques of sample treatment and automatic data processing, of the Malan loess from 12 counties of northShaanxi and west Shanxi are reported in this paper. The quantitative analysis results indicate that the dominant clay mineral in the Malan loess is I/S mixed-layer mineral, and not illite as reported by former researchers. The illite in loess exists both in the form of single mineral and that of I/S mixed-layer mineral. It is discovered that the mineral composition of the Malan loess is similar in different zones, but the I/S mixed ratio is locally increased in Shenmu, Hequ and Pianguan counties. An observation by SEM indicates that the clay mineral particles do not exist in the form of single particles, either in the Malan loess or the Lishi loess, but appear as appendixes surrounding the debris surface, which can fully reveal the geochemical characteristics of the loess source area. Furthermore, as an important expansive clay mineral in loess, the I/S mixed-layer mineral can help us to understand the engineering properties of the Malan loess, such as collapse deformation and strength attenuation under the impact of water.

Abstract:Significant effort has been made in an attempt to date hydrotherrnal activity that generated the Xinqiao Cu-S-Fe-Au deposit in Tongling. New direct Rb-Sr dating of pyrite from the deposit provides direct timing constraints on sulfide and gold mineralization. Pyrite samples yield a Rb-Sr isochron age of 112. 6 + 7. 8Ma. It is concluded that the Xinqiao polymetallic deposit was formed by hydrotherrnal solutions related to late Yanshanian plutonism (110 Ma). Results obtained for the deposit indicate that the Rb-Sr geochronometer has a potential to directly date mineralization in stratabound sulfide deposits.

Abstract:Lower Paleozoic marine carbonate rock with a great thickness is universally distributed in the Tazhong region of the Tarim basin. Carbonate rock is always an important oil and gas exploration target in this region. Well TZ4S was successful in prospecting Upper Ordovician carbonate rock reservoirs and has discovered high-yield hydrocarbon flows. This study revealed that oil-bearing strata in this region are an excellent reservoir. This is a special new kind of reservoir formed by the transformation of infilling fluorite veins. It is different from the Lower Paleozoic carbonate reservoirs found in the Tazhong region. Analysis of the genesis of fluorite in consideration of various geological evidences indicates that the reservoir resulted from the transforming effect of Permian magmatism-related deep fluids on carbonate rock reservoirs. The latter were transformed by the former through dissolution, metasomatism and infilling, so that carbonate rock reservoirs and oil-gas pools related to deep fluid transformation were form. The classification of such a new type of reservoirs and oil-gas pools is of important and practical significance to oil and gas exploration in Lower Paleozoic carbonate strata in the Tazhong region, especially in vast areas influenced by Permian magmatism, and in the west segment of the No. 1 fault zone in this region.

Abstract:填隙矿物的流体包裹体研究与矿物的同位素地球化学研究可较好地揭示高放废物深地质处置库预选场址的深部热环境及古地下水热历史。中国高放废物深地质处置库第一个预选场深部花岗岩内填隙矿物的同位素、矿物学以及流体包裹体研究结果显示，甘肃北山地区花岗岩深部至少存在两种环境：浅部花岗岩(0～150m)填隙方解石的δ^18O=-18．2‰～-15．8‰(PDB)，δ^13C=-9．5‰～-8．4‰(PDB)，包裹体的均一温度(th)为140～160℃，包裹体的冰点温度为-2．5～-1．5℃，地下水可能以大气降水成因为主，且可能混合了盆地卤水并与花岗岩反应，形成温度、盐度(2％～5％，NaCleq)均较低的地下水；在350～550m区段内(深部花岗岩)，其δ^18O值为-32．6‰～-17．6‰(PDB)，δ^13C值为-10．5‰～-6．2‰(PDB)，流体包裹体的均一温度较其上部的稍高，为160～190℃，而其冰点温度则较低，为-4～-3．2℃(盐度5％～8％，NaCleq)，地下水类型为大气降水与盆地古卤水的混合，以大气降水为主。石英的氧同位素组成和计算的古地下水氧同位素组成则进一步表明，花岗岩深部(350～550m)也存在两种温度环境：较低温度(140～160℃)、较高盐度(5．5％～8％，NaCleq)的地下水；较高温度(220～240℃)、较低盐度(3％～5．5％，NaCleq)的地下水，其地下水类型为大气降水和与花岗岩平衡的卤水。

Abstract:中原邙山赵下峪剖面出露S10以上黄土地层,厚度大于172.1m。末次间冰期S1古土壤厚15.7m,末次冰期L1黄土厚达77.3m,其中晚冰阶L1LL1黄土、间冰阶L1SS1古土壤和早冰阶L1LL2黄土分别厚41.6m、13.2 m和22.5 m。邙山黄土是厚度最大的晚更新世黄土地层剖面之一,记录了丰富的气候环境变化信息。用SPECMAP氧同位素曲线确定的阶段界限的日历年龄为标定点和磁化率年龄模式,获得相应的时间标尺,据以计算出S2以上各层段的平均沉积速率和分辨率。邙山黄土倒数第二间冰期以来不同冰期或冰阶与间冰期或冰阶的粒度、平均沉积速率和分辨率有很大的差异,其中以末次冰期晚冰阶L1LL1黄土的平均沉积速率为最高,达3.45 mm／a,而末次问冰期S1古土壤的沉积速率亦高达0.28 mm／a。本文主要根据赵下峪剖面的磁化率和>45μm粗颗粒含量变化曲线,并与格陵兰GRIP冰心和深海SPECMAP氧同位素曲线对比,讨论末次间冰期以来古季风特征及其相互关系。

Abstract:浩布高一白音诺铅锌铜锡矿床位于大兴安岭山脉的中南段和黄岗-甘珠尔庙锡铅锌成矿带的北东端(Chu，2002)，属夕卡岩型矿床。已经发表的论文中提出浩布高-白音诺地区与Cu-Zn-Pb(-Sn)成矿有关的碱性花岗岩有非常特殊的、可低到-8‰～ 1‰的原始δ^18OV-SMOW(‰)值，因此认为该区域岩浆具有不正常的原始氧同位素组分(张德全等，1993；牟保磊等，1997)，即该区深部存在低氧的岩浆源。国外也有类似的报道(Muehlenbaches et a1．，1974；Auweral et a1．，1991；Cartwright et a1．，1991；Taylor et a1．，1997)。为此，笔者对浩布高矿床与成矿有关的花岗岩体、矿体夕卡岩的全岩和从中分离出来的石英单矿物的氧同位素进行了进一步的分析研究。

Abstract:地球科学是以观测为基础的综合科学。随着地球科学研究的深入发展以及解决人类所面临着的环境、资源、防灾等科学问题的需要，20世纪90年代以来，世界大陆、大洋科学钻探工程研究以及在钻孔深井内进行的地震、地球物理长期观测得到迅速发展，取得了令人瞩目的研究成果，成为21世纪地球科学发展中的新热点。