辽宁东部地区桥头组微生物诱发沉积构造(MISS)的发现及意义

吴子杰1,2)，张德明3)，范海滨3),张国仁2)，邱隆伟1)，王海鹏2)，仲米山2,4)，耿树峰5)，郑伟6)，高福亮2), 赵汉卿7)

1)中国石油大学(华东)地球科学与技术学院，山东青岛，266580； 2)辽宁省地质勘查院有限责任公司，辽宁大连，116100； 3)山东省地质矿产勘查开发局第四地质大队，山东潍坊，261021；4)吉林大学地球科学学院，长春，130061； 5)辽宁省第四地质大队有限责任公司，辽宁阜新， 123000；
6)辽宁省自然资源事务服务中心，沈阳，110011； 7)中国地质大学(北京) 地球科学与资源学院，北京，100083

关键词：微生物诱发沉积构造； 中元古代晚期—新元古代早期；桥头组；辽宁东部

1 研究目的

辽宁东部地区位于华北克拉通的东北缘(Zhao Guochun et al., 2012)。该地区中元古代晚期—新元古代早期地层发育，层序保存完整且出露较好，是研究华北克拉通中、新元古界的关键地区之一。桥头组分布于辽宁东部的本溪、辽阳、丹东、大连等地区，曾被认为形成于新元古代晚期南华纪(辽宁省地质勘查院，2017)。近些年随着同位素测年技术的广泛应用，桥头组形成于中元古代晚期—新元古代早期的观点被广泛认可(Zhang Wen et al., 2020, 2021; Zhao Hanqing et al., 2020)，但目前针对桥头组的研究大多集中在物源分析及其对华北克拉通古地理重建等方面(Zhang Shuahong et al., 2016; He Tianchen et al., 2016; Zhang Wen et al., 2020, 2021; Zhao Hanqing et al., 2020)，少量文献则根据岩石学、矿物学、地球化学等传统地质方法对桥头组的古气候进行研究(曲洪祥等， 2011；田德欣等， 2018；吴子杰等，2020)，但并未形成统一的认识。

近年来，随着微生物席沉积学的不断发展，华北地台的豫西、冀北、辽西等地的中—新元古代地层中的微生物诱发沉积构造(MISS，microbially induced sedimentary structures)被广泛报道(史晓颖等，2008；郑元等，2009； 黄秀等，2010；Tang Dongjie et al.，2011；梅冥相，2011；陈留勤, 2013；梅冥相等，2019；李晓波等, 2020；邢智峰等，2020)，而在辽东地区却并未发现。笔者等在对辽东地区进行地质调查时，对以往中—新元古代碎屑岩中发现一些的泥裂、波痕等沉积构造进行了重新研究，发现一部分过去被认为是泥裂成因的沉积构造是MISS。这些 MISS 的发现，提醒我们需要对过去被误判的各种沉积构造进行重新审视，并可以为辽宁地区中—新元古代地层的划分对比提供基础材料，进而对研究地球早期生命演化、探索生物圈对水圈和大气圈的长时间影响具有重要意义。

2 研究方法

通过对诸多辽宁地区桥头组典型剖面的修测，笔者等在本溪桥头镇、长兴岛塔山、瓦房店四鹿圈子等地的桥头组砂岩的上岩层面发现了一种类似于泥裂的沉积构造，选取桥头镇剖面第2层和第13层顶面的两个这种沉积构造形态特征进行重点剖析，并与典型的泥裂构造以及国内中、新元古界典型的MISS进行对比，以确定该类沉积构造是否为MISS。

3 研究结果

图1 辽宁东部地区桥头组MISS特征
Fig. 1 MISS characteristics of the Qiaotou Formation in eastern Liaoning
(a) 桥头镇剖面第13层顶面MISS；(b) 桥头镇剖面第13层顶面MISS素描；(c) 桥头镇剖面第2层顶面MISS；(d) 桥头镇剖面第2层顶面MISS素描；(e) MISS中的灰黑色卷曲变形和褶叠；(f) 灰黑色碳质藻席结构
(a) MISS of the 13th layer of Qiaotouzhen section; (b) MISS sketch of the 13th layer of Qiaotouzhen section; (c) MISS of the second layer of Qiaotouzhen section; (d) MISS sketch of the second layer of Qiaotouzhen section; (e) grey-black curling deformation and folding in MISS; (f) gray-black carbonaceous algal mat structure

本次重点研究的MISS发现于本溪桥头镇剖面第13层(图1a)和第2层(图1c)，两层均为灰绿色薄层细砂岩，野外宏观可见明显的裂隙状构造分布于层面之上(图1a、c)，裂隙内部充填浅灰色细粒砂岩且呈纺锤体状，纺锤体多为弯曲的、非定向排列的孤立形态，部分为交割或连接关系，呈分支纺锤体、三连接鸟足型和部分连接分枝状。裂隙构造长度多在2～10 cm，少量小于1 cm或大于10 cm，纺锤体充填向上凸起约1～4 mm(图1b、d)裂隙边缘多见灰黑色卷曲变形，部分裂隙边缘发生褶叠(图1e)。裂隙砂脉下部较宽，顶部圆滑收窄。脉体的边缘多为不规则多边形，延伸方向多变，且脉体与脉体之间的延伸多为大于120°的钝角。岩层面上见有灰黑色碳质的黏土碎屑成分的纹层状藻席结构(图1f)。通过与典型的MISS及泥裂构造对比，认为发现的类似于泥裂的沉积构造符合MISS的特征，属于微生物席破坏作用形成的构造。其显著不同于泥裂特征，主要表现在泥裂的裂隙脉体多在上覆岩层的底面，且裂隙脉体相互交割连通呈多边形网状，交角为直角或小角度钝角，裂隙延伸平直不弯曲。

通过综合分析认为本次发现的裂隙构造为MISS，其属于微生物席的物理破坏作用而形成。其可能是由于砂岩中缺乏黏土质基质，在富含水的微生物丝状体和细胞聚合物质(EPS)所构成的沉积基质因为干裂产生收缩，收缩后形成的砂裂缝在抗拒水流侵蚀作用过程中形成，而这种纺锤体状、三连接鸟足型和部分连接分枝状MISS一般被认为是形成于潮上带上部沉积环境(梅冥相，2011)。

4 结论

首次将辽宁桥头组发现的裂隙沉积构造确定为MISS，而并非以往认为的不规则泥裂构造。其具有纺锤体状、三连接鸟足型和部分连接分枝状形态，可能形成于潮上带上部的沉积环境。MISS的发现为今后辽宁地区中—新元古界地层对比及沉积学研究提供了更多依据。MISS对研究地球早期生命演化、探索生物群对大气圈和水圈的长时间影响具有重要意义。未来在对辽东地区的中—新元古代地层进行研究时，要考虑MISS的影响。

致谢: 感谢辽宁省地质勘查院有限责任公司对此项研究的大力支持。感谢审稿专家对本文提出的有益修改意见。

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Discovery and significance of microbial induced sedimentary structure (MISS) from the Qiaotou Formation in eastern Liaoning

WU Zijie1,2), ZHANG Deming3)，FAN Haibin3), ZHANG Guoren2), QIU Longwei1), WANG Haipeng2), ZHONG Mishan2,4), GENG Shufeng5), ZHENG Wei6), GAO Fuliang2, ZHAO Hanqing7)

1) School of Geosciences, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, Shandong, 266580;2) Liaoning Institute of Geological Exploration Co., Ltd, Dalian, Liaoning, 116100;3) Shandong Provincial No.4 Instiute of Geological and Mineral Survey, Weifang, Shandong, 261021; 4) College of Earth Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130061; 5) Liaoning Fourth Geological Team Co., Ltd. Fuxin, Liaoning, 123000; 6) Liaoning Natural Resources Affairs Service Center, Shenyang, 110011; 7) School of Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083

Objectives and Methods: Through the re-investigation and understanding of the “mud crack-like sedimentary structure” in the Qiaotou Formation from late Mesoproterozoic to early Neoproterozoic in the eastern Liaoning, and by comparing with the contemporaneous microbial induced sedimentary structure (MISS) in other areas of the NCC, For the first time, the fractured sedimentary structure discovered in the Qiaotou Formation in Liaoning was identified as MISS.

Results: The fissure structure found in the Qiaotou Formation is MISS, which is formed by the physical destruction of microbial mats.

Conclusions: The MISS identified in the Qiaotou Formation has spindle-like, three-connected ornithoid and partially connected branched morphology, so it is speculated that the Qiaotou Formation was formed in the sedimentary environment of the upper part of the supratidal zone. This discovery provides basis for stratigraphic and sedimentological studies of the Qiaotou Formation, and is of great significance for studying the evolution of early life on earth and exploring the long-term impact of biota on the atmosphere and hydrosphere.

Keywords: microbial induced sedimentary structure; late Mesoproterozoic to early Neoproterozoic; Qiaotou Formation; eastern Liaoning

注：本文为辽宁省地质勘探矿业集团科研项目(编号：辽地矿2017-03、2016-01)和中国地质调查局(编号：1212011120734)的成果。

收稿日期：2022-02-18；改回日期：2022-03-16；网络首发：2022-04-20；责任编辑：刘志强。Doi: 10.16509/j.georeview.2022.04.031

作者简介：吴子杰，男，1987年生，博士研究生，高级工程师，主要从事沉积学、岩石学、能源地质研究；Email: midnight29@163.com。通讯作者：邱隆伟，男，1967年生，博士，教授，博导，主要从事矿物岩石学、沉积学及储层地质学研究；Email:qiulwsd@163.com。

Acknowledgements: This paper is supported by Liaoning Provincial Geological Exploration Institute Co., Ltd. and reviewers. This article is co-funded by the scientific research projects of Liaoning Geological Exploration and Mining Group (Nos. LGEM 2017-03, LGEM 2016-01) and China Geological Survey (No. 1212011120734)

First author:

WU Zijie, male, born in 1987. senior engineer, Ph.D., candidate, is mainly engaged in regional geological and structural geological investigation and research; Email: midnight29@163.com

Corresponding author:QIU Longwei, male, born in 1967, Ph.D., professor, doctoral supervisor, research direction is mineral petrology, sedimentology and reservoir geology; Email: qiulwsd@163.com

Manuscript received on: 2022-02-18; Accepted on: 2022-03-16; Network published on: 2022-04-20

Doi: 10. 16509/j. georeview. 2022. 04. 031

Edited by: LIU Zhiqiang