en
×

分享给微信好友或者朋友圈

使用微信“扫一扫”功能。
作者简介:

苟富刚,男,1985年生,硕士,高级工程师,主要从事特殊土与环境地质方面的研究工作;E-mail: goufugang@foxmail.com。

参考文献
陈留勤, 刘鑫, 李鹏程. 2018. 古土壤: 沉积环境和古气候变化的灵敏指针. 沉积学报, 36(3): 510~520.
参考文献
苟富刚, 龚绪龙, 梅芹芹. 2018. 长江三角洲北岸土体工程地质层组划分及其应用. 地质论评, 64(1): 237~245.
参考文献
苟富刚, 龚绪龙, 杨露梅, 张岩, 刘明遥. 2022. 长江河口百米以浅土体含盐特征及其沉积环境演化. 现代地质, 36(2): 462~473.
参考文献
苟富刚, 龚绪龙. 2023. 长江河口地区全新世以来的弱透水层孔隙水地球化学特征及成因分析. 地球学报, 44(6): 1063~1075.
参考文献
苟富刚, 龚绪龙, 刘源. 2024. 长江三角洲北翼更新世以来的水土环境地球化学特征及其环境指示意义. 海洋学报, 46(3): 33~53.
参考文献
金秉福, 张云吉, 宋键. 2007. 长江三角洲第一硬土层中微结核的矿物化学特征及其成因. 海洋地质与第四纪地质, 27(3): 9~15.
参考文献
柯学, 唐婷婷, 张宗言, 谢建磊, 邹亚锐, 徐亚东. 2024. 上海横沙岛第四纪孢粉组合、古气候演化序列及区域对比. 地球科学, 49(10): 3629~3646.
参考文献
吕大炜, 张奥聪, 张之辉, 高远, 王东东, 刘海燕, 徐锦程, 王洛静, 田兴. 2023. 古土壤干湿特征指示晚古生代气候演化. 地质论评, 69(2): 551~562.
参考文献
毛学刚, 刘秀铭. 2016. 浅析中元古界和白垩系红层中泥裂的特征和古环境意义. 亚热带资源与环境学报, 11(3): 20~28.
参考文献
覃嘉铭, 袁道先, 林玉石, 张美良, 章程, 王华, 冯玉梅, 涂林玲, 杨琰, 程海, Edwards R. L, 冉景丞, 陈会明. 2005.末次冰消期以来气候期划分的准确定位与定年. 地球学报, 26(B09): 209~212.
参考文献
覃军干, 吴国, 郑洪波, 李从先. 2004. 从孢粉、藻类化石组合看长江三角洲第一硬质粘土层的成因及其古环境意义. 第四纪研究, 24(5): 546~554.
参考文献
谭亮成, 安芷生, 蔡演军, 隆浩. 2008. 4. 2 ka BP气候事件在中国的降雨表现及其全球联系. 地质论评, 54(1): 94~104.
参考文献
王靖泰, 郭蓄民, 许世远, 李萍, 李从先. 1981. 全新世长江三角洲的发育. 地质学报, 55(1): 67~81.
参考文献
赵景波, 马延东, 罗小庆, 邵天杰, 刘瑞. 2017. 西安地区S4古土壤剖面中古水分指标与水环境研究. 地质学报, 91(3): 678~689.
参考文献
中华人民共和国住房和城乡建设部, 国家市场监督管理总局. 2019. 土工试验方法标准: GB/T 50123—2019[S]. 北京: 中国计划出版社: 266~279.
参考文献
庄超, 余文平, 严龙, 张健翼, 窦智, 杨蕴, 周志芳, 王锦国. 2024. 弱透水层瞬态水力参数的地质统计反演识别研究. 地质学报, 98(1): 324~331.
参考文献
朱锦旗, 龚绪龙, 苟富刚, 张平, 张岩, 杨磊, 刘源. 2024. 长江三角洲北翼第一硬土层理化特征及其地质成因. 地质通报, 43(1): 1~12.
参考文献
Boucot A J, Chen Xu, Scotese C R, Morley R J. 2013. Phanerozoic paleoclimate: An atlas of lithologic indicators of climate. The Sedimentary Record, 12(4): 53~140.
参考文献
Charbonnier G, Duchamp-Alphonse S, Deconinck J F, Adatte T, Spangenberg J E, Colin C, Föllmi K B. 2020. A global palaeoclimatic reconstruction for the Valanginian based on clay mineralogical and geochemical data. Earth-Science Reviews, 202: 103092.
参考文献
Chen Liuqin, Liu Xin, Li Pengcheng. 2018&. Paleosols: Sensitive indicators of depositional environments and paleoclimate. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 36(3): 510~520.
参考文献
Gou Fugang, Gong Xulong, Mei Qinqin. 2018&. The division and application of engineering geological strata groups of soil mass in North Shore of the Yangtze Delta. Geological Review, 64(1): 237~245.
参考文献
Gou Fugang, Gong Xulong, Yang Lumei, Zhang Yan, Liu Mingyao. 2022&. Characteristics of salt content and sedimentary environmental evolution in soils shallower than a hundred meters in the Yangtze River Estuary. Geoscience, 36(2): 462~473.
参考文献
Gou Fugang, Gong Xulong. 2023&. Analysis of geochemical characteristics and genesis of aquitard in the Yangtze estuary since the Holocene. Acta Geoscientica Sinica, 44(6): 1063~1075.
参考文献
Gou Fugang, Gong Xulong, Liu Yuan. 2024&. Geochemical characteristics of water and soil environment and its environmental indicating significances since the Pleistocene in the northern flank of the Changjiang River Delta. Haiyang Xuebao, 46(3): 33~53.
参考文献
Gou Fugang, Gong Xulong, Zhang Yan, Li Jin. 2024. Hydrochemical characteristics and environmental indicators of aquitards since the Late Cenozoic on Sunshine Island, Jiangsu Province, China. Journal of Hydrology, 634: 131114.
参考文献
Guo Xuelian, Retallack G J, Lü Bin, He Lusheng, Wang Ronghua, Song Hong. 2019. Paleosols in Devonian red-beds from northwest China and their paleoclimatic characteristics. Sedimentary Geology, 379: 16~24.
参考文献
Harrington G A, Gardner W P, Smerdon B D, Hendry M J. 2013. Palaeohydrogeological insights from natural tracer profiles in aquitard porewater, Great Artesian Basin, Australia. Water Resources Research, 49(7): 4054~4070.
参考文献
Hendry M J, Woodbury A D. 2007. Clayaquitards as archives of Holocene paleoclimate: δ18O and thermal profiling. Groundwater, 45(6): 683~691.
参考文献
Hori K, Saito Y, Zhao Quanhong, Wang Pinxian. 2002. Evolution of the coastal depositional systems of the Changjiang (Yangtze) river in response to late Pleistocene—Holocene Sea-level changes. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 72(6): 884~897.
参考文献
Janssens P A. 1964. The metabolism of the aestivating African lungfish. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 11(1): 105~117.
参考文献
Jin Bingfu, Zhang Yunji, Song Jian. 2007&. Characteristics of mineral chemistry and formation of the micronodules in the first stiff clay layer in the Yangtze River Delta, Marine Geology & Quaternary Geology, 27(3): 9~15.
参考文献
Kahmann J A, Driese S G. 2008. Paleopedology and geochemistry of Late Mississippian (Chesterian) Pennington Formation paleosols at Pound Gap, Kentucky, USA: Implications for high-frequency climate variations. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 259(4): 357~381.
参考文献
Kämpf N, Schwertmann U. 1983. Goethite and hematite in a climosequence in southern Brazil and their application in classification of kaolinitic soils. Geoderma, 29(1): 27~39.
参考文献
Ke Xue, Li Baohua, Zhang Zongyan, Wei Yi, Hu Fei, Fan Dongwen, Sun Li, Xie Jianlei, Yu Junjie, Yao Huazhou. 2017. Post-glacial Foraminifera of the incised Yangtze paleo-valley and paleoenvironmental implications. Journal of Paleontology, 91(6): 1102~1122.
参考文献
Ke Xue, Tang Tingting, Zhang Zongyan, Xie Jianlei, Zou Yarui, Xu Yadong. 2024. Quaternary pollen assemblages, paleoclimate evolution sequence and regional correlation in Hengsha Island, Shanghai City. Earth Science, 49(10): 3629~3646.
参考文献
Kraus M J, Hasiotis S T. 2006. Significance of different modes of rhizolith preservation to interpreting paleoenvironmental and paleohydrologic settings: Examples from Paleogene paleosols, Bighorn Basin, Wyoming, U. S. A. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 76(4): 633~646.
参考文献
Kraus M J. 1999. Paleosols in clastic sedimentary rocks: Their geologic applications. Earth-Science Reviews, 47(1~2): 41~70.
参考文献
Kuleshov V N, Arefiev M P, Pokrovsky B G. 2019. Isotope characteristics (δ13C, δ18O) of continental carbonates from Permian—Triassic rocks in the northeastern Russian plate: Paleoclimatic and biotic reasons and chemostratigraphy. Lithology and Mineral Resources, 54(6): 489~510.
参考文献
Kuznetsova A M, Khokhlova O S. 2010. Morphology of carbonate accumulations in soils of various types. Lithology and Mineral Resources, 45(1): 89~100.
参考文献
Larsen F, Tran L V, Van Hoang H, Tran L T, Christiansen A V, Pham N Q. 2017. Groundwater salinity influenced by Holocene seawater trapped in incised valleys in the Red River delta plain. Nature Geoscience, 10(5): 376~381.
参考文献
Liberato G P, Cornamusini G, Perotti M, Sandroni S, Talarico F M. 2017. Stratigraphy of a Permian — Triassic fluvial - dominated succession in Southern Victoria Land (Antarctica): preliminary data. Journal of Mediterranean Earth Sciences, 9: 167~171.
参考文献
Lü Dawei, Zhang Aocong, Zhang Zhihui, Gao Yuan, Wang Dongdong, Liu Haiyan, Xu Jincheng, Wang Luojing, Tian Xing. 2023&. The dry and wet characteristics of paleosoil indicating the climatic evolution of Late Paleozoic. Geological Review, 69(2): 551~562.
参考文献
Mao Xuegang, Liu Xiuming. 2016&. Preliminary analysis on characterization of mud-cracks in Meso-Proterozoic red beds and Cretaceous Danxia red beds and their paleo-environmental implications. Journal of Subtropical Resources and Environment, 11(3): 20~28.
参考文献
Marcott S A, Shakun J D, Clark P U, Mix A C. 2013. A reconstruction of regional and global temperature for the past 11, 300 years. Science, 339(6124): 1198~1201.
参考文献
Miao Yunfa, Fang Xiaomin, Herrmann M, Wu Fuli, Zhang Yuezhong, Liu Dongliang. 2011. Miocene pollen record of KC-1 core in the Qaidam Basin, NE Tibetan Plateau and implications for evolution of the East Asian monsoon. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 299(1~2): 30~38.
参考文献
Miao Yunfa, Warny S, Clift P D, Liu Chang, Gregory M. 2017. Evidence of continuous Asian summer monsoon weakening as a response to global cooling over the last 8 Ma. Gondwana Research, 52: 48~58.
参考文献
Miller K G, Kominz M A, Browning J V, Wright J D, Mountain G S, Katz M E, Sugarman P J, Cramer B S, Christie-Blick N, Pekar S F. 2005. The Phanerozoic record of global sea-level change. Science, 310(5752): 1293~1298.
参考文献
Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of the People’s Republic of China, State Administration for Market Regultion. 2019#. Standard for Geotechnical testing method: GB/T 50123~2019[S]. Beijing: China Planning Press: 266~279.
参考文献
Nordt L, Stinchcomb G, McCarthy P, Driese S. 2025. Indicators for identifying aquic conditions in paleosols: First approximation. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 663: 112770.
参考文献
O’Brien S R, Mayewski P A, Meeker L D, Meese D A, Twickler M S, Whitlow S I. 1995. Complexity of Holocene climate as reconstructed from a Greenland ice core. Science, 270(5244): 1962~1964.
参考文献
Osman M B, Tierney J E, Zhu Jiang, Tardif R, Hakim G J, King J, Poulsen C J. 2021. Globally resolved surface temperatures since the Last Glacial Maximum. Nature, 599(7884): 239~244.
参考文献
Pan Dadong, Wang Zhanghua, Zhan Qing, Saito Y, Wu Hui, Yang Shouye, Cheng Heqin. 2020. Organic geochemical evidence of past changes in hydro- and sediment-dynamic processes at river mouths: A case study of Holocene sedimentary records in the Changjiang River delta, China. Continental Shelf Research, 204: 104189.
参考文献
Qi Jianfeng, Xie Yongjie, Li Chen, Guo Haipeng, Wang Yunlong. 2025. Creep behavior of clayey soil and its model prediction in the Cangzhou land subsidence area. Scientific Reports, 15: 9130.
参考文献
Qin Jiaming, Yuan Daoxian, Lin Yushi, Zhang Meiliang, Constitution, Wang Hua, Feng Yumei, Tu Linling, Yang Yan, Cheng Hai, Edwards R L, Ran Jingcheng, Chen Huiming. 2005&. Accurate Locating and Dating for Division of Climate Periods since the Last Deglaciation Stage. Acta Geoscientica Sinica, 26(B09): 209~212.
参考文献
Qin Jungan, Wu Guoxuan, Zheng Hongbo, Li Congxian. 2004&. Palynomorph assemblages, origin and palaeoenvironmental significance of the upper most hard clay in the deltaic area of the Changjiang river. Quaternary Sciences, 24(5): 546~554.
参考文献
Sheldon N D, Tabor N J. 2009. Quantitative paleoenvironmental and paleoclimatic reconstruction using paleosols. Earth-Science Reviews, 95(1~2): 1~52.
参考文献
Song Bing, Li Zhen, Saito Y, Okuno J, Li Zhen, Lu Anqing, Hua Di, Li Jie, Li Yongxiang, Nakashima R. 2013. Initiation of the Changjiang (Yangtze) delta and its response to the mid-Holocene sea level change. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 388: 81~97.
参考文献
Tabor N J, Myers T S. 2015. Paleosols as indicators of paleoenvironment and paleoclimate. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 43: 333~361.
参考文献
Tan Liangcheng, An Zhisheng, Cai Yanjun, Long Hao. 2008&. The hydrological exhibition of 4. 2 ka BP event in China and its global linkages. Geological Review, 54(1): 94~104.
参考文献
Wang Jingtai, Guo Xumin, Xu Shiyuan, Li Ping, Li Congxian. 1981&. Evolution of the Holocene Changjiang delta. Acta Geological Sinica, 55(1): 67~81.
参考文献
Wang Zhanghua, Saito Y, Zhan Qing, Nian Xiaomei, Pan Dadong, Wang Long, Chen Ting, Xie Jianlei, Li Xiao, Jiang Xuezhong. 2018. Three-dimensional evolution of the Yangtze River mouth, China during the Holocene: Impacts of sea level, climate and human activity. Earth-Science Reviews, 185: 938~955.
参考文献
Wickman F E. 1954. The “total” amount of sediments and the composition of the “average igneous rock”. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 5(3): 97~110.
参考文献
Wu Jing, Zhang Kexin, Xu Yadong, Wang Guocan, Garzione C N, Eiler J, Leloup P H, Sorrel P, Mahéo G. 2018. Paleoelevations in the Jianchuan Basin of the southeastern Tibetan Plateau based on stable isotope and pollen grain analyses. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 510: 93~108.
参考文献
Zhang Li, Bao Zhidong, Zhang Changmin, Dou Luxing, Fu Ping, Zhao Jiahong, Wang Wuxue, Ji Yu. 2020. Paleosols in an outcrop of red beds from the Upper Cretaceous Yaojia Formation, southern Songliao Basin, Jilin Province, NE China. Journal of Palaeogeography, 9(1): 1~10.
参考文献
Zhao Jingbo, Ma Yandong, Luo Xiaoqing, Shao Tianjie, Liu Rui. 2017&. Thestudy on the paleowater content indexes and water environment in the profile of S4 paleosol in Xi′an area. Acta Geologica Sinica, 91(3): 678~689.
参考文献
Zhou Xin, Sun Liguang, Zhan Tao, Huang Wen, Zhou Xinying, Hao Qingzhen, Wang Yuhong, He Xiaoqing, Zhao Chao, Zhang Jun, Qiao Yansong, Ge Junyi, Yan Pei, Yan Qing, Shao Da, Chu Zhuding, Yang Wenqing, Smol J P. 2016. Time-transgressive onset of the Holocene Optimum in the East Asian monsoon region. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 456: 39~46.
参考文献
Zhu Jinqi, Gong Xulong, Gou Fugang, Zhang Ping, Zhang Yan, Yang Lei, Liu Yuan. 2024&. Physicochemical characteristics and geological formation of the first hard soil layer of the north wing of the Yangtze River delta. Geological Bulletin of China, 43(1): 1~12.
参考文献
Zhuang Chao, Yü Wenping, Yan Long, Zhang Jianyi, Dou Zhi, Yang Yun, Zhou Zhifang, Wang Jinguo. 2024&. Characterization of transient aquitard hydraulic parameters using the geostatistical inversion approach. Acta Geologica Sinica, 98(1): 324~331.
目录contents

    摘要

    弱透水层干湿特性具有环境指示意义,且是影响土体工程地质特性的关键参数。为了研究晚更新世以来的弱透水层干湿特性对古气候与古环境的响应机制,在长江口地区采集2787件样品,进行含水率、液限、塑限与粒度等测试。根据绘制的含水率地质剖面结合测年数据、粒度数据、岩性、颜色等进行晚更新世以来的古气候与古环境反演。研究结果表明:在长江口地区Qp31弱透水层岩性均为粉质黏土,颜色以黄灰色(还原色)为主,为滨海相沉积,含水率平均值为28.4%,空间变异程度高。Qp32第一硬土层岩性均为粉质黏土,颜色以灰黄色为主,为河漫滩相沉积,含水率平均值为28.5%。Qh弱透水层可以归类为粉质黏土、黏土(少量)与软土,除了表层土外均为还原色,其中软土具有高含水率特征(含水率大于32%)。第一硬土层含水率随着深度的增加有着增大的趋势, 表明气候自下向上逐渐变凉和变干。Qh弱透水层含水率高,这主要与全新世以来的暖湿气候有关。部分中层、深层Qh弱透水层含水率低,甚至低于25%,这与全新世的8.2 ka BP、5.5 ka BP、4.2 ka BP、2.8 ka BP等冷事件有关。Qh深层黏性土含水率与埋藏深度、与距离海岸线的长度呈显著的负相关,即土体的沉积时代越新,距离海岸线的长度越短,土体的含水率越高。

    Abstract

    Objectives: The dry wet characteristics of aquitards have environmental indicative significance and are key parameters affecting soil engineering geological characteristics. Therefore, studying the response mechanisms of soil moisture characteristics to paleoclimate and paleoenvironment since the Late Pleistocene is of significant importance.

    Methods: 2787 water content samples were collected and tested for liquid limit, plastic limit, and particle size in the Yangtze River Estuary area. Based on the drawn water content geological profile combined with dating data, grain size data, lithology, color, water content etc., perform paleoclimate and paleoenvironment inversion since the Late Pleistocene.

    Results: The results indicate that the lithology of the Qp31 aquitard is mainly silty clay, with a color of yellow gray, which is a coastal sedimentary facies with an average water content of 28.4% and high spatial variability in the Yangtze River Estuary area. The lithology of the first hard soil layer in Qp32 is mainly composed of silty clay, with a grayish yellow color. It is deposited in the river floodplain facies, with an average water content of 28.5%. The Qh aquitards can be classified as silty clay, clay (in small amounts), and soft soil, all of which are reduced in color except for the surface soil. Among them, soft soil has high water content characteristics, which are greater than 32%.

    Conclusions: The water content of the first hard soil layer shows an increasing trend with depth, indicating that the climate gradually becomes cooler and drier from bottom to top. The Qh aquitard has a high water content, which is mainly related to the warm and humid climate. Part of the middle and deep Qh aquitards have low water content, even below 25%, which is related to cold events such as 8.2 ka BP, 5.5 ka BP, 4.2 ka BP, and 2.8 ka BP. The water content of Qh deep aquitards are significantly negatively correlated with burial depth and distance from the coastline, indicating that the newer the sedimentary age of the soil and the shorter the distance from the coastline, the higher the water content of the soil.

    关键词

    含水率 ; 黏性土 ; 软土 ; 古土壤 ; 第一硬土层

  • 古土壤是沉积物源、气候、生物、地形和时间等因素共同作用下的产物(Charbonnier et al.,2020),其在形成过程当中与当时大气或水环境相接触,长期受到大气圈、水圈、生物圈等的改造(Kraus,1999; Sheldon et al.,2009; Tabor et al.,2015;Nordt et al.,2025),是集构造地形、沉积物源、空间与时间、土壤生物和古气候的综合产物(Sheldon et al.,2009; Tabor et al.,2015),因此,可以通过古土壤记录的丰富信息来重建古环境与及古气候(Kraus et al.,2006; Kahmann et al.,2008;陈留勤等,2018; Guo Xuelian et al.,2018)。长江三角洲下切河谷第四纪松散层厚度介于260~290 m之间,全新世地层最厚达75 m(Hori et al.,2002; 苟富刚等,2018,2024)。弱透水层是地下水的重要载体,在沉积物中的占比远远大于含水砂层,占比高达70%(Wickman,1954)。相对于含水层三维运移,弱透水层孔隙水运动为垂向一维扩散,更有利于反演古气候信息(Hendry and Woodbury,2007)。全新世海陆交互相软土形成时间短,其渗透性低,一般沉积厚度也大,沉积水可以封存在弱透水层中(Larsen et al.,2017;庄超等,2024),且可以持续向含水层释放水分及盐分(Harrington et al.,2013)。大量抽取地下水后,弱透水层因释放孔隙水导致的压缩对地面沉降贡献量最大(Qi Jianfeng et al.,2025)。全新世弱透水层具有较高的含水率,长江河口地区海陆交互相Qh软土含水率最高达55.3%,平均值为39.5%(苟富刚等,2023)。相较于全新世软土层,长江三角洲北翼第一硬土(Qp32古土壤)层含水率明显降低,最低值达到了21.9%(朱锦旗等,2023)。古土壤按照干湿情况可以分为干旱古土壤和湿润古土壤两种,干旱古土壤和湿润古土壤在根系结构与根化石、植物根特征、所含矿物以及特有的沉积结构和构造都有比较明显的区别(Kraus et al.,2006; Tabor et al.,2015; 毛学刚等,2016;吕大炜等,2023)。

  • 干旱古土壤常发育于干旱的气候环境中,含水率低,有机质含量较少,颜色常呈浅红褐色—褐黄色等氧化色,根迹细小且延伸较长。植物根迹因为土壤缺水而延伸较深,以便吸取更多水分,因此,根迹细小且延伸较长(Kraus et al.,2006)。在干旱气候条件下古土壤中的根迹颜色因为氧化作用较强而主要呈现红色、黄色(Kuleshov,2019)。表示干旱的气候敏感性沉积物包括高岭石、蒸发岩、钙质结核等(Kämpf et al.,1983; Boucot et al.,2013; 赵景波等,2017; Guo Xuelian et al.,2018)。伊利石的结晶度在干冷的气候条件下较低,在湿热的气候条件下较高(Kuznetsova et al.,2010),结晶度0.42°Δ2θ 为干冷与湿热气候的界限值(Liberato et al.,2017)。其黏土矿物组成伊利石含量一般大于35%,高岭石含量介于3%~8%之间(Kuznetsova et al.,2010)。气候温湿有利于伊/蒙混层矿物和高岭石等黏土矿物的形成,湿热的气候环境与高岭石的存在相关(Kämpf et al.,1983; Tabor et al.,2015)。其结构与构造可见泥裂(毛学刚,2016)、肺鱼洞穴遗迹(Janssens,1964)、石膏层、钙质层或钙质结合等(陈留勤等,2018)。钙质结核常被作为一种干旱气候敏感性沉积物,已经形成了一套理论(Tabor et al.,2015),但不是所有干旱古土壤都富含钙质结核,研究区的第一硬土层具有古土壤的特征,但一般不出露钙质结核。

  • 湿润古土壤常发育于湿润气候环境中,含水率高,多呈深灰,有机质含量相对较高,植物根迹较为短小。Nordt等(2025)根据有机物质、基质颜色和铁的氧化还原特征等特定土壤的含水层指标,识别湿润和季节性湿润的古土壤。在湿润的气候条件下,水分的聚集使得土壤发生潜育化或者有机质发生分解,从而形成还原环境,导致根迹出现褐色或青灰色(Kraus et al.,2006; Kuleshov et al.,2019)。在湿润环境下植物根系生长所需要的水分供给充足,植物根迹往往向下延伸较短(Kraus,1999; Kraus et al.,2006)。其中,高岭石、煤、铝铁矿用来指示较为潮湿的古气候环境。其黏土矿物组成伊利石含量一般小于35%,高岭石含量较高。其结构与构造可见雨痕、伪背斜构造等(Tabor et al.,2015;Zhang Li et al.,2020),其中,伪背斜构造在干湿交替环境下形成。

  • 目前,有关古土壤干湿特性的研究集中在根系结构与根化石、植物根特征、所含孢粉、矿物、结核以及特有的沉积结构和构造方面,有关长江河口地区晚更新以来的弱透水层干湿特性研究较少,有关全新世土体的干湿特性(土壤含水率)主要与工程地质特性指标有关(苟富刚等,2018)。晚更新世以及全新世是距今最近的两个沉积时代,弱透水层可以封存原生沉积水,现阶段直接采用含水率指标反应古气候与古环境的研究几乎没有。笔者等基于良好的工作基础,现已积累了晚更新世以来的土层含水率指标共计2787条。其中,弱透水层(粉质黏土、黏土、软土)1235条,粉土、粉砂1552条。本文土体均为弱透水层,根据绘制的含水率地质剖面结合区域第四纪地层剖面进行区域地层对比,结合测年数据、粒度数据、岩性、颜色、孢粉等进行古气候与古环境反演,相关成果有助于发展和优化基于古土壤的古气候替代性指标。

  • 1 区域地质背景

  • 研究区位于长江三角洲北翼(图1),通扬隆起区,隶属扬子地层区下扬子地层分区。研究区地面标高一般3~4 m,第四系松散层厚度介于260~290 m之间,全新世地层最厚达75 m(Hori et al.,2002;苟富刚等,2018,2024)。根据物探解译结果,研究区基岩埋深介于300~700 m之间,基岩埋深自西向东递增。中更新世末期发生的共和运动,使青藏高原高度达到当今的高度,中国东部与西北部的巨大地形差异导致了水系的重大调整,长江贯通,河流下切加剧,两侧阶地发育,长江河谷区第一硬土层未见分布。长江河谷北侧阶地广泛分布第一硬土层(朱锦旗等,2023),该层土含水率低,颜色呈灰黄色,形成时间介于20~11 ka BP之间,埋深介于25~40 m。早—中全新世时期,海平面快速上升,长江口退至镇江—扬州一带(Wang Zhanghua et al.,2018);8~7 cal ka BP,海平面在大尺度上趋于稳定,长江三角洲开始发育。根据AMS14C测年数据,沉积物年龄为10 760 a BP的埋深可达63.7 m。研究区全新世时期受到长江径流与海洋的双重作用,自下而上的沉积环境依次为潮汐河道、河口湾、前三角洲、三角洲前缘、分流河道等(Pan Dadong et al.,2020)。

  • 2 样品采集及分析方法

  • 采用厚壁取土器获取样品2787件,样品长度为20 cm,直径为108 mm,现场蜡封。采样深度为0~100 m,垂向上采样间距为1~3 m。进行弱透水层的含水率、粒度、液限、塑限的测试。含水率、液限与塑限的测定参考GB/T50123—2019。含水率测定采用烘干法,选取代表性样品15~30 g,在105~110℃下烘至衡量。含水率计算见式(1):

  • 图1 长江河口地区地理位置和采样点位

  • Fig.1 Geographical location of the Yangtze River Estuary area and sampling locations

  • EGNS—南通市吕四地区钻孔编号;TZK—南通市通州区钻孔编号;EGNH—海门市区钻孔编号;EGNT—南通市城区钻孔编号

  • EGNS—Borehole numbers in the Lüsi area, Nantong City; TZK—borehole numbers in the Tongzhou District, Nantong City; EGNH—borehole numbers in the Haimen urban area; EGNT—Borehole numbers in the Nantong urban area

  • w=m0md-1×100
    (1)
  • 式中m0为湿土质量,md为干土质量。

  • 粒度测定采用激光法。液限与塑限的测定采用塑液限联合测定法。采用天然含水率的土样制备试样。采用圆锥下沉深度与含水率确定液限与塑限。液限对应圆锥下沉深度为10 mm的含水率,塑限对应圆锥下沉深度为2 mm的含水率。

  • 本文土体均为弱透水层,弱透水层的定名参考了塑性指数这一指标,土体的塑性指数为液限与塑限的差值,笔者等把塑性指数大于10的土体定义为弱透水层。研究区弱透水层根据含水率、液限、塑性指数及天然孔隙比4个指标进一步可以划分为5个类型,表1是笔者等研究土层的分类依据。塑性指数小于等于10的细粒土为粉土,其渗透系数明显较弱透水层大,保水性较差,不是本次的研究目标。本文土体为长江三角洲北翼晚更新世以来的弱透水层,根据绘制的水文地质剖面结合区域第四纪地层剖面进行区域地层对比,结合测年数据、粒度数据、岩性、颜色、含水率等,把土层划分为Qh浅层土(埋深1~3 m),Qh中层土(埋深2~17 m),Qh深层土(埋深10~65 m),Qp32第一硬土层(埋深26~40 m,分布在长江河谷北侧阶地),Qp31弱透水层(分布在长江河谷区,未揭穿Qp3地层)(图2)。浅层、中层弱透水层易受到人类活动、降水等表层作用影响,深层弱透水层(Qh深层与Qp3弱透水层)基本上不受表层作用的影响(苟富刚等,2023)。测年数据及孢粉数据来自文献(覃军干等,2004;Pan Dadong et al.,2020;朱锦旗等,2024;柯学等,2025)相较于含水层的三维运移,弱透水层孔隙水运动以垂向一维扩散为主,这一特性使其更适用于古气候信息反演。晚更新世和全新世作为距今最近的沉积时代,其弱透水层能有效封存原生沉积水。特别是全新世海陆交互相软土,因其沉积时间短、渗透性低且沉积厚度大,更有利于沉积水的保存(Gou Fugang et al.,2024)。苟富刚等(2023)的研究进一步表明,全新世弱透水层含水率与孔隙水δ2H、δ18O之间存在显著正相关关系。由于弱透水层孔隙水的氢氧同位素记录具有长期稳定性,可作为古气候重建的重要指标。因此,土体含水率指标在古气候反演中也具有明确的指示意义。根据绘制的含水率地质剖面结合区域第四纪地层剖面进行区域地层对比,采用含水率、塑限与液限等指标,结合测年数据、粒度数据、颜色及孢粉等进行晚更新世以来的古气候与古环境反演。

  • 图2 长江口地区晚更新以来地层划分以及含水率特征

  • Fig.2 Stratigraphic division and water content characteristics of the Yangtze River Estuary area since the Late Pleistocene

  • (a)1—1′剖面;(b)2—2′剖面

  • (a) The section 1—1′; (b) the section 2—2′

  • 3 测试结果分析

  • 整体来看,研究区百米以浅土层含水量高,含水率介于18.9%~56.8%之间,平均值为35.3%,变异系数为0.167,空间变异程度高。本次对全新世土层与更新世土层干湿特性分层进行研究。

  • 3.1 晚更新世弱透水层的干湿特性

  • Qp3砂土发育,在长江河谷区Qp32第一硬土层未见分布。根据表1,Qp3弱透水层岩性均为粉质黏土。Qp3弱透水层含水率介于18.9%~42.2%之间,平均值为28.3%,变异系数为0.134,空间变异程度高(表2)。

  • 图3 弱透水层岩芯照片及含水率

  • Fig.3 Core photos and water content of aquitards

  • Qp31弱透水层颜色为黄灰色(图3),埋藏深度介于48.4~100.0 m之间。黏粒(<0.005 mm) 含量介于17.1%~28.5%之间,平均值为22.4%;粉粒(>0.005 mm,小于0.075 mm)含量介于52.6%~81.1%之间,平均值为73.9%。砂粒含量(>0.075 mm)介于0.5%~19.9%之间,平均值为3.7%。液限介于30.4~42.8之间,平均值为34.4。塑限介于18.8~28.3之间,平均值为20.7。塑性指数介于11.3~16.1之间,平均值为13.6。含水率介于18.9%~34.8%之间,平均值为28.4%,变异系数为0.116,空间变异程度高。

  • 表1 弱透水层分类依据

  • Table1 Classification criteria of aquitards

  • Qp32第一硬土层颜色以灰黄色为主,夹蓝色条带(图3),埋藏深度介于23.5~40.1 m之间。黏粒含量介于16.1%~32.4%之间,平均值为28.3%;粉粒含量介于48.6%~82.4%之间,平均值为65.0%。砂粒含量介于1.0~19.9%之间,平均值为5.7%。液限介于30.0~39.9之间,平均值为34.8。塑限介于17.5~24.5之间,平均值为21.0。塑性指数介于10.5~16.8之间,平均值为13.7。含水率介于20.0%~53.7%之间,平均值为28.5%,变异系数为0.157,空间变异程度高。

  • 3.2 全新世弱透水层的干湿特性

  • 全新世以来沉积的弱透水层颜色以灰色为主(图3),这与要与全新世海平面快速上升有关。长江河谷区经历了古河谷充填(低水位体系域)、河口湾堆积(海侵体系域)、三角洲进积(高水位体系域)3个阶段,自下而上依次发育潮汐河道、河口湾、前三角洲相、三角洲前缘、低潮滩—潮下带、高潮滩与表土沉积(Wang Zhanghua et al.,2018)。Qh发育的弱透水层主要为河口湾相、前三角洲相。三角洲前缘相也见弱透水层,但互层土与夹层土发育,根据土工测试结果定名多为粉土,粉土不是本次的研究目标。Qh弱透水层含水率介于20.0%~56.8%之间,平均值为35.9%,变异系数为0.157,空间变异程度高。

  • Qh深层土可分为粉质黏土(40.4%)、黏土(百分占比仅为0.2%)与软土(59.4%)。软土的定名参考表1,Qh深层软土归类为淤泥质粉质黏土(82.2%)、淤泥质黏土(172.%)、淤泥(少量,0.5%)。淤泥的平均含水量大于淤泥质黏土与淤泥质粉质黏土,其中淤泥质粉质黏土的含水率最低。淤泥的岩芯照片明显可以看到气孔(图3)。软土含水率与黏土矿物含量高,其工程地质特性最差。淤泥的高含水特性主要归因于其黏土矿物含量与孔隙结构特征(表2):黏土矿物具有较强的吸水和持水能力,而发育的大孔隙结构进一步增强了水分赋存能力。相比之下,土体的比重主要反映矿物组成差异,如淤泥质粉质黏土因石英、长石含量高而比重较低,比重数值基本稳定在2.72。淤泥和淤泥质黏土因黏土矿物含量高而比重略高比重数值基本稳定在2.74,但比重与含水率之间并无直接函数关系,前者取决于矿物成分,后者则反映土体瞬时含水状态。根据551个深层软土样本,统计出了软土的最低含水量为31.4%,因此笔者等以含水率32%为界,将含水率高于32%的土体定义为高含水率土体。Qh深层弱透水层含水率介于20.0%~53.7%之间,平均值为36.3%,变异系数为0.147,空间变异程度高。淤泥、淤泥质黏土、淤泥质粉质黏土等的含水率特征见表2。

  • Qh中层土岩性与Qh深层土基本一致,含水率介于22.3%~56.8%之间,平均值为35.2%,变异系数为0.189,空间变异程度较深层土高。Qh中层土可归类为粉质黏土(57.0%)与软土(43.0%),未见黏土分布。其中软土的类型以淤泥质粉质黏土为主,其次为淤泥质黏土,仅见1个样本为淤泥。软土的平均值含水率高于粉质黏土,差值为10.2%。

  • 浅层弱透水层含水率介于23.3%~36.2%之间,平均值为29.8%,变异系数为0.095。浅层弱透水层可归类为粉质黏土(98.6%)与黏土(1.4%),以粉质黏土为主。

  • 表2 长江口地区各土层含水率统计分析

  • Table2 Statistical analysis of water content of each soil layer of the Yangtze River Estuary area

  • 4 讨论

  • 4.1 晚更新世土层干湿特性的环境指示意义

  • 在长江口地区整体沉降的背景下,经历了中更新世两次大规模海侵后,地势起伏明显减小,在晚更新世形成了相对厚度较大的灰色系海相沉积地层与相对薄的河流及其泛滥沉积结构。晚更新世早期MIS5(128~75 ka BP)进入一个相对温暖湿润的气候期,全球平均年气温比现在高约3℃,海平面上升,研究区地势低于全球平均海平面,为浅海—滨海环境(图4a),形成滨海相沉积(Qp31弱透水层)。随着末次冰期最盛期海水完全退出本区,研究区成为裸露的陆相沉积环境,发育河漫滩相沉积,即第一硬土层,其形成经历了多次成土与成岩过程,其成土过程以氧化作用为主,成岩过程以还原作用为主。第一硬土层为长江三角洲地区的标志性沉积,从分布层位来看,研究区第一硬土层与苏北地区的第一硬土层相当,能形成于20~11 ka BP(朱锦旗等,2023)。

  • Qp31弱透水层含水率随着深度的增加有着增大的趋势,但相关性不明显(图5)。以EGNS6孔为例,土体含水率随着深度一直增加。但以EGNT15孔为例,土体含水率随着深度先增加,达到在中部达到最大值,然后在减少,在靠近下部含水层又增大,说明中部层位土体形成时气候较湿润。根据柯学等(2024)的研究,该阶段LZK1孔(图6)木本植物中落叶阔叶植物含量为最高,平均值达71.93%,喜暖植物增多,推测该阶段气候特征为温暖湿润,因此,该阶段土体含水率理论上应较高,但较第一硬土层含水率稍低,这主要与该层土沉积时间早,在上覆土层及其自重压力下固结释水造成的。此外,第一硬土层含水率较高还与其沉积阶段出现的较湿润气候有关。

  • Qp32弱透水层(第一硬土层)含水率随着深度的增加有着增大的趋势。第一硬土层含水率与深度的线性拟合相关性高,相关系数高达0.638;第一硬土层的相关性明显高于Qp31弱透水层(图5)。覃军干等(2004)的研究表明,在CY孔中第一硬土层中发现了3种孢粉、藻类组合,自下而上分为6个带(Ⅰ带—Ⅵ带):① 环纹藻占优势组合(Ⅱ带、Ⅵ带);② 松—禾本科、莎草科—环纹藻组合(Ⅰ带、Ⅲ带);③ 禾本科、莎草科—落叶栎—松组合(Ⅴ带、Ⅵ带)。CY孔第一硬土层埋深范围为28.36~31.03 m。Ⅱ带和Ⅵ带分布厚度最大,为环纹藻占优势的组合,这一组合在第一硬土层中最为常见,说明该气候类型和沉积环境在形成第一硬土层时最为常见。环纹藻的出现说明第一硬土层形成时气候较湿润,地面局部有积水甚至水域出现。顶部Ⅵ带为硬土层与上覆海相层的过渡区,孢粉及藻类化石类型和硬土层Ⅴ带基本一致,说明这两带气候基本一致。落叶栎—松组合多出现在温带山地的针阔叶混交林,说明当时气候温凉略湿。这与含水率指标—深度拟合表现出的规律一致。

  • 图4 长江口地区晚更新世以来的海平面、气温变化及沉积特征(海平面数据来自文献Miller et al.,2006; Song Bo et al., 2013;温度数据来自Marcott et al.,2013; Osman et al.,2021;测年数据来自朱锦旗等,2024;Pan Dadong et al.,2020)

  • Fig.4 Sea level and temperature changes and sedimentary characteristics of the Yangtze River Estuary area since the Late Pleistocene (The sea level data are sourced from the studies by Song Bo et al., 2013 and Miller et al., 2006; the temperature data are derived from Marcott et al., 2013 and Osman et al., 2021; and the dating data are obtained from Zhu Jinqi et al., 2024 and Pan Dadong et al., 2020)

  • (a)长江河谷区; (b)长江阶地分布区

  • (a) Yangtze River Valley area; (b) Yangtze River terrace distribution area

  • 图5 晚更新弱透水层随深度的变化特征

  • Fig.5 Variation characteristics of the Late Pleistocene aquitard with depth

  • 研究区第一硬土层的碳酸盐含量很低,这与沉积物源有关。长江主要流域气温和降雨量相对较高,化学风化作用相对强烈,碱金属被淋溶带走,因此第一硬土层较少有钙质结核。第一硬土层中的典型剖面中:微结核自下向上依次为,软锰矿,褐铁矿,菱铁矿和菱锰矿,黄铁矿,这种微结核的分布趋势显示第一硬土层自下而上,氧化程度由强到弱,这与一般土壤剖面氧化— 还原状况相反(金秉福等,2007),这主要与全新世的海侵有关。第一硬土层在长期暴露成土过程中,以氧化作用为主,形成褐铁矿、赤铁矿与软锰矿。随着冰后期的到来,降水的增加和海平面的上升,在酸性和弱氧化一弱还原条件下,Fe、Mn元素被还原,Fe较Mn具有较高的亲和力,因此,Fe氢氧化物有一部分残留在第一硬土层,形成斑驳的外观,即第一硬土层颜色以灰黄色为主,夹蓝色条带(图3)。根据苟富刚等(2022),晚更新以来的土体沉积环境均为碱性。随着全新世海侵的到来和全新世地层的覆盖,第一硬土层完全进入还原状态,有机质在分解过程中形成局部的碱性环境(pH平均值为8.0,最大值为8.4),当S2-浓度较高时形成菱铁矿结核与黄铁矿。

  • 4.2 全新世弱透水层干湿特性的环境指示意义

  • 全新世(11 ka BP—现今)是一个温暖湿润的时期,其中8.3~5.9 ka BP为暖湿鼎盛期(覃嘉铭等,2005),全球平均表面温度与现今相当,稍微低于现今温度(Osman et al.,2021)。根据图4b可以看出,研究区地势基本均低于海平面,即土体沉积环境为还原环境,土体颜色为还原色,土体含水率高。根据柯学等(2024)的研究,早—中全新世孢粉种类以落叶阔叶树种为主,喜暖湿的紫萁属、桫椤科等含量增多。Ke Xue等(2017)的研究表明,在早—中全新,世典型的暖水种连接卡瓦罗塔虫和日本拟轮虫含量增加。孢粉与有孔虫的研究结果与Zhou Xin等(2016)的研究结果一致,即早—中全新世夏季风盛行的暖湿气候期,属于温暖湿润的气候特征。图3中启东全新世地层(埋深35~40 m)的淤泥样本显示有明显气孔,这为该层位存在的天然气提供了证据。这些气孔不仅为天然气存在提供证据,也为水分赋存提供了额外空间,使淤泥成为研究区含水率最高的土体。以深层弱透水层为例,高含水率(>32%)土体占比达80%(图6a)。长江三角洲提供了较为完整的全新统地层框架,下切河谷充填物记录了3种沉积体系:河流体系,潮控河口湾体系以及径—潮控三角洲体系(Wang Zhanghua et al.,2018)。河口湾沉积是下切河谷充填的结果,三角洲发育是河口湾堆积的继承。约在12~9 ka BP长江口沉积物在回水和溯源堆积的作用下充填下切古河谷,河口位置逐渐向陆移动,沉积中心向陆移动,12~8.5 ka BP海平面为快速上升期,海平面快速上升时,沉积层应是连续的,即潮汐河流相—潮滩相—河口湾相不间断。8~6 ka BP,河口湾达到最大范围,当达到沉积物堆积速度大于海平面上升速度时,现代三角洲开始发育于,经历了6时期(图7),在约4 ka BP由于古河谷的填充,三角洲逐渐变为向海的开阔三角洲,研究区涉及金沙期(4.5~2.0 ka BP)与海门期(2.5~1.2 ka BP)。根据金沙期与海门期三角洲以及海岸线的时空分布规律,推测 2 ka BP前研究区处于滨海环境,即土体沉积环境为还原环境,土体含水率高,深层软土占比高达59%,中层软土占比为41%。全新世晚期(3 ka BP至今),工作区海平面仍然在约±2 m的小范围波动,海岸线逐渐向东退却。至晚时,形成的崇明岛河口砂坝逐渐发育出露。浅层土由于表层作用,高含水率土体仅占比21%(图6b)。

  • 图6 长江口地区全新世弱透水层含水率随深度变化特征及气候变化特征

  • Fig.6 Characteristics of water content of the Holocene aquitards with depth and climate change in the Yangtze River Estuary area

  • (a)全新世深层土;(b)全新世浅、中层土;(c)全新世气候变化

  • (a) Holocene deep soil; (b) Holocene shallow and medium-layer soil; (c) Holocene climate change

  • 全新世气候的基调是暖,但至今可能已经发生过8~9次冷事件(O’Brien et al.,1995),最主要的冷事件有8.2 ka BP、5.5 ka BP、4.2 ka BP、2.8 ka BP冷事件(图6c)。在~8.2 ka BP,LZK1孔孢粉统计数量显著降低,且喜凉及耐旱植物如云杉属、榛属、榆属增多(柯学等,2024),喜温的常绿阔叶植物如落叶栎、栲属等减少,说明研究区受到了这次降温干旱事件的影响;8.2 ka BP冷事件持续时间约200 a,气温降低5~8℃,气候变冷变干,该阶段深层土具有低含水率特征(特别是含水率小于25%的弱透水层),该阶段沉积的土体由于后期的海相层形成覆盖层形成还原环境,土体颜色还是以灰色为主,不易根据沉积物颜色进行土体沉积环境的判断,因此含水率是反应古气候的一个重要指标。在~4.2 ka BP,LZK1孔孢粉统计数量处于较低值,而耐旱植物如蒿属等增多。4.2 ka BP冷事件表现为北半球中纬度地区遭受干旱气候,持续100~200 a(谭亮成等,2008),降水量减少20%~30%,该阶段对应深层土中低含水率土体(图6a、b)。2.8 ka BP冷事件,是晚全新世比较强的一次冷事件,该阶段对应中、深层弱透水层具有低含水率特征。

  • 表3 Qh深层弱透水层含水率与取样深度(a)、距离海岸线的距离(b)、距离长江的距离(c)拟合相关性分析

  • Table3 Fitted correlation analysis of water content in the Qh deep aquitard with sampling depth (a) , distance from the coastline (b) , and distance from the Yangtze River (c)

  • 这里选择深层弱透水层作为研究对象,基于254组样本,分析弱透水层的埋藏深度、距离海岸线的长度及距离长江的长度。弱透水层的含水率与埋藏深度、距离海岸线的长度呈显著的负相关(图8),弱透水层的含水率与距离长江的长度相关性不明显(表3),拟合回归方程见式2~式4。一次多元线性拟合的相关性较一次一元的线性相关性高,但提升程度不大;BP神经网络的拟合结果相关性高于线性拟合。埋藏深度、距离海岸线的长度反映了土的沉积时代。埋藏深度越大,即土体的沉积时代越老,土体的含水率越低。距离海岸线的长度越短,即土体的沉积时代越新,土体的含水率越高。

  • 图7 长江口地区全新世海岸线变迁以及六期雁形沙洲发育模式(三角洲范围根据文献Wang Zhanghua et al.,2018 绘制;六期三角洲范围根据文献王靖泰等,1981)

  • Fig.7 Holocene coastline changes and the developmental patterns of the six stages of chenier ridges in the Yangtze River Estuary area (the extent of the delta and paleo-coastline are mapped based on the study by Wang Zhanghua et al., 2018; the boundaries of the six stages of the delta are derived from Wang Jingtai et al., 1981)

  • w=-0.141α+0.028c+40.091
    (2)
  • w=-0.124a+0.020b+39.830
    (3)
  • w=-0.118a+0.050b-0.182c+42.180
    (4)
  • 4.3 讨论与展望

  • 古土壤含水率作为重要的环境指标,在解译古气候与古环境时具有重要价值。古土壤含水率的测定已经规范化,可以参考GB/T50123—2019。但在样品采集、处理及实验过程中,需严格控制操作误差,确保数据的科学性和可重复性。累积大量可信的含水率数据后,可以采用机器学习的方法,分析含水率在深度剖面方向、距离海岸线距离等三维尺度的变化规律,推演含水率指标在古沉积环境分析中的应用,为预测未来气候变化提供重要的科学依据。

  • 图8 Qh深层弱透水层含水率与深度、海岸线距离的关系

  • Fig.8 Relationship between water content of the Qh deep aquitard and depth, distance from the coastline

  • 然而,由于含水率易受后期成岩作用的影响,单一依赖含水率数据进行解释可能存在偏差。因此,采用古土壤含水率指标分析古环境的研究任重而道远,需要科学家持续不断的努力,方能在推动其发展上实现跨越,具体应在以下3个方面作出更多的努力:

  • (1)采用古土壤含水率分析古环境时,首先应建立年代学框架。在AMS14C测年、光释光测年、电子自旋共振测年、微体古生物和古地磁等数据结合岩性特征(颜色、结核、粒度数据等)建立的年代学框架基础上,再结合含水率数据恢复研究区古环境,并将其与区域及全球气候事件进行对比,为第四纪气候演化研究提供新资料。

  • (2)在今后的研究中应强化古土壤含水率指标与孢粉组合类型变化的耦合关系。孢粉组合类型在反映土壤干湿及古气候演化中具有重要的指示作用(Wu Jing et al.,2018),比如云杉属和冷杉属反映较为湿冷的气候环境(柯学等,2025),常绿栎、栗属、枫香属、鞘藻属(环纹藻等)反映暖湿气候环境(覃军干等2004),蕨类通常反映湿润气候(比如海平面升高等)(Miao Yunfa et al.,2017),旱生草本反映干旱气候(对湿度变化反映较灵敏)(Miao Yunfa et al.,2011)。而且孢粉在第四纪钻孔岩芯沉积物中分布广泛,因此孢粉组合类型能够较灵敏地反映古气候的演化,后续研究应重点加强古土壤含水率与孢粉组合类型的耦合分析。

  • (3)建议后续研究应重点加强古土壤含水率与氢氧同位素的耦合分析。弱透水层孔隙水的氢氧同位素测定可采用真空蒸馏法结合质谱分析技术。由于孔隙水的δ2H和δ18O记录具有长期稳定性,它们能够有效反映历史降水波动、季风强度变化,进而揭示古气候的干湿交替规律及蒸发浓缩效应。弱透水层含水率与其孔隙水δ2H、δ18O呈正相关,后续研究应重点加强古土壤含水率与氢氧同位素的耦合分析。

  • 综上,在古土壤含水率分析古环境时,需结合测年数据、孢粉数据、氢氧同位素、岩性特征等多指标进行综合分析与验证,以提高解译的准确性和可靠性。笔者等研究表明,通过系统分析古土壤含水率及其与其他环境指标的关系,能够深入揭示古气候与古环境的演变规律,为预测未来气候变化提供重要的科学依据。

  • 5 结论

  • (1)Qp31弱透水层为滨海相沉积,含水率平均值为28.1%,空间变异程度高。Qp32第一硬土层含水率平均值为28.5%,含水率与深度的线性拟合相关系数高达0.638,含水率随着深度的增加有着增大的趋势。

  • (2)Qh弱透水层可以归类为粉质黏土、黏土(少量)与软土,其中软土具有高含水率特征(含水率大于32%)。Qh弱透水层含水率高,这主要与全新世以来的暖湿气候有关。部分中层、深层Qh弱透水层含水率低,甚至低于25%,这与全新世的8.2 ka BP、5.5 ka BP、4.2 ka BP、2.8 ka BP等冷事件有关。整体来说,Qh深层弱透水层的含水率与埋藏深度、距离海岸线的长度呈显著负相关。

  • (3)古土壤含水率作为重要的环境指标,在解译古气候与古环境时具有重要价值。然而,由于含水率易受后期成岩作用的影响,单一依赖含水率数据进行解释可能存在偏差。因此,在研究中需结合测年数据、孢粉数据、粒度特征、氢氧同位素特征等多指标进行综合分析与验证,以提高解译的准确性和可靠性。此外,在样品采集、处理及实验过程中,需严格控制操作误差,确保数据的科学性和可重复性。笔者等研究表明,通过系统分析古土壤含水率及其与其他环境指标的关系,能够深入揭示古气候与古环境的演变规律,为预测未来气候变化提供重要的科学依据。

  • 参考文献

    • 陈留勤, 刘鑫, 李鹏程. 2018. 古土壤: 沉积环境和古气候变化的灵敏指针. 沉积学报, 36(3): 510~520.

    • 苟富刚, 龚绪龙, 梅芹芹. 2018. 长江三角洲北岸土体工程地质层组划分及其应用. 地质论评, 64(1): 237~245.

    • 苟富刚, 龚绪龙, 杨露梅, 张岩, 刘明遥. 2022. 长江河口百米以浅土体含盐特征及其沉积环境演化. 现代地质, 36(2): 462~473.

    • 苟富刚, 龚绪龙. 2023. 长江河口地区全新世以来的弱透水层孔隙水地球化学特征及成因分析. 地球学报, 44(6): 1063~1075.

    • 苟富刚, 龚绪龙, 刘源. 2024. 长江三角洲北翼更新世以来的水土环境地球化学特征及其环境指示意义. 海洋学报, 46(3): 33~53.

    • 金秉福, 张云吉, 宋键. 2007. 长江三角洲第一硬土层中微结核的矿物化学特征及其成因. 海洋地质与第四纪地质, 27(3): 9~15.

    • 柯学, 唐婷婷, 张宗言, 谢建磊, 邹亚锐, 徐亚东. 2024. 上海横沙岛第四纪孢粉组合、古气候演化序列及区域对比. 地球科学, 49(10): 3629~3646.

    • 吕大炜, 张奥聪, 张之辉, 高远, 王东东, 刘海燕, 徐锦程, 王洛静, 田兴. 2023. 古土壤干湿特征指示晚古生代气候演化. 地质论评, 69(2): 551~562.

    • 毛学刚, 刘秀铭. 2016. 浅析中元古界和白垩系红层中泥裂的特征和古环境意义. 亚热带资源与环境学报, 11(3): 20~28.

    • 覃嘉铭, 袁道先, 林玉石, 张美良, 章程, 王华, 冯玉梅, 涂林玲, 杨琰, 程海, Edwards R. L, 冉景丞, 陈会明. 2005.末次冰消期以来气候期划分的准确定位与定年. 地球学报, 26(B09): 209~212.

    • 覃军干, 吴国, 郑洪波, 李从先. 2004. 从孢粉、藻类化石组合看长江三角洲第一硬质粘土层的成因及其古环境意义. 第四纪研究, 24(5): 546~554.

    • 谭亮成, 安芷生, 蔡演军, 隆浩. 2008. 4. 2 ka BP气候事件在中国的降雨表现及其全球联系. 地质论评, 54(1): 94~104.

    • 王靖泰, 郭蓄民, 许世远, 李萍, 李从先. 1981. 全新世长江三角洲的发育. 地质学报, 55(1): 67~81.

    • 赵景波, 马延东, 罗小庆, 邵天杰, 刘瑞. 2017. 西安地区S4古土壤剖面中古水分指标与水环境研究. 地质学报, 91(3): 678~689.

    • 中华人民共和国住房和城乡建设部, 国家市场监督管理总局. 2019. 土工试验方法标准: GB/T 50123—2019[S]. 北京: 中国计划出版社: 266~279.

    • 庄超, 余文平, 严龙, 张健翼, 窦智, 杨蕴, 周志芳, 王锦国. 2024. 弱透水层瞬态水力参数的地质统计反演识别研究. 地质学报, 98(1): 324~331.

    • 朱锦旗, 龚绪龙, 苟富刚, 张平, 张岩, 杨磊, 刘源. 2024. 长江三角洲北翼第一硬土层理化特征及其地质成因. 地质通报, 43(1): 1~12.

    • Boucot A J, Chen Xu, Scotese C R, Morley R J. 2013. Phanerozoic paleoclimate: An atlas of lithologic indicators of climate. The Sedimentary Record, 12(4): 53~140.

    • Charbonnier G, Duchamp-Alphonse S, Deconinck J F, Adatte T, Spangenberg J E, Colin C, Föllmi K B. 2020. A global palaeoclimatic reconstruction for the Valanginian based on clay mineralogical and geochemical data. Earth-Science Reviews, 202: 103092.

    • Chen Liuqin, Liu Xin, Li Pengcheng. 2018&. Paleosols: Sensitive indicators of depositional environments and paleoclimate. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 36(3): 510~520.

    • Gou Fugang, Gong Xulong, Mei Qinqin. 2018&. The division and application of engineering geological strata groups of soil mass in North Shore of the Yangtze Delta. Geological Review, 64(1): 237~245.

    • Gou Fugang, Gong Xulong, Yang Lumei, Zhang Yan, Liu Mingyao. 2022&. Characteristics of salt content and sedimentary environmental evolution in soils shallower than a hundred meters in the Yangtze River Estuary. Geoscience, 36(2): 462~473.

    • Gou Fugang, Gong Xulong. 2023&. Analysis of geochemical characteristics and genesis of aquitard in the Yangtze estuary since the Holocene. Acta Geoscientica Sinica, 44(6): 1063~1075.

    • Gou Fugang, Gong Xulong, Liu Yuan. 2024&. Geochemical characteristics of water and soil environment and its environmental indicating significances since the Pleistocene in the northern flank of the Changjiang River Delta. Haiyang Xuebao, 46(3): 33~53.

    • Gou Fugang, Gong Xulong, Zhang Yan, Li Jin. 2024. Hydrochemical characteristics and environmental indicators of aquitards since the Late Cenozoic on Sunshine Island, Jiangsu Province, China. Journal of Hydrology, 634: 131114.

    • Guo Xuelian, Retallack G J, Lü Bin, He Lusheng, Wang Ronghua, Song Hong. 2019. Paleosols in Devonian red-beds from northwest China and their paleoclimatic characteristics. Sedimentary Geology, 379: 16~24.

    • Harrington G A, Gardner W P, Smerdon B D, Hendry M J. 2013. Palaeohydrogeological insights from natural tracer profiles in aquitard porewater, Great Artesian Basin, Australia. Water Resources Research, 49(7): 4054~4070.

    • Hendry M J, Woodbury A D. 2007. Clayaquitards as archives of Holocene paleoclimate: δ18O and thermal profiling. Groundwater, 45(6): 683~691.

    • Hori K, Saito Y, Zhao Quanhong, Wang Pinxian. 2002. Evolution of the coastal depositional systems of the Changjiang (Yangtze) river in response to late Pleistocene—Holocene Sea-level changes. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 72(6): 884~897.

    • Janssens P A. 1964. The metabolism of the aestivating African lungfish. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 11(1): 105~117.

    • Jin Bingfu, Zhang Yunji, Song Jian. 2007&. Characteristics of mineral chemistry and formation of the micronodules in the first stiff clay layer in the Yangtze River Delta, Marine Geology & Quaternary Geology, 27(3): 9~15.

    • Kahmann J A, Driese S G. 2008. Paleopedology and geochemistry of Late Mississippian (Chesterian) Pennington Formation paleosols at Pound Gap, Kentucky, USA: Implications for high-frequency climate variations. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 259(4): 357~381.

    • Kämpf N, Schwertmann U. 1983. Goethite and hematite in a climosequence in southern Brazil and their application in classification of kaolinitic soils. Geoderma, 29(1): 27~39.

    • Ke Xue, Li Baohua, Zhang Zongyan, Wei Yi, Hu Fei, Fan Dongwen, Sun Li, Xie Jianlei, Yu Junjie, Yao Huazhou. 2017. Post-glacial Foraminifera of the incised Yangtze paleo-valley and paleoenvironmental implications. Journal of Paleontology, 91(6): 1102~1122.

    • Ke Xue, Tang Tingting, Zhang Zongyan, Xie Jianlei, Zou Yarui, Xu Yadong. 2024. Quaternary pollen assemblages, paleoclimate evolution sequence and regional correlation in Hengsha Island, Shanghai City. Earth Science, 49(10): 3629~3646.

    • Kraus M J, Hasiotis S T. 2006. Significance of different modes of rhizolith preservation to interpreting paleoenvironmental and paleohydrologic settings: Examples from Paleogene paleosols, Bighorn Basin, Wyoming, U. S. A. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 76(4): 633~646.

    • Kraus M J. 1999. Paleosols in clastic sedimentary rocks: Their geologic applications. Earth-Science Reviews, 47(1~2): 41~70.

    • Kuleshov V N, Arefiev M P, Pokrovsky B G. 2019. Isotope characteristics (δ13C, δ18O) of continental carbonates from Permian—Triassic rocks in the northeastern Russian plate: Paleoclimatic and biotic reasons and chemostratigraphy. Lithology and Mineral Resources, 54(6): 489~510.

    • Kuznetsova A M, Khokhlova O S. 2010. Morphology of carbonate accumulations in soils of various types. Lithology and Mineral Resources, 45(1): 89~100.

    • Larsen F, Tran L V, Van Hoang H, Tran L T, Christiansen A V, Pham N Q. 2017. Groundwater salinity influenced by Holocene seawater trapped in incised valleys in the Red River delta plain. Nature Geoscience, 10(5): 376~381.

    • Liberato G P, Cornamusini G, Perotti M, Sandroni S, Talarico F M. 2017. Stratigraphy of a Permian — Triassic fluvial - dominated succession in Southern Victoria Land (Antarctica): preliminary data. Journal of Mediterranean Earth Sciences, 9: 167~171.

    • Lü Dawei, Zhang Aocong, Zhang Zhihui, Gao Yuan, Wang Dongdong, Liu Haiyan, Xu Jincheng, Wang Luojing, Tian Xing. 2023&. The dry and wet characteristics of paleosoil indicating the climatic evolution of Late Paleozoic. Geological Review, 69(2): 551~562.

    • Mao Xuegang, Liu Xiuming. 2016&. Preliminary analysis on characterization of mud-cracks in Meso-Proterozoic red beds and Cretaceous Danxia red beds and their paleo-environmental implications. Journal of Subtropical Resources and Environment, 11(3): 20~28.

    • Marcott S A, Shakun J D, Clark P U, Mix A C. 2013. A reconstruction of regional and global temperature for the past 11, 300 years. Science, 339(6124): 1198~1201.

    • Miao Yunfa, Fang Xiaomin, Herrmann M, Wu Fuli, Zhang Yuezhong, Liu Dongliang. 2011. Miocene pollen record of KC-1 core in the Qaidam Basin, NE Tibetan Plateau and implications for evolution of the East Asian monsoon. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 299(1~2): 30~38.

    • Miao Yunfa, Warny S, Clift P D, Liu Chang, Gregory M. 2017. Evidence of continuous Asian summer monsoon weakening as a response to global cooling over the last 8 Ma. Gondwana Research, 52: 48~58.

    • Miller K G, Kominz M A, Browning J V, Wright J D, Mountain G S, Katz M E, Sugarman P J, Cramer B S, Christie-Blick N, Pekar S F. 2005. The Phanerozoic record of global sea-level change. Science, 310(5752): 1293~1298.

    • Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of the People’s Republic of China, State Administration for Market Regultion. 2019#. Standard for Geotechnical testing method: GB/T 50123~2019[S]. Beijing: China Planning Press: 266~279.

    • Nordt L, Stinchcomb G, McCarthy P, Driese S. 2025. Indicators for identifying aquic conditions in paleosols: First approximation. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 663: 112770.

    • O’Brien S R, Mayewski P A, Meeker L D, Meese D A, Twickler M S, Whitlow S I. 1995. Complexity of Holocene climate as reconstructed from a Greenland ice core. Science, 270(5244): 1962~1964.

    • Osman M B, Tierney J E, Zhu Jiang, Tardif R, Hakim G J, King J, Poulsen C J. 2021. Globally resolved surface temperatures since the Last Glacial Maximum. Nature, 599(7884): 239~244.

    • Pan Dadong, Wang Zhanghua, Zhan Qing, Saito Y, Wu Hui, Yang Shouye, Cheng Heqin. 2020. Organic geochemical evidence of past changes in hydro- and sediment-dynamic processes at river mouths: A case study of Holocene sedimentary records in the Changjiang River delta, China. Continental Shelf Research, 204: 104189.

    • Qi Jianfeng, Xie Yongjie, Li Chen, Guo Haipeng, Wang Yunlong. 2025. Creep behavior of clayey soil and its model prediction in the Cangzhou land subsidence area. Scientific Reports, 15: 9130.

    • Qin Jiaming, Yuan Daoxian, Lin Yushi, Zhang Meiliang, Constitution, Wang Hua, Feng Yumei, Tu Linling, Yang Yan, Cheng Hai, Edwards R L, Ran Jingcheng, Chen Huiming. 2005&. Accurate Locating and Dating for Division of Climate Periods since the Last Deglaciation Stage. Acta Geoscientica Sinica, 26(B09): 209~212.

    • Qin Jungan, Wu Guoxuan, Zheng Hongbo, Li Congxian. 2004&. Palynomorph assemblages, origin and palaeoenvironmental significance of the upper most hard clay in the deltaic area of the Changjiang river. Quaternary Sciences, 24(5): 546~554.

    • Sheldon N D, Tabor N J. 2009. Quantitative paleoenvironmental and paleoclimatic reconstruction using paleosols. Earth-Science Reviews, 95(1~2): 1~52.

    • Song Bing, Li Zhen, Saito Y, Okuno J, Li Zhen, Lu Anqing, Hua Di, Li Jie, Li Yongxiang, Nakashima R. 2013. Initiation of the Changjiang (Yangtze) delta and its response to the mid-Holocene sea level change. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 388: 81~97.

    • Tabor N J, Myers T S. 2015. Paleosols as indicators of paleoenvironment and paleoclimate. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 43: 333~361.

    • Tan Liangcheng, An Zhisheng, Cai Yanjun, Long Hao. 2008&. The hydrological exhibition of 4. 2 ka BP event in China and its global linkages. Geological Review, 54(1): 94~104.

    • Wang Jingtai, Guo Xumin, Xu Shiyuan, Li Ping, Li Congxian. 1981&. Evolution of the Holocene Changjiang delta. Acta Geological Sinica, 55(1): 67~81.

    • Wang Zhanghua, Saito Y, Zhan Qing, Nian Xiaomei, Pan Dadong, Wang Long, Chen Ting, Xie Jianlei, Li Xiao, Jiang Xuezhong. 2018. Three-dimensional evolution of the Yangtze River mouth, China during the Holocene: Impacts of sea level, climate and human activity. Earth-Science Reviews, 185: 938~955.

    • Wickman F E. 1954. The “total” amount of sediments and the composition of the “average igneous rock”. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 5(3): 97~110.

    • Wu Jing, Zhang Kexin, Xu Yadong, Wang Guocan, Garzione C N, Eiler J, Leloup P H, Sorrel P, Mahéo G. 2018. Paleoelevations in the Jianchuan Basin of the southeastern Tibetan Plateau based on stable isotope and pollen grain analyses. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 510: 93~108.

    • Zhang Li, Bao Zhidong, Zhang Changmin, Dou Luxing, Fu Ping, Zhao Jiahong, Wang Wuxue, Ji Yu. 2020. Paleosols in an outcrop of red beds from the Upper Cretaceous Yaojia Formation, southern Songliao Basin, Jilin Province, NE China. Journal of Palaeogeography, 9(1): 1~10.

    • Zhao Jingbo, Ma Yandong, Luo Xiaoqing, Shao Tianjie, Liu Rui. 2017&. Thestudy on the paleowater content indexes and water environment in the profile of S4 paleosol in Xi′an area. Acta Geologica Sinica, 91(3): 678~689.

    • Zhou Xin, Sun Liguang, Zhan Tao, Huang Wen, Zhou Xinying, Hao Qingzhen, Wang Yuhong, He Xiaoqing, Zhao Chao, Zhang Jun, Qiao Yansong, Ge Junyi, Yan Pei, Yan Qing, Shao Da, Chu Zhuding, Yang Wenqing, Smol J P. 2016. Time-transgressive onset of the Holocene Optimum in the East Asian monsoon region. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 456: 39~46.

    • Zhu Jinqi, Gong Xulong, Gou Fugang, Zhang Ping, Zhang Yan, Yang Lei, Liu Yuan. 2024&. Physicochemical characteristics and geological formation of the first hard soil layer of the north wing of the Yangtze River delta. Geological Bulletin of China, 43(1): 1~12.

    • Zhuang Chao, Yü Wenping, Yan Long, Zhang Jianyi, Dou Zhi, Yang Yun, Zhou Zhifang, Wang Jinguo. 2024&. Characterization of transient aquitard hydraulic parameters using the geostatistical inversion approach. Acta Geologica Sinica, 98(1): 324~331.

  • 参考文献

    • 陈留勤, 刘鑫, 李鹏程. 2018. 古土壤: 沉积环境和古气候变化的灵敏指针. 沉积学报, 36(3): 510~520.

    • 苟富刚, 龚绪龙, 梅芹芹. 2018. 长江三角洲北岸土体工程地质层组划分及其应用. 地质论评, 64(1): 237~245.

    • 苟富刚, 龚绪龙, 杨露梅, 张岩, 刘明遥. 2022. 长江河口百米以浅土体含盐特征及其沉积环境演化. 现代地质, 36(2): 462~473.

    • 苟富刚, 龚绪龙. 2023. 长江河口地区全新世以来的弱透水层孔隙水地球化学特征及成因分析. 地球学报, 44(6): 1063~1075.

    • 苟富刚, 龚绪龙, 刘源. 2024. 长江三角洲北翼更新世以来的水土环境地球化学特征及其环境指示意义. 海洋学报, 46(3): 33~53.

    • 金秉福, 张云吉, 宋键. 2007. 长江三角洲第一硬土层中微结核的矿物化学特征及其成因. 海洋地质与第四纪地质, 27(3): 9~15.

    • 柯学, 唐婷婷, 张宗言, 谢建磊, 邹亚锐, 徐亚东. 2024. 上海横沙岛第四纪孢粉组合、古气候演化序列及区域对比. 地球科学, 49(10): 3629~3646.

    • 吕大炜, 张奥聪, 张之辉, 高远, 王东东, 刘海燕, 徐锦程, 王洛静, 田兴. 2023. 古土壤干湿特征指示晚古生代气候演化. 地质论评, 69(2): 551~562.

    • 毛学刚, 刘秀铭. 2016. 浅析中元古界和白垩系红层中泥裂的特征和古环境意义. 亚热带资源与环境学报, 11(3): 20~28.

    • 覃嘉铭, 袁道先, 林玉石, 张美良, 章程, 王华, 冯玉梅, 涂林玲, 杨琰, 程海, Edwards R. L, 冉景丞, 陈会明. 2005.末次冰消期以来气候期划分的准确定位与定年. 地球学报, 26(B09): 209~212.

    • 覃军干, 吴国, 郑洪波, 李从先. 2004. 从孢粉、藻类化石组合看长江三角洲第一硬质粘土层的成因及其古环境意义. 第四纪研究, 24(5): 546~554.

    • 谭亮成, 安芷生, 蔡演军, 隆浩. 2008. 4. 2 ka BP气候事件在中国的降雨表现及其全球联系. 地质论评, 54(1): 94~104.

    • 王靖泰, 郭蓄民, 许世远, 李萍, 李从先. 1981. 全新世长江三角洲的发育. 地质学报, 55(1): 67~81.

    • 赵景波, 马延东, 罗小庆, 邵天杰, 刘瑞. 2017. 西安地区S4古土壤剖面中古水分指标与水环境研究. 地质学报, 91(3): 678~689.

    • 中华人民共和国住房和城乡建设部, 国家市场监督管理总局. 2019. 土工试验方法标准: GB/T 50123—2019[S]. 北京: 中国计划出版社: 266~279.

    • 庄超, 余文平, 严龙, 张健翼, 窦智, 杨蕴, 周志芳, 王锦国. 2024. 弱透水层瞬态水力参数的地质统计反演识别研究. 地质学报, 98(1): 324~331.

    • 朱锦旗, 龚绪龙, 苟富刚, 张平, 张岩, 杨磊, 刘源. 2024. 长江三角洲北翼第一硬土层理化特征及其地质成因. 地质通报, 43(1): 1~12.

    • Boucot A J, Chen Xu, Scotese C R, Morley R J. 2013. Phanerozoic paleoclimate: An atlas of lithologic indicators of climate. The Sedimentary Record, 12(4): 53~140.

    • Charbonnier G, Duchamp-Alphonse S, Deconinck J F, Adatte T, Spangenberg J E, Colin C, Föllmi K B. 2020. A global palaeoclimatic reconstruction for the Valanginian based on clay mineralogical and geochemical data. Earth-Science Reviews, 202: 103092.

    • Chen Liuqin, Liu Xin, Li Pengcheng. 2018&. Paleosols: Sensitive indicators of depositional environments and paleoclimate. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 36(3): 510~520.

    • Gou Fugang, Gong Xulong, Mei Qinqin. 2018&. The division and application of engineering geological strata groups of soil mass in North Shore of the Yangtze Delta. Geological Review, 64(1): 237~245.

    • Gou Fugang, Gong Xulong, Yang Lumei, Zhang Yan, Liu Mingyao. 2022&. Characteristics of salt content and sedimentary environmental evolution in soils shallower than a hundred meters in the Yangtze River Estuary. Geoscience, 36(2): 462~473.

    • Gou Fugang, Gong Xulong. 2023&. Analysis of geochemical characteristics and genesis of aquitard in the Yangtze estuary since the Holocene. Acta Geoscientica Sinica, 44(6): 1063~1075.

    • Gou Fugang, Gong Xulong, Liu Yuan. 2024&. Geochemical characteristics of water and soil environment and its environmental indicating significances since the Pleistocene in the northern flank of the Changjiang River Delta. Haiyang Xuebao, 46(3): 33~53.

    • Gou Fugang, Gong Xulong, Zhang Yan, Li Jin. 2024. Hydrochemical characteristics and environmental indicators of aquitards since the Late Cenozoic on Sunshine Island, Jiangsu Province, China. Journal of Hydrology, 634: 131114.

    • Guo Xuelian, Retallack G J, Lü Bin, He Lusheng, Wang Ronghua, Song Hong. 2019. Paleosols in Devonian red-beds from northwest China and their paleoclimatic characteristics. Sedimentary Geology, 379: 16~24.

    • Harrington G A, Gardner W P, Smerdon B D, Hendry M J. 2013. Palaeohydrogeological insights from natural tracer profiles in aquitard porewater, Great Artesian Basin, Australia. Water Resources Research, 49(7): 4054~4070.

    • Hendry M J, Woodbury A D. 2007. Clayaquitards as archives of Holocene paleoclimate: δ18O and thermal profiling. Groundwater, 45(6): 683~691.

    • Hori K, Saito Y, Zhao Quanhong, Wang Pinxian. 2002. Evolution of the coastal depositional systems of the Changjiang (Yangtze) river in response to late Pleistocene—Holocene Sea-level changes. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 72(6): 884~897.

    • Janssens P A. 1964. The metabolism of the aestivating African lungfish. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 11(1): 105~117.

    • Jin Bingfu, Zhang Yunji, Song Jian. 2007&. Characteristics of mineral chemistry and formation of the micronodules in the first stiff clay layer in the Yangtze River Delta, Marine Geology & Quaternary Geology, 27(3): 9~15.

    • Kahmann J A, Driese S G. 2008. Paleopedology and geochemistry of Late Mississippian (Chesterian) Pennington Formation paleosols at Pound Gap, Kentucky, USA: Implications for high-frequency climate variations. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 259(4): 357~381.

    • Kämpf N, Schwertmann U. 1983. Goethite and hematite in a climosequence in southern Brazil and their application in classification of kaolinitic soils. Geoderma, 29(1): 27~39.

    • Ke Xue, Li Baohua, Zhang Zongyan, Wei Yi, Hu Fei, Fan Dongwen, Sun Li, Xie Jianlei, Yu Junjie, Yao Huazhou. 2017. Post-glacial Foraminifera of the incised Yangtze paleo-valley and paleoenvironmental implications. Journal of Paleontology, 91(6): 1102~1122.

    • Ke Xue, Tang Tingting, Zhang Zongyan, Xie Jianlei, Zou Yarui, Xu Yadong. 2024. Quaternary pollen assemblages, paleoclimate evolution sequence and regional correlation in Hengsha Island, Shanghai City. Earth Science, 49(10): 3629~3646.

    • Kraus M J, Hasiotis S T. 2006. Significance of different modes of rhizolith preservation to interpreting paleoenvironmental and paleohydrologic settings: Examples from Paleogene paleosols, Bighorn Basin, Wyoming, U. S. A. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 76(4): 633~646.

    • Kraus M J. 1999. Paleosols in clastic sedimentary rocks: Their geologic applications. Earth-Science Reviews, 47(1~2): 41~70.

    • Kuleshov V N, Arefiev M P, Pokrovsky B G. 2019. Isotope characteristics (δ13C, δ18O) of continental carbonates from Permian—Triassic rocks in the northeastern Russian plate: Paleoclimatic and biotic reasons and chemostratigraphy. Lithology and Mineral Resources, 54(6): 489~510.

    • Kuznetsova A M, Khokhlova O S. 2010. Morphology of carbonate accumulations in soils of various types. Lithology and Mineral Resources, 45(1): 89~100.

    • Larsen F, Tran L V, Van Hoang H, Tran L T, Christiansen A V, Pham N Q. 2017. Groundwater salinity influenced by Holocene seawater trapped in incised valleys in the Red River delta plain. Nature Geoscience, 10(5): 376~381.

    • Liberato G P, Cornamusini G, Perotti M, Sandroni S, Talarico F M. 2017. Stratigraphy of a Permian — Triassic fluvial - dominated succession in Southern Victoria Land (Antarctica): preliminary data. Journal of Mediterranean Earth Sciences, 9: 167~171.

    • Lü Dawei, Zhang Aocong, Zhang Zhihui, Gao Yuan, Wang Dongdong, Liu Haiyan, Xu Jincheng, Wang Luojing, Tian Xing. 2023&. The dry and wet characteristics of paleosoil indicating the climatic evolution of Late Paleozoic. Geological Review, 69(2): 551~562.

    • Mao Xuegang, Liu Xiuming. 2016&. Preliminary analysis on characterization of mud-cracks in Meso-Proterozoic red beds and Cretaceous Danxia red beds and their paleo-environmental implications. Journal of Subtropical Resources and Environment, 11(3): 20~28.

    • Marcott S A, Shakun J D, Clark P U, Mix A C. 2013. A reconstruction of regional and global temperature for the past 11, 300 years. Science, 339(6124): 1198~1201.

    • Miao Yunfa, Fang Xiaomin, Herrmann M, Wu Fuli, Zhang Yuezhong, Liu Dongliang. 2011. Miocene pollen record of KC-1 core in the Qaidam Basin, NE Tibetan Plateau and implications for evolution of the East Asian monsoon. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 299(1~2): 30~38.

    • Miao Yunfa, Warny S, Clift P D, Liu Chang, Gregory M. 2017. Evidence of continuous Asian summer monsoon weakening as a response to global cooling over the last 8 Ma. Gondwana Research, 52: 48~58.

    • Miller K G, Kominz M A, Browning J V, Wright J D, Mountain G S, Katz M E, Sugarman P J, Cramer B S, Christie-Blick N, Pekar S F. 2005. The Phanerozoic record of global sea-level change. Science, 310(5752): 1293~1298.

    • Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of the People’s Republic of China, State Administration for Market Regultion. 2019#. Standard for Geotechnical testing method: GB/T 50123~2019[S]. Beijing: China Planning Press: 266~279.

    • Nordt L, Stinchcomb G, McCarthy P, Driese S. 2025. Indicators for identifying aquic conditions in paleosols: First approximation. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 663: 112770.

    • O’Brien S R, Mayewski P A, Meeker L D, Meese D A, Twickler M S, Whitlow S I. 1995. Complexity of Holocene climate as reconstructed from a Greenland ice core. Science, 270(5244): 1962~1964.

    • Osman M B, Tierney J E, Zhu Jiang, Tardif R, Hakim G J, King J, Poulsen C J. 2021. Globally resolved surface temperatures since the Last Glacial Maximum. Nature, 599(7884): 239~244.

    • Pan Dadong, Wang Zhanghua, Zhan Qing, Saito Y, Wu Hui, Yang Shouye, Cheng Heqin. 2020. Organic geochemical evidence of past changes in hydro- and sediment-dynamic processes at river mouths: A case study of Holocene sedimentary records in the Changjiang River delta, China. Continental Shelf Research, 204: 104189.

    • Qi Jianfeng, Xie Yongjie, Li Chen, Guo Haipeng, Wang Yunlong. 2025. Creep behavior of clayey soil and its model prediction in the Cangzhou land subsidence area. Scientific Reports, 15: 9130.

    • Qin Jiaming, Yuan Daoxian, Lin Yushi, Zhang Meiliang, Constitution, Wang Hua, Feng Yumei, Tu Linling, Yang Yan, Cheng Hai, Edwards R L, Ran Jingcheng, Chen Huiming. 2005&. Accurate Locating and Dating for Division of Climate Periods since the Last Deglaciation Stage. Acta Geoscientica Sinica, 26(B09): 209~212.

    • Qin Jungan, Wu Guoxuan, Zheng Hongbo, Li Congxian. 2004&. Palynomorph assemblages, origin and palaeoenvironmental significance of the upper most hard clay in the deltaic area of the Changjiang river. Quaternary Sciences, 24(5): 546~554.

    • Sheldon N D, Tabor N J. 2009. Quantitative paleoenvironmental and paleoclimatic reconstruction using paleosols. Earth-Science Reviews, 95(1~2): 1~52.

    • Song Bing, Li Zhen, Saito Y, Okuno J, Li Zhen, Lu Anqing, Hua Di, Li Jie, Li Yongxiang, Nakashima R. 2013. Initiation of the Changjiang (Yangtze) delta and its response to the mid-Holocene sea level change. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 388: 81~97.

    • Tabor N J, Myers T S. 2015. Paleosols as indicators of paleoenvironment and paleoclimate. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 43: 333~361.

    • Tan Liangcheng, An Zhisheng, Cai Yanjun, Long Hao. 2008&. The hydrological exhibition of 4. 2 ka BP event in China and its global linkages. Geological Review, 54(1): 94~104.

    • Wang Jingtai, Guo Xumin, Xu Shiyuan, Li Ping, Li Congxian. 1981&. Evolution of the Holocene Changjiang delta. Acta Geological Sinica, 55(1): 67~81.

    • Wang Zhanghua, Saito Y, Zhan Qing, Nian Xiaomei, Pan Dadong, Wang Long, Chen Ting, Xie Jianlei, Li Xiao, Jiang Xuezhong. 2018. Three-dimensional evolution of the Yangtze River mouth, China during the Holocene: Impacts of sea level, climate and human activity. Earth-Science Reviews, 185: 938~955.

    • Wickman F E. 1954. The “total” amount of sediments and the composition of the “average igneous rock”. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 5(3): 97~110.

    • Wu Jing, Zhang Kexin, Xu Yadong, Wang Guocan, Garzione C N, Eiler J, Leloup P H, Sorrel P, Mahéo G. 2018. Paleoelevations in the Jianchuan Basin of the southeastern Tibetan Plateau based on stable isotope and pollen grain analyses. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 510: 93~108.

    • Zhang Li, Bao Zhidong, Zhang Changmin, Dou Luxing, Fu Ping, Zhao Jiahong, Wang Wuxue, Ji Yu. 2020. Paleosols in an outcrop of red beds from the Upper Cretaceous Yaojia Formation, southern Songliao Basin, Jilin Province, NE China. Journal of Palaeogeography, 9(1): 1~10.

    • Zhao Jingbo, Ma Yandong, Luo Xiaoqing, Shao Tianjie, Liu Rui. 2017&. Thestudy on the paleowater content indexes and water environment in the profile of S4 paleosol in Xi′an area. Acta Geologica Sinica, 91(3): 678~689.

    • Zhou Xin, Sun Liguang, Zhan Tao, Huang Wen, Zhou Xinying, Hao Qingzhen, Wang Yuhong, He Xiaoqing, Zhao Chao, Zhang Jun, Qiao Yansong, Ge Junyi, Yan Pei, Yan Qing, Shao Da, Chu Zhuding, Yang Wenqing, Smol J P. 2016. Time-transgressive onset of the Holocene Optimum in the East Asian monsoon region. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 456: 39~46.

    • Zhu Jinqi, Gong Xulong, Gou Fugang, Zhang Ping, Zhang Yan, Yang Lei, Liu Yuan. 2024&. Physicochemical characteristics and geological formation of the first hard soil layer of the north wing of the Yangtze River delta. Geological Bulletin of China, 43(1): 1~12.

    • Zhuang Chao, Yü Wenping, Yan Long, Zhang Jianyi, Dou Zhi, Yang Yun, Zhou Zhifang, Wang Jinguo. 2024&. Characterization of transient aquitard hydraulic parameters using the geostatistical inversion approach. Acta Geologica Sinica, 98(1): 324~331.