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作者简介:

赖锦,男,1988年生,博士,教授,博士生导师,主要从事沉积储层和测井地质学教学与研究工作;E-mail: laijin@cup.edu.cn。

通讯作者:

王贵文,男,1966年生,博士,教授,博士生导师,主要从事沉积学、储层地质学与测井地质学方面的教学与科研工作;E-mail: wanggw@cup.edu.cn。

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赖锦, 王贵文, 陈敏, 王书南, 柴毓, 蔡超, 张永辰, 李鉴伦. 2013. 基于岩石物理相划分的储层孔隙结构分类评价——以鄂尔多斯盆地姬塬地区长8油层组为例. 石油勘探与开发, 40(5): 566~573.
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赖锦, 王贵文, 信毅, 周磊, 肖承文, 韩闯, 郑新年, 吴庆宽. 2014. 库车地区巴什基奇克组致密砂岩气储层成岩相分析. 天然气地球科学, 25(7): 1019~1032.
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赖锦, 王贵文, 孙思勉, 蒋晨, 周磊, 郑新华, 吴庆宽, 韩闯. 2015. 致密砂岩储层裂缝测井识别评价方法研究进展. 地球物理学进展, 30(4): 1712~1724.
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赖锦, 王贵文, 王迪, 周正龙, 冉冶, 陈晶, 王抒忱, 张晓涛. 2016. 川中地区上三叠统须家河组成岩层序地层学特征. 地质学报, 90(6): 1236~1252.
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赖锦, 韩能润, 贾云武, 季玉山, 王贵文, 庞小娇, 贺智博, 王松. 2018. 基于测井资料的辫状河三角洲沉积储层精细描述. 中国地质, 45(2): 304~318.
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赖锦, 刘秉昌, 冯庆付, 冯庆付, 庞小娇, 赵太平, 王贵文, 王抒忱, 陈晶. 2020. 鄂尔多斯盆地靖边气田马家沟组五段白云岩沉积微相测井识别与评价. 地质学报, 94(5): 1551~1567.
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赖锦, 王贵文, 庞小娇, 韩宗晏, 李栋, 赵仪迪, 王松, 江程舟, 李红斌, 黎雨航. 2021. 测井地质学前世、今生与未来——写在《测井地质学·第二版》出版之时. 地质论评, 67(6): 1804~1828.
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赖锦, 庞小娇, 赵鑫, 赵仪迪, 王贵文, 黄玉越, 李红斌, 黎雨航. 2022. 测井地质学研究典型误区与科学思维. 天然气工业, 42(7): 31~44.
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赖锦, 李红斌, 张梅, 白梅梅, 赵仪迪, 范旗轩, 庞小娇, 王贵文. 2023a. 非常规油气时代测井地质学研究进展. 古地理学报, 25(5): 1118~1138.
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赖锦, 肖露, 赵鑫, 赵飞, 黎雨航, 朱世发, 王贵文, 刘宏坤. 2023b. 深层—超深层优质碎屑岩储层成因与测井评价方法——以库车坳陷白垩系巴什基奇克组为例. 石油学报, 44(4): 612~625.
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赖锦, 肖露, 白天宇, 范旗轩, 黄玉越, 李红斌, 赵飞, 王贵文. 2024a. 成像测井解释评价方法及其地质应用. 地质科技通报, 43(3): 323~340.
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赖锦, 苏洋, 肖承文, 赵仪迪, 朱波, 张有鹏, 庞小娇, 王贵文. 2024b. 地球物理测井在地质领域应用经典案例解析. 地质科技通报, 43(3): 279~288.
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赖锦, 党文乐, 苏洋, 吴永平, 赵仪迪, 张有鹏, 信毅, 白天宇, 王贵文. 2025a. 声波测井地质与工程应用. 地质论评, 71(3): 1046~1072.
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赖锦, 宋翔羽, 杨薰, 赵仪迪, 田银宏, 李栋, 信毅, 张荣虎, 王贵文. 2025b. 致密砂岩气储层测井综合评价技术研究进展. 石油学报, 46(1): 220~235.
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目录contents

    摘要

    测井沉积学研究以沉积学、岩石物理学方法理论为指导,通过不同测井序列解决沉积学相关问题。为了更好地解读测井资料中蕴藏的沉积学信息,增添测井沉积学研究的活力并消除其典型研究误区,笔者等综合近几十年文献并结合作者自身工作实践,详细阐述了测井沉积学研究起源、发展及时代意义。首先简要回顾了测井沉积学概念的提出、发展与研究现状。通过梳理对沉积相标志响应较为灵敏的GRSPRT等常规测井序列,解析了常规测井相要素,地层倾角矢量模式和成像测井相模式及其与沉积相对应关系,并总结了测井沉积学研究内容及方法流程。在此基础上分析地球物理测井资料在岩性判别、沉积构造判别以及古水流系统恢复中的应用。通过常规、成像测井相结合可提取反映不同沉积微相的相标志,并指出沉积微相测井自动判别的流程与注意事项,归纳总结了测井与地质相结合的垂向沉积微相叠置序列的精细描述与评价流程。最后结合油气勘探开发历史使命指出测井沉积学研究的时代意义与发展方向。研究成果以期能够促进测井与沉积学科之间的进一步交叉融合应用,推动测井沉积学方法理论进步及其研究成果实践应用。

    Abstract

    Well logging sedimentology research is guided by the method theory of sedimentology and petrophysics, and solves sedimentology-related problems through different logging sequences. In order to better interpret the sedimentological information contained in well logging data, add vitality to well logging sedimentology research and eliminate its typical research misconceptions, this paper combining the literature of recent decades and the author's own work practice, elaborates on the origin, development and contemporary significance of well logging sedimentology. Firstly, the concept of well logging sedimentology, its development and research status are briefly reviewed. By combing the conventional logging sequences such as GR, SP and RT, which are more sensitive to markers of sedimentary facies, conventional well log facies elements, dip vector model and image log facies model and their corresponding relationship with sedimentary facies are analyzed, and the research contents and method flow of well logging sedimentology are summarized. On this basis, the application of geophysical well logging data in lithology discrimination, sedimentary structure discrimination and paleo-flow system recovery is analyzed. The facies markers reflecting different sedimentary microfacies can be extracted through the combination of conventional logs and image logs, and the process and matters needing attention for automatic logging discrimination of sedimentary microfacies are pointed out, and the fine description and evaluation process of vertical sedimentary microfacies superimposed sequences combined with logging and geology are summarized. Finally, the contemporary significance and development direction of well logging sedimentology research are pointed out in combination with historical missions of oil and gas exploration and development. The research results are expected to promote the further cross application between logging and sedimentary disciplines, and promote the theoretical progress of well logging sedimentology methods and the practical application of research results.

  • 测井资料蕴含丰富的地质信息,在构造、沉积与储层等各个领域得到广泛运用,同样地球物理测井学与沉积学交叉融合的工作由来已久(尹寿鹏和王贵文,1999;Lai et al.,2024)。测井沉积学是20世纪70年代诞生并发展起来的,利用地球物理测井资料解决沉积学问题的边缘学科,测井沉积学通过测井相的识别与划分,提取测井资料中蕴含的沉积学信息,通过与岩芯分析得到的“岩芯相”刻度与标定,进行未取芯井段沉积相分析(Serra and Abbott,1980陆凤根,1988王贵文和张新培,2006余继峰等,2010赖锦等,2021)。自1927年地球物理测井诞生以来,最开始是用来确定地层岩性界面,并分析地层孔隙中的流体成分,而自20世纪70年代以来,随着沉积学科的发展以及测井技术的进步,测井资料中的沉积学意义逐渐受到地质学家的关注(尹寿鹏和王贵文,1999)。针对此问题,Pirson(1970)首次将测井资料应用于沉积学解释,然后Serra和Abbott(1980)提出了测井相,由此搭建测井学与沉积学研究的桥梁。自此,纵向分辨率高、连续性好且价格低廉的测井资料在沉积学领域逐渐得到广泛运用(陆凤根,1988李军和王贵文,1996余继峰等,2010王改云等,2013肖承文等,2022Lai Jin et al.,2023)。

  • 以沉积地质学、岩石物理学理论为指导,通过不同测井序列解决相关的沉积学问题,测井沉积学展现出广阔的发展前景与应用潜力(余继峰等,2010常文会等,2010Folkestad et al.,2012Keeton et al.,2015Brekke et al.,2017赖锦等,2021)。近50余年以来,地球物理测井资料已成为沉积学研究不可或缺的一种地下地质信息,由于岩芯资料有限,测井资料沉积学信息的解读与应用显得尤为重要(陆凤根,1988尹寿鹏和王贵文,1999王改云等,2013)。此外,赋予测井资料沉积学等地质意义也将拓展测井资料应用范围,使其能够跳出“一孔之见”的局限(陆凤根,1988赖锦等,2022)。目前,测井资料被推广用于沉积学领域中的岩性识别(杨玉卿等,2004Ozkan et al.,2011Nian Tao et al.,2018);沉积构造的拾取(Lai Jin et al.,2017赖锦等,2021);沉积微相的识别与划分(Folkestad et al.,2012赖锦等,2020Fan Hua et al.,2021);沉积序列的分析与解释(杨友运等,2005Brekke et al.,2017赖锦等,2018);储层评价与预测(张祥龙等,2020)以及古水流方向判别(Lai Jin et al.,2017肖承文等,2022)等。

  • 测井沉积学研究是一个古老且又前沿的话题,由于测井资料的多解性以及负载能力有限性,常规测井资料、成像和倾角等测井序列融合的沉积学信息的解读目前研究尚不完善(唐为清等,2001王贵文和张新培,2006赖锦等,2021)。为了更好地挖掘测井中蕴藏的地质信息,增添测井沉积学研究的活力,并消除测井沉积学研究中的一些误区,亟需阐明测井沉积学研究的方法原理及主要应用。笔者等首先回顾了测井沉积学研究的起源及其发展历程,并由此梳理了对沉积相标志响应较为灵敏的测井序列,包括常规测井GRSPRT曲线等,地层倾角测井以及成像测井,然后解析了测井沉积学研究内容及方法流程。通过分析地球物理测井资料在岩性判别以及沉积构造判别中的应用,指出常规、成像测井相结合可较好的判断典型沉积微相的相标志,并实现单井沉积微相及相序的精细描述与评价,总结沉积微相自动判别以及古水流方向恢复的方法流程。最后结合油气勘探开发重点领域指出测井沉积学研究的时代意义与发展方向。研究成果以期能够更好地解读测井曲线中的沉积信息,推进测井与沉积学科之间的交叉融合应用,并更好地将测井沉积学研究成果应用至油气勘探开发实践工作中。

  • 1 测井沉积学起源与发展历程

  • 地球物理测井诞生于1927年的法国,国内由翁文波院士首次在1939年测量得到自然电位和电阻率曲线(赖锦等,2025a)。Pirson(1970)系统整理了测井资料地质应用,并首次将测井资料应用于沉积学解释,从此地质学家逐渐关注测井与沉积两门学科的融合。测井资料中蕴含了丰富的沉积学信息,而真正将测井和沉积两个学科联系起来的标志性事件则为20世纪70~80年代测井相(well log facies)或者是电相(electrofacies)的提出,Serra 和Abbott(1980)正式提出的测井相搭建了测井学与沉积学研究的桥梁,测井沉积学边缘交叉学科逐渐萌芽并在世界各国取得广泛应用。

  • 陆凤根(1988)系统论述了测井沉积学研究方法、原理及其实际应用。肖义和赵谨芳(1993)在岩性测井识别的基础上,研发了一种测井资料自动识别沉积相的计算机程序。此外,主成分分析与模糊均值聚类方法等也被引入测井沉积学研究工作中(文政等,1996)。唐洪(1998)利用自然伽马、自然电位曲线、倾角测井建立了曲流河典型沉积微相的测井识别模式。尹寿鹏和王贵文(1999)系统总结了测井沉积学的概念、研究方法及计算机技术和数学方法在测井沉积学解释中的应用。

  • 20 世纪70年代引入的地层倾角测井使得通过测井资料识别沉积层理等沉积构造成为可能(何登春等,1984吴继余和刘开,1993李军和王贵文,1997)。20世纪80年代末发展的成像测井进一步将测井沉积学研究带入了新的高度(丁贵明,1996尹寿鹏和王贵文,1999杨玉卿等,2017赖锦等,2024a)。此后越来越多的地质学家受益于常规、成像以及倾角测井,从而可以获得未取芯井段的岩性和沉积构造等沉积学信息,甚至还可以识别砂体展布以及古水流方向(文政等,1996杨玉卿等,2004Lai Jin et al.,2018)。

  • Lai Jin等(2017)以四川盆地须家河组辫状河三角洲沉积体系为例,建立了典型岩性、沉积构造和沉积序列的测井识别图版,以指导测井沉积学研究。Brekke等(2017)应用成像测井,实现了加拿大Alberta地区McMurray组沉积微相识别及多期河道叠置复合型砂体的划分。Feng Qingfu等(2021)通过成像测井实现了四川盆地震旦系礁滩相白云岩沉积微相测井识别与评价。

  • 进入21世纪以来,随着元素扫描测井等新测井采集技术的进步,丰富的测井资料已成为沉积学研究强有力手段(杨玉卿等,2017赖锦等,2023aLai Jin et al.,2023)。

  • 2 测井沉积学方法理论体系

  • 2.1 沉积相标志提取

  • 自1669年丹麦地质学家斯丹诺(Steno)“相”这一概念以来,逐渐在沉积学领域取得广泛概念,相通常被定义为“沉积环境及在该环境中形成的沉积物特征的综合”(朱筱敏等,2020)。同时Walther相序定律指出只有那些成因相近且横向上紧密相邻的相才能在垂向上依次叠覆出现而没有间断(朱筱敏等,2020)。

  • 岩石颜色、岩性组合(岩石类型及其组合特征)、沉积构造(层理构造、层面构造)、古水流方向(如双向古水流通常代表潮汐环境)、岩性垂向序列变化(正粒序、反粒序、均质粒序、复合粒序)以及古生物标志为沉积岩主要的沉积相标志(唐为清等,2001李健等,2013)。地质人员正是依据这些沉积相标志的差异来鉴别不同沉积相和恢复古环境特征(李军和张超谟,1998王贵文和张新培,2006)。不同沉积微相的岩性、物性和含油气性等的沉积相标志差异导致其在测井曲线形态、幅度上具有不同的响应特征(李军和张超谟,1998赖锦等,2018)。

  • 地球物理测井信息中包含了丰富的沉积储层信息(Lai Jin et al.,2020),测井沉积学研究的关键就是挖掘蕴含在测井资料中的沉积学信息,并通过曲线形态、幅度以及图像信息甚至结合人工智能方法解读出测井资料对应的沉积地质模型(尹寿鹏和王贵文,1999)。除了常规测井曲线形态,地层倾角测井矢量图和成像测井相模式等可提供沉积岩更多地质信息的解读,如沉积倾角、古水流等(尹寿鹏和王贵文,1999)。通过测井资料可以拾取的沉积相标志主要包括岩性标志、沉积构造以及沉积粒序等(唐为清等,2001)。事实上,除了岩石颜色和古生物等标志无法通过测井资料获取之外,大多数岩芯上可拾取的相标志均能通过测井资料识别(唐为清等,2001张龙海等,2006)。甚至对一些沉积地质事件(不整合、冲刷面等),在测井曲线上也有所响应(王立新等,2022)。

  • 2.2 常规测井相七要素

  • 测井相是“表征地层特征并且可以使该地层与其它地层区别开来的一组测井响应特征集”(Serra and Abbott,1980Bucheb and Evans,1994)。对常规测井曲线而言,其测井相特征的描述主要可从“七要素”开展,包括:①幅度;②曲线形态;③曲线接触关系;④曲线光滑程度;⑤齿中线;⑥幅度组合包络特征;⑦形态组合特征(图1)(唐为清等,2001施振生等,2008宋璠等,2009肖何等,2020)。

  • (1)曲线幅度特征。测井曲线幅度可分为高幅、中幅和低幅,低幅一般是指较为平直的测井曲线,而幅度越大,代表曲线左右刻度差距越大,幅度可反映岩石粒度的大小以及泥质含量的高低(图1)(施振生等,2008)。

  • (2)曲线形态。由于物源供给、水动力能量等差异,测井曲线可表现出不同的形态,包括箱形、钟形、漏斗形、指形、平直形和复合形等(图1)。箱形曲线代表物源供给丰富,水动力条件强,形成的沉积物粒度粗,分选较好,一般对应均质粒序。钟形曲线则代表水动力能量向上变低,物源供给变弱,一般指示正粒序;漏斗形则向上水动力能量逐渐加强且物源区物质供应越来越丰富,一般代表反粒序(图1);指形可能对应薄砂层,如典型滩坝砂体,平直曲线则可能代表厚层泥岩(图1)(施振生等,2008);平直形GR曲线在碳酸盐岩剖面中较为常见(赖锦等,2020)。

  • (3)接触关系特征。岩性接触关系分渐变和突变两种,突变接触代表水动力条件的突然增加或变低,渐变则说明缓慢的河道迁移摆动过程等(图1)(施振生等,2008)。

  • (4)曲线的光滑程度。曲线光滑代表物源丰富,水动力作用稳定,齿化代表间歇性沉积的叠积(图1)(施振生等,2008)。

  • (5)齿中线。齿中线可分为收敛式及平行式。收敛式可分为内收敛和外收敛,而平行式又可分为水平平行、上倾平行和下倾平行三类,反映不同的沉积特征,但一般应用的较少(图1)。

  • (6)幅度组合包络线类型。Pirson(1970)指出,自然电位或GR曲线包络线的形态,可以反映出湖平面或者海平面变化。进积式代表湖平面逐渐后退,沉积物往前推进,退积式则湖平面上升,沉积物往后退;加积式代表湖平面频繁规律性变化(图1)。

  • (7)形态组合特征。曲线形态组合特征,包括不同形态和幅度的叠置,可反映单井垂向上沉积微相的叠置关系(图1)(施振生等,2008)。

  • 需要注意的是,也并不是所有的常规测井都能反映沉积特征变化,通过测井资料进行沉积信息拾取时,对沉积特征响应灵敏的通常是GRSPRT曲线,而三孔隙度曲线中的ACCNLDEN则对沉积学信息响应不敏感,同时不仅要用到曲线的幅度和形态特征,可结合曲线的幅度组合等特征综合识别与判断,此外还可结合地层倾角以及成像测井进行沉积解释(王仁铎,1991赵希刚等,2005王贵文和张新培,2006施振生等,2008宋璠等,2009闫建平等,2011何小胡等,2013Lai Jin et al.,2017)。

  • 图1 常规测井相“七要素”特征(施振生等,2008宋璠等,2009

  • Fig.1 The seven elements of conventional well log facies (Shi Zhensheng et al., 2008&; Song Fan et al., 2009&)

  • 2.3 地层倾角与成像测井相

  • 除了常规测井相外,地层倾角测井以及成像测井可以通过倾角矢量模式以及成像测井相模式建立其与沉积相关系,从而指导测井沉积学研究(尹寿鹏和王贵文,1999钟广法和马在田,2001罗菊兰等,2003徐寅等,2013赖锦等,2024a)。尤其是对于碳酸盐岩而言,常规测井分辨率有限,因此可用电成像图像颜色和结构的组合变化来描述沉积微相(图2)(赖锦等,2020肖何等,2020)。

  • 图2 典型常规测井曲线形态、成像测井图像与地层倾角矢量模式特征

  • Fig.2 Typical conventional well log curve shapes, image log and dip pattern characteristics

  • (a)箱型GR测井曲线与绿模式;(b)钟型GR测井曲线与红模式;(c)漏斗型GR测井曲线与蓝模式; (d)平直GR测井曲线与杂乱模式

  • (a)Box-shape GR curve and green model; (b) Bell-shape GR curve and red model; (c) Funnel-shape GR curve and blue model; (d) Flat GR curve and disorder model

  • 地层倾角测井可提供倾角矢量图(蝌蚪图)、频率方位图和杆状图等,并一般根据倾角、倾向随深度的变化可以划分出:红模式、蓝模式、绿模式和白模式4种不同地层倾角矢量模式,从而挖掘其中潜在反映地层的沉积现象信息,进行沉积学的解释与判断(李洪奇,1995尹寿鹏和王贵文,1999)。

  • 蓝模式(倾向不变,倾角随深度增加而减小),反映地层沉积层理、不整合面等;红模式(倾向不变,倾角随深度增加而增大)可以反映可以指示断层、砂坝及河道;绿模式(倾角和倾向均不随深度变化)反映构造倾斜、平行或者水平层理;白模式(矢量杂乱)指示断层面、风化面或者砾岩层(图2)(李洪奇,1995罗菊兰等,2003徐寅等,2013)。

  • 成像测井可以较好地拾取岩石沉积构造特征,如沉积层理、层面构造甚至是变形构造(Goodall et al.,1998吴文圣等,2000代一丁和崔维平,2015Lai Jin et al.,2017赖锦等,2024aSu Yang et al.,2024)。甚至还可以将成像测井划分出块状、斑状、条带状、层状、线状、杂乱模式、递变模式等成像测井相模式,从而指导沉积解释(图2)(耿会聚等,2002李多丽等,2009何小胡等,2011吴煜宇等,2013Lai Jin et al.,2018赖锦等,2024a)。需要说明的是,通常电成像测井对岩性和沉积层理响应清楚,而声成像测井则一般对裂缝和井壁规则性响应灵敏,而难以拾取沉积层理等信息(Lai Jin et al.,2023)。

  • 块状模式一般指示不显层理的砂岩或泥岩段;斑状模式可分为亮斑状、暗斑状,暗斑模式通常对应于泥砾,而亮斑模式则对应砾岩层。条带状可指示砂泥岩互层沉积特征。线状模式对应裂缝或者沉积层理。杂乱模式代表变形层理、包卷层理等。递变模式一般对应递变层理(图2)(耿会聚等,2002李多丽等,2009吴煜宇等,2013杨玉卿等,2017赖锦等,2024aLai Jin et al.,2024a)。

  • 2.4 测井沉积学研究内容及方法流程

  • 作为测井地质学研究的重要组成部分,测井沉积学研究主要包括①测井相(常规测井、成像和倾角测井)划分;②测井相与岩芯相(岩性、沉积构造、沉积序列)对应关系;③单井、连井测井相特征分析;④沉积学(沉积微相、古水流方向、砂体展布)系统解释(丁贵明,1996李军和王贵文,1997张琴等,2001于民凤等,2005李健等,2013杨玉卿等,2017)。

  • 近50余年以来,测井沉积学研究的目的就是通过测井曲线反映沉积相特点,测井与地质相结合识别出不同的测井相,建立不同岩性和沉积微相的测井相识别标志,揭示岩性、沉积微相垂向序列特征,阐明古水流发育特征,最终达到重建沉积环境的目的(李军和王贵文,1996宋璠等,2009李健等,2013)。

  • 当然由于测井解释结果的多元性,因此测井相标志和沉积相标志之间不是一一对应关系,无法用简单数学方法或函数表示出来(王贵文和张新培,2006)。可将岩芯相与测井相进行刻度后,用数学方法及逻辑推理(神经网络等)建立不同测井相到沉积相的映射关系,最终实现利用测井相来描述沉积相的目的(李军和王贵文,1997唐为清等,2001王贵文和张新培,2006)。

  • 3 测井岩性判别与沉积构造拾取

  • 测井沉积学研究中,岩性剖面的获取及沉积构造的解释是沉积微相及沉积相解释的重要基础与前提(尹寿鹏和王贵文,1999何小胡等,2011Folkestad et al.,2012肖承文等,2022)。目前常规测井分辨率为分米级到米级,在与岩芯资料进行刻度或标定后,可用于拾取砂体的分布与叠置,而地层倾角、成像测井分辨率可到厘米到毫米级,因而在岩芯甚至是薄片标定的基础上可拾取层序界面、层理、层面以及沉积变形等沉积构造(赖锦等,2016Lai Jin et al.,2017肖承文等,2022)。

  • 3.1 岩性测井识别

  • 岩性分析与解释是进行沉积相分析的基础(尹寿鹏和王贵文,1999)。目前常用的对岩性响应比较灵敏的测井系列主要有GRSPRT曲线,当然三孔隙度曲线(ACCNLDEN)也可以辅助岩性的识别。在常规测井识别大套砂岩、泥岩等岩性变化的基础上,成像测井可进一步解剖大套砂体内部微细的岩性变化(Donselaar and Schmidt,2005;何小胡等,2011杨玉卿等,2017Lai Jin et al.,2023)。典型砂砾岩在成像测井图像上表现为亮色斑状,泥岩则为暗色块状或条带状,砂岩则为亮黄色背景,可见指示层理发育的正弦曲线(闫建平等,2011何小胡等,2011Xu Chunming et al.,2015Lai Jin et al.,2017赖锦等,2018)。

  • 库车坳陷克深地区白垩系巴什基奇克组岩性以砂砾岩、中细砂岩以及泥岩为主,克深2-2-12井6699.0~6706.1 m深度段,可识别出4套单砂体旋回(顶底部均为高GR泥岩),其中底部的3套为典型正粒序特征(钟形GR),顶部的则为均质粒序(箱形GR),岩性基本为中、细砂岩(图3)。成像测井以其较高的分辨率,共识别出7个单砂体旋回,其中6套为正粒序,1套为反粒序。单砂体底部基本为冲刷面,成像测井上为明显的敏暗突变接触,代表水动力条件突然增加,成像测井进一步可揭示砂体内部的层理发育特征,在粒度变化上,砂体向上粒度逐渐变细(图3)。

  • 在岩性的识别方面,除了常规测井以及成像测井的应用外,元素扫描测井(LithoScanner测井),通过解谱分析和氧化物闭合模型可得到地层元素和矿物组成质量分数,因而也逐渐被采用至复杂混积岩及细粒沉积岩的岩性识别当中,弥补了常规测井对复杂岩性识别的分辨率以及精度不够的缺陷(张永庶等,2019赖锦等,2023aLai Jin et al.,2024a苏洋等,2024)。

  • 3.2 测井沉积构造拾取

  • 沉积构造,包括层理构造(水平、平行、交错层理等)、层面构造(冲刷面等)以及变形构造等同样是测井沉积学研究的重要内容(尹寿鹏和王贵文,1999Xu Chunming,2007闫建平等,2011杨玉卿等,2017赖锦等,2024a)。常规测井资料要识别沉积层理很难,但纵向分辨率高的成像测井和地层倾角测井对不同沉积层理等沉积构造有较好响应(Xu Chunming et al.,2009赖锦等,2022苏洋等,2025)。

  • 图3 常规测井与成像测井相结合的库车坳陷白垩系巴什基奇克组岩性及沉积构造解释(克深2-2-12井)

  • Fig.3 Lithology and sedimentary structure interpretation of Cretaceous Bashijiqike Formation in Kuqa Depression using a combination of conventional well logs and image logs

  • 典型沉积层理构造在成像测井上表现为不同方式叠置的正弦曲线,代表不同的纹层面,可指示平行层理、交错层理的发育。沉积层理在成像上为多组可用正弦线拟合的纹层面,如纹层面的倾向、倾角一致(绿模式),多半指示平行层理或水平层理(钟广法和马在田,2001)。如果纹层面的产状与层面斜交,则为交错层理,具体交错层理的类型还需要结合层系界面确定,板状交错层理相同纹层组内纹层面的倾向和倾角一致。槽状交错层理则表现为相同纹层组内纹层倾向相同,但倾角自下而上逐步增大。波状交错层理纹层面呈波状起伏(钟广法和马在田,2001Lai Jin et al.,2017)。除典型交错层理外,成像测井甚至还可以识别递变层理、透镜状层理和压扁层理等(闫建平等,2011Lai Jin et al.,2017赖锦等,2024a)。

  • 层面构造如冲刷面在常规测井上表现为GR曲线的突变接触,成像测井则表现为明暗截切模式,通常冲刷面上覆地层一般呈亮色或亮斑,为粗粒沉积,如砾石,而下伏地层颜色相对较深,颗粒较细,如泥岩,且冲刷面附近凹凸不平,指示水动力条件的突然变化(钟广法和马在田,2001闫建平等,2011)。变形构造成像测井上表现为纹层连续性破坏或纹层扭曲,代表砂岩的液化变形或者发生的滑动滑塌现象(闫建平等,2011)。

  • 塔里木盆地塔中地区志留系柯坪塔格组为典型的潮坪—三角洲沉积体系(田景春等,2021),发育指示潮汐作用的双向交错层理,通过成像测井及其纹层面组合特征,可在缺少岩芯的情况下实现双向交错层理的识别(图4)。图4中3983~3986 m深度段,成像测井可以区分明显两个方向的层理倾向和倾角(一组为北东东向,一组为南西向),代表了潮汐作用背景下形成的双向交错层理特征(图4)。

  • 图4 塔里木盆地塔中地区志留系柯坪塔格组典型双向交错层理测井识别特征(塔中57H)

  • Fig.4 Well log recognition characteristics of bimodal cross-bedding in Silurian Kepingtage Formation in Tazhong area of Tarim Basin (Tazhong 57H)

  • 4 沉积微相与沉积序列测井评价

  • 在通过测井资料识别岩性及沉积构造等沉积特征的基础上,即可通过测井资料实现典型沉积微相相标志提取,最终利用测井资料解剖单井沉积微相类型及其垂向叠置序列(Folkestad et al.,2012Keeton et al.,2015Brekke et al.,2017Nian Tao et al.,2018赖锦等,2018)。

  • 4.1 典型曲流河沉积微相

  • 以四川盆地侏罗系沙溪庙组沙二段为例,首先通过前人研究揭示的区域地质背景,结合岩芯观察和测井相标志,确定沙溪庙组沙二亚沉积体系为泛滥平原—曲流河沉积体系(吕雪莹等,2024)。而曲流河相可划分为河床、堤岸、河漫等亚相,又可进一步划分出河床滞留沉积、边滩、天然堤、决口扇和泛滥平原等沉积微相(杨凤丽等,1999陆道林等,2011朱筱敏等,2020)。

  • 沙二段典型的河床滞留沉积底部以冲刷面为特征,下伏为典型的低能条件下形成的泥岩,往上粒度变粗为砂砾岩,代表水动力条件的突然增强,GR曲线为突变接触。

  • 河床滞留沉积往上一般叠置边滩(点砂坝)的砂体,边滩沉积微相其岩性以中、细砂岩为主,内部发育交错层理,正粒序或者均质粒序,自然伽马曲线为典型的箱形或者钟形,成像测井为亮色块状,内部可见沉积层理(赖锦等,2021)。

  • 堤岸亚相可以划分出天然堤和决口扇微相,天然堤为洪水期河水漫过河岸时携带的细、粉砂级物质沿河床两岸堆积,形成平行河床的砂堤,称为天然堤。岩性主要由细砂岩、粉砂岩、泥岩组成,垂向上突出的特点是砂、泥岩组成薄互层。图5揭示的天然堤微相典型岩性为褐色泥岩—细砂岩薄互层,细砂岩呈块状、泥岩发育水平层理;常规测井的自然伽马曲线呈高值,无粒序变化特征;成像测井为明暗相间的条带,即亮色砂岩夹暗色薄层泥岩(图5)。

  • 决口扇是河水冲决天然堤,河水由决口流向漫滩,并向漫滩方向形成的扇状砂体,一般由细砂岩和粉砂岩组成,表现出典型反粒序特征(陆道林等,2011)。

  • 曲流河顶部细粒沉积由河漫滩(泛滥平原)构成,为洪水泛滥期间河水溢出到曲流河两岸平原中最低洼的部分,岩性粒度细。因而常规测井曲线平直,成像测井为暗色块状或可见水平层理(陆道林等,2011)。

  • 图5 四川盆地侏罗系沙溪庙组天然堤微相测井识别图版

  • Fig.5 Typical well log chart of natural levee microfacies of Jurassic Shaximiao Formation in Sichuan Basin

  • 图6 四川盆地侏罗系沙溪庙组单井沉积微相测井解释(金浅1井)

  • Fig.6 Vertical distribution of microfacies in single well of Jurassic Shaximiao Formation in Sichuan Basin

  • 4.2 沉积微相测井自动判别

  • 人工智能方法的融入推进了测井地质学研究的进程(赖锦等,2021),测井沉积学研究也逐步向自动化和智能化方向发展,沉积微相测井自动判别大为降低了解释人员的工作量(王仁铎,1991尹寿鹏和王贵文,1999;王贵文等,2002;刘红歧等,2006孙鲁平等,2009邓瑞和孟凡顺,2010余继峰等,2010郭智等,2013)。通常可采用多元统计分析中的主成分分析法,从测井曲线和参数中选取有代表性、最能反映沉积微相特征的主成分作为特征参数,实现沉积微相的自动判断(郭智等,2013)。

  • 提取特征测井参数是沉积环境自动识别的关键,GRSPRT等特征参数的单一或组合可以作为沉积微相类型的特征变量,将已知沉积微相类型的测井特征作为样本,即机器训练学习的输入数据,而待判别的特征向量则作为输出数据,通过机器学习和处理即可输出未取芯井段沉积微相类型(王金荣和刘洪涛,2004)。雍世和和文政(1995)提出利用Bayes判别法定量识别沉积微相。杨凤丽等(1999)采用模糊—均值聚类方法建立了测井—沉积微相数值模型,并利用计算机处理,自动连续地识别沉积微相。张福明等(2003)将人工神经网络技术应用于测井沉积学解释中,提高了工作效率。

  • 人工智能的方法用来实现储层参数等定量计算优势明显,如基于BP神经网络、XGBoost的孔隙度定量计算,但用于相对偏描述的沉积相(沉积相地质概念的相对模糊性使得难以用一定的定量参数来表征这些术语),确实存在一些解释的误区,如沉积相特征难以用数学方法以及计算机语言去描述,因此在实际工作中,应充分结合岩芯等资料,通过人机交互解释提高精度。

  • 4.3 沉积序列测井精细描述

  • 在不同沉积微相测井识别图版建立的基础上,即可通过常规测井结合成像测井识别单井微相分布特征。图6中为利用常规和成像测井识别出的一个典型的曲流河垂向序列(图6)。四川盆地金浅1井侏罗系沙溪庙组8号砂组自下而上呈现由河床滞留—边滩—天然堤—河漫滩沉积,典型曲流河“二元结构”(图6)。图中C段为河床滞留沉积微相,底部发育砾岩,为典型正粒序特征,物性较好,同时成像测井上明显的突变特征,指示冲刷面的发育(图6)。图中B段为典型天然堤微相特征,岩性为褐色泥岩—细砂岩薄互层,泥岩发育水平层理,成像测井上表现为明显的明暗相间薄互层。图中A段为典型决口扇微相,GR曲线为漏斗形,反映逆粒序,岩性为灰白色细砂岩,成像测井上为明显的明暗截切的特征(图6)。总体自下而上由河床滞留—边滩沉积微相向天然堤—决口扇—河漫滩沉积序列过渡,指示典型的曲流河二元结构特征(图6)。

  • 5 古水流方向测井恢复

  • 古水流方向获取意义包括指导沉积相图编制,为注水开发提供指导(一般沿着古水流方向注水开采效率高)以及确定物源方向和砂体展布等等(何登春等,1984李军和王贵文,1997尹寿鹏和王贵文,1999)。确定物源方向的地质方法很多,如碎屑锆石测年等,而测井古水流恢复主要依托带有方向性的地层倾角和成像测井,确定单个井点古水流方向及垂向上变化(付建伟等,2021)。目前测井古水流方向识别方法主要有地层倾角蓝模式法和成像测井构造校正法,主要依托的就是地层倾角和成像测井定向性的优势(李军和王贵文,1997何小胡等,2011Lai Jin et al.,2018付建伟等,2021赖锦等,2021)。

  • 地层倾角蓝模式法,统计目的层段内所有蓝模式矢量的方向,取其主要方向代表古水流,因蓝模式的倾角组合代表了砾石层或砂岩的纹层收敛方向,因而可以指示古水流方向(付建伟等,2021赖锦等,2021)。此外,成像测井还可通过拾取扁平砾石定向排列方向、冲刷面倾向产状最终确定古水流方向,但该方法适用于没有经过构造变动的地层,如果经历了构造变动,那么同样需要进行构造校正才能恢复真正的古水流方向(赖锦等,2022)。

  • 成像测井构造校正法获取古水流主要包括3个步骤:①拾取斜层理、沉积层理倾斜方向,得到沉积层理走向玫瑰花图;②通过读取高GR泥岩内部层理的倾斜方向或者砂泥岩界面的产状,作为构造产状,因为泥岩一般沉积的时候水平,后期发生构造变动,厚层泥岩的产状往往可以作为构造产状;③进行构造校正,即将泥岩恢复到水平方向,那么临近的砂岩沉积层理的走向即为其沉积时期的古水流方向(Xu Chunming et al.,2009Morris et al.,2016Lai Jin et al.,2018赖锦等,2024b)。

  • 库车坳陷大北克深地区白垩系巴什基奇克组沉积相编图时,虽然已经确定物源主要来自于北部的南天山造山带,其沉积体系也基本确定为扇三角洲或辫状河三角洲(张荣虎等,2015Lai Jin et al.,2018),但三角洲平原及前缘的辫状河道与水下分流河道具体如何延伸,砂体如何展布,则尚不明确。通过研究区各个单井古水流方向测井恢复,可以看到,各个单井古水流方向基本为近于自北向南,这与研究区区域地质背景相吻合(图7)。同时单井古水流方向的恢复为沉积相编图时河道的延伸与砂体展布确定提供了指导。

  • 6 测井沉积学与储层评价

  • 沉积微相控制储层的矿物成分、颗粒粒度及分选等,受后期成岩与构造改造影响,不同沉积微相类别下的储层品质差异明显(郭智等,2013Lai Jin et al.,2017肖承文等,2022赖锦等,2023b吴永平等,2025)。甚至同一沉积微相内部,由于垂向上水动力条件和物源供给的变化,导致垂向上沉积物成分、结构和构造等不同,从而造就储层品质的差异性变化(郭智等,2013赖锦等,2013张祥龙等,2020)。沉积微相控制了砂体展布,与成岩作用一起决定了基质孔隙发育(赖锦等,2014),甚至还决定了裂缝的发育情况(赖锦等,2015)。沉积微相精细研究可对砂体进行解剖并揭示储层内部非均质性(赖锦等,2018卿繁等,2020肖承文等,2022),因此测井沉积学研究可进一步指导储层分类评价与预测工作(张祥龙等,2020)。

  • 库车坳陷大北克深地区白垩系巴什基奇克组辫状河三角洲沉积体系中,骨架砂体主要由水下分流河道与河口坝构成(图7)(张荣虎等,2015赖锦等,2018)。其中,水下分流河道为平原河道在水下的延续部分,该砂体具有由粗到细的正韵律特征,常规测井上为钟形,部分均质粒序的水下分流河道砂体表现为箱形,由于水动力能量强,颗粒粒度较粗,分选好,具备形成优质储层的岩石学特征基础。河口砂坝沉积韵律为向上变粗的反韵律或复合韵律,因而常规曲线特征为漏斗形。不同骨架砂体之间常被水下分流间湾泥岩所分隔,水下分流间湾泥岩高GR,为指形特征(图7)(赖锦等,2018)。

  • 图7 库车坳陷白垩系巴什基奇克组古水流分布平面图(张荣虎等,2015Lai Jin et al.,2018

  • Fig.7 Paleocurrent direction determination from image logs of Cretaceous Bashijiqike Formation in the Kuqa depression (Zhang Ronghu et al., 2015&; Lai Jin et al., 2018)

  • 通过单井沉积微相识别及其与物性耦合关系发现,正粒序(钟形GR测井曲线)水下分流河道物性往往较好,且孔隙度向上逐渐变差,说明同一河道砂体,随着水动力能量降低,颗粒粒度向上变细,泥质含量增加,砂体抗压实能力逐渐变弱,因此孔隙度逐渐变差(图8)。而大套箱形GR曲线为特征的均质粒序水下分流河道,孔隙度向上反而有降低的趋势,说明对于大套水下分流河道而言,在颗粒粒度与矿物成分基本一致的情况下,储层物性还受到后期成岩作用以及裂缝发育特征的控制(Lai Jin et al.,2019)(图8)。当然高GR测井曲线代表水下分流间湾沉积微相,其储集物性最差(图8)。

  • 反粒序河口坝砂体相对较薄,对应常规测井曲线为漏斗形,成像测井也表现为下暗上亮的反粒序特征,在同一河口坝沉积微相内,孔隙度明显受到粒度控制。河口坝顶部的粗粒砂岩明显孔隙度最高,而底部的相对粒度较细的砂岩孔隙度则降低(图9)。

  • 7 时代意义及结束语

  • 目前中国油气勘探开发已全面进入“陆上深层、海上深水、非常规油气以及老油田剩余油挖掘”,即“两深一非一老”新的历史阶段(贾承造,2023赖锦等,2025b)。测井沉积学研究紧贴时代发展主题,一方面将继续服务于深层超深层领域碎屑岩与碳酸盐岩沉积储层评价与预测工作(Wilson et al.,2013赖锦等,2020Fan Hua et al.,2021Lai Jin et al.,2021)。另外一方面对于缺乏露头和取芯的海上油田,测井沉积学可指导岩性识别、沉积构造拾取、古水流方向判别等工作(杨玉卿等,20042012何小胡等,2011)。同时在非常规油气勘探开发过程中,测井沉积学可实现页岩等岩相及其组合特征精细识别与评价预测,为地质与工程双“甜点”预测提供重要依据(Ozkan et al.,2011Zou Caineng et al.,2022Lai Jin et al.,2022赖锦等,2023a)。对于老油田而言,开发井取芯少但井网较为密集,测井资料是揭示单砂体和剩余油分布的重要支撑手段(李栋等,2022)。

  • 陆上深层超深层以及海上深水领域开展沉积学研究面临的共同问题都是缺乏取芯资料,尤其是海上油田同时缺乏露头信息,因此利用测井资料信息量大、数据连续和垂向分辨率高的优势从常规曲线和成像测井图像中解读出沉积学信息意义重大(杨玉卿等,2004赖锦等,2018)。而页岩油气等非常规油气岩相的识别与评价是油气勘探开发的重要基础(马永生等,2022赖锦等,2023a)。页岩等非常规油气评价仅仅利用常规曲线形态与幅度等难以划分页岩沉积微相与岩相(谭玉涵等,2019),因此可通过成像测井资料通过切片处理等拾取毫米级的纹层特征(纹层状、层状、块状),进一步通过LithoScanner测井识别页岩三端元(黏土/长英质、碳酸盐)矿物组分,结合TOC含量(1%、2%为低、中、高有机质含量分界)的测井计算,即可实现TOC—纹层结构—矿物组分的岩相划分,如富含TOC块状长英质页岩相(柳波等,2021赖锦等,2023a)。

  • 图8 库车坳陷白垩系巴什基奇克组典型水下分流河道砂体物性变化特征(KS201井)

  • Fig.8 Reservoir property variation of typical underwater distributary channels of Cretaceous Bashijiqike Formation in Kuqa Depression (KS 201)

  • 图9 库车坳陷白垩系巴什基奇克组典型河口坝砂体物性变化特征(克深2-2-12井)

  • Fig.9 Reservoir property variation of typical river mouth bar of Cretaceous Bashijiqike Formation in Kuqa Depression (Keshen 2-2-12)

  • 测井沉积学发展与沉积学、测井技术以及油气勘探开发需求密切相关。随着沉积学科理论的发展创新、地球物理测井新技术的融入以及人工智能等方法引入,必将使得测井资料更广泛地运用至岩性判别、沉积构造拾取、沉积序列评价、古水流恢复以及储层评价与预测工作中。同时测井资料可为天文旋回解释、古环境恢复以及古气候分析提供资料支持,如自然伽马能谱测井中铀(U)、钍(Th)、钾(K)含量,是恢复沉积盆地古环境、古气候的重要手段(闫建平等,2017赖锦等,2021彭军等,2022Lai Jin et al.,2024b彭诚等,2025)。测井与沉积学前沿相结合最终可以更好地解决油气勘探开发实践工作中的实践问题并推动沉积学科的发展。

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