en
×

分享给微信好友或者朋友圈

使用微信“扫一扫”功能。
作者简介:

侯德华,男,1989年生,硕士,高级工程师,主要从事区域地质矿产调查研究;E-mail: dhhou@qq.com。

通讯作者:

潘志龙,男,1983年生,硕士,正高级工程师,主要从事区域地质矿产调查研究;E-mail: 15304570@qq.com。

参考文献
高永丰, 侯增谦, 魏瑞华. 2003. 冈底斯晚第三纪斑岩的岩石学、地球化学及其地球动力学意义. 岩石学报, 19(3): 418~428.
参考文献
李春稼, 张洪瑞, 罗迪柯, 靳立杰, 高继雷, 王子圣, 梁云汉, 贾鹏飞, 刘伟, 张攀. 2024. 安哥拉东北部地区Inkisi组碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄、地球化学特征及其地质意义. 地质论评, 70(3): 1031~1046.
参考文献
李永军, 李甘雨, 佟丽莉, 杨高学, 王冉. 2015. 玄武岩类形成的大地构造环境Ta, Hf, Th, La, Zr, Nb比值对比判别. 地球科学与环境学报, 37(3): 14~21.
参考文献
王芳, 彭澎, 陈超, 胡洪飞, 黄冬琴, 陈福坤, 翟明国. 2021. 冀北独石口古元古代变辉长闪长岩的成因及其地质意义. 岩石学报, 37(1): 269~283.
参考文献
Affaton P, Kalsbeek F, Boudzoumou F, Trompette R, Thrane K, Frei R. 2016. The Pan-African West Congo belt in the Republic of Congo (Congo Brazzaville): Stratigraphy of the Mayombe and West Congo Supergroups studied by detrital zircon geochronology. Precambrian Research, 2016(272): 185~202.
参考文献
Alkmim F F, Marshak S, Fonseca M A. 2001. Assembling West Gondwana in the Neoproterozoic: clues from the São Francisco craton region, Brazil. Geology, 29(4): 319~322.
参考文献
Alkmim F F, Marshak S, Pedrosa-Soares A C, Peres G G, Pereira Cruz S C, Whittington A. 2006. Kinematic evolution of the Aracuai—West Congo orogen in Brazil and Africa: Nutcracker tectonics during the Neoproterozoic assembly of Gondwana. Precambrian Research, 149(1): 43~64.
参考文献
Amaral L, Caxito F A, Pedrosa-Soares A C, Queiroga G, Babinski M, Trindade R, Lana C, Chemale F. 2020. The Ribeirão da Folha ophiolite-bearing accretionary wedge (Ara ç uaí orogen, SE Brazil): new data for Cryogenian plagiogranite and metasedimentary rocks. Precambrian Research, 336: 105522.
参考文献
Atherton M P, Petford N. 1993. Generation of sodium-rich magmas from newly underplated basaltic crust. Nature, 362(6146): 144~146.
参考文献
Cavalcante C, Fossen H, De Almeida R P, Hollanda Maria Helena B M, Egydio-Silva M. 2019. Reviewing the puzzling intracontinental termination of the Aracuai-West Congo orogenic belt and its implications for orogenic development. Precambrian Research, 322: 85~98.
参考文献
Caxito F A, Hartmann L A, Heilbron M, Pedrosa-Soares A C, Bruno H, Basei M A S, Chemale F. 2020. Multi-proxy evidence for subduction of the Neoproterozoic Adamastor Ocean and Wilson cycle tectonics in the South Atlantic Brasiliano Orogenic System of Western Gondwana. Precambrian Research, 376: 106678.
参考文献
Gradim C, Roncato J, Pedrosa-Soares1 A C, Cordani U, Dussin1 I, Alkmim F F, Queiroga G, Jacobsohn T, Silva D L C, Babinski M. 2014. The hot back-arc zone of the Ara ç uaí orogen, Eastern Brazil: from sedimentation to granite generation. Brazilian Journal of Geology, 44(1): 155~180.
参考文献
Defant M J, Drummond M S. 1990. Derivation of some modern arc magmas by melting of young subducted lithosphere. Nature, 347(6294): 662~665.
参考文献
Drummon M S, Defant M J. 1990. A model for trondhjemite—tonalite—dacite genesis and crustal growth via slab melting: Archean to modern comparisons. Journal of Geophysical Research, 95(B13): 21503~21521.
参考文献
Fossen H, Cavalcante C, Konopásek J, Meria V T, De Almeida R P, Hollanda Maria Helena B M, Trompette R. 2020. A critical discussion of the subduction—collision model for the Neoproterozoic Arauaí~West Congo orogen. Precambrian Research, 343: 105715.
参考文献
Gao Yongfeng, Hou Zengqian, Wei Ruihua. 2003&. Neogene porohyries from Gangdese: petrological, geochemical characteristics and geodynamic signficances. Acta petrologica Sinica, 19(3): 418~428.
参考文献
Gaucher C, Frimmel H E, Germs G J B. 2009. Tectonic events and palaeogeographic evolution of southwestern Gondwana in the Neoproterozoic and Cambrian. Developments in Precambrian Geology, 16: 295~316.
参考文献
Goncalves L, Farina F, Cristiano L, Pedrosa-Soares A C, Fernando A, herminio A N J. 2014. New U-Pb ages and lithochemical attributes of the Ediacaran Rio Doce magmatic arc, Ara ç uaí confined orogen, southeastern Brazil. Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 52(7): 129~148.
参考文献
Green T H. 1980. Island arc and continent-building magmatism: A review of petrogenic models based on experimental petrology and geochemistry. Tectonophysics, 63(1/4): 367~385.
参考文献
Grove T L, Elkins-Tanton L T, Parman S W, Chatterjee N, Müntener O, Gaetani G A. 2003. Fractional crystallization andmantle-melting controls on calc-alkaline differentiation trends. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 145(5): 515~533.
参考文献
Hofmann A W. 1988. Chemical differentiation of the Earth: the relationship between mantle, continental crust, and oceanic crust. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 90(3): 297~314.
参考文献
Hartnady C, Joubert P, Stowe C. 1985. Proterozoic crustal evolution in southwestern Africa. International Union of Geological Sciences, 8(4): 236~244.
参考文献
Heilbron M, Cordani U G, Alkmim F F. 2017. Tectonic Genealogy of a Miniature Continent. Berlin: Springer International Publishing, 10: 321~331.
参考文献
Kelemen P B. 1995. Genesis of high Mg# andesites and the continental crust. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 120(1): 1~19.
参考文献
Konopasek J, Cavalcante C, Fossen H, Janousek V. 2020. Adamastor~an ocean that never existed? Earth-Science Reviews, 205: 103201.
参考文献
Kuchenbecker M, Pedrosa-Soares A C, Babinski M, Fanning M. 2015. Detrital zircon age patterns and provenance assessment for pre-glacial to post-glacial successions of the Neoproterozoic Macaúbas Group, Ara ç uaí orogen, Brazil. Precambrian Research, 266: 12~26.
参考文献
Li Chunjia, Zhang Hongrui, Luo Dike, Jin Lijie, Gao Jilei, Wang Zisheng, Liang Yunhan, Jia Pengfe, Liu Wei, Zhang Pan. 2024&. U-Pb dating of detrital zircons and geochemical characteristics of Inkisi Formation in the northeastern Angola area. Geological Review, 70(3): 1031~1046.
参考文献
Li Yongjun, Li Ganyu, Tong Lili, Yang Gaoxue, Wang Ran. 2015& . Discrimination of ratios of Ta, Hf, Th, La, Zr and Nb for tectonic settings in basalts. Journal of Earth Sciences & Environment, 37(3): 14~21.
参考文献
Liu Yongsheng, Hu Zhaochu, Zong Keqing, Gao Changgui, Gao Shan, Xu Juan, Chen Haihong. 2010. Reappraisement and refinement of zircon U-Pb isotope and trace element analyses by LA-ICP-MS. Chinese Science Bulletin, 55(15): 1535~1546.
参考文献
Ludwig K R. 2003. ISOPLOT 3. 00: A Geochrnological Tool kit for Microsoft Excel. Berkeley: Berkeley Geochronology Center, California.
参考文献
Maniar P D, Piccoli P M. 1989. Tectonic discrimination of granitoids. Geological Society of American Bulletin, 101(5): 635~643.
参考文献
Martin H. 1999. Adakitic magmas: modem analogues of Archaean granitoids. Lithos, 46(3): 411~429.
参考文献
Middlemost E A K. 1994. Naming materials in the magma/igneous rock system. Annual Review of Earth & Planetary Sciences, 37(3/4): 215~224.
参考文献
Morris R A, DeBari S M, Busby C, Medynski S, Jicha B R. 2019. Building arc crust: Plutonic to volcanic connections in an extensional oceanic arc, the Southern Alisitos Arc, Baja California. Journal of Petrology, 60(6): 1195~1228.
参考文献
Patrick M, Delphine B, Olivier B, Alain V, Yann R, Pedro N, Andre B T. 2012. The Late Neoproterozoic-Early Palaeozoic evolution of the West Congo Belt of NW Angola: Geochronological (U-Pb and Ar-Ar) and petrostructural constraints. Terra Nova, 24(3): 238~247.
参考文献
Paula-Santos G M, Babibski M, Kuchenbecker M, Caetano-Filho S, Trindade R I, Pedrosa-Soares A C. 2015. New evidence of an Ediacaran age for the Banbuí Group in southern São Francisco craton (eastern Brazil) from zircon U-Pb data and isotope chemostratigraphy. Gondwana Research, 28: 702~720.
参考文献
Pearce J A, Peate D W. 1995. Tectonic implications of the composition of volcanic Arc magmas. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 23(1): 251~285.
参考文献
Pearce J A, Parkinson I J. 1993. Trace element models for mantle melting: application to volcanic arc petrogenesis. Geological Science & Technology Information, 76(1): 373~403.
参考文献
Pearce J A. 1996. Sources and Settings of Granitic Rocks. Episodes, 19(4): 120~125.
参考文献
Peccerillo A, Taylor S R. 1976. Geochemistry of Eocene calc-alkaline volcanic rocks from the Kastamonu area, Northern Turkey. Contributions to Mineralogy & Petrology, 58(1): 63~81.
参考文献
Pedrosa-Soares A C, Noce C M, Vidal P, Monteiro R L B P, Leonardos O H. 1992. Toward a new tectonic model for the Late Proterozoic Ara ç uaí (SE Brazil)——West Congolian (SW Africa) belt. Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 6(1/2): 33~47.
参考文献
Pedrosa-Soares A C, Vidal P, Leonardos O H, Brito-Neves B B. 1998. Neoproterozoic oceanic remnants in eastern Brazil: further evidence and refutation of an exclusively ensialic evolution for the Ara ç uaí—West Congo Orogen. Geology, 26(6): 519~522.
参考文献
Pedrosa-Soares A C, Noce C M, Wiedemann C M, Pinto C P. 2001. The Ara ç uaí—West Congo Orogen in Brazil: an overview of a confined orogen formed during Gondwanaland assembly. Precambrian Research, 110(1/4): 307~323.
参考文献
Pedrosa-Soares A C, Campos C, Noce C M, Silva L C, Novo T, Roncato J, Medeiros S, Castaeda C, Queiroga G, Dantas E, Dussin I, Alkmim F F. 2011. Late Neoproterozoic—Cambrian granitic magmatism in the Ara ç uaí orogen (Brazil), the Eastern Brazilian Pegmatite Province and related mineral resources. Geological Society, London, Special Publication, 350: 25~51.
参考文献
Porada H. 1979. The Damara—Ribeira orogen of the Pan-African brasiliano cycle in Namibia (Southwest Africa) and Brazil as interpreted in terms of continental collision. Tectonophysics, 57(2/4): 237~265.
参考文献
Porada H. 1989. Pan-African rifting and orogenesis in southern to equatorial Africa and eastern Brazil. Precambrian Research, 44(2): 103~136.
参考文献
Queiroga G N. 2010. Caracteriza ç ão de restos de litosfera oceânica do Orógeno Ara ç uaí entre os paralelos 17° e 21°S. Instituto de Geociências, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais PhD thesis.
参考文献
Sengör A M C. 1990. Plate Tectonics and Orogenic Research after 25 Years: a Tethyan Perspective. Earth-science Reviews, 27(1/2): 1~201.
参考文献
Sisson T W. 1994. Hornblende-melt trace-element partitioning measured by ion microprobe. Chemical Geology, 117(1/4): 331~344.
参考文献
Sun S S, McDonough W F. 1989. Chemical and Isotopic Systematics of Oceanic Basalts: Implications for Mantle Composition and Processes. In: Saunders A D, Norry M J, eds. Magmatism in the Ocean Basins. Geological Society, Landon, Special Publication, 42: 313~345.
参考文献
Süssenberger A, Neves B, Wemmer K. 2014. Dating low-grade metamorphism and deformation of the Espinha ç o Supergroup in the Chapada Diamantina (Bahia, NE Brazil): A K/Ar fine-fraction study. Brazilian Journal of Geology, 44(2): 207~220.
参考文献
Tack L, Wingate M T, Liégeois J P, Fernandez-Alonso M, Deblond A. 2001. Early neoproterozoic magmatism (1000~910 Ma) of the Zadinian and Mayumbian groups (Bas-Congo): onset of Rodinia rifting at the western edge of the Congo craton. Precambrian Research, 110(1): 277~306.
参考文献
Tatsumi Y. 1982. Origin of high-magnesian andesites in the Setouchi volcanic belt, southwest Japan, II. Melting phase relations at high pressures. Earth & Planetary Science Letters, 60(2): 305~317.
参考文献
Tatsumi Y. 2006. High-Mg andesites in the Setouchi volcanic belt, southwestern Japan: Analogy to Archean magmatism and continental crust formation? Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 34(1): 467~499.
参考文献
Taylor S R, Mclennan S M. 1985. The continental crust: its composition and evolution. The Journal of Geology, 94(4): 57~72.
参考文献
Tedeschi M, Novo T, Pedrosa-Soares A C, Dussin I, Tassinari C, Silva L C, Goncalves L, Alkmim F, Lana C, Figueiredo, Celia. 2016. The Ediacaran Rio Doce magmatic arc revisited (Arauaí—Ribeira orogenic system, SE Brazil). Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 68(jul. ): 167~186.
参考文献
Trompette R. 1994. Geology of Western Gondwana (2000~500 Ma). In: Pan-African/Brasiliano Aggregation of South America and Africa. A. A. Balkema, Rotterdam, 350.
参考文献
Wang Fang, Peng Peng, Chen Chao, Hu Hongfei, Huang Dongqin, Chen Fukun, Zhai Mingguo. 2021&. Petrogenesis and geological significance of the Paleoproterozoic Dushikou metagabbro—diorite in northern Hebei Province. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 37(1): 269~283.
参考文献
Wang Y, Fan W, Guo F. 2003. Geochemistry of early Mesozoic potassium-rich diorites—granodiorites in southeastern Hunan Province, South China: Petrogenesis and tectonic implications. Geochemical Journal, 37(4): 427~448.
参考文献
Weaver B L. 1991. The origin of ocean island basalt end-member compositions: Trace element and isotopic constraints. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 104(2/4): 381~397.
参考文献
Wiedenbeck M, Priyanka A, Corfu F Y, William L G, Meier M, Oberli F V, Quadt A V, Roddick J C, Spiegel W. 1995. Three natural zircon standards for U-Th-Pb, Lu-Hf, trace element and REE analyses. Geostandards newsletter, 19(1): 1~23.
参考文献
Wiedenbeck M, Hanchar J M, Peck W H, Sylvester P, ValleyJ, Whitehouse M, Kronz A, Morishita Y, Nasdala L, Fiebig J. 2004. Further characterisation of the 91500 zircon crystal. Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research, 28(1): 9~39.
参考文献
Wood D A. 1980. The application of a Th-Hf-Ta diagram to problems of tectonomagmatic classification. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 50(1): 1~30.
参考文献
Xu J F, Shinjo R, Defant M J, Wang Q, Rapp RP. 2002. Origin of Mesozoic adakitic intrusive rocks in the Ningzhen area of east China: Partial melting of delaminated lower continental crust?. Geology, 30(12): 1111~1114.
目录contents

    摘要

    阿拉索伊—西刚果(Ara ç uaí—West Congo)造山带是新元古代巴西利亚—泛非运动的产物,属于阿达马斯托洋的北部分支,发育了一个完整的威尔逊旋回。阿拉索伊带研究程度较高,发育新元古代—寒武纪与俯冲碰撞有关的花岗岩套;而西刚果造山带该时期的岩浆岩却鲜有报道,甚至其存在性也遭到质疑,西刚果带是否存在与新元古代—寒武纪俯冲碰撞有关的花岗岩,值得继续研究。笔者等通过研究安哥拉西北部新发现的石英闪长岩与石英二长闪长岩岩石学、锆石U-Pb年代学和地球化学,分析岩石成因及形成的构造环境,揭示西刚果造山带埃迪卡拉纪(约相当于震旦纪)构造转折过程,并探讨埃迪卡拉纪阿达马斯托洋构造演化进程。石英闪长岩和石英二长闪长岩锆石U-Pb年龄分别为578.0±2.3Ma和543.9±2.6 Ma,属于新元古代埃迪卡拉纪中期和末期侵入体。石英闪长岩富含角闪石、黑云母、斜长石,属于准铝质中钾钙碱性系列,富集大离子亲石元素Ba、K等,亏损Th、U、Ta、Nb、P、Ti等高场强元素,稀土配分曲线为LREE富集的右倾型,具岛弧岩浆岩特征,是俯冲机制下壳—幔混合作用的产物,可类比与阿拉索伊带G1岩套。石英二长闪长岩富含黑云母、斜长石,属于高钾钙碱性过铝质岩石,相对于石英闪长岩,富集SiO2、K2O、Na2O、Al2O3,P2O5,贫CaO、MgO、Fe2O3T,是后碰撞背景下镁铁质下地壳部分熔融的产物,可类比与阿拉索伊带G3岩套。研究表明,西刚果造山带存在与新元古代造山有关的钙碱性岩浆弧。两期岩浆岩年龄(578.0 Ma vs. 543.9 Ma)、地球化学特征以及构造背景差异显著,表明西刚果造山带在埃迪卡拉纪中期至末期经历了俯冲至后碰撞的构造背景转换。

    Abstract

    Objectives: In order to reveal the Ediacaran tectonic transition process of West Congo orogenic Belt, this paper studies the petrology, zircon U-Pb chronology and geochemistry of the newly discovered quartz diorite and quartz monzodiorite in the northwest of Angola, analyzes the genesis of the rocks and the tectonic environment.

    Methods: On the basis of field work, the systematic analysis of quartz diorite and quartz monzodiorite is carried out through microscopic observation, rock chemical analysis and LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb isotope chronology.

    Results: The zircon U-Pb ages of quartz diorite and quartz monzodiorite are 578.0±2.3 Ma and 543.9±2.6 Ma respectively, belonging to the middle and late intrusions of Neoproterozoic Ediacaran. Quartz diorite is rich in hornblende, biotite and plagioclase, belonging to the quasi-aluminous potassium-calc-alkaline series. It has the characteristics of island arc magmatic rocks, enriched with large ion lithophile elements such as Ba and K, deficient in Th, U, Ta, Nb, P, Ti and other high field strength elements, and the rare earth partition curve is right-leaning type of LREE enrichment. Quartz monzodiorite is rich in biotite and plagioclase and belongs to high potassium calc alkaline peraluminous rock. Compared with quartz diorite, it is rich in K2O, Na2O, Al2O3, P2O5 and poor in CaO, MgO, Fe2O3T. It enriched large ion lithophilic elements such as Rb, Ba and K (LILE) and high field strength elements such as Hf and Zr, and lost high field strength elements such as Th, U, Ta, Nb and Ti (HFSE). The rare earth partition curve was a right-leaning type with strong LREE enrichment.

    Conclusions: There are two stages of magmatic activities, namely subduction (quartz diorite, 578.0±2.3 Ma) and post-collision (543.9±2.6 Ma), in West Congo belt, confirming the existence of the Pan-African calcium-alkaline magmatic arc. Quartz diorite is the product of crust—mantle mixing under subduction mechanism, which can be compared with the G1 suite in Ara ç uaí belt. Quartz monzoniorite is the product of partial melting of the mafic lower crust under the post-collision background, which can be likened to the G3 suite in Ara ç uaí belt. The northern section of Adamastor Ocean is in a continuous subduction stage at 578.0 Ma, and the closure time is no later than 543.9 Ma. The time when West Congo Belt turned from subduction to collision structure is the middle to late of Ediacaran.

  • 受新元古代晚期—早古生代巴西利亚/泛非(Brasilia/Pan Africa)运动影响,圣弗朗西斯科—刚果(São Francisco—Congo)、拉普拉塔河(Rio de la Plata)、亚马逊(Amazonian)、西非(West Africa)、坦桑尼亚(Tanzania)和卡拉哈里(Kalahari)克拉通进行拼贴形成西冈瓦纳大陆,当时至少有数个大洋将这些克拉通分开。Porada(19791989)首次详细解释了南美洲和南大西洋非洲两侧新元古代造山系的地质演化。Hartnady等(1985)首次提出了阿达马斯托洋(Adamastor Ocean)的概念,其囊括的造山带从北至南依次为阿拉索伊—西刚果带(Ara ç uaí—West Congo)、里贝拉带(Ribeira)、唐费利西亚努带(Dom Feliciano)、夏利普带(Gariep)、达马拉带(Damara)和卡奥带(Kaoko)(图1a),此后学者一直以阿达马斯托洋的名称讨论相关造山带形成前洋壳的存在、范围和俯冲(Konopasek et al.,2020)。阿拉索伊—西刚果造山带作为众多巴西利亚/泛非造山系之一,演化从新元古代开始一直持续到寒武纪—奥陶纪,中生代期间因南大西洋洋盆的打开而裂解,阿拉索伊造山带现在位于巴西东部,而西刚果带则环绕在中部非洲大西洋沿岸(Alkmim et al.,2006)。前人研究表明(Trompette,1994Pedrosa-Soares et al.,2001),阿拉索伊—西刚果带属于阿达马斯托洋的北部分支,发育了一个完整的威尔逊旋回。由于地域和经济原因,关于阿拉索伊造山带的研究颇多(Alkmim et al.,20012006Pedrosa-Soares et al.,20012011Paula-Santos et al.,2015Kuchenbecker et al.,2015Caxito et al.,2020),与巴西利亚/泛非运动有关的新元古代—寒武纪钙碱性花岗岩依次出露,包括与俯冲有关的弧花岗岩套、与碰撞有关的S型花岗岩,以及碰撞晚期至后碰撞的花岗岩套等。Pedrosa-Soares 等(20012011)根据年代学、构造环境等证据,将其划分为5个岩套(G1~G5),自此学者大都沿用该划分方案(图1b)。然而,在非洲西刚果带,与俯冲造山有关的新元古代钙碱性岩浆岩却鲜有报道,甚至部分学者认为随着大西洋的裂解,西刚果带并不存在与泛非造山有关的钙碱性岩浆岩(Sengör,1990Affaton et al.,2016Cavalcante et al.,2019Fossen et al.,2020Konopasek et al.,2020)。例如:Sengör(1990)认为,阿拉索伊—西刚果带钙碱性花岗岩仅在巴西多斯河(Rio Doce)弧附近发育,面积虽小而意义重大,如此小的钙碱性岩浆弧可能是大洋的宽度低于1000 km所致;Tack等(2001)认为在新元古代晚期冈瓦纳大陆拼合期间,受刚果克拉通厚岩石圈的保护,泛非运动对西刚果带影响有限,造成该带没有经历新元古代晚期岩浆活动。

  • 图1 西冈瓦纳大地构造格局(a)(据Pedrosa Soares et al.,2001)和阿拉索伊—西刚果造山带漂移前的重建简图(b) (据Pedrosa Soares et al.,2001改编)

  • Fig.1 The geotectonic framework of Western Gondwana (a) (after Pedrosa Soares et al., 2001) and sketch of the Ara ç uaí —West Congo Orogen in a predrift reconstruction (b) (modified from Pedrosa Soares et al., 2001)

  • 图1a: 1—巴西利亚/泛非带:A—阿拉索伊带;B—巴西利亚带;D—达马拉带;DF—多姆费利西亚诺带;G—夏利普带;K—考科带;R—里贝拉带;W—西刚果带;2—克拉通基底。图1b: 1—克拉通边界;2—阿拉索伊带内外构造域界线;3—巴西利亚—泛非构造形迹;4—新元古代洋壳残片;5—阿拉索伊带新元古代晚期钙碱性岩浆弧;6—西刚果带新元古代晚期钙碱性岩浆弧(推测);7—基底;8—构造朝向;9—变质程度(箭头指向温度升高)

  • Fig.1a: 1—Brasilia/Pan Africa belts: A—Ara ç uaí; B—Brasília; D—Damara; DF—Dom Feliciano; G—Gariep; K—Kaoko; R—Ribeira; W—West Congo; 2—cratonic basement. Fig.1b: 1—craton boundary; 2—limit between external and internal tectonic domains in the Ara ç uaí belt; 3—Brasiliano—Pan African structural trend; 4—zone of Neoproterozoic oceanic slivers; 5—late Neoproterozoic pre-to syn-collisional, calc-alkaline magmatic arc in the Ara ç uaí belt; 6—late Neoproterozoic pre-to syn-collisional, calc-alkaline magmatic arc in the West Cong belt (supposed) ; 7—basement; 8—tectonic vergence; 9—metamorphic polarity

  • 尽管阿拉索伊带岩浆岩研究已较成熟,西刚果带同期岩浆活动长期存疑(Sengör,1990Affaton et al., 2016)。笔者等以最近在安哥拉西北部1:250000区域地质调查中新发现的石英闪长岩和石英二长闪长岩为研究对象,首次报道该带埃迪卡拉纪中期—末期两期岩浆岩的精确年代学与地球化学数据,为西刚果带泛非造山运动提供岩浆岩记录,填补了阿达马斯托洋北段构造演化的关键空白。

  • 图2 阿拉索伊—西刚果造山带地质简图[(a)据Affaton et al.,2016修改;(b)据中信建设安哥拉分公司[2022]]

  • Fig.2 Geological map of Ara ç uaí—West Congo orogenic belt [ (a) Modified after Affaton et al., 2016; (b) after]

  • 1 地质背景及岩石学特征

  • 安哥拉西北部自西向东依次为海缘盆地、西刚果造山带和刚果盆地(图2a),其中海缘盆地属于典型的大西洋型被动陆缘盆地,由中新生代的海相—陆相碎屑岩、碳酸盐岩组成;西刚果带由再造基底、马永贝超群和部分褶皱变形的西刚果超群组成,其中再造基底主要由中新太古代—古元古代高级副片麻岩、混合岩及片麻状的变质侵入岩构成;马永贝超群主要由新元古代早期绿片岩相的变质沉积岩夹变质基性火山岩组成,受泛非运动影响,该群发育大规模的NNW—SSE向的线性紧闭褶皱; 近水平的新元古代上部地层near-horizontal Neoproterozoic upper strata近水平的新元古代上部地层near-horizontal Neoproterozoic upper strata西刚果超群主要由新元古代晚期低绿片岩相的变质沉积岩组成,靠近造山带一侧该群发生褶皱变形,向东远离造山带地层逐渐变为水平;刚果盆地属于陆内盆地,主要由未变形的新元古代—寒武纪地层和中新生代陆相碎屑岩组成(图2b)。研究区侵入岩可分为三个期次,分别为古元古代片麻状花岗岩,新元古代石英闪长岩、石英二长闪长岩以及晚三叠世正长岩—正长花岗岩杂岩体。本次在研究区内石英闪长岩和石英二长闪长岩进行取样。石英闪长岩出露于Musserra东侧20 km,以NW—SE向长板状展布,岩珠状产出,侵入古元古代地层,北西侧被晚三叠世正长岩—正长花岗岩吞噬,出露面积约为18 km2。石英二长闪长岩主要集中出露于卡西托市北东20 km,出露面积约为20 km2,呈岩株状产出,受北西向断裂系控制明显

  • 石英闪长岩风化面灰白色,新鲜面浅灰色,鳞片粒状变晶结构,片麻状构造,表面具球状风化特征(图3a、b)。主要由斜长石(50%±)、石英(10%±)、黑云母(20%±)、角闪石(20%±)及少量石榴子石组成。斜长石主呈他形粒状,个别近半自形板状,粒径多1.0~4.0 mm,少量0.2~1.0 mm,定向分布,轻微绢云母化;石英呈他形粒状,粒径0.1~3.0 mm,轻微波状、带状消光;角闪石呈他形柱状、粒状,粒径0.3~3.0 mm,主要与黑云母一起,多相对呈条纹状等聚集定向分布,镜下显绿色,多色性明显;黑云母呈鳞片—叶片状,直径<2.0 mm,与角闪石分布在一起,定向分布,镜下显棕色,多色性明显(图3c)。

  • 石英二长闪长岩风化面呈灰白色,具半自形粒状结构,块状构造,球状风化发育(图3d、e)。由斜长石(60%)、石英(10%)、碱性长石(8%)、黑云母(20%)和少量白云母(2%)组成。石英呈他形粒状,粒径多0.1~2.0 mm,集合体多呈似透镜状聚集定向分布,个别石英单晶呈条纹状,粒径达7.0 mm,具波状、带状消光;斜长石为中长石,呈他形粒状,个别近半自形板状晶形,粒径大部分1.0~5.0 mm,少量0.2~1.0 mm,定向分布,绢云母化、高岭土化,局部白云母化,部分具机械双晶、波状消光等现象;碱性长石为微斜长石,呈他形粒状,粒径<1.0 mm,零散可见,交代斜长石;黑云母呈鳞片—叶片状,片径<1.8 mm,多与角闪石等一起呈条纹状聚集定向分布,镜下显棕褐色,多色性明显;黑云母呈鳞片—叶片状,片径<2.0 mm,集合体呈条纹状聚集定向分布,镜下显红棕色,多色性明显,黑云母分布显不均匀状,少见被白云母交代;白云母呈鳞片—叶片状,片径<0.7 mm,主交代斜长石、黑云母(图3f)。副矿物以磷灰石、锆石、金红石和不透明矿物为主。

  • 图3 安哥拉西北部石英闪长岩(a)—(c)和石英二长闪长岩(d)—(f)宏观及显微特征

  • Fig.3 Macro-and microphotographs of the quartz diorite (a) — (c) and the quartz monzodiorite (d) — (f) in northwestern Angola

  • Qz—石英;Pl—斜长石;Hbl—角闪石;Bt—黑云母;Ms—白云母

  • Qz—quartz; Pl—plagioclase; Hbl—hornblende; Bt—biotite; Ms—muscovite

  • 2 分析方法

  • 锆石单矿物分选由河北省区域地质调查院实验室完成,锆石制靶、CL照相及锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb同位素测试在核工业北京地质研究院分析测试研究中心完成。测试仪器为GeoLasPro 193 nm准分子激光器和ELEMENT XR型高分辨电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(HR-ICP-MS),测试过程中激光束斑直径为24 μm或32 μm,剥蚀深度为20~40 um,频率为6 Hz,能量密度为7 J/cm2。采用美国国家标准参考物质NIST610作为微量元素含量测定的外标,采用标准锆石91500(Wiedenbeck et al.,19952004)作为定年外标,采用标准锆石Plesovice作为监控样品。采用软件ICP-MSData Cal对样品的测试数据进行后期处理(Liu et al.,2010),年龄计算和谐和图的绘制采用Isoplot 3.0完成(Ludwig,2003)。

  • 样品的主量和痕量元素分析分析均由核工业北京地质研究院分析测试研究中心完成。主量元素(SiO2、TiO2、Al2O3、Fe2O3、MgO、MnO、Na2O、K2O、CaO、P2O5)分析测试采用X射线荧光光谱法(XRF),所用仪器为荷兰帕纳科Axios X 荧光仪,分析误差小于3%;FeO采用滴定法分析完成;灼烧减量、H2O+和H2O用重量法完成。微量元素和稀土元素分析采用HF+HClO3+HNO3溶解样品,王水复溶,在线加入Rh内标溶液,用Thermofisher X SeriesⅡ型ICP-MS完成测定,分析相对误差为1%~5%。

  • 3 分析结果

  • 3.1 锆石U-Pb年龄

  • 笔者等对上述石英闪长岩、石英二长闪长岩样品中的51颗锆石进行U-Pb同位素年龄测试,相关年龄数据结果见表1。

  • 石英闪长岩中锆石多数呈短柱状或长柱状,少数等轴状,半自形—自形,锆石边部具轻微熔蚀特征,振荡环带发育(图4),Th/U指主要集中于0.42~0.74,仅3颗锆石Th/U指小于0.4,可能受溶蚀影响,总体显示为岩浆锆石特征。对晶形较好的27颗锆石共分析了27个测点,其中14、20号测点谐和度小于90%,给与剔除。剩余25颗锆石中206Pb/238U年龄在568~590 Ma之间,加权平均年龄为578.0±2.3 Ma(图5),可代表该样品的结晶年龄,因此石英闪长岩属于新元古代埃迪卡拉纪中期岩浆产物。

  • 石英二长闪长岩中锆石样品较破碎,多呈不规则状,粒度大小多数在70~120 μm之间。阴极发光图像下,锆石呈白色或灰白色,内部组成较均匀,具有明显的韵律环带,振荡环带一般较宽,显示中基性岩浆锆石的环带特征(图6)。共在24 颗锆石上进行了24 个数据点分析,用于测试的锆石 Th、U 含量分别为28×10-6~103×10-6 和42×10-6~126×10-6,Th/U 值为0.52~0.96,属岩浆成因。在锆石 U-Pb 年龄谐和图中,206Pb/238U 加权平均年龄为 543.9±2.6 Ma(图7),可代表石英二长闪长岩结晶年龄,指示其为新元古代埃迪卡拉纪末期岩浆产物。

  • 3.2 主量元素特征

  • 石英闪长岩、石英二长闪长岩主量、微量、稀土元素含量分析结果见表2。

  • 图4 安哥拉西北部石英闪长岩锆石阴极发光(CL)图像与206Pb/238U年龄

  • Fig.4 Cathodoluminescence (CL) images and 206Pb/238U ages of zircons from the quartz diorite in northwestern Angola

  • 表1 安哥拉西北部石英闪长岩和石英二长闪长岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb分析结果

  • Table1 LA-ICP-MS U-Pb dating results of the zircons from the quartz diorite and quartz monzodiorite in northwestern Angola

  • 图5 安哥拉西北部石英闪长岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄谐和图及加权平均年龄图(a)和年龄分布图(b)

  • Fig.5 U-Pb concordia diagram (a) and ages distribution diagram (b) of the zircons from the quartz diorite in northwestern Angola

  • 图6 安哥拉西北部石英二长闪长岩锆石阴极发光(CL)图像与206Pb/238U年龄

  • Fig.6 Cathodoluminescence (CL) images and 206Pb/238U ages of zircons from the quartz monzodiorite in northwestern Angola

  • 表2 安哥拉西北部石英闪长岩和石英二长闪长岩全岩主量元素(%)、微量元素和稀土元素(×10-6)分析结果

  • Table2 Major (%) , trace elements and REE (×10-6) of the quartz diorite and the quartz monzodiorite in northwestern Angola

  • 图7 安哥拉西北部石英二长闪长岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄谐和图及加权平均年龄图(a)和年龄分布图(b)

  • Fig.7 U-Pb concordia diagram (a) and ages distribution diagram (b) of the zircons from the quartz monzodiorite in northwestern Angola

  • 石英闪长岩SiO2含量整体偏低,变化范围为52.14%~53.86%,Al2O3较高,变化范围为18.06%~20.58%;MgO为2.08%~5.01%,Mg#为47.4~51.5,Na2O为2.36%~4.35%,K2O为1.2%~1.8%,ALK含量3.70%~6.15%,K2O/Na2O为0.41~0.6,里特曼指数σ为1.26~3.84,碱度率(AR)为2.41~2.59;铝饱和指数A/CNK=0.88~0.97,A/NK=2.26~3.45。在TAS 图解(图8a)中,一个样品落于 Irvine 线下方闪长岩区,其余均落于Irvine 线附近二长闪长岩区。样品SiO2含量略大于52%,化学成分虽已接近基性岩,但根据TAS图解,位于中性岩—基性岩过度区域;且根据显微镜下矿物鉴定,石英含量约为10%,因此综合定名为石英闪长岩。在SiO2—AR图解(图8b)中,样品落入钙碱性系列区;在K2O—SiO2图解(图8c)中,样品落入中钾钙碱性—高钾钙碱性系列区。在铝饱和图解(图8d)中均落在准铝质区域,岩石属准铝质。综上该石英闪长岩属中钾钙碱性准铝质岩石。

  • 石英二长闪长岩 SiO2变化范围55.61%~59.68%,Al2O3较高,变化范围17.24%~23.15%,MgO为 1.44%~3.32%,Na2O为2.89%~4.43%,K2O为1.74%~2.27%,全碱(ALK)含量5.16%~6.35%,岩石均富钠贫钾,里特曼指数σ为1.58~3.02,碱度率(AR)为1.50~1.61;铝饱和指数A/CNK值为1.13~1.28,A/NK值为 2.39~2.61。在TAS 图解(图8a)中,样品均落入石英二长闪长岩/石英二长辉长岩区,整体属于亚碱性系列,与显微镜下矿物定名一致。在SiO2—AR图解(图8b)中,样品落入钙碱性系列区;在K2O—SiO2 图解(图8c)中,样品落入高钾钙碱性系列区。在铝饱和图解(图8d)中均落在过铝质区域,岩石属强过铝质。综上该石英二长闪长岩属高钾钙碱性过铝质岩石。

  • 3.3 稀土和微量元素特征

  • 变质石英闪长岩4件样品,稀土总量∑REE(包括Y元素)介于164×10-6~244×10-6,平均为194×10-6,略低于上地壳稀土总量(210×10-6),高于下地壳稀土总量(74×10-6)(Taylor et al.,1985);轻稀土(LREE)含量为108×10-6~192×10-6,平均为137×10-6,重稀土(HREE)含量为51.3×10-6~60.6×10-6,平均为57.2×10-6,LREE/HREE为4.89~8.83,(La/Yb)N为4.95~8.91,岩石轻稀土富集明显,重稀土元素相对亏损,轻、重稀土分馏明显;δEu值为0.68~0.76(平均为0.72,存在1个异常值1.22),具弱负异常特征,表明岩浆演化过程经历了斜长石分离结晶作用较弱(王芳等,2021);(La/Sm)N为1.64~3.16,(Gd/Yb)N为1.79~2.00,轻、重稀土分异程度接近;稀土配分曲线总体为LREE富集的右倾型(图9a)。在原始地幔标准化的蜘蛛网图中,富集Ba、K等大离子亲石元素(LILE)、轻稀土元素La及高场强元素Hf,亏损Th、U、Ta、Nb、P、Ti等高场强元素(HFSE)(图9b)。

  • 图8 安哥拉西北部石英闪长岩和石英二长闪长TAS图解(a)(据Middlemost,1994);AR—SiO2图解(b)(据Peccerillo et al.,1976);SiO2—K2O 图解(c)(据Middlemost,1994);A/NK—A/CNK图解(d)(据Maniar and Piccoli,1989

  • Fig.8 Diagrams of TAS (a) (after Middlemost, 1994) , AR—SiO2 (b) (after Peccerillo et al., 1976) , SiO2—K2O (c) (after Middlemost, 1994) , A/NK—A/CNK (d) (after Maniar and Piccoli, 1989) of the quartz diorite and quartz monzodiorite in northwestern Angola

  • 石英二长闪长岩5件样品,稀土总量为∑REE(包括Y元素)介于181×10-6~245×10-6,平均为212.4×10-6,等于上地壳稀土总量(210×10-6),远高于下地壳稀土总量(74×10-6)(Taylor et al.,1985);轻稀土(LREE)含量为173×10-6~222×10-6,平均为199.6×10-6,重稀土(HREE)含量为8.3×10-6~23.62×10-6,平均为12.97×10-6,LREE/HREE为9.39~20.86,(La/Yb)N为61.11~89.09,岩石轻稀土强烈富集,重稀土元素相对亏损,轻、重稀土分馏明显;δEu值为1.37~1.74(存在1个异常值0.76),具明显正异常特征,表明岩浆演化过程斜长石未发生明显分离结晶作用或源区几乎不存在斜长石残留(王芳等,2021);(La/Sm)N为3.85~5.46,(Gd/Yb)N为2.78~10.7,轻、重稀土分异程度接近;稀土配分曲线总体为LREE强烈富集的右倾型(图9a)。在原始地幔标准化的蜘蛛网图中,富集Rb、Ba、K等大离子亲石元素(LILE)、LREE及高场强元素Hf、Zr,亏损Th、U、Ta、Nb、Ti等高场强元素(HFSE)以及HREE(图9b)。

  • 4 讨论

  • 图9 安哥拉西北部石英闪长岩和石英二长闪长岩球粒陨石标准化配分曲线(a)和微量元素原始地幔标准化配分曲线(b)(球粒陨石和原始地幔数据引自Sun and McDonough,1989

  • Fig.9 Chondrite-normalized REE patterns (a) and primitive mantle-normalized spider diagrams (b) for the quartz diorite and the quartz monzodiorite in northwestern Angola (after Sun and McDonough, 1989)

  • 4.1 岩石起源及成因

  • 大量研究表明,闪长质岩浆存在以下形成机制:幔源岩浆结晶分异(Tatsumi,1982Grove et al.,2003);俯冲物质交代地幔楔部分熔融(Kelemen,1995);镁铁质下地壳部分熔融(Atherton and Petford,1993);壳—幔混合岩浆作用(Wang et al.,2003)。一般来说,幔源岩浆结晶分异作用形成的熔体,具有高Mg#(>60)、低TiO2(<0.5%)特征,且微量元素Cr、Ni含量高(Tatsumi,1982;Groveetal et al.,2003);地壳熔融形成的熔体,以低MgO(小于4%)、Mg#(小于40),高SiO2(大于56%)为特征(Tatsumi,2006Morris et al.,2019)。俯冲熔体交代地幔楔部分熔融形成的熔体具有MgO>8%、TiO2小于0.5%的特征;而俯冲流体交代地幔楔部分熔融形成熔体多表现高锶低钇的地球化学特征,显示高SiO2、Sr(>400×10-6)、Sr/Y(>20),低Y(<18×10-6)和Yb(<1.9×10-6)特征(Defant and Drummond,1990)。

  • 4.1.1 石英闪长岩

  • 本文石英闪长岩较低的Mg#(47.4~51.5),TiO2(1.33%~1.46%),Cr(11.210-6~69.4×10-6),Ni(13.3×10-6~22.3×10-6)值,岩石缺乏基性包体且野外地质调查并未发现与之伴生的基性岩发育,表明该岩体并非为幔源岩浆结晶分异的产物;其MgO、TiO2含量,显示岩体并非俯冲熔体交代地幔楔部分熔融产物;岩石低SiO2、Sr/Y(11.95~15.83),高Y(29.5×10-6~36.4×10-6)和Yb(2.76×10-6~3.05×10-6),这与俯冲流体交代地幔楔部分熔融产物特征不符。以上证据表明,调查区石英闪长岩可能为壳—幔混合作用形成。

  • 实验岩石学证据表明中基性地壳部分熔融可产生中性准铝质岩浆,形成以低Cr、Ni、MgO、Mg#为特征的熔体,当岩浆形成过程有幔源物质参与,样品MgO、Mg#升高。石英闪长岩较低的Cr、Ni、MgO值,基本与镁铁质下地壳部分熔融形成的熔体特征一致,样品MgO、Mg#明显高于镁铁质下地壳部分熔融形成的熔体,暗示有幔源物质参与成岩。样品Zr/Hf为26.68~43.77,平均为31.52,接近壳源(33,Taylor and McLennan,1985);Ba/Nb值为37.03~63.36,平均为45.80,略低于地壳标准值(54.0),远高于地幔平均值(9.0,Weaver,1991);Ce/Pb值为3.98~8.30,平均值为5.76,低于幔源岩浆平均值(27)而略高于壳源岩浆平均值(3.9,Hofmann,1988); Rb/Sr值介于0.05~0.08,介于上地幔与大陆地壳的平均值(0.025~0.24)(Taylor and McLennan,1985),以上证据均显示石英闪长岩为壳幔混合成因,主要起源于地壳,并混入少量地幔物质。

  • 斜长石中Sr和Eu分配系数远高于其他矿物,当源区存留斜长石,熔体具负Eu、Sr异常,石英闪长岩具有Sr和Eu负异常,表明源区存在斜长石残留。微量元素蛛网图显示石英闪长岩具有明显的Nb、P、Ti负异常和Zr、Hf等正异常,与残留相存在角闪石(Pearce and Parkinson,1993)和含Ti矿物(Martin,1999)有关。由于重稀土元素(Yb、Y、Lu)在石榴子石中分配系数大而中稀土(Dy、Ho)元素在角闪石中分配系数大,当源区残留石榴子石时,形成的熔体HREE配分模式为右倾型,Y/Yb值明显大于10,有的接近20;当源区残留角闪石时,形成的熔体HREE配分模式为平坦型,Y/Yb值接近10(Green, 1980Sisson,1994高永丰等,2003)。石英闪长岩具有较为平坦的HREE配分模式,Y/Yb值为9.7~12.4,平均为11.6,具负Eu异常,表明其源区残留相为角闪石+辉石+斜长石组合,在(La/Yb)N—YbN图解中(图10),石英闪长岩全部落在斜长角闪岩右侧,表明石英闪长岩部分熔融岩浆的残留相为斜长角闪岩。

  • 4.1.2 石英二长闪长岩

  • 石英二长闪长岩较低SiO2(53.96%~59.68%)、TiO2(1.08%~1.1.3%)、MgO(1.44%~3.32%)、Mg#(32.4~39.4)值,暗示其并非幔源岩浆结晶分异或俯冲物质交代地幔楔部分熔融的产物。样品微量元素Th/Nb值为 0.10~2.24,平均为 0.82,略高于陆壳平均值(0.7);Sm/Nd(0.16~1.19,平均为0.17),略低于上地壳(0.174),Ce/Pb值为6.61~12.71,平均值为8.28,低于幔源岩浆平均值(27)而略高于壳源岩浆平均值(3.9,Hofmann,1988);Rb/Sr值介于0.07~0.25(平均为0.12),更接近大陆地壳的平均值(0.15)(Taylor and McLennan,1985),以上表明其与镁铁质下地壳部分熔融产物特征相符。

  • 石英二长闪长岩具一定程度Eu和Sr正异常,表明岩浆演化过程中存在明显的斜长石堆晶作用;微量元素蛛网图显示石英闪长岩具有明显的Nb、Ti负异常和Zr、Hf等正异常,与残留相存在角闪石(Pearce and Parkinson,1993)和含Ti矿物(Martin,1999)有关。样品具有强烈右倾的HREE配分模式,Y/Yb值为14.3~22.6,平均为18.9,暗示岩浆源区存在石榴子石残留。因此,石英二长闪长岩的源区残留相为明显缺乏斜长石的石榴子石+辉石+角闪石组合。在(La/Yb)N—YbN图解中(图10),石英二长闪长岩多数样品集中于残留组分为10%石榴子石角闪岩和25%石榴子石角闪岩之间,表明,石英二长闪长岩部分熔融岩浆的残留相为角闪榴辉岩。

  • 与典型镁铁质下地壳熔融形成的熔体相比,本文石英闪长岩与石英二长闪长岩Al2O3含量均偏高,石英闪长岩为准铝质岩石,Al2O3含量18.41%~20.58%,平均为19.06%,A/CNK值为 0.88~0.97,岩石含少量石榴子石。石英二长闪长岩为过铝质岩石,Al2O3含量17.24%~23.15%,平均为22.0%,A/CNK均>1.1,岩石含少量白云母、石榴子石。一般情况下,在与俯冲有关的单一背景下,偏铝质岩浆产于大陆边缘,而过铝质岩浆通过地壳再循环和大量变质沉积岩熔融产于大陆内部。考虑到阿拉索伊—西刚果发育于不同寻常的封闭环境中,即一个闭合的海陆盆地,该盆地部分为硅铝层,部分为洋壳覆盖(Pedrosa-Soares et al.,1992199820012011Alkmim et al.,2006Queiroga,2010)。本次发现的石英闪长岩与石英二长闪长岩很可能位于多斯河弧的末端,完全被硅铝层覆盖,俯冲洋壳和幔源基性岩浆的影响很小或几乎没有(Goncalves et al.,2014)。

  • 图10 安哥拉西北部石英闪长岩和石英二长闪长岩(La/Yb)N—YbN图解 (据Drummond and Defant,1990

  • Fig.10 (La/Yb)N vs. YbN diagram for the quartz diorite and quartz monzodiorite in northwestern Angola (after Drummond and Defant, 1990)

  • 4.2 构造环境

  • 4.2.1 石英闪长岩

  • 本文石英闪长岩侵位年龄为578.0±2.3 Ma,属于新元古代埃迪卡拉纪中期岩浆产物,地球化学数据显示其为属于中钾钙碱性准铝质系列,富集Ba、K等大离子亲石元素及轻稀土元素La、Ce、Nd,亏损Th、Ta、Nb等高场强元素,富含角闪石、斜长石,显示俯冲岛弧有关的地球化学特征。研究表明,当岩浆岩SiO2≤56%,岩石Ta/Hf、Th/Ta、Th/Hf、Nb/Zr、Th/Nb、La/Nb值可以较好的反映其构造环境,其中岛弧岩浆岩Ta/Hf<0.1,Th/Ta>1.6,Th/Hf<0.1,Nb/Zr<0.004,Th/Nb>0.11,La/Nb>2(李永军等,2015)。石英闪长岩SiO2含量52.14%~53.86%,Ta/Hf为0.06~0.18(平均为0.09),Th/Ta为0.7~2.7(平均为1.8),Th/Hf为0.12~0.15(平均为0.13),Nb/Zr为0.05~0.09(平均为0.06),Th/Nb为0.03~0.11(平均为0.08),La/Nb为1.7~1.9(平均为1.8),多数指标满足或接近岛弧岩浆岩特征。Rb—(Yb+Ta)构造判别图解(图11a)中,样品均落入岛弧花岗岩区域;在Rb—(Y+Nb)构造判别图解(图11b)中,样品落入岛弧花岗岩和板内花岗岩的过渡区域;在Hf/3—Th—Ta判别图解(图11c)中,样品大多落入岛弧玄武岩区或其边部;在Nb—Y判别图解(图11d)中,多数样品落入后碰撞花岗岩区域。岩体呈NW—SE向展布,且发育透入性变形构造,定向特征明显,显示就位过程中的强烈挤压背景。综合证据表明,该期侵入岩形成于俯冲作用相关的构造背景。

  • 4.2.2 石英二长闪长岩

  • 石英二长闪长岩侵位年龄约为543.9±2.6 Ma,属于新元古代埃迪卡拉纪末期产物,地球化学数据显示其为高钾钙碱性过铝质系列,岩石富集Rb、Ba、K等大离子亲石元素,不同程度亏损 Nb、Ta 和 Ti,显示与火山弧构造环境的亲缘性。石英闪长岩SiO2含量53.96%~59.68%(平均为56.26%),Ta/Hf为0.006~0.12(平均为0.05),Th/Ta为4.5~13.6(平均为7.7),Th/Hf为0.04~0.81(平均为0.36),Nb/Zr为0.009~0.11(平均为0.05),Th/Nb为0.14~0.38(平均为0.21),La/Nb为1.9~6.4(平均为4.8),多数指标亦满足或接近岛弧岩浆岩特征。在Rb—(Yb+Ta)构造判别图解(图11a)中,多数样品落入岛弧花岗岩区域,少数落入后碰撞花岗岩区域;在Rb—(Y+Nb)构造判别图解(图11b)中,样品落入岛弧花岗岩和后碰撞花岗岩的过渡区域;在Hf/3—Th—Ta判别图解(图11c)中,样品大多落入岛弧玄武岩区或其边部;在Nb—Y判别图解(图11d)中,样品均落入岛弧或同碰撞花岗岩区域。该期侵入体受北西向断裂控制,矿物成分较均一,与围岩接触界线清晰截然,常见枝杈状的岩枝延伸贯入围岩,围岩未见明显的改造特征,岩体具有“顶蚀”作用侵入的特征,具被动就位的特点。综合证据表明,该期侵入岩形成于后碰撞构造环境。

  • 阿拉索伊造山带内与巴西利亚—泛非运动有关的新元古代—寒武纪钙碱性花岗岩依次出露,其研究程度颇高。Pedrosa-Soares等(2001)根据年代学、地球化学特征等证据,将其划分为5个岩套(G1~G5),自此学者大都沿用该划分方案。G1 岩套(625~585 Ma)由含少量闪长岩和镁铁质包体的面理化英云闪长岩和花岗闪长岩组成,它们形成于陆缘弧,是与俯冲相关的弧活动产物。岩石为铝质至略过铝质,I型,中至高钾钙碱性系列。其εNd值为-12~-5,TDM为1.2~2.2 Ga,显示其为地幔岩浆与古元古代大陆基底相互作用的产物。G2岩套(585~560 Ma)为碰撞阶段侵入的S型花岗岩组成,岩石为过铝质,(高钾)钙碱性到碱性系列。G3 岩套(535~510 Ma)为碰撞晚期至后碰撞花岗岩,由过铝质淡色花岗岩组成,区域性面理不发育,岩石为过铝质的高钾钙碱性系列。G4 和 G5 岩套(520~490 Ma)分别由构造后过铝质、S型高钾钙碱性花岗岩和(弱)过铝质、高钾钙碱性至碱性的I型侵入体组成(Gradim et al.,2014)。本文石英闪长岩年代、地球化学特征、构造环境可与俯冲相关的G1岩套相对比;而石英二长闪长岩可与后碰撞的G3岩套相对比。

  • 4.3 构造转折与阿达马斯托洋构造演化

  • Pedrosa-Soares等(2001)利用U-Pb和Pb-Pb锆石测年,在阿拉索伊带钙碱性岩浆岩中获得最老年龄为625 Ma以及相近的区域变质作用年龄,认为阿达马斯托洋在625 Ma左右开始俯冲;Heilbron等(2017)通过对里贝拉带内塞拉都多(Serra da Bolivia)弧岩浆岩研究,取得最早为650 Ma岩浆年龄,认为阿达马斯托洋最早于650 Ma开始俯冲;Süssenberger等(2014)在圣弗朗西斯科克拉通前陆盆地的低级变质沉积岩中伊利石K-Ar测年,取得645 Ma的变质变形年龄,认为阿达马斯托洋于在645 Ma左右开始俯冲;Tedeschi等(2016)通过对阿拉索伊带内多斯弧取得最早为630 Ma侵位年龄,认为阿达马斯托洋最早于630 Ma开始俯冲;Amaral等(2020)基于未发表的U-Pb年龄数据,认为在阿拉索伊南部,阿达马斯托洋壳的最早在630 Ma左右开始俯冲;以上研究表明阿达马斯托洋于650~625 Ma之间开始俯冲消减作用(图12a)。本次研究石英闪长岩侵位时间为578 Ma,属于新元古代埃迪卡拉纪中期产物,地球化学特征显示形成与俯冲岛弧环境,表明阿达马斯托洋在迪卡拉纪中期仍处于持续俯冲阶段(图12b)。

  • 图11 安哥拉西北部石英闪长岩与石英二长闪长岩Rb—(Yb+Ta)图解(a)(据Pearce,1996);Rb—(Y+Nb)图解(b)(据 Pearce and Peate,1995);Hf/3—Th—Nb/16图解(c)(据Wood et al,1980);Nb—Y图解(d)(据 Pearce and Peate,1995

  • Fig.11 Diagrams of Rb vs. (Yb+Ta) (a) (after Pearce, 1996) , Rb vs. (Y+Nb) (b) (after Pearce and Peate, 1995) , Hf/3—Th—Nb/16 (c) (after Wood et al, 1980) , Nb vs. Y (d) (after Pearce and Peate, 1995) of the quartz diorite and quartz monzodiorite in northwestern Angola

  • 研究区内石英二长闪长岩形成于543.9±2.6 Ma,属于新元古代埃迪卡拉纪末期加厚镁铁质下地壳部分熔融产物,地球化学数据显示其形成于后碰撞构造环境。结合区域构造演化史,我们认为新元古代埃迪卡拉纪末期阿达马斯托洋北部已基本闭合(图12c),证据如下:阿达马斯托洋的俯冲碰撞使西刚果造山带内新元古代晚期地层产生近直立的NNW—SSE走向的千米级的背斜和向斜,Inkisi 组作为不整合覆盖在泛非构造带最老地层,近年研究成果显示最年轻碎屑锆石峰值年龄为531±9 Ma(李春稼等,2024),表明在531 Ma左右,碰撞已结束;Patrick等(2012)通过分析安哥拉威热(Uíge)市至卡西托(Caxito)市4个不同岩石类型样品(角闪岩、伟晶岩和副片麻岩中的长英质脉体)锆石和独居石的U-Pb年龄,发现影响西刚果造山带高级变质作用和主期变形的年龄约为540 Ma,认为阿达马斯托洋盆约在540 Ma闭合;Pedrosa-Soares等(2001)通过阿拉索伊造山带钙碱性花岗岩研究,认为主碰撞期为585~560 Ma,在535~510 Ma进入碰撞后环境;Gaucher等(2009)通过系统整理分析前人成果,认为夏利普带达马斯托洋盆闭合时间约为545 Ma。

  • 图12 阿达马斯托洋构造演化简图:(a)650~625 Ma,阿达马斯托洋初始俯冲;(b)~578 Ma,阿达马斯托洋持续俯冲;(c)~543 Ma,阿达马斯托洋闭合

  • Fig.12 Structural evolution diagram of Adamastor Ocean: (a) 650~625 Ma, Adamastor Ocean begins to subduct; (b) ~578 Ma, Adamasto Ocean continues to subduct; (c) ~543 Ma, Adamasto Ocean closes

  • 笔者等认为,安哥拉西北部新元古代埃迪卡拉纪中期与埃迪卡拉纪末期侵入岩岩石地球化学和构造环境存在显著差异,指示西刚果造山带从俯冲机制向后碰撞构造背景转折的时间发生于埃迪卡拉纪中期—末期。

  • 综合本次研究表明,在西刚果造山带存在新元古代造山岩浆弧,阿拉索伊—西刚果新元古代岩浆弧的范围很可能要扩大,根据钙碱性火山岛弧范围推测的新元古代阿达马斯托洋的宽度很可能要随之变化。

  • 5 结论

  • (1)西刚果带存在俯冲(石英闪长岩,578.0±2.3 Ma)与后碰撞(石英二长闪长岩,543.9±2.6 Ma)两期岩浆活动,证实泛非期钙碱性岩浆弧的存在。

  • (2)石英闪长岩具富铝、富钾特征,富集大离子亲石元素,亏损高场强元素,是俯冲机制下壳—幔混合作用的产物,可类比与阿拉索伊带G1岩套。石英二长闪长岩为高钾钙碱性过铝质岩石,是后碰撞背景下镁铁质下地壳部分熔融的产物,可类比与阿拉索伊带带G3岩套。岩浆上升过程中均经历了不同程度结晶分异作用。

  • (3)阿达马斯托洋北段在578.0 Ma处于持续俯冲阶段,闭合时限不晚于543.9 Ma;西刚果带从俯冲向碰撞构造转折的时间为埃迪卡拉纪中期—末期。

  • 致谢:感谢审稿专家及编委会对论文认真的审阅和提出的宝贵意见!在实验测试过程中得到了河北省区域地质调查院实验室、核工业北京地质研究院分析测试研究中心的大力支持,在此一并表示感谢!

  • 注释 / Note

  • ❶ 中信建设安哥拉分公司.2022. 安哥拉SUL B-33/S-T、SUL C33/B图幅 1:25万地质调查报告.

  • 参考文献

    • 高永丰, 侯增谦, 魏瑞华. 2003. 冈底斯晚第三纪斑岩的岩石学、地球化学及其地球动力学意义. 岩石学报, 19(3): 418~428.

    • 李春稼, 张洪瑞, 罗迪柯, 靳立杰, 高继雷, 王子圣, 梁云汉, 贾鹏飞, 刘伟, 张攀. 2024. 安哥拉东北部地区Inkisi组碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄、地球化学特征及其地质意义. 地质论评, 70(3): 1031~1046.

    • 李永军, 李甘雨, 佟丽莉, 杨高学, 王冉. 2015. 玄武岩类形成的大地构造环境Ta, Hf, Th, La, Zr, Nb比值对比判别. 地球科学与环境学报, 37(3): 14~21.

    • 王芳, 彭澎, 陈超, 胡洪飞, 黄冬琴, 陈福坤, 翟明国. 2021. 冀北独石口古元古代变辉长闪长岩的成因及其地质意义. 岩石学报, 37(1): 269~283.

    • Affaton P, Kalsbeek F, Boudzoumou F, Trompette R, Thrane K, Frei R. 2016. The Pan-African West Congo belt in the Republic of Congo (Congo Brazzaville): Stratigraphy of the Mayombe and West Congo Supergroups studied by detrital zircon geochronology. Precambrian Research, 2016(272): 185~202.

    • Alkmim F F, Marshak S, Fonseca M A. 2001. Assembling West Gondwana in the Neoproterozoic: clues from the São Francisco craton region, Brazil. Geology, 29(4): 319~322.

    • Alkmim F F, Marshak S, Pedrosa-Soares A C, Peres G G, Pereira Cruz S C, Whittington A. 2006. Kinematic evolution of the Aracuai—West Congo orogen in Brazil and Africa: Nutcracker tectonics during the Neoproterozoic assembly of Gondwana. Precambrian Research, 149(1): 43~64.

    • Amaral L, Caxito F A, Pedrosa-Soares A C, Queiroga G, Babinski M, Trindade R, Lana C, Chemale F. 2020. The Ribeirão da Folha ophiolite-bearing accretionary wedge (Ara ç uaí orogen, SE Brazil): new data for Cryogenian plagiogranite and metasedimentary rocks. Precambrian Research, 336: 105522.

    • Atherton M P, Petford N. 1993. Generation of sodium-rich magmas from newly underplated basaltic crust. Nature, 362(6146): 144~146.

    • Cavalcante C, Fossen H, De Almeida R P, Hollanda Maria Helena B M, Egydio-Silva M. 2019. Reviewing the puzzling intracontinental termination of the Aracuai-West Congo orogenic belt and its implications for orogenic development. Precambrian Research, 322: 85~98.

    • Caxito F A, Hartmann L A, Heilbron M, Pedrosa-Soares A C, Bruno H, Basei M A S, Chemale F. 2020. Multi-proxy evidence for subduction of the Neoproterozoic Adamastor Ocean and Wilson cycle tectonics in the South Atlantic Brasiliano Orogenic System of Western Gondwana. Precambrian Research, 376: 106678.

    • Gradim C, Roncato J, Pedrosa-Soares1 A C, Cordani U, Dussin1 I, Alkmim F F, Queiroga G, Jacobsohn T, Silva D L C, Babinski M. 2014. The hot back-arc zone of the Ara ç uaí orogen, Eastern Brazil: from sedimentation to granite generation. Brazilian Journal of Geology, 44(1): 155~180.

    • Defant M J, Drummond M S. 1990. Derivation of some modern arc magmas by melting of young subducted lithosphere. Nature, 347(6294): 662~665.

    • Drummon M S, Defant M J. 1990. A model for trondhjemite—tonalite—dacite genesis and crustal growth via slab melting: Archean to modern comparisons. Journal of Geophysical Research, 95(B13): 21503~21521.

    • Fossen H, Cavalcante C, Konopásek J, Meria V T, De Almeida R P, Hollanda Maria Helena B M, Trompette R. 2020. A critical discussion of the subduction—collision model for the Neoproterozoic Arauaí~West Congo orogen. Precambrian Research, 343: 105715.

    • Gao Yongfeng, Hou Zengqian, Wei Ruihua. 2003&. Neogene porohyries from Gangdese: petrological, geochemical characteristics and geodynamic signficances. Acta petrologica Sinica, 19(3): 418~428.

    • Gaucher C, Frimmel H E, Germs G J B. 2009. Tectonic events and palaeogeographic evolution of southwestern Gondwana in the Neoproterozoic and Cambrian. Developments in Precambrian Geology, 16: 295~316.

    • Goncalves L, Farina F, Cristiano L, Pedrosa-Soares A C, Fernando A, herminio A N J. 2014. New U-Pb ages and lithochemical attributes of the Ediacaran Rio Doce magmatic arc, Ara ç uaí confined orogen, southeastern Brazil. Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 52(7): 129~148.

    • Green T H. 1980. Island arc and continent-building magmatism: A review of petrogenic models based on experimental petrology and geochemistry. Tectonophysics, 63(1/4): 367~385.

    • Grove T L, Elkins-Tanton L T, Parman S W, Chatterjee N, Müntener O, Gaetani G A. 2003. Fractional crystallization andmantle-melting controls on calc-alkaline differentiation trends. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 145(5): 515~533.

    • Hofmann A W. 1988. Chemical differentiation of the Earth: the relationship between mantle, continental crust, and oceanic crust. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 90(3): 297~314.

    • Hartnady C, Joubert P, Stowe C. 1985. Proterozoic crustal evolution in southwestern Africa. International Union of Geological Sciences, 8(4): 236~244.

    • Heilbron M, Cordani U G, Alkmim F F. 2017. Tectonic Genealogy of a Miniature Continent. Berlin: Springer International Publishing, 10: 321~331.

    • Kelemen P B. 1995. Genesis of high Mg# andesites and the continental crust. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 120(1): 1~19.

    • Konopasek J, Cavalcante C, Fossen H, Janousek V. 2020. Adamastor~an ocean that never existed? Earth-Science Reviews, 205: 103201.

    • Kuchenbecker M, Pedrosa-Soares A C, Babinski M, Fanning M. 2015. Detrital zircon age patterns and provenance assessment for pre-glacial to post-glacial successions of the Neoproterozoic Macaúbas Group, Ara ç uaí orogen, Brazil. Precambrian Research, 266: 12~26.

    • Li Chunjia, Zhang Hongrui, Luo Dike, Jin Lijie, Gao Jilei, Wang Zisheng, Liang Yunhan, Jia Pengfe, Liu Wei, Zhang Pan. 2024&. U-Pb dating of detrital zircons and geochemical characteristics of Inkisi Formation in the northeastern Angola area. Geological Review, 70(3): 1031~1046.

    • Li Yongjun, Li Ganyu, Tong Lili, Yang Gaoxue, Wang Ran. 2015& . Discrimination of ratios of Ta, Hf, Th, La, Zr and Nb for tectonic settings in basalts. Journal of Earth Sciences & Environment, 37(3): 14~21.

    • Liu Yongsheng, Hu Zhaochu, Zong Keqing, Gao Changgui, Gao Shan, Xu Juan, Chen Haihong. 2010. Reappraisement and refinement of zircon U-Pb isotope and trace element analyses by LA-ICP-MS. Chinese Science Bulletin, 55(15): 1535~1546.

    • Ludwig K R. 2003. ISOPLOT 3. 00: A Geochrnological Tool kit for Microsoft Excel. Berkeley: Berkeley Geochronology Center, California.

    • Maniar P D, Piccoli P M. 1989. Tectonic discrimination of granitoids. Geological Society of American Bulletin, 101(5): 635~643.

    • Martin H. 1999. Adakitic magmas: modem analogues of Archaean granitoids. Lithos, 46(3): 411~429.

    • Middlemost E A K. 1994. Naming materials in the magma/igneous rock system. Annual Review of Earth & Planetary Sciences, 37(3/4): 215~224.

    • Morris R A, DeBari S M, Busby C, Medynski S, Jicha B R. 2019. Building arc crust: Plutonic to volcanic connections in an extensional oceanic arc, the Southern Alisitos Arc, Baja California. Journal of Petrology, 60(6): 1195~1228.

    • Patrick M, Delphine B, Olivier B, Alain V, Yann R, Pedro N, Andre B T. 2012. The Late Neoproterozoic-Early Palaeozoic evolution of the West Congo Belt of NW Angola: Geochronological (U-Pb and Ar-Ar) and petrostructural constraints. Terra Nova, 24(3): 238~247.

    • Paula-Santos G M, Babibski M, Kuchenbecker M, Caetano-Filho S, Trindade R I, Pedrosa-Soares A C. 2015. New evidence of an Ediacaran age for the Banbuí Group in southern São Francisco craton (eastern Brazil) from zircon U-Pb data and isotope chemostratigraphy. Gondwana Research, 28: 702~720.

    • Pearce J A, Peate D W. 1995. Tectonic implications of the composition of volcanic Arc magmas. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 23(1): 251~285.

    • Pearce J A, Parkinson I J. 1993. Trace element models for mantle melting: application to volcanic arc petrogenesis. Geological Science & Technology Information, 76(1): 373~403.

    • Pearce J A. 1996. Sources and Settings of Granitic Rocks. Episodes, 19(4): 120~125.

    • Peccerillo A, Taylor S R. 1976. Geochemistry of Eocene calc-alkaline volcanic rocks from the Kastamonu area, Northern Turkey. Contributions to Mineralogy & Petrology, 58(1): 63~81.

    • Pedrosa-Soares A C, Noce C M, Vidal P, Monteiro R L B P, Leonardos O H. 1992. Toward a new tectonic model for the Late Proterozoic Ara ç uaí (SE Brazil)——West Congolian (SW Africa) belt. Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 6(1/2): 33~47.

    • Pedrosa-Soares A C, Vidal P, Leonardos O H, Brito-Neves B B. 1998. Neoproterozoic oceanic remnants in eastern Brazil: further evidence and refutation of an exclusively ensialic evolution for the Ara ç uaí—West Congo Orogen. Geology, 26(6): 519~522.

    • Pedrosa-Soares A C, Noce C M, Wiedemann C M, Pinto C P. 2001. The Ara ç uaí—West Congo Orogen in Brazil: an overview of a confined orogen formed during Gondwanaland assembly. Precambrian Research, 110(1/4): 307~323.

    • Pedrosa-Soares A C, Campos C, Noce C M, Silva L C, Novo T, Roncato J, Medeiros S, Castaeda C, Queiroga G, Dantas E, Dussin I, Alkmim F F. 2011. Late Neoproterozoic—Cambrian granitic magmatism in the Ara ç uaí orogen (Brazil), the Eastern Brazilian Pegmatite Province and related mineral resources. Geological Society, London, Special Publication, 350: 25~51.

    • Porada H. 1979. The Damara—Ribeira orogen of the Pan-African brasiliano cycle in Namibia (Southwest Africa) and Brazil as interpreted in terms of continental collision. Tectonophysics, 57(2/4): 237~265.

    • Porada H. 1989. Pan-African rifting and orogenesis in southern to equatorial Africa and eastern Brazil. Precambrian Research, 44(2): 103~136.

    • Queiroga G N. 2010. Caracteriza ç ão de restos de litosfera oceânica do Orógeno Ara ç uaí entre os paralelos 17° e 21°S. Instituto de Geociências, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais PhD thesis.

    • Sengör A M C. 1990. Plate Tectonics and Orogenic Research after 25 Years: a Tethyan Perspective. Earth-science Reviews, 27(1/2): 1~201.

    • Sisson T W. 1994. Hornblende-melt trace-element partitioning measured by ion microprobe. Chemical Geology, 117(1/4): 331~344.

    • Sun S S, McDonough W F. 1989. Chemical and Isotopic Systematics of Oceanic Basalts: Implications for Mantle Composition and Processes. In: Saunders A D, Norry M J, eds. Magmatism in the Ocean Basins. Geological Society, Landon, Special Publication, 42: 313~345.

    • Süssenberger A, Neves B, Wemmer K. 2014. Dating low-grade metamorphism and deformation of the Espinha ç o Supergroup in the Chapada Diamantina (Bahia, NE Brazil): A K/Ar fine-fraction study. Brazilian Journal of Geology, 44(2): 207~220.

    • Tack L, Wingate M T, Liégeois J P, Fernandez-Alonso M, Deblond A. 2001. Early neoproterozoic magmatism (1000~910 Ma) of the Zadinian and Mayumbian groups (Bas-Congo): onset of Rodinia rifting at the western edge of the Congo craton. Precambrian Research, 110(1): 277~306.

    • Tatsumi Y. 1982. Origin of high-magnesian andesites in the Setouchi volcanic belt, southwest Japan, II. Melting phase relations at high pressures. Earth & Planetary Science Letters, 60(2): 305~317.

    • Tatsumi Y. 2006. High-Mg andesites in the Setouchi volcanic belt, southwestern Japan: Analogy to Archean magmatism and continental crust formation? Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 34(1): 467~499.

    • Taylor S R, Mclennan S M. 1985. The continental crust: its composition and evolution. The Journal of Geology, 94(4): 57~72.

    • Tedeschi M, Novo T, Pedrosa-Soares A C, Dussin I, Tassinari C, Silva L C, Goncalves L, Alkmim F, Lana C, Figueiredo, Celia. 2016. The Ediacaran Rio Doce magmatic arc revisited (Arauaí—Ribeira orogenic system, SE Brazil). Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 68(jul. ): 167~186.

    • Trompette R. 1994. Geology of Western Gondwana (2000~500 Ma). In: Pan-African/Brasiliano Aggregation of South America and Africa. A. A. Balkema, Rotterdam, 350.

    • Wang Fang, Peng Peng, Chen Chao, Hu Hongfei, Huang Dongqin, Chen Fukun, Zhai Mingguo. 2021&. Petrogenesis and geological significance of the Paleoproterozoic Dushikou metagabbro—diorite in northern Hebei Province. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 37(1): 269~283.

    • Wang Y, Fan W, Guo F. 2003. Geochemistry of early Mesozoic potassium-rich diorites—granodiorites in southeastern Hunan Province, South China: Petrogenesis and tectonic implications. Geochemical Journal, 37(4): 427~448.

    • Weaver B L. 1991. The origin of ocean island basalt end-member compositions: Trace element and isotopic constraints. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 104(2/4): 381~397.

    • Wiedenbeck M, Priyanka A, Corfu F Y, William L G, Meier M, Oberli F V, Quadt A V, Roddick J C, Spiegel W. 1995. Three natural zircon standards for U-Th-Pb, Lu-Hf, trace element and REE analyses. Geostandards newsletter, 19(1): 1~23.

    • Wiedenbeck M, Hanchar J M, Peck W H, Sylvester P, ValleyJ, Whitehouse M, Kronz A, Morishita Y, Nasdala L, Fiebig J. 2004. Further characterisation of the 91500 zircon crystal. Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research, 28(1): 9~39.

    • Wood D A. 1980. The application of a Th-Hf-Ta diagram to problems of tectonomagmatic classification. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 50(1): 1~30.

    • Xu J F, Shinjo R, Defant M J, Wang Q, Rapp RP. 2002. Origin of Mesozoic adakitic intrusive rocks in the Ningzhen area of east China: Partial melting of delaminated lower continental crust?. Geology, 30(12): 1111~1114.

  • 参考文献

    • 高永丰, 侯增谦, 魏瑞华. 2003. 冈底斯晚第三纪斑岩的岩石学、地球化学及其地球动力学意义. 岩石学报, 19(3): 418~428.

    • 李春稼, 张洪瑞, 罗迪柯, 靳立杰, 高继雷, 王子圣, 梁云汉, 贾鹏飞, 刘伟, 张攀. 2024. 安哥拉东北部地区Inkisi组碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄、地球化学特征及其地质意义. 地质论评, 70(3): 1031~1046.

    • 李永军, 李甘雨, 佟丽莉, 杨高学, 王冉. 2015. 玄武岩类形成的大地构造环境Ta, Hf, Th, La, Zr, Nb比值对比判别. 地球科学与环境学报, 37(3): 14~21.

    • 王芳, 彭澎, 陈超, 胡洪飞, 黄冬琴, 陈福坤, 翟明国. 2021. 冀北独石口古元古代变辉长闪长岩的成因及其地质意义. 岩石学报, 37(1): 269~283.

    • Affaton P, Kalsbeek F, Boudzoumou F, Trompette R, Thrane K, Frei R. 2016. The Pan-African West Congo belt in the Republic of Congo (Congo Brazzaville): Stratigraphy of the Mayombe and West Congo Supergroups studied by detrital zircon geochronology. Precambrian Research, 2016(272): 185~202.

    • Alkmim F F, Marshak S, Fonseca M A. 2001. Assembling West Gondwana in the Neoproterozoic: clues from the São Francisco craton region, Brazil. Geology, 29(4): 319~322.

    • Alkmim F F, Marshak S, Pedrosa-Soares A C, Peres G G, Pereira Cruz S C, Whittington A. 2006. Kinematic evolution of the Aracuai—West Congo orogen in Brazil and Africa: Nutcracker tectonics during the Neoproterozoic assembly of Gondwana. Precambrian Research, 149(1): 43~64.

    • Amaral L, Caxito F A, Pedrosa-Soares A C, Queiroga G, Babinski M, Trindade R, Lana C, Chemale F. 2020. The Ribeirão da Folha ophiolite-bearing accretionary wedge (Ara ç uaí orogen, SE Brazil): new data for Cryogenian plagiogranite and metasedimentary rocks. Precambrian Research, 336: 105522.

    • Atherton M P, Petford N. 1993. Generation of sodium-rich magmas from newly underplated basaltic crust. Nature, 362(6146): 144~146.

    • Cavalcante C, Fossen H, De Almeida R P, Hollanda Maria Helena B M, Egydio-Silva M. 2019. Reviewing the puzzling intracontinental termination of the Aracuai-West Congo orogenic belt and its implications for orogenic development. Precambrian Research, 322: 85~98.

    • Caxito F A, Hartmann L A, Heilbron M, Pedrosa-Soares A C, Bruno H, Basei M A S, Chemale F. 2020. Multi-proxy evidence for subduction of the Neoproterozoic Adamastor Ocean and Wilson cycle tectonics in the South Atlantic Brasiliano Orogenic System of Western Gondwana. Precambrian Research, 376: 106678.

    • Gradim C, Roncato J, Pedrosa-Soares1 A C, Cordani U, Dussin1 I, Alkmim F F, Queiroga G, Jacobsohn T, Silva D L C, Babinski M. 2014. The hot back-arc zone of the Ara ç uaí orogen, Eastern Brazil: from sedimentation to granite generation. Brazilian Journal of Geology, 44(1): 155~180.

    • Defant M J, Drummond M S. 1990. Derivation of some modern arc magmas by melting of young subducted lithosphere. Nature, 347(6294): 662~665.

    • Drummon M S, Defant M J. 1990. A model for trondhjemite—tonalite—dacite genesis and crustal growth via slab melting: Archean to modern comparisons. Journal of Geophysical Research, 95(B13): 21503~21521.

    • Fossen H, Cavalcante C, Konopásek J, Meria V T, De Almeida R P, Hollanda Maria Helena B M, Trompette R. 2020. A critical discussion of the subduction—collision model for the Neoproterozoic Arauaí~West Congo orogen. Precambrian Research, 343: 105715.

    • Gao Yongfeng, Hou Zengqian, Wei Ruihua. 2003&. Neogene porohyries from Gangdese: petrological, geochemical characteristics and geodynamic signficances. Acta petrologica Sinica, 19(3): 418~428.

    • Gaucher C, Frimmel H E, Germs G J B. 2009. Tectonic events and palaeogeographic evolution of southwestern Gondwana in the Neoproterozoic and Cambrian. Developments in Precambrian Geology, 16: 295~316.

    • Goncalves L, Farina F, Cristiano L, Pedrosa-Soares A C, Fernando A, herminio A N J. 2014. New U-Pb ages and lithochemical attributes of the Ediacaran Rio Doce magmatic arc, Ara ç uaí confined orogen, southeastern Brazil. Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 52(7): 129~148.

    • Green T H. 1980. Island arc and continent-building magmatism: A review of petrogenic models based on experimental petrology and geochemistry. Tectonophysics, 63(1/4): 367~385.

    • Grove T L, Elkins-Tanton L T, Parman S W, Chatterjee N, Müntener O, Gaetani G A. 2003. Fractional crystallization andmantle-melting controls on calc-alkaline differentiation trends. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 145(5): 515~533.

    • Hofmann A W. 1988. Chemical differentiation of the Earth: the relationship between mantle, continental crust, and oceanic crust. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 90(3): 297~314.

    • Hartnady C, Joubert P, Stowe C. 1985. Proterozoic crustal evolution in southwestern Africa. International Union of Geological Sciences, 8(4): 236~244.

    • Heilbron M, Cordani U G, Alkmim F F. 2017. Tectonic Genealogy of a Miniature Continent. Berlin: Springer International Publishing, 10: 321~331.

    • Kelemen P B. 1995. Genesis of high Mg# andesites and the continental crust. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 120(1): 1~19.

    • Konopasek J, Cavalcante C, Fossen H, Janousek V. 2020. Adamastor~an ocean that never existed? Earth-Science Reviews, 205: 103201.

    • Kuchenbecker M, Pedrosa-Soares A C, Babinski M, Fanning M. 2015. Detrital zircon age patterns and provenance assessment for pre-glacial to post-glacial successions of the Neoproterozoic Macaúbas Group, Ara ç uaí orogen, Brazil. Precambrian Research, 266: 12~26.

    • Li Chunjia, Zhang Hongrui, Luo Dike, Jin Lijie, Gao Jilei, Wang Zisheng, Liang Yunhan, Jia Pengfe, Liu Wei, Zhang Pan. 2024&. U-Pb dating of detrital zircons and geochemical characteristics of Inkisi Formation in the northeastern Angola area. Geological Review, 70(3): 1031~1046.

    • Li Yongjun, Li Ganyu, Tong Lili, Yang Gaoxue, Wang Ran. 2015& . Discrimination of ratios of Ta, Hf, Th, La, Zr and Nb for tectonic settings in basalts. Journal of Earth Sciences & Environment, 37(3): 14~21.

    • Liu Yongsheng, Hu Zhaochu, Zong Keqing, Gao Changgui, Gao Shan, Xu Juan, Chen Haihong. 2010. Reappraisement and refinement of zircon U-Pb isotope and trace element analyses by LA-ICP-MS. Chinese Science Bulletin, 55(15): 1535~1546.

    • Ludwig K R. 2003. ISOPLOT 3. 00: A Geochrnological Tool kit for Microsoft Excel. Berkeley: Berkeley Geochronology Center, California.

    • Maniar P D, Piccoli P M. 1989. Tectonic discrimination of granitoids. Geological Society of American Bulletin, 101(5): 635~643.

    • Martin H. 1999. Adakitic magmas: modem analogues of Archaean granitoids. Lithos, 46(3): 411~429.

    • Middlemost E A K. 1994. Naming materials in the magma/igneous rock system. Annual Review of Earth & Planetary Sciences, 37(3/4): 215~224.

    • Morris R A, DeBari S M, Busby C, Medynski S, Jicha B R. 2019. Building arc crust: Plutonic to volcanic connections in an extensional oceanic arc, the Southern Alisitos Arc, Baja California. Journal of Petrology, 60(6): 1195~1228.

    • Patrick M, Delphine B, Olivier B, Alain V, Yann R, Pedro N, Andre B T. 2012. The Late Neoproterozoic-Early Palaeozoic evolution of the West Congo Belt of NW Angola: Geochronological (U-Pb and Ar-Ar) and petrostructural constraints. Terra Nova, 24(3): 238~247.

    • Paula-Santos G M, Babibski M, Kuchenbecker M, Caetano-Filho S, Trindade R I, Pedrosa-Soares A C. 2015. New evidence of an Ediacaran age for the Banbuí Group in southern São Francisco craton (eastern Brazil) from zircon U-Pb data and isotope chemostratigraphy. Gondwana Research, 28: 702~720.

    • Pearce J A, Peate D W. 1995. Tectonic implications of the composition of volcanic Arc magmas. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 23(1): 251~285.

    • Pearce J A, Parkinson I J. 1993. Trace element models for mantle melting: application to volcanic arc petrogenesis. Geological Science & Technology Information, 76(1): 373~403.

    • Pearce J A. 1996. Sources and Settings of Granitic Rocks. Episodes, 19(4): 120~125.

    • Peccerillo A, Taylor S R. 1976. Geochemistry of Eocene calc-alkaline volcanic rocks from the Kastamonu area, Northern Turkey. Contributions to Mineralogy & Petrology, 58(1): 63~81.

    • Pedrosa-Soares A C, Noce C M, Vidal P, Monteiro R L B P, Leonardos O H. 1992. Toward a new tectonic model for the Late Proterozoic Ara ç uaí (SE Brazil)——West Congolian (SW Africa) belt. Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 6(1/2): 33~47.

    • Pedrosa-Soares A C, Vidal P, Leonardos O H, Brito-Neves B B. 1998. Neoproterozoic oceanic remnants in eastern Brazil: further evidence and refutation of an exclusively ensialic evolution for the Ara ç uaí—West Congo Orogen. Geology, 26(6): 519~522.

    • Pedrosa-Soares A C, Noce C M, Wiedemann C M, Pinto C P. 2001. The Ara ç uaí—West Congo Orogen in Brazil: an overview of a confined orogen formed during Gondwanaland assembly. Precambrian Research, 110(1/4): 307~323.

    • Pedrosa-Soares A C, Campos C, Noce C M, Silva L C, Novo T, Roncato J, Medeiros S, Castaeda C, Queiroga G, Dantas E, Dussin I, Alkmim F F. 2011. Late Neoproterozoic—Cambrian granitic magmatism in the Ara ç uaí orogen (Brazil), the Eastern Brazilian Pegmatite Province and related mineral resources. Geological Society, London, Special Publication, 350: 25~51.

    • Porada H. 1979. The Damara—Ribeira orogen of the Pan-African brasiliano cycle in Namibia (Southwest Africa) and Brazil as interpreted in terms of continental collision. Tectonophysics, 57(2/4): 237~265.

    • Porada H. 1989. Pan-African rifting and orogenesis in southern to equatorial Africa and eastern Brazil. Precambrian Research, 44(2): 103~136.

    • Queiroga G N. 2010. Caracteriza ç ão de restos de litosfera oceânica do Orógeno Ara ç uaí entre os paralelos 17° e 21°S. Instituto de Geociências, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais PhD thesis.

    • Sengör A M C. 1990. Plate Tectonics and Orogenic Research after 25 Years: a Tethyan Perspective. Earth-science Reviews, 27(1/2): 1~201.

    • Sisson T W. 1994. Hornblende-melt trace-element partitioning measured by ion microprobe. Chemical Geology, 117(1/4): 331~344.

    • Sun S S, McDonough W F. 1989. Chemical and Isotopic Systematics of Oceanic Basalts: Implications for Mantle Composition and Processes. In: Saunders A D, Norry M J, eds. Magmatism in the Ocean Basins. Geological Society, Landon, Special Publication, 42: 313~345.

    • Süssenberger A, Neves B, Wemmer K. 2014. Dating low-grade metamorphism and deformation of the Espinha ç o Supergroup in the Chapada Diamantina (Bahia, NE Brazil): A K/Ar fine-fraction study. Brazilian Journal of Geology, 44(2): 207~220.

    • Tack L, Wingate M T, Liégeois J P, Fernandez-Alonso M, Deblond A. 2001. Early neoproterozoic magmatism (1000~910 Ma) of the Zadinian and Mayumbian groups (Bas-Congo): onset of Rodinia rifting at the western edge of the Congo craton. Precambrian Research, 110(1): 277~306.

    • Tatsumi Y. 1982. Origin of high-magnesian andesites in the Setouchi volcanic belt, southwest Japan, II. Melting phase relations at high pressures. Earth & Planetary Science Letters, 60(2): 305~317.

    • Tatsumi Y. 2006. High-Mg andesites in the Setouchi volcanic belt, southwestern Japan: Analogy to Archean magmatism and continental crust formation? Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 34(1): 467~499.

    • Taylor S R, Mclennan S M. 1985. The continental crust: its composition and evolution. The Journal of Geology, 94(4): 57~72.

    • Tedeschi M, Novo T, Pedrosa-Soares A C, Dussin I, Tassinari C, Silva L C, Goncalves L, Alkmim F, Lana C, Figueiredo, Celia. 2016. The Ediacaran Rio Doce magmatic arc revisited (Arauaí—Ribeira orogenic system, SE Brazil). Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 68(jul. ): 167~186.

    • Trompette R. 1994. Geology of Western Gondwana (2000~500 Ma). In: Pan-African/Brasiliano Aggregation of South America and Africa. A. A. Balkema, Rotterdam, 350.

    • Wang Fang, Peng Peng, Chen Chao, Hu Hongfei, Huang Dongqin, Chen Fukun, Zhai Mingguo. 2021&. Petrogenesis and geological significance of the Paleoproterozoic Dushikou metagabbro—diorite in northern Hebei Province. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 37(1): 269~283.

    • Wang Y, Fan W, Guo F. 2003. Geochemistry of early Mesozoic potassium-rich diorites—granodiorites in southeastern Hunan Province, South China: Petrogenesis and tectonic implications. Geochemical Journal, 37(4): 427~448.

    • Weaver B L. 1991. The origin of ocean island basalt end-member compositions: Trace element and isotopic constraints. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 104(2/4): 381~397.

    • Wiedenbeck M, Priyanka A, Corfu F Y, William L G, Meier M, Oberli F V, Quadt A V, Roddick J C, Spiegel W. 1995. Three natural zircon standards for U-Th-Pb, Lu-Hf, trace element and REE analyses. Geostandards newsletter, 19(1): 1~23.

    • Wiedenbeck M, Hanchar J M, Peck W H, Sylvester P, ValleyJ, Whitehouse M, Kronz A, Morishita Y, Nasdala L, Fiebig J. 2004. Further characterisation of the 91500 zircon crystal. Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research, 28(1): 9~39.

    • Wood D A. 1980. The application of a Th-Hf-Ta diagram to problems of tectonomagmatic classification. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 50(1): 1~30.

    • Xu J F, Shinjo R, Defant M J, Wang Q, Rapp RP. 2002. Origin of Mesozoic adakitic intrusive rocks in the Ningzhen area of east China: Partial melting of delaminated lower continental crust?. Geology, 30(12): 1111~1114.