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作者简介:

张亚光,男,1990年生,硕士,工程师,地质工程专业,研究方向:区域地质调查;E-mail: 245334366@qq.com。

通讯作者:

邢伟伟,男,1985年生,硕士,高级工程师,矿产地质专业,研究方向:区域地质调查;E-mail: yongyan0803@126.com。

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目录contents

    摘要

    东天山亚勒曼一带头苏泉组发育一套中—酸性火山熔岩、火山凝灰岩及火山角砾岩。岩浆从早期至晚期具有由中性向酸性演化的特征,发育爆发相、喷溢相及潜火山岩相,具 7 个喷发韵律旋回特征。根据 LA-ICP-MS 锆石 U-Pb 同位素定年,确定了头苏泉组流纹岩年龄为 406. 0±3. 0 Ma(MSWD= 0. 35),时代为早泥盆世。岩石地球化学显示,头苏泉组火山岩具中铝(13. 20% ~ 18. 10%)、富钠贫钾特征(K2O/ Na2O= 0. 10 ~ 0. 67),属高分异低—中钾钙碱性岩石系列;稀土元素总量较高(ΣREE= 98. 7×10 -6 ~ 214×10 -6 ),LREE 富集,而 HREE 亏损(LREE/ HREE = 3. 75 ~ 4. 58),Eu 元素具不明显负异常(δEu = 0. 62~ 0. 92),大离子亲石元素 Rb、K、Ba 明显富集,高场强元素 Nb、Ta 和 Ti 亏损。地球化学特征显示,头苏泉组火山岩具地幔重融型火山岩特征,且岩浆上侵过程中同化地壳物质,构造环境为俯冲背景下大陆边缘弧环境。

    Abstract

    A set of intermediate and acid volcanic lava, volcanic tuff and volcanic breccia are developed in Yaleman Tousuquan Formation in the Eastern Tianshan Mountains. The magma evolved from neutral to acidic from early to late, and developed explosive facies, effusive facies and subvolcanic facies, characterized seven eruption rhythmic cycles. According to LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb isotopic dating, the rhyolite age of the Tousuquan Formation is 406.0±3.0 Ma (MSWD=0.35), and the age is early Devonian. Rock geochemistry shows that the volcanic rocks of Tousuquan formation have the characteristics of medium aluminum (13.2%~18.10%), rich in sodium and poor in potassium (K2O/Na2O=0.10~0.67), belonging to the high differentiation, low- to medium-K calc-alkaline series; The total amount of rare earth elements is relatively high (∑REE=98.7×10-6~214×10-6), LREE is enriched, HREE is depleted (LREE/HREE=3.75~4.58), Eu shows weak negative anomalies (δEu=0.62~0.92), large ion lithophile elements Rb, K, Ba are significantly enriched, and high field strength elements Nb, Ta and Ti are depleted. These geochemical characteristics exhibit signatures of mantle-derived remelted volcanic rocks that assimilated crustal materials during magma ascent, and indicate a continental margin arc tectonic setting related to subduction.

  • 天山造山带为中亚造山带的重要组成部分,它夹持于西伯利亚板块、塔里木板块和华北板块之间(Windley et al.,2007曹锐等,2016邓小华等,2023),其形成、演化和消亡过程均伴随着古亚洲洋俯冲作用、弧—陆碰撞等演化过程(夏林圻等,2008Zhao Hao et al.,2020),由一系列的岛弧、洋岛、增生楔和微陆块等组成(Şengör et al.,1993; 肖文交等,2019刘鸿飞等,2022)。目前哈尔里克地区泥盆纪—石炭纪构造背景及其演化期次仍存在较大争议,其构造位置属裂谷岩浆带(王良玉等,2016),或是岛弧(方国庆,1993; 马志杰等,2021),还是弧后盆地(李锦轶,2004罗婷等,2020任文秀等,2020);动力学机制是俯冲侧向撕裂(顾连兴等,2001),弧后拉张(田黎萍等,2010),还是地幔柱火成岩(夏林圻等,2004)所引起;俯冲结束对应的古亚洲洋的闭合时限是晚泥盆纪末至早石炭世初(Xiao Wenjiao et al.,2004),早石炭世末期(李锦轶等,2006李永军等,2010徐学义等,2014)还是二叠纪末或三叠纪初(Xiao Wenjiao et al.,2009)目前也尚不明确。东天山哈尔里克地区发育一套火山岩沉积地层,为研究天山造山带构造演化提供理想条件。

  • 造山带中岩浆活动记录了许多重要地质信息(徐学义等,2005黄河等,2024),对恢复古构造环境有着重要的指示意义。头苏泉组作为东天山地区重要的早泥盆世火山—沉积地层单元,广泛分布于卡拉塔格—大南湖一带,其岩性组合以中酸性火山岩为主,夹少量火山碎屑岩及沉积岩(李锦轶等,2006)。已有研究表明,该组火山岩的形成时代和地球化学特征可能为恢复古亚洲洋闭合时限及碰撞后伸展机制提供关键证据(崔方磊等,2015)。然而,目前对头苏泉组火山岩的研究多集中于区域地层划分及岩石学描述,其精确年代学框架、岩浆源区性质及构造环境仍缺乏系统性约束。特别是亚勒曼一带的火山岩剖面因构造改造强烈、露头连续性差,导致其成因类型与区域构造演化的联系尚未明晰,限制了东天山早泥盆世构造—岩浆活动模型的建立。

  • 本研究以新疆东天山亚勒曼地区头苏泉组火山岩为研究对象,通过详细的野外地质调查、锆石U-Pb年代学及主微量元素地球化学分析,拟解决以下关键问题:①厘定头苏泉组火山岩的精确形成时代,完善区域地层格架;②揭示火山岩的岩石成因及岩浆演化过程;③探讨早泥盆世东天山地区的构造属性及其对古亚洲洋闭合阶段的响应。研究成果将为中亚造山带南缘晚古生代构造体制转换提供新的年代学与地球化学约束,同时对区域成矿背景分析具有重要参考价值。

  • 1 地质背景

  • 研究区位于新疆东天山哈尔里克山脉东段,区域地层出露齐全,侵入岩以中酸性为主(图1a)。一级构造单元隶属哈萨克斯坦—准噶尔板块,二级构造单元属准格尔微陆块(张良臣等,1985),三级构造单元划分方案较混乱,本文参照2003年张良臣的新疆板块构造图的划分方案,以塔水河断裂为界,北侧为唐巴勒—卡拉麦里古生代复合沟弧带,南侧为哈尔里克古生代深成岩浆弧(图1b)。

  • 研究区出露古生界及新生界地层,其中古生界地层主要包括中—上奥陶统乌列盖组、大柳沟组,下泥盆统头苏泉组及下石炭统姜巴斯套组。区内构造—岩浆活动频繁,侵入时间从志留纪延续至二叠纪,侵入岩种类繁多,从中性—酸性—碱性均有发育,多呈大规模复式岩基状产出,少数呈岩株状、脉状分布,岩性主要包括辉长闪长岩、石英闪长岩、花岗闪长岩、二长花岗岩及碱长花岗岩。火山活动强烈而频繁,在区内各地层中均有发育,包括加里东期和华力西期两个喷发旋回,加里东期包括中—晚奥陶世乌列盖组火山岩、大柳沟组火山岩,华力西期包括下泥盆统头苏泉组火山岩(图1b)。研究区经历了漫长的地质构造演化过程,形成了复杂多样的构造形迹。奥陶纪—泥盆纪地层经历了绿片岩相—低角闪相变质作用,片麻理或片理取代了原生面理成为主要的面状构造。早古生代板块俯冲、碰撞形成了复杂的逆冲褶断系。晚石炭世之后强烈的造山作用造成古生代盆地收缩、褶皱、区域性逆冲推覆构造、走滑韧性剪切变形带的形成。中—新生代之后,受天山以南多个块体俯冲增生及印度、欧亚两大板块陆陆碰撞的远程影响,以隆升剥蚀为主。

  • 图1 东天山哈尔里克区域地质简图(a)(据姚鱼等,2020修改)和东天山大地构造简图(b)(据张良臣等,1985修改)

  • Fig.1 Sketch geological map of Harlick region in the Eastern Tianshan Mountains (a) (modified from Yao Yu et al., 2020&) and geotectonic sketch of the Eastern Tianshan Mountains(b) (modified from Zhang Liangchen et al., 1985&)

  • 图2 东天山亚勒曼地区地质简图

  • Fig.2 Geological map of Yaleman area in the Eastern Tianshan Mountains

  • 图3 东天山亚勒曼地区下泥盆统头苏泉组实测剖面

  • Fig.3 Measured section of the Lower Devonian Tousuquan Formation in Yaleman area, Eastern Tianshan Mountains

  • 2 地层及火山作用特征

  • 2.1 地层特征

  • 头苏泉组由新疆地质局地质研究所(1961)编制1∶100万哈密幅(K-46)地质图定名,将大南湖组第四、五、六亚组划为头苏泉组,主要出露在哈密以北,哈尔里克主峰等地。研究区阔托尕依—亚勒曼断裂以南,乌硝尔麦特塔格走滑断裂以西发育头苏泉组地层,岩层总体呈近东西向展布,地层西北侧被晚石炭世中酸性岩体侵入,东北侧角度不整合覆盖于志留纪侵入岩之上,东侧局部与中—上奥陶统乌列盖组呈断层接触(图2)。由于受后期构造及岩体侵蚀,地层完整度较差。

  • 本次头苏泉组共测制两条实测剖面,本文以典型剖面PM16(图3)进行探讨分析,剖面总方位为170°,起点坐标为95°38′04″E;43°02′34″N,厚度>517.8 m;剖面未见底,被晚石炭世中粒斑状花岗闪长岩侵入,下部岩性为粗安岩、粗安质含角砾凝灰岩,中部为流纹岩、流纹质角砾凝灰岩夹少量流纹质凝灰岩;顶部发育一套近火口堆积相的灰色流纹质集块角砾岩、流纹质含角砾熔岩。由于受华力西末—印支早期古亚洲洋闭合产生南北向挤压应力影响,形成宽缓的向斜构造,且岩石遭受韧脆性变形改造,局部形成了糜棱岩化、片理化。剖面详细分层描述见表1。

  • 2.2 火山岩相及火山韵律

  • 头苏泉组火山活动强烈,岩石类型复杂,根据岩性差异,可将其划分为爆发相、喷溢相及潜火山岩相3种。其中爆发相又可分为爆发空落相、火山碎屑流相和近火山口堆积相。爆发空落相包括流纹质(含)角砾凝灰岩、流纹质玻屑凝灰岩、粗安质含角砾凝灰岩等;火山碎屑流相包括流纹质角砾熔结凝灰岩等;近火口堆积相主要发育于上部层位,岩性包括流纹质含集块角砾凝灰岩、流纹质集块角砾岩、流纹质集块岩等。喷溢相岩石类型包括粗安岩和流纹岩,其中流纹岩流动构造十分发育。潜火山相包括流纹斑岩及安山玢岩等,前者常沿火山断裂侵位,而后者多填充于破火山口内。

  • 该组火山岩根据岩性、岩相变化特征可划分出7个喷发韵律(表1),总体表现为从中性—酸性演化的趋势,向上酸性火山活动愈发强烈,并且出现近火山口相堆积。

  • 3 样品特征及分析方法

  • 3.1 样品特征

  • 本次剖面测制工作中,采集了粗安岩样品2件、流纹岩3件用于地球化学分析,1件流纹岩样品用于年代学,采集位置见图2。

  • 表1 东天山亚勒曼地区头苏泉组火山喷发韵律

  • Table1 Volcanic eruption rhythm of the Tousuquan Formation in Yalman area, Eastern Tianshan Mountains

  • 粗安岩:呈深灰色,块状构造(图4a),斑状结构(图4c)。岩石由斑晶(5%~10%)和基质(90%~95%)组成。斑晶由斜长石组成,粒径为0.4~1.6 mm,星散分布。斜长石呈半自形板状,少部分呈次棱角状,具轻黏土化、绢云母化,局部可见绿帘石化、绿泥石化,部分可见具钾长石环边,构成正边结构,聚片双晶发育,由于切面及蚀变原因,排号无法测得。基质由斜长石、钾长石及少量石英组成,粒径一般<0.2 mm。其中斜长石呈微晶状、板条状,具黏土化、绢云母化,零星可见绿帘石化、绿泥石化,部分隐约可见聚片双晶,由于粒度细小,排号无法测得,杂乱或半定向分布;钾长石主呈微晶集合体状,填隙于斜长石颗粒间,构成间碱结构;石英呈他形粒状,主呈填隙状分布于斜长石颗粒间。

  • 流纹岩:呈灰紫色,流纹构造(图4b)、块状构造,斑状结构—基质隐晶结构(图4d)。岩石由斑晶和基质组成。斑晶由斜长石(5%~10%)、钾长石(5%~10%)、石英(10%)组成,粒径为0.1~1.6 mm,星散分布,局部以聚斑状、联斑状产出。斜长石呈半自形板状,具轻黏土化、绢云母化,部分可见聚片双晶,由于切面原因,排号无法测得。钾长石呈半自形板状,具轻微高岭土化。石英呈他形粒状,部分略显熔蚀现象,粒内具轻微波状消光。基质(75%±,石英>20%)由长英质组成,主呈隐晶状、霏细状,杂乱分布,局部略显重结晶,另见少量长英质呈纤状,构成放射状球粒,球粒内具十字消光,星散或似堆状分布于基质中。

  • 图4 东天山亚勒曼地区下泥盆统头苏泉组岩石野外和镜下特征照片:(a)粗安岩野外特征;(b)流纹岩野外特征; (c)粗安岩镜下特征;(d)流纹岩镜下特征

  • Fig.4 Field and microscopic characteristic photos of the volcanic rocks from the Lower Devonian Tousuquan Formation in Yalman area, Eastern Tianshan Mountains: (a) field characteristics of the trachyandensite; (b) field characteristics of rhyolite; (c) microscopic features of trachyandensite; (d) microscopic features of rhyolite

  • Pl—斜长石;Kf—钾长石;Qz—石英

  • Pl—plagioclase;Kf—potassium feldspar;Qz—quartz

  • 图5 东天山亚勒曼地区下泥盆统头苏泉组流纹岩典型锆石的CL图像和年龄值

  • Fig.5 The zircons CL images and ages of the Lower Devonian Tousuquan Formation rhyolites in Yaleman area, Eastern Tianshan Mountains

  • 3.2 分析方法

  • 本次选择岩石地球化学样品的全岩主量元素、微量元素及稀土元素分析由新疆维吾尔自治区地质矿产勘查开发局第六地质大队实验室完成。主量元素采用X射线荧光光谱(XRF)完成,分析相对误差小于5%。微量元素、稀土元素分析采用Thermofisher X SeriesⅡ型ICP-MS测定完成,分析相对误差均小于5%。

  • 锆石分选在河北省区域地质调查院实验室完成,在双目镜下挑选晶形好、无包裹体和裂隙的锆石,用环氧树脂制靶。将锆石靶打磨、抛光后,进行反射光、透射光和阴极发光图像分析(CL)。锆石U-Pb年龄测试工作由国土资源部成矿作用与资源评价重点实验室采用Finnigan Neptune型LA-MC-ICP-M及与之配套的Newwave UP213 激光剥蚀系统分析完成。激光剥蚀所用束斑直径为25 μm,频率为10 Hz,能量密度约为2.5 J/cm2,仪器详细参数及操作流程可参考侯可军等,2007

  • 4 结果分析

  • 4.1 锆石U-Pb年龄

  • 流纹岩样品(PM16TW1)锆石较小,多短柱状、等轴状及短柱状,大小50~80 μm,长宽比1∶1~1∶2,振荡环带结构发育(图5),可见扇形分带结构。本次共测定20颗锆石20个点,其中有效点18个(剔除11和16号),具体测试数据见表2。所测锆石Pb质量分数,14.56×10-6~45.32×10-6,U质量分数181.5×10-6~495.5×10-6,Th质量分数80.73×10-6~463.2×10-6,Th/U比值为0.44~0.93>0.3,表现为岩浆锆石的特征。在锆石U-Pb年龄谐和图中显示(图6a),测点呈集中分布,均落在谐和曲线附近,206Pb/238U加权平均年龄为406±3.0 Ma(MSWD=0.35)(图6),代表了流纹岩的结晶年龄。

  • 4.2 主量元素

  • 头苏泉组火山岩全岩地球化学测试结果见表3。

  • 图6 东天山亚勒曼地区下泥盆统头苏泉组流纹岩锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年龄谐和图及加权平均年龄值

  • Fig.6 The LA-ICP-MS U-Pb concordance diagram and weighed age of the zircons from Lower Devonian Tousuquan Formation rhyolites in Yaleman area, Eastern Tianshan Mountains

  • 表2 东天山亚勒曼一带下泥盆统头苏泉组流纹岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年代学分析结果

  • Table2 LA-ICP-MS U-Pb age data of the zircons from the rhyolite in the Lower Devonian Tousuquan Formation in Yaleman area, Eastern Tianshan Mountains

  • 粗安岩SiO2含量为56.81%~59.86%;Al2O3含量15.90%~18.10%;富碱且富钠贫钾(ALK=5.60%~6.00%, w(K2O)/w(Na2O)=0.10~0.67);全铁TFe2O3含量7.60%~7.80%,MgO含量3.31%~3.71%,TiO2含量0.74%~0.80%。A/CNK=0.90~0.94,A/NK=1.89~2.00,属准铝质岩石,在TAS分类图解上样点投入亚碱性玄武安山岩、粗面安山岩(图7a),K2O—SiO2图解进一步判别,样点多落入中—高钾钙碱性区域(图7b),岩石化学显示该期粗安岩属中—高钾钙碱性准铝质岩石。分异指数DI为56.17~56.63,固结指数SI在19.85~22.52之间,表明其原生岩浆分异演化程度不高。

  • 流纹岩SiO2含量为73.15%~75.29%;Al2O3含量13.20%~14.30%;富碱且富钠贫钾(ALK=6.28%~6.92%,w(K2O)/w(Na2O)=0.22~0.46);全铁TFe2O3含量2.30%~2.90%,MgO含量0.16%~0.32%,TiO2含量0.34%~0.38%。A/CNK=1.06~1.14,A/NK=1.32~1.43,属过铝质岩石,在TAS分类图解上样点投入流纹岩区域(图7a),K2O—SiO2图解进一步判别,样点多落入低钾(拉斑)—中钾钙碱性区域(图7b),岩石化学显示该期流纹岩属低—中钾钙碱性过铝质岩石。分异指数DI为86.56~90.42,固结指数SI在1.75~3.59之间,表明其原生岩浆经历了较高程度的分异演化。

  • 表3 东天山亚勒曼一带下泥盆统头苏泉组火山岩主量(%)、微量和稀土元素(×10-6)分析结果

  • Table3 Analysis results of major (%) , trace and rare earth elements (×10-6) of the volcanic rocks from the Lower Devonian Tousuquan Formation in Yaleman area, Eastern Tianshan Mountains

  • 注:Mg#=n(Mg)/[n(Mg)+n(TFe)]·100。

  • 4.3 稀土和微量元素特征

  • 粗安岩稀土元素总量相对较低,ΣREE=98.7×10-6~124×10-6。稀土元素原始球粒陨石标准化分布型式图右倾(图8a),显示轻稀土略富集。(La/Yb)N=3.77~4.67,LREE/HREE=3.81~4.25;(La/Sm)N=2.46~2.66,(Gd/Yb)N=0.83~0.88,表明LREE、HREE内部均有一定成程度的分馏。δEu=0.83~0.92,具微弱负铕异常。微量元素原始地幔标准化蛛网图(图8b)显示大离子亲石元素Rb、Th、K相对富集,高场强元素P、Nd、Nb、Ti明显亏损,Sr无明显亏损。

  • 相较于粗安岩,流纹岩多具较高的稀土总量,ΣREE=185×10-6~214×10-6。稀土元素球粒陨石标准化分布型式图与粗安岩类似,呈不光滑的右倾型(图8a),显示轻稀土略富集。(La/Yb)N=3.94~4.70,LREE/HREE=3.75~4.58;(La/Sm)N=2.31~3.03,(Gd/Yb)N=0.75~0.91,显示LREE、HREE内部均有一定成程度的分馏。δEu=0.62~0.70,具微弱负异常。微量元素原始地幔标准化蛛网图(图8b)亦表现为Rb、Th、K相对富集, P、Nb、Ta、Ti明显亏损,较粗安岩,不同之处在于流纹岩具明显Sr亏损。

  • 5 讨论

  • 5.1 时代探讨

  • 针对头苏泉组地层形成年龄,前人已开展了一系列研究工作。中国地质调查局西安地质调查中心在进行125万沁城幅区调修测工作(2013)时,于本区南邻奥莫尔塔格幅中部恰干昆多一带头苏泉组英安岩中获得的LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄为391.6±7.5 Ma;赵恒乐等(2012),在工作区南部香山一带该套地层中获得该组英安岩锆石U-Pb年龄398±5 Ma;肖渊甫等(1992),东天山泥盆纪英安岩全岩Rb-Sr等时线同位素年龄398±10 Ma。且本区头苏泉组火山岩不整合覆盖于北侧中粒黑云二长花岗岩、中细粒正长花岗岩之上,本次测得后二者的锆石U-Pb年龄分别为435.6±3.4 Ma、425.9±5.4 Ma,时代为早、中志留世,地层东侧被中粒斑状花岗闪长岩、中细粒二长花岗岩侵入,后二者的锆石U-Pb年龄分别为300.0±2.5 Ma、292.0±2.3 Ma,时代为晚石炭世。南侧被中粒石英闪长岩侵入,新疆哈密市K46E006021、K46E007021、K46E007022三幅1∶5万区域地质矿产调查时,测得其年龄为301.7±0.8 Ma,时代亦为晚石炭世,该期火山岩时代被限定在晚石炭世和中志留世之间。本次获得的该期火山岩的LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄为406.0±3.0 Ma(MSWD=0.35),根据野外关系、同位素年龄并结合前人资料对比,头苏泉组火山岩的时代置于早泥盆世。

  • 图7 东天山亚勒曼地区下泥盆统头苏泉组火山岩TAS分类图解(a)(底图据Le Maitre,1989);K2O—SiO2 图解(b)(实线据Peccerillo and Taylor,1976;虚线据Middlemost,1985

  • Fig.7 TAS classification diagram (a) (Base map data from Le Maitre, 1989) ;K2O—SiO2 diagram (b) (Solid line from Peccerillo and Taylor, 1976; dotted line from Middlemost, 1985) of the volcanic rocks from the Lower Devonian Tousuquan Formation rhyolites in Yaleman area, Eastern Tianshan Mountains

  • 图8 东天山亚勒曼地区下泥盆统头苏泉组火山岩稀土元素球粒陨石标准化配分曲线(a);微量元素原始地幔标准化蛛网图(b)(球粒陨石和原始地幔标准数据据Sun and McDonough,1989

  • Fig.8 Chondrite-normalized REE pattern (a) and primitive mantle-normalized trace element spider diagram of the volcanic rocks from the Lower Devonian Tousuquan Formation in Yaleman area, Eastern Tianshan Mountains(the data of chondrite and primitive mantle from Sun and McDonough, 1989

  • 5.2 岩石成因

  • 相较地幔来源的基性玄武岩而言,中性岩浆来源更为复杂,既可起源于幔源岩浆的结晶分异(Grove et al.,2005),也可由下地壳物质部分熔融形成(Borg et al.,1998),还可能形成于陆壳俯冲熔融(张峰等,2014); Mg #值是区分岩浆壳幔来源的重要指标,典型洋中脊拉斑玄武岩(MORB)的 Mg # 值 60 左右(Donato et al.,1988),而岩石地球化学研究表明,下地壳来源的熔体,无论熔融程度高低,其 Mg #值均<40,只有在地幔物质参与成岩时,才能使熔体的 Mg #值>40(Rapp et al.,1995),而本次研究的粗安岩样品具有较高的 Mg # 值( 45.67~49.15),平均值为 47.41,表明粗安岩应主要来源于地幔,并非下地壳产物。另外,Rb / Sr = 0. 06~0.17 明显低于全球下地壳平均值 0.32( Taylor et al.,1995),Nb / Ta = 20.76~21.43 均高于上地幔平均值 17.5(Sun et al.,1989),Zr/ Hf = 33.21~37.30 均接近于原始地幔平均值 36.3(Hofmann,1988),同样暗示了其幔源特征。综合以上分析,粗安岩应主要由幔源物质的熔融结晶分异形成。

  • 一般认为流纹质岩石存在以下3种成因:地壳物质受幔源岩浆底侵发生部分熔融形成(Skjerlie et al.,1992);幔源岩浆分离结晶作用形成(Eby,1992);幔源岩浆同化地壳物质形成(尹志刚等,2013)。头苏泉组火山岩地球化学数据显示(表3),流纹岩与粗安岩主量元素组成存在一定差异,但在哈克图解(图9)中两类岩石存在一定相关性,MgO、Al2O3、TFe2O3与SiO2含量呈负相关性,全碱(ALK)与SiO2含量呈正相关性,流纹岩样品Rb/Sr(0.21~0.57)、Nb/Ta(18.65~20.46)、Zr/Hf(43.68~44.76)比值表现为与粗安岩一致的特征,REE配分曲线形态相似,均表现出铕负异常,且由中性→酸性随着斜长石分离,铕异常逐渐增强,以上主量元素的趋势、微量元素斜变、同位素的均一性均暗示该两类火山岩为同源岩浆演化关系。但地幔熔融岩浆通常形成中基性岩,很难直接形成酸性岩浆,地幔物质的部分熔融产生的岩浆SiO2不超过65%(石林,1990),研究区流纹岩SiO2含量73.15%~75.29%,因此其并非由地幔熔融分离结晶形成。幔源岩浆高度分异并同化地壳物质可能形成酸性岩浆,在同化过程中,会增加SiO2、Rb、Zr、Th等丰度,还会升高 La /Nb、K /P、Zr /Nb值,降低Ti /Yb、Ce /Pb 比值和 Sr 丰度(McCulloch et al.,1991),头苏泉组流纹岩La /Nb 值为1.71~1.97,高于地壳萃取过后亏损地幔La/Nb= 0.68(Sun et al.,1989),且随Sr含量的变化随之变化,表现为同化地壳物质特征。流纹岩还表现出与粗安岩同源特征,且具弱Eu负异常(δEu=0.62~0.7),结晶分异度(DI=86.56~90.42)较高,La/Sm—La判别图解中(图10),样品呈水平变化趋势,表现出结晶分异特征,ω(K2O+Na2O)-δEu 图解中(图11),岩石均落入壳幔混合区域。综合表明流纹岩为地幔熔融岩浆向上侵入同化地壳物质形成。

  • 图9 东天山亚勒曼地区下泥盆统头苏泉组火山岩SiO2—ALK,SiO2—Al2O3,SiO2—TFe2O3和SiO2—MgO哈克图解

  • Fig.9 SiO2—ALK, SiO2—Al2O3, SiO2—TFe2O3 and SiO2—MgO Huck diagrams of the volcanic rocks from the Lower Devonian Tousuquan Formation in Yaleman area, Eastern Tianshan Mountains

  • 5.3 构造环境

  • 新疆东天山哈尔里克带古生代构造演化长期存在诸多关键争议,前人多将哈尔里克带构造属性与北部卡拉麦里洋、南天山洋或康古尔塔格洋俯冲相联系。卡拉麦里洋奥陶纪至泥盆纪向北俯冲(李海鸥等,2006李锦轶等,2009),北侧发育大量活动大陆边缘岛弧岩浆,而南侧哈尔里克地区为被动大陆边缘弧(Huang Bo et al.,2018;Zhang Yunying et al.,2018)。康古尔塔格洋盆向北俯冲,形成奥陶纪—早志留世岛弧(孙桂华等,2007),早志留世后,随着吐哈盆地南缘活动陆缘逐渐向南迁移,洋盆逐渐萎缩(木合塔尔·扎日等,2010)。然而,李文铅(2005)汪冲等(2018)提出康古尔塔格洋盆/南天山洋向北(哈尔里克方向)的俯冲作用至少持续至早石炭世,这一观点暗示了该区可能存在多阶段洋盆叠合演化的复杂过程。在构造环境转换节点方面存在多种分歧,王瑜等(2002)孙桂华等(2005)郭华春等(2006)曹福根等(2006)Yuan Chao等(2010)认为泥盆纪—石炭纪是连续的岛弧活动期,但陈希节等(2016)基于对早二叠世A2型花岗岩的研究,提出该时期已转入后碰撞—板内伸展阶段,杜晓飞等(2025)对早二叠世超基性岩墙研究,认为该时期哈尔里克山南缘已转化板内伸展阶段。

  • 图10 东天山亚勒曼地区下泥盆统头苏泉组火山岩 La/Sm—La判别图解

  • Fig.10 La/Sm— La discrimination diagram of the volcanic rocks from the Lower Devonian Tousuquan Formation in Yaleman area, Eastern Tianshan Mountains

  • 图11 东天山亚勒曼地区下泥盆统头苏泉组火山岩ω(K2O)+ω(Na2O)—δEu 图解(底图据Chappell,1999

  • Fig.11 ω (K2O) +ω (Na2O) —δEu diagram of the volcanic rocks from the Lower Devonian Tousuquan Formation in Yaleman area, Eastern Tianshan Mountains(after Chappell, 1999

  • 本研究表明,东天山哈尔里克地区泥盆纪火山岩从中性—酸性连续演化,以钙碱性和低钾(拉斑)系列为主,锆石U-Pb定年,确定其年龄为406.0±3.0 Ma。地球化学分析显示LREE富集、Al2O3(13.20%~18.10%)含量较高,且大离子亲石元素(LILE)富集、高场强元素(HFSE)存在明显分异,这都是俯冲带弧火山岩特征(邓晋福等,2015)。依据Th—Hf—Nb图解(图12)、lgσ—lgτ图解(图13)综合判断,早泥盆世该区域仍处于活动大陆边缘弧环境。支持了汪冲等(2018)关于俯冲作用延续至石炭纪的观点,揭示康古尔塔格洋盆闭合时间晚于传统认识的早志留世。同时,区域早二叠世A2型花岗岩(陈希节等,2016)与泥盆纪弧火山岩的时空共存,表明东天山经历了“俯冲持续(泥盆—石炭纪)—碰撞滞后(早二叠世)”的多阶段演化模式,提出洋盆闭合与构造体制转换具有穿时性,为东天山“多洋盆—多期次”构造模型(夏林圻等,200220042007王宗秀,2003李锦轶,2004李锦轶等,20062009徐学义等,2014崔方磊等, 2015)提供了关键岩石学证据。

  • 图12 东天山亚勒曼地区下泥盆统头苏泉组火山岩Th—Hf—Nb判别图解(据Wood,1980

  • Fig.12 Hf—Th—Ta diagram of the volcanic rocks from the Lower Devonian Tousuquan Formation in Yaleman area, Eastern Tianshan Mountains (after Wood,1980)

  • A—N型MORB;B—E型MORB和板内拉班玄武岩; C—碱性板内玄武岩;D—火山弧玄武岩

  • A—N type MORB;B—E type MORB and within-plate tholeiite; C—alkaline within-plate basalt;D—volcanic arc basalt

  • 6 结论

  • (1)东天山亚勒曼地区头苏泉组主要由中性、酸性火山熔岩及凝灰岩、火山角砾岩等组成,可划分为爆发相、喷溢相、及潜火山岩相3种火山岩相,并存在至少7个喷发韵律,未发育长时间的喷发间断,总体表现为由中性—酸性火山喷发旋回。

  • 图13 东天山亚勒曼地区下泥盆统头苏泉火山岩 lgσ—lgτ图解(据Rittmann,1973

  • Fig.13 lgσ—lgτ diagram of the volcanic rocks from the Lower Devonian Tousuquan Formation in Yaleman area, Eastern Tianshan Mountains (after Rittmann, 1973)

  • σ=100wK2O+100wNa2O2100wSiO2-43; τ=wAl2O3-wNa2OwTiO2; A—板内稳定区火山岩;B—消减带火山岩(岛弧与活动大陆边缘);C—A和B区演化的碱性火山岩

  • σ=100wK2O+100wNa2O2100wSiO2-43; τ=wAl2O3-wNa2OwTiO2; A—intraplate stable volcanic rocks;B—subduction zone volcanic rocks(Island arc and active continental margin);C—alkaline volcanic rocks evolved in areas A and B

  • (2)东天山亚勒曼地区头苏泉组流纹岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb加权平均年龄为406.0±3.0 Ma(MSWD=0.35),结合前人测试结果,综合分析认为本区头苏泉组火山岩地层形成时代为早泥盆世。

  • (3)岩石地球化学特征表明,东天山亚勒曼地区头苏泉组火山岩具高铝、富钠贫钾特征,属低—中钾钙碱性岩石,稀土元素总量较高,轻稀土相对富集,重稀土亏损,大离子亲石元素Rb、K、Ba明显富集,高场强元素Nb、Ta和Ti亏损,由地幔熔融结晶分析形成,构造环境为俯冲背景下大陆边缘弧环境。

  • 致谢:感谢审稿专家的宝贵意见和建议!

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