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作者简介:

孙波,男,1995年生,博士研究生,石油与天然气工程专业;E-mail: sunupcb@163.com

通讯作者:

韩忠英,女,1979年生,博士,副教授,主要从事油气井工程研究;E-mail: hzy_0218@163.com。

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目录contents

    摘要

    地层岩石力学性质的研究是井壁稳定性评价和安全钻井作业的基础。为探究珠江口盆地惠州凹陷古近系及古潜山地层岩石的力学特性,笔者等对地层取芯岩样进行了全岩矿物及黏土含量分析、浸泡钻井液前后力学特性实验,得到了古近系及古潜山地层岩石力学特性参数及蠕变模型,并通过分析能量演化特性,量化了岩石的弹塑性特征,提出了地层安全钻井作业建议。研究结果表明:恩平组石英、钾长石和黏土含量各占30%左右,文昌组石英含量约占60%,潜山风化带几乎不含黏土矿物,潜山内幕斜长石含量高达54.69%;古近系及古潜山地层的单轴抗压强度较低,总体位于30.20~48.76 MPa,浸泡后恩平组、文昌组和潜山内幕岩样单轴抗压强度分别降低了27.55%、26.82%和31.60%;潜山风化带总体强度高于其他地层,岩芯内摩擦角较大,内聚力较低;各地层岩芯蠕变曲线均满足衰减蠕变特征,潜山风化带地层蠕变明显小于其他地层;古近系和潜山内幕地层应保证安全钻井周期,不宜长时间作业,适当提高钻井液密度,并应及时进行倒滑眼作业,防止钻具阻卡。本研究将有助于解决惠州凹陷下部地层力学特性认识不清的问题,并有助于地区地层评价与钻井工作的安全高效进行。

    Abstract

    The study of the mechanical properties of formation rocks is the basis for evaluating wellbore stability and ensuring safe drilling operations. To explore the mechanical properties of rocks in the Paleogene and paleo-buried hill strata of the Huizhou Depression, the Pearl River Mouth Basin. This study conducted a comprehensive analysis of the mineral and clay content of the core rock samples taken from the formation, as well as mechanical properties experiments before and after immersion in the drilling fluid. The mechanical properties parameters and creep models of the rocks in the Paleogene and paleo-buried hill strata were obtained. By analyzing the energy evolution characteristics, the elastic—plastic characteristics of rocks were quantified, and recommendations for safe drilling operations in formations were proposed. The research results show that the quartz, potassium feldspar, and clay content of the Enping Formation each account for about 30%, while the quartz content of the Wenchang Formation accounts for about 60%. The buried hill weathering zone contains almost no clay minerals, and the content of inner buried hill is as high as 54.69%. The uniaxial compressive strength of the Paleogene and paleo-buried hill strata is relatively low, generally ranging from 30.20 to 48.76 MPa. After soaking, the uniaxial compressive strength of the Enping Formation, Wenchang Formation, and inner buried hill decreased by 27.55%, 26.82%, and 31.60%, respectively. The overall strength of the buried hill weathering zone is higher than that of other strata, with a larger internal friction angle and lower cohesion in the rock core. The creep curves of rock cores in various layers all exhibit attenuation creep characteristics, and the creep of the buried hill weathering zone is significantly smaller than that of other layers. The Paleogene and inner buried hill strata should ensure a safe drilling cycle and should not be operated for long periods. The drilling fluid density should be appropriately increased, and reverse sliding hole operations should be carried out on time to prevent drilling tool blockage. This study will help to solve the problem of unclear understanding of the mechanical characteristics of the lower strata in the Huizhou Depression and contribute to the safe and efficient evaluation of regional strata and drilling work.

  • 地球能源的迫切发展是当今时代变革的动力之一(常毓文等,2022),而在石油与天然气勘探开发行业中,对地区地层真实岩芯的研究十分重要(Liu Zenghui et al.,2023熊健等,2023;张冠杰等,2024;赵珠宇等,2025),它能够较准确的反应地层岩石力学特征,从而有利于地层安全稳定的钻进开发(程远方等,1993敖康伟,2016)。

  • 珠江口生烃盆地是国内油气富集地区之一,其形成演化与多个板块运动密切相关,包括太平洋板块向欧亚板块的俯冲碰撞、印度板块与欧亚板块的碰撞以及南海的扩张活动等,珠江口盆地构造单元由北向南可划分为北部隆起带和坳陷带、中央隆起带、南部坳陷带和隆起带(Peng Guangrong et al.,2019王嘉等,2021Ma Bingshan et al.,2022;Zhang Manli et al.,2022;李博等,2023)。本研究岩芯测试取芯地区地层位于珠江口盆地南部惠州凹陷断裂带,该凹陷构造是由中生界块状潜山及其上覆古近系文昌—恩平组层状砂岩、砂砾岩共同构成的复合型圈闭(Jiang Zhenglong et al.,2014陆蕾蕾等,2021彭光荣等,2023李一超等,2024),其油气主要目的层为古近系恩平组、文昌组及古潜山,并且目的层为类断背斜或断背斜构造,具有圈闭形态完整、面积大、叠合性好的特征(王绪诚等,2023游君君等,2024)。惠州凹陷具有良好的勘探潜力和勘探前景,惠州凹陷构造低部位与烃源岩直接对接,供烃窗口厚度达3000 m,具有宽窗强势供烃的优势,同时其持续活动的油源断裂及古潜山立体网状裂缝形成高效输导体系,油气运移顺畅,古近系发育大型扇三角洲沉积体系,形成了较大规模的优质储层(刘杰等,2021;彭光荣等,2024);古潜山划分为潜山风化带和潜山内幕,古潜山在断裂差异活动基础上,经过较长时间的风化剥蚀、流体溶蚀等改造,形成了优良的裂缝及孔隙型储层(罗伟等,2019李思伟,2020贾培蒙等,2021高中亮等,2023熊亭等,2023)。惠州凹陷在新生代区域拉张应力下,两期挤压构造体系先后活化,先存断裂差异活化控制富生烃洼陷形成和潜山储层发育。文昌组烃源岩在主排油期,超压明显,压力系数可达1.5左右,在主排气期,超压进一步增加。惠州凹陷油气藏具有明显的垂向分带性,文昌组烃源岩晚期大量生成油气,形成生烃超压,为古近系和古潜山储层提供充足石油和天然气,层状油藏与凝析气藏储层分布相对稳定,储量丰度高,产能高;恩平组同为层状油藏与凝析气藏,但含油气饱和度横向差异明显;古潜山为厚层块状高烃柱凝析气藏,垂向上可进一步分为高产能的风化裂缝带和低产能的内幕裂缝带(施和生等,2022史玉玲等,2022张向涛等,2022)。

  • 但在实际油气田勘探开发中,该地区钻井过程中出现了较多复杂事故,主要表现为钻具阻卡和井眼垮塌问题(宋吉明等,2016;Li Xiongyan et al,2017;田波等,2019曹轩,2020),严重影响了工程作业时效。这是由于该地区储层的岩石力学特性认识不清,无法建立准确的地层坍塌压力剖面和安全作业周期,导致钻井作业指导存在偏差。古近系地层钻具阻卡事故的原因是由于砂泥岩地层坍塌压力较高,使用的泥浆密度不足以稳定井壁造成的;根据测井数据统计结果,各探井均有不同程度的井径扩大现象,尤其在古近系文昌组下部及古潜山火成岩地层,部分井径井眼扩大率超过20%。因此,为了探究该地区储集层力学特性,对该地区目的层的真实取芯岩石进行单轴及三轴实验,得到了地层岩石力学参数特征,并通过蠕变实验,建立了时间主导的地层蠕变模型,同时,分析了岩石能量演化过程,量化了地层弹塑性及破坏规律,并依此提出了安全钻井建议。本研究将有助于解决惠州凹陷下部地层力学特性认识不清的问题,并有助于地区目的层钻井工作的安全高效进行。

  • 1 实验材料与方案

  • 1.1 实验材料

  • 本研究岩样通过取芯工具获得,样品取自惠州凹陷油田古近系及古潜山目的层(3822.00~4156.50 m)。为进行实验,将现场取芯获得的有限岩样加工磨平成Ф25 mm×50 mm的标准岩样,并对岩样进行密度测量,不同地层岩样取芯位置及密度如表1所示。

  • 同时,本研究对惠州凹陷油田古近系及古潜山地层所取岩芯开展了X衍射矿物组分分析。全岩矿物与黏土含量分析结果如图1所示。

  • 表1 实验岩芯取芯位置及密度

  • Table1 Experimental core sampling location and density

  • 图1 全岩矿物分析结果

  • Fig.1 Results of whole rock mineral analysis

  • 分析发现,所取岩芯主要成分石英、钾长石、斜长石、黏土矿物等,含有少量的方解石、铁白云石、浊沸石、黄铁矿等。古近系恩平组石英含量和钾长石含量、黏土含量相当,各占30%左右;文昌组砂岩石英含量较高,约占60%,其次是黏土矿物和钾长石;潜山风化带石英、钾长石和斜长石含量相当,各占30%左右,几乎不含黏土矿物;潜山内幕辉绿岩中斜长石含量最多,最高达54.69%,钾长石和方解石含量均在10%~20%,由于存在长石黏土化等现象,潜山内幕所取岩芯中黏土含量在20%~30%。

  • 1.2 实验方案

  • 由于现场取芯岩芯十分珍贵且有限,为获得较多的目的地层力学参数特征信息,针对有限地层取芯岩样,测试惠州凹陷油田群恩平组、文昌组、潜山风化带、潜山内幕岩芯的岩石强度及浸泡钻井液后岩石强度实验;测试惠州凹陷油田群目的层在不同差应力下的蠕变速率。制定了如表2所示的力学实验方案,主要包括单轴抗压强度实验、浸泡后单轴抗压强度、三轴抗压强度实验、浸泡后三轴抗压强度实验和不同差应力下的蠕变速率测试实验。其中,岩石浸泡后三轴强度实验是将岩样浸泡钻井液7 d后取出,并进行浸泡后岩石强度测试的实验。

  • 图2 部分实验后岩样

  • Fig.2 Part of the rock samples after the experiment

  • 2 岩石力学特性参数分析研究

  • 地层岩石力学性质的研究是地层评价及井壁稳定性评价的基础(Morita et al.,2012刘建华等,2020Liu Houbin et al.,2021),为促进惠州凹陷地区目的层井壁稳定性分析研究和钻井工作的安全高效进行,对地层取芯岩样进行了岩石力学实验,分析获得了惠州凹陷古近系和古潜山地层的力学参数特征及蠕变模型。

  • 表2 取芯岩样力学实验方案

  • Table2 Mechanical experiment plan for core rock samples

  • 2.1 岩石力学参数测试

  • 2.1.1 单轴抗压强度测试

  • 为获得地层岩芯的单轴抗压强度,根据实验方案,对所取岩芯进行了单轴抗压强度测试。同时,为了探究岩石在钻井液浸泡后的强度弱化规律,本研究将岩芯浸泡7 d后取出,测量了岩石浸泡后的单轴抗压强度。实验后岩样如图2所示,实验测试结果如表3所示。

  • 可以发现:古近系及古潜山地层的单轴抗压强度较低,岩石单轴抗压强度总体位于30.20~48.76 MPa之间;潜山风化带岩石单轴抗压强度最高,为48.76 MPa,潜山风化带岩石弹性模量较高,可达12.46 GPa。试样经浸泡后,明显呈现强度弱化现象,恩平组浸泡后岩样单轴抗压强度降低27.55%,文昌组浸泡后降低26.82%,潜山内幕浸泡后降低31.60%。结合全岩矿物与黏土分析结果:恩平组岩样黏土含量大于28.9%,文昌组大于18.2%,潜山内幕在15.81%~28.32%。研究分析认为岩样在浸泡后,岩石内部水分增加,导致了矿物颗粒间的泥质胶结强度降低,从而使岩石出现了强度弱化现象。

  • 2.1.2 三轴抗压强度测试

  • 为了获取地层条件下岩石的强度参数,根据实验方案,本研究对取芯岩芯进行不同围压下的岩石力学特性测试实验,获得了地层岩芯强度参数,并进行了古近系岩芯浸泡后的三轴强度测试实验,获得了古近系地层浸泡钻井液后的强度参数。部分实验岩芯的如图3所示。岩样三轴实验测试结果如表4所示。

  • 根据实验结果和库伦—摩尔破坏准则,绘制得到如图4所示应力莫尔圆。

  • 表3 岩芯单轴抗压强度实验结果

  • Table3 Experimental results of uniaxial compressive strength of rock cores

  • 表4 岩石三轴抗压强度实验结果

  • Table4 Experimental results of triaxial compressive strength of rocks

  • 根据应力莫尔圆结果,获取了岩石抗剪强度参数。文昌组岩石内聚力28.49 MPa,内摩擦角为24.21°;潜山风化带内聚力10.30 MPa,内摩擦角为44.16°;潜山内幕内聚力14.88 MPa,内摩擦角为23.08°;古近系岩芯浸泡后,恩平组岩芯内摩擦角与内聚力分别为32.13°和8.65 MPa,文昌组岩芯内摩擦角与内聚力分别为28.47°和6.73 MPa。

  • 根据实验结果,可以发现:岩芯强度随围压的增大呈逐渐增大的趋势,潜山风化带三轴抗压强度高于其他地层,岩石内摩擦角较大,岩石内聚力较低;浸泡后,文昌组岩石内聚力明显降低,岩石强度下降31.05%。由于取芯岩芯较少,其他地层缺乏同等条件的对比。

  • 2.2 蠕变实验及模型研究

  • 岩石蠕变是指岩石在恒定载荷作用下,应变随时间的增加而增大的现象(王旭锋等,2023)。为了获取岩芯蠕变本构模型的特征参数,在一定轴压、围压下进行了岩芯三轴蠕变测试。

  • 对文昌组、恩平组、潜山风化带和潜山内幕岩芯开展三轴蠕变实验,实验围压为5 MPa,轴向差应力分别为5 MPa、10 MPa,实验时间为168 h。通过实验,获取了古近系及古潜山地层的时间—应变曲线,如图5所示。

  • 根据实验结果可以看出,当轴向差应力为5 MPa、10 MPa时,文昌组、恩平组、潜山内幕、潜山风化带的岩芯的蠕变曲线均满足衰减蠕变特征,即蠕变速率随着蠕变时间的增加而逐渐减小;同时,差应力越大,相同时间蠕变变形越大;潜山风化带地层岩芯蠕变量明显小于其他地层。

  • 通过对地层岩芯蠕变实验结果时间项取对数,发现对数时间与蠕变应变之间呈现明显的线性关系。因此,构建了如式(1)所示的时间与应变参数关系,同时构建了蠕变参数a与蠕变参数b随轴向差应力相关关系,如式(1)所示。

  • εc(t)=a(σ)lg(t)+b(σ)
    (1)
  • 图3 部分三轴实验后岩芯

  • Fig.3 Core after Triaxial Experiment

  • 图4 应力莫尔圆

  • Fig.4 Stress Mohr’s circle

  • 式中,εct)为蠕变应变(creep strain),mm;t为时间,h;σ为轴向差应力,MPa;ab为蠕变参数,为轴向差应力的函数。

  • 根据参数关系,对实验数据进行拟合,拟合结果如图5所示,得到了古近系及古潜山地层的蠕变特征模型。恩平组εc1t)、古文昌组εc2t)、潜山风化带εc3t)、潜山内幕εc4t)地层蠕变特征模型分别如式(2)~(5)所示。

  • εc1(t)=4.5×10-2σ+0.16lg(t)+2.2×10-2σ+0.58
    (2)
  • εc2(t)=1.7×10-2σ+0.11lg(t)+1.6×10-1σ-0.19
    (3)
  • εc3(t)=1.9×10-2σ+0.14lg(t)-4.8×10-3σ+0.53
    (4)
  • εc4(t)=3.5×10-2σ+0.13lg(t)+4.6×10-2σ+0.34
    (5)
  • 3 能量演化特性及安全钻井建议

  • 3.1 岩石力学变形特征

  • 通过三轴力学实验,获得三轴条件下岩石的弹性模量、泊松比、峰值强度等参数,同时确定了古近系及古潜山地层岩芯内聚力、内摩擦角等抗剪强度参数。但在实验过程中发现,岩芯的变形特征存在较大差别。岩芯三轴实验过程变形曲线如图6所示。

  • 通过应力应变曲线,可以发现:各地层岩石的变形曲线趋势相似,都经历了弹性、塑性和破坏阶段;潜山风化带相对于其他地层,弹性阶段较长,塑性阶段不明显,这跟该地层的黏土矿物含量有关;随着地层埋深的增大,岩体围压增大,导致岩石塑性阶段逐渐增强;岩石浸泡后,岩石强度降低,塑性阶段明显增长,容易导致井眼缩小,因此不宜采用较长的钻井周期作业。

  • 3.2 能量演化研究及安全钻井建议

  • 研究表明,能量演化特征是岩石压缩破坏过程分析中的重要指标,岩体内部能量的积聚与释放爆发反映了岩石储能和单元结构特性(Song Zhixiang et al.,2023)。岩石的破坏是能量积聚和释放的过程(Xie Heping et al.,2009Chen Ziquan et al.,2019Han Songcai et al.,2024),本研究忽略温度变化对于能量的影响,岩石的总能量包括弹性应变能ee和耗散能ed,如式(6)所示。

  • e=ed+ee
    (6)
  • 在伪三轴条件下,岩体内部总能量和弹性应变能分别如式(7)和(8)所示(Xie Heping et al.,2009Chen Ziquan et al.,2019)。

  • e=σ1dε1+2σ3dε3+3-6v02E0σ32
    (7)
  • ee=12Euσ12+2σ32-2vuσ32+2σ1σ3
    (8)
  • 式中:σ1为轴向压力;σ3为围压;vuEu为泊松比和弹性模量;v0E0为初始泊松比和弹性模量。

  • 以岩芯10-1为例,计算分析岩石三轴压缩实验中的能量演化过程,如图7所示。可以发现:在弹性变形阶段,岩石总能量和弹性能基本吻合;在塑性变形阶段,岩石的总能量与弹性能的差值(耗散能)逐渐增加,直至破坏;岩石在破坏前,总能量和耗散能急剧增大,达到岩芯能量极限后迅速破裂并释放能量;定义岩石弹性能与总能量的比值为无因次弹性效果,计算得到岩石弹性效果为30.46%,发现,岩石塑性效果远大于弹性效果,因此在该岩芯对应的文昌组地层钻井过程中,应注意使用适用弹塑性地层的钻头作业,适当提高钻井液密度,并及时进行倒滑眼作业,防止井眼缩小引起的卡钻现象发生。

  • 类似地,对其他地层岩芯进行分析,认为:恩平组、潜山内幕地层塑性效果规律与文昌组类似,且潜山内幕塑性效果大于文昌组,在进行钻井作业时,更应及时解决缩径引起的卡钻现象;潜山风化带地层弹性效果较强,容易发生井壁崩落,不宜选用金刚石类钻头作业;对浸泡后岩芯三轴压缩实验能量演化分析发现,浸泡后岩芯塑性效果增强,作业时应保证安全钻井周期,不宜长时间作业,适当提高钻井液密度,并及时进行倒滑眼工序,以免引起更严重的钻具阻卡现象。

  • 图5 地层岩芯蠕变实验曲线

  • Fig.5 Creep test curve of the strata core

  • 4 结论与展望

  • 笔者等对古近系及古潜山地层岩芯进行了实验研究与分析,得到了以下有助于地区目的层安全高效开发的结论及建议:

  • (1)古近系及古潜山地层岩芯主要成分为石英、钾长石、斜长石、黏土矿物等,含有少量的方解石、铁白云石、浊沸石、黄铁矿等。恩平组石英含量、钾长石含量和黏土含量相当,各占30%左右;文昌组石英含量较高,约占60%,其次是黏土矿物和钾长石,黏土含量占20%左右;潜山风化带中石英、钾长石和斜长石含量相当,各占30%左右,几乎不含黏土矿物;潜山内幕斜长石含量最多,最高达54.69%,钾长石和方解石含量均在10%~20%,潜山内幕所取岩芯中黏土含量在15%~30%。

  • (2)古近系及古潜山地层的单轴抗压强度较低,岩石单轴抗压强度总体位于30.20~48.76 MPa;潜山风化带岩石单轴抗压强度最高,为48.76 MPa,潜山风化带岩石弹性模量较高,可达12.46 GPa。试样经钻井液浸泡后,岩石内部水分增加,导致矿物颗粒间泥质胶结强度降低,使岩芯明显呈现出强度弱化现象,恩平组、文昌组和潜山内幕岩样单轴抗压强度分别降低了27.55%、26.82%和31.60%。

  • 图6 应力应变曲线

  • Fig.6 stress—strain curve

  • 图7 岩芯10-1能量演化过程

  • Fig.7 Energy evolution process of core10-1

  • (3)文昌组岩石内聚力和内摩擦角分别为28.49 MPa和24.21°,潜山风化带内聚力和内摩擦角分别为10.30 MPa和44.16°,潜山内幕内聚力和内摩擦角分别为14.88 MPa和23.08°,恩平组岩芯浸泡后岩芯内摩擦角与内聚力分别为32.13°和8.65 MPa,文昌组岩芯浸泡后岩芯内摩擦角与内聚力分别为28.47°和6.73 MPa;浸泡钻井液后,文昌组岩石内聚力明显降低,岩石强度下降31.05%;岩芯强度随围压的增大呈逐渐增大的趋势,潜山风化带地层强度高于其他地层,岩芯内摩擦角较大,岩石内聚力较低。

  • (4)古近系及古潜山地层岩芯蠕变曲线均满足衰减蠕变特征;差应力越大,相同时间蠕变变形越大;潜山风化带地层岩芯蠕变量明显小于其他地层;同时,建立了古近系及古潜山地层蠕变模型。

  • (5)文昌组、恩平组和潜山内幕地层钻井过程中,应注意使用适用弹塑性地层的钻头作业,并择机进行倒滑眼作业,防止井眼缩小引起的卡钻现象发生,尤其是潜山内幕地层;潜山风化带地层弹性效果较强,容易发生井壁崩落,不宜选用金刚石类钻头作业;浸泡后岩芯塑性效果增强,作业时应保证安全钻井周期,不宜长时间作业,适当提高钻井液密度,并及时进行倒滑眼工序,防止钻具阻卡。

  • (6)针对当前研究,未来可能存在以下几个重点研究方向。引入温度场与流体场的耦合作用,探究高温及孔隙流体动态变化对岩石强度、蠕变特性的协同效应;针对钻井液长期滞留导致的矿物溶蚀、黏土膨胀等次生效应,开展多尺度浸泡实验研究;未来可结合原位裂缝网络与层理结构特征,构建非连续介质井壁稳定模型,提高风险预测精度。

  • 致谢:感谢审稿专家宝贵意见和编辑部的大力支持!

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