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作者简介:

闫候贝,女,1998年生,硕士研究生,矿物学、岩石学、矿床学,主要从事花岗质岩石成因研究:E-mail: 420667369@qq.com。

通讯作者:

王志强,男,1987年生,副教授,博士,主要从事中酸性岩石成因及稀有金属成矿工作;E-mail: wangzq@hfut.edu.cn。

孙克克,男,1989年生,副研究员,主要从事高分异花岗岩成因、钨锡矿成矿机理、伟晶岩成因及演化过程研究;E-mail: sunkk1989@hhu.edu.cn。

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目录contents

    摘要

    暗色微粒包体(mafic microgranular enclave, MME)广泛存在于花岗质岩石中,其成因对于理解岩浆深部演化过程具有重要意义。燕山期旌德岩体位于江南造山段东段,内部广泛发育暗色微粒包体。本文对旌德岩体中MME开展详细的岩相学,重点选择花岗闪长岩和MME中黑云母进行矿物化学分析,并结合前人已有的工作,通过建立花岗闪长岩与MME之间的成因联系,限定MME成因。花岗闪长岩和MME中黑云母演化程度均较低,二者具有相似的形成温度分别为(824~864℃、802~828℃)、压力(0.354~0.787 GPa、0.279~0.358 GPa)和氧逸度(-13.4~-12.7、-12.8~-11.2)。花岗闪长岩和MME在物理化学条件和地球化学成分上呈现出高度的一致性,反映二者很可能来源于同源母岩浆。在古太平洋板块俯冲背景下,具有富集特征的扬子岩石圈地幔部分熔融形成玄武质岩浆并在下地壳发生分异作用,岩浆房内早期低演化岩浆由于较低黏度先上侵冷却,后高演化的花岗闪长质岩浆大规模上侵,并将岩浆通道中早期半塑性的中基性岩石拖拽裹挟至浅部地壳,形成旌德岩体及包裹的MME。

    Abstract

    Objectives:In order to study the possible formation mechanism of MME in the Jingde pluton. Mineral chemical analyses of granodiorite and biotite in the MME were conducted to qualify the magma crystallization conditions and establish the diagenetic link between the MME and host granodiorite.

    Methods: Combined with field work and microscope observation, using EPMA and LA-ICP-MS analysis of biotite and plagioclase to constrain the origin of MME.

    Results and conclusion:

    (1) In the Jingde pluton granodiorite and MME formed at analogous temperatures (824~864℃, 802~828℃), pressures (0.354~0.787 GPa, 0.279~0.353 GPa) and oxygen fugacity (-13.4~-12.7, -12.8~-11.2), respectively.

    (2)The compositions of biotite and plagioclase in the Jingde pluton MME are comparable to that of the host granodiorite, indicating that MME is not of crust—mantle mixing origin, but a cognate magmatic evolutionary relationships.

    (3)The enriched mantle was partially melted induced by the subduction of the Paleo-Pacific plate and formed basaltic magma. The underplated basaltic magma evolved to intermediate melt by differentiation. Early low-evolving magma is the magma chamber cooled first by upward introsions due to lower viscosity, followed by a large-scale upward intrusion of highly evolved granodiorite magma. The cooled semi-plasticized intermediate rocks in the magma channel were dragged and wrapped to form MMEs in the granodiorite.

    Acknowledgements: We are grateful to Fangyue Wang and Juan Wang for their assistance in LA-ICPMS and EMPA analyses, respectively.

  • 暗色微粒包体(mafic microgranular enclave,MME)广泛发育在花岗质岩石中,对MME进行系统的地球化学研究,可以揭示深部岩浆作用过程,有助于了解花岗岩的起源、成因演化(如Castro et al.,1991; Blake et al.,2000)。目前,对于MME成因还存在不同认识,主要有三种观点:第一种观点认为MME为源岩残留体或围岩捕掳体(White et al.,1999; Maas et al.,1997),围岩捕掳体因其野外多呈棱角状、显微镜下呈变晶结构或变余构造较为容易地识别。第二种观点认为MME为壳—幔岩浆发生混合的产物,具有强的地幔亲和性,该观点也是目前被国内外学者广泛接受的观点(如Yang Jinhui et al.,2007; 王德滋和谢磊,2008; Zhao Kuidong et al.,2012; 翟明国,2017; Clemens et al.,2017)。然而,近年来随着对MME的深入研究,壳幔混合成因受到许多质疑。第三种观点认为MME与寄主岩石为同源岩浆演化关系,MME为母岩浆早期的析离体或堆晶体(Didier and Barbarin,1991; Dahlquist,2002; Gómez-Frutos and Castro,2023)。Zhou Houzhi et al.(2020)根据Huda岩体中寄主岩与MME相近的结晶年龄(约224 Ma),寄主岩n87Sr)/n86Sr)i值为0.7108~0.7119;εNdt)值为(-5.6~-6.0)与MME n87Sr)/n86Sr)i值为0.7106~0.7105;εNdt)值为(-5.2~-5.8)一致的Sr、Nd同位素组成值,指出二者为同源岩浆成因。汪相(2023a2023b)结合前人的研究指出寄主岩与MME有着相近重叠的斜长石牌号、一致的全岩微量和稀土元素配分模式、近乎相同的全岩Sr—Nd—Hf同位素组成,表明二者为同源岩浆演化关系。类似地,Gómez-Frutos et al.(2023)在Los Pedroches岩基中通过MME和寄主岩相似的全岩地球化学组成、二者均一的n143Nd)/n144Nd)比值,结合Sr—Y模拟得出MME与寄主岩石为分离结晶关系。

  • 目前关于MME的成因分析多集中于锆石Lu—Hf、全岩Sr—Nd同位素分析、全岩地球化学研究等方法(如范飞鹏等,2016; 陆应辉,2017; Ou Quan et al.,2020; Zhou Hongzhi et al.,2020)。近年来随着原位分析技术的进步,矿物微区原位分析在岩石、矿床成因研究方面得到广泛应用(如汪方跃等,2017; 范宏瑞等,2018; 周伶俐等,2019)。黑云母作为中酸性岩石的造岩矿物之一,其成分可以约束岩浆的分异演化程度(胡建等,2006; Zhang Chao et al.,2022)和限制成岩物理化学条件(Albuquerque,1973; Li Xiaoyan et al.,2022)。

  • 位于江南造山带东段的旌德岩体是皖南燕山期形成的复式岩基,并发育大量MME,是研究MME成因的良好对象。前人对旌德地区及MME开展了年代学和全岩地球化学分析,对旌德岩体及MME的成因尚未形成统一认识(张俊杰等,2012; 周洁等,2013; Yue Qian et al.,2020)。本文选取旌德岩体中花岗闪长岩和MME为研究对象,开展系统的岩相学和矿物地球化学研究,限定了花岗闪长岩和MME的温度、压力、氧逸度等物理化学条件,并重点讨论了MME的可能形成机制。

  • 图1 江南造山带东段地质简图(据Mao Jingwen et al.,2017

  • Fig.1 Geological schematic map of the eastern section of Jiangnanorogenic belt of Jiangnan orogenic belt (after Mao Jingwen et al., 2017)

  • J3—K—上侏罗统至白垩系; Pt3—新元古界; Є—J1—寒武系—下侏罗统

  • J3K—Upper Jurassic to Cretaceous; Pt3—Neoproterozoic; Є—J1—Cambrian— Lower Jurassic

  • 1 地质背景

  • 江南造山带是新元古代扬子和华夏陆块碰撞拼合的产物,呈NW向的带状展布,西起桂北,经湘西等地至浙北,约1500 km长、200 km宽,它的形成标志着华南统一大陆的正式形成(图1;白文吉等,1986; 周新民等,1988; Li Wuxian et al.,2005; Zhang Yuzhi et al.,2012)。江南造山带主要由一套(中)新元古代浅变质强烈变形的厚沉积—火山岩和同期侵入岩组成(薛怀民等,2010),早新元古代浅变质火山—沉积地层主要包括双溪坞群、溪口群、双桥山/九岭群、冷家溪群、梵净山群和四堡群及上覆的河上镇群、厉口群、登山群、板溪群(高涧群)、下江群和丹州群(Wang Xiaolei et al.,20042007)。目前观点普遍认为中—新元古代期间,扬子与华夏间发生了多期拼贴与裂解,发育有岛弧和弧后(前)盆地等构造单元,形成了江南造山带复杂的前寒武纪基底(王自强等,2012; 王孝磊等,2017; Xia Yan et al.,2018)。

  • 江南造山带在150~135 Ma发生了广泛的岩浆活动和成矿活动(Wu Fuyuan et al.,2012; 周翔等,2012)。不同学者对其独特的晚侏罗世—早白垩世岩浆活动的构造动力学背景曾提出不同模式:古太平洋板块在华北克拉通与中国东南部的俯冲角度不同而形成,俯冲角度的变化引起了板片撕裂,并引发了其后的早白垩世岩浆活动(Wu Fuyuan et al.,2012; 周翔等,2012);扬子克拉通东南部中生代岩石圈发生了以机械为主的拆沉作用(薛怀民等,2009)。汪相等(2022)指出中国东南部存在着一系列早白垩世中—晚期Ⅰ型花岗岩与A型花岗岩复合在一起的北东向岩带,对今后的区域构造、花岗岩成因和找矿勘探将显示出重要的地质意义。燕山中—晚期的岩浆活动可以划分为早晚两个阶段:早阶段为152~137 Ma,包含两种侵位类型岩体,一种为浅成侵位岩体,多以小岩株产出,岩性包括花岗闪长斑岩和花岗(斑)岩(周翔等,2011; 秦燕等,2010; 陈子微等,2013)。另一种为深成侵位岩体,多以大岩基出露,岩性以I型的花岗闪长岩和二长花岗岩为主,如青阳、城安、旌德、太平岩体等(周翔等,2012; 张俊杰等,2012; 陈子微等,2013)。晚阶段为136~122 Ma,主要是复式岩体晚阶段侵入体,岩性以钾长花岗岩为主,岩石类型呈I—A过渡型,如九华山、黄山、伏岭岩体等(薛怀民等,2009; Wu Fuyuan et al.,2012; Zhou Jie et al.,2013)。

  • 旌德岩体位于江南造山带东段(图2),总体呈北东向展布,出露面积约450 km2。在构造上位于东至—广德复向斜,旌德—漳前深大断裂切过岩体(周泰禧等,1988)。区内出露了南华系—二叠系地层,为一套较稳定的海相盖层沉积,岩性主要为灰岩、泥灰岩、页岩、泥岩、粉砂岩、岩屑砂岩等(钱辉等,2010)。岩石类型以花岗闪长岩类和二长花岗岩为主,并发育大量MME。锆石LA-ICP-MS定年结果显示旌德岩体形成于139~151 Ma(张俊杰等,2012; 周洁等,2013; Yue Qian et al.,2020),为晚侏罗世—早白垩世岩浆活动的产物。

  • 图2 旌德岩体地质简图(据唐永成等,2010

  • Fig.2 Simplified geological map of Jingde pluton (after Tang Yongcheng et al., 2010#)

  • γπ—花岗斑岩脉; q—石英脉; γ—花岗岩; γδ—花岗闪长岩; S—志留系; O—奥陶系; Є—寒武系; Pt2—Pt3—中新元古界

  • γπ—granite-porphyry vein; q—quartz vein; γ—granite; γδ—granodiorite; S—Silurian; O—Ordovician; Є—Cambrian; Pt2—Pt3—Meso-and Neoproterozoic

  • 图3 旌德岩体花岗闪长岩和MME手标本照片和镜下照片: (a)花岗闪长岩手标本照片;(b)、(c)花岗闪长岩主要矿物黑云母+斜长石+钾长石+石英,黑云母解理缝处发生绿泥石化;(d)花岗闪长岩和MME接触界限截然;(e)、(f)MME主要矿物黑云母+角闪石+斜长石+石英,MME中发育针状磷灰石

  • Fig.3 Hand specimen photos and microphotographs of the Jingde granodiorite and MMEs: (a) hand specimen photos of granodiorite; (b) , (c) major minerals of biotite+plagioclase+K-feldspar + quartz in granodiorite, chloritization occurs at biotite detrital joints; (d) granodiorite and MME contact boundaries are distinctly; (e) , (f) major minerals of biotite + amphibole+plagioclase +quartz in MME, acicular apatite develops in MME

  • Bt—黑云母;Pl—斜长石;Amp—角闪石;Qtz—石英;Ap—磷灰石; Kfs—钾长石

  • Bt—biotite; Qtz—quartz; Pl—plagioclase; Amp—amphibole; AP—aptite; Kfs—K-feldspar

  • 2 岩石学特征

  • 旌德岩体主要由黑云母花岗闪长岩、黑云母二长花岗岩和暗色微粒包体(MME)组成(图3)。黑云母花岗闪长岩呈灰白色、中细粒结构、块状构造,主要由斜长石(30%~45%)、石英(10%~25%)、碱性长石(10%~25%)、黑云母(5%~10%)、角闪石(1%~5%)组成。副矿物为磷灰石、锆石、榍石。黑云母呈棕褐色,矿物粒径多在0.5~4 mm,呈自形—他形分布在矿物粒间(图3b),常见黑云母包裹磷灰石、锆石晶体,少量黑云母边缘及解理缝处发生绿泥石化。角闪石多色性明显,呈团块状产出,其中可见角闪石同黑云母蚀变而成的绿泥石共生。斜长石呈自形宽板状,发育聚片双晶,可见清晰的环带构造,部分斜长石表面发生绢云母化。发育钾长石巨晶,呈包含嵌晶结构,包裹斜长石、石英等矿物,条纹结构不发育。石英呈他形粒状,偶见裂纹。

  • MME广泛出现在黑云母花岗闪长岩中,形态浑圆,长径从几厘米到几十厘米,与寄主岩的接触界限截然(图3d)。MME呈灰黑色、细粒结构、块状构造。MME为闪长质,主要由斜长石(25%~40%)、石英(10%~15%)、黑云母(20%~30%)、角闪石(10%~20%),副矿物有磷灰石、榍石、褐帘石。黑云母呈淡棕色—深棕色,矿物粒径多在0.1~2.5 mm之间。形态上可分为两类,一类呈他形被较自形的斜长石包裹,呈嵌晶结构,另一类呈他形分布于矿物颗粒间,通常在斜长石和石英粒间。角闪石多色性明显,主要分布在矿物粒间(图3e、f)。斜长石粒度小,呈自形板状,表面洁净,无增生边结构。石英呈他形粒状充填在斜长石粒间,反映石英后期结晶,未发现其在黑云母和角闪石边部环绕镶嵌。包体内整体发育针状磷灰石(图3e、f),长宽比以大于20为主,有的甚至大于40,反映了包体发生了快速的冷却结晶。MME中未发育或发育少量钾长石。

  • 3 分析方法

  • 3.1 电子探针分析

  • 黑云母和斜长石矿物的主量分析在合肥工业大学电子探针实验室进行,分析仪器为JEOLJXA-8100。元素分析过程使用3~5 μm斑束,加速电压为15 kV,束流为10 nA。标准样品使用的是美国SPI公司53种矿物,基体效应是用PRZ方法修正的,元素分析相对误差为1%~5%。

  • 3.2 矿物微量元素分析

  • 黑云母和斜长石矿物的微量元素主要在合肥工业大学资源与环境工程学院矿床成因与勘查技术研究中心(ODEC)矿物微区分析实验室完成。分析设备为激光剥蚀电感耦合等离子体质谱仪,激光剥蚀系统为CetacAnalyte HE,ICP-MS为Agilent 7900。矿物主微量元素含量分析时,激光剥蚀过程中采用氦气作载气、氩气为补偿气以调节灵敏度。剥蚀频率为7Hz,用2J/cm2的能量,分析束斑为30μm。每个分析数据包括40s的空白信号和40s的样品信号。矿物微量元素精确含量校正采样多外标无内标方法,校正标样为多外标玻璃:SRM610、SRM612、BCR-2G,标样元素含量的推荐值引自GeoReM数据库。对分析数据的离线处理(包括对样品和空白信号的选择、仪器ICP MS Data Cal使用说明,灵敏度漂移校正和元素含量)采用软件ICPMS DataCal(Liu Yongshen et al.,2008)完成。详细的仪器操作条件和数据处理方法见宁思远等(2017)汪方跃等(2017)

  • 4 结果

  • 4.1 黑云母主量元素

  • 黑云母电子探针及分析结果如表1。在主量元素组成上,花岗闪长岩中黑云母FeO含量18.2%~20.6%,TiO2 2.59%~3.58%,Al2O3 13.3%~14.7%,MgO 10.7%~11.9%,Mg#为0.53~0.58(Mg#= n(Mg)/[ n(Mg)+ n(Fe)])。MME中黑云母FeO含量18.2%~19.3%,TiO2 2.53%~3.64%,Al2O3 14.5%~16.1%,MgO 10.7%~11.8%,Mg#为0.52~0.56(图4)。花岗闪长岩与MME中黑云母的化学成分未见明显差异,MME中黑云母的Al2O3的含量稍高于花岗闪长岩,两类黑云母均具富镁贫铁、高钛低铝的特征。旌德岩体中黑云母Mg#与SiO2、TiO2、Al2O3、MgO、MnO呈正相关,与FeO呈负相关。在Mg—(Al+Fe3++Ti)—(Fe2++Mn)云母矿物分类图解中,花岗闪长岩和MME中黑云母均属于镁质黑云母(图5a),在10×TiO2—FeO*—MgO图解中,属于岩浆黑云母类型(图5b)。

  • 4.2 黑云母微量元素

  • 旌德岩体黑云母的微量元素组成详见表2。花岗闪长岩和MME中黑云母Li分别为(365~872×10-6和337~701×10-6)、V(207~411×10-6和208~448×10-6)、Cr(22.8~653×10-6和11.8~256×10-6)、Co(56.8~76.6×10-6和52.9~77.0×10-6)、Ni(24.3~44.3×10-6和15.1~70.1×10-6)、Rb(429~791×10-6和434~1151×10-6)、Cs(25~200×10-6和18~407×10-6)和Ba(305~2842×10-6和165~2214×10-6)(图6)。在元素比值上,花岗闪长岩中黑云母的K/Rb比值为100.1~218.5,平均139.9,Nb/Ta比值为5.3~77.2,平均36.6。MME中的黑云母K/Rb比值为68.5~169.7,平均122.3,Nb/Ta比值为18.8~66.2,平均37.3。

  • 4.3 斜长石主量元素

  • 表1 旌德岩体花岗闪长岩和暗色微粒包体(MME)中黑云母主量元素(%)化学组成

  • Table1 Major element (%) compositions of biotite in Jingde granidorite and mafic microgranular enclave (MME)

  • 注:黑云母的温度和压力计算参考Li Xiaoyan et al.(2022)

  • 表2 旌德岩体花岗闪长岩和暗色微粒包体(MME)中黑云母微量元素(×10-6)化学组成

  • Table2 Trace elements composition (×10-6) of biotite in Jingde granidorite and mafic microgranular enclave (MME)

  • 图4 旌德岩体黑云母Mg#和主量元素图解

  • Fig.4 Plot of major elements and Mg# for biobites in the Jingde pluton

  • 图5 旌德岩体黑云母分类图解(a)(据Nachit et al.,2005),10×TiO2—FeO*—MgO图解(b)(据Foster,1960

  • Fig.5 Classification diagrams of biotite in the Jingde pluton (a) (after Nachit et al., 2005) ; 10*TiO2— FeO*—MgO (b) (after Foster, 1960) , FeO*=FeOtot+MnO

  • 斜长石电子探针及分析结果如表3。花岗闪长岩中斜长石的主量元素SiO2含量55.6%~61.7%、Al2O3 23.9%~28.1%、CaO 5.12%~9.09%、Na2O 5.82%~8.14%、K2O 0.17%~0.28%,An值范围为25.5~45.5,属于奥长石—中长石,以中长石为主(图7)。MME中斜长石的主量元素组成SiO2含量53.2%~63.4%、Al2O3 23.4%~29.5%、CaO 3.99%~11.4%、Na2O 4.95%~8.79%、K2O 0.08%~0.38%,An值范围为21.0~55.8之间,属于奥长石—中长石之间,以奥长石为主(图7)。整体上,花岗闪长岩和MME中斜长石各成分含量相近,MME中斜长石An值略高于花岗闪长岩。

  • 图6 旌德岩体花岗闪长岩和MME黑云母K/Rb、Cs、Rb、V、Cr、Ni图解

  • Fig.6 Diagrams of K/Rb against Cs,Rb,V,Cr,Co and Ni of biotite in the Jingde pluton’s host granodiorite and MME

  • 表3 旌德岩体花岗闪长岩和暗色微粒包体(MME)中斜长石主量元素(%)化学组成

  • Table3 Major elements composition (%) of plagioclase in Jingde granidorite and mafic microgranular enclave (MME)

  • 图7 旌德岩体花岗闪长岩和MME斜长石分类图 (据Smith,1974)

  • Fig.7 Classification diagram for plagioclase in the granodiorites and MMEs from the Jingde pluton (after Smith, 1974)

  • 5 讨论

  • 5.1 岩石成因指示

  • 花岗闪长岩和MME中广泛发育黑云母(图3),两类黑云母均具有较低的CaO含量,表明黑云母未受岩浆后期绿泥石化和绢云母化蚀变的影响(Kumar and Pathak,2010; 赛盛勋等,2016)。Nachit等(2005)提出依据TiO2、FeO、MnO、和MgO含量可有效判别岩浆、重结晶以及热液新生黑云母。花岗闪长岩和MME中黑云母具有较低的TiO2和较低的MgO值,均位于岩浆黑云母区域,表明旌德岩体中黑云母主要为原生岩浆黑云母(图5b)。黑云母中镁质率Mg#可作为判别岩浆源区的标型特征,旌德岩体中黑云母的Mg#值相近,花岗闪长岩中黑云母Mg#为0.53~0.58,MME中黑云母Mg#为0.52~0.56。胡建等(2006)研究广东龙窝和白石冈岩体黑云母得出,黑云母成分可以作为岩浆演化程度的良好示踪剂,随着岩浆分异演化,黑云母的Rb含量增高而Ba含量则降低,Rb/Ba比值显著增大。花岗闪长岩和MME中黑云母具有相对较高的Ba含量和较低的Rb含量,指示岩浆经历了较低程度的分异演化(图8),由于较低的演化程度,黑云母成分可以较好地反映岩浆的源区特征。

  • 图8 旌德岩体花岗闪长岩和MME中黑云母 Rb—Ba图解(据胡建等,2006

  • Fig.8 Ba—Rb diagram of biotite in the granodiorites and MMEs from the Jingde pluton (after Hu Jian et al., 2006&)

  • ★—蛇绿杂岩体闪长岩中镁质黑云母(Bea et al.,1994);I—西藏羌塘北部安山岩; 黑云母圈定(赖绍聪等,2002); II 和III—分别据葡萄牙中部Viseu地区斑状黑云母花岗岩和二云母花岗岩圈定(Neves,1997

  • ★—Mg-biotite in diorite of ophiolite complex (Bea et al., 1994) ; I—delineated based on biotites in andesite in the northern Qiangtang, Xizang (Tibet) (Lai Shaocong et al., 2002#) ; II, III—delineated based on biotites in porphyritic biotite granite and two-mica granite in Viseuarea in Central Portuguese, respectively (after Neves, 1997)

  • 5.2 旌德岩体形成的P—TfO2条件

  • 黑云母成分是评估熔体物理化学参数的有效工具,包括氧逸度、温度、压力和卤素化学,同时黑云母化学成分也被用于解释构造背景、识别岩浆事件、矿床的经济潜力(Karimpour et al.,2011; Sliwinski et al.,2017; Moshefi et al.,2018)。

  • 图9 旌德岩体花岗闪长岩和MME黑云母Fe3+—Fe2+— Mg2+图解(据Wones and Eugster,1965

  • Fig.9 Fe3+—Fe2+—Mg2+ diagram of the biotite from Jingde granidorite and MME(after Wones and Eugster, 1965

  • 笔者等黑云母的温度、压力计算参考Li Xiaoyan等(2022),该温压计算适用于温度、压力变化范围较广的黑云母(如安山质、响岩、流纹岩等),为岩浆的储存、上升和演化提供了可靠的温度和压力约束。计算结果显示花岗闪长岩结晶温度在824~864℃,MME的结晶温度在802~828℃。花岗闪长岩中黑云母的形成温度比MME稍高,两类黑云母的形成温度大致在相同的范围。花岗闪长岩中黑云母的结晶压力范围为354~787 MPa,对应深度13.3~17.2 km(P=ρghρ=2700 kg/m3g=9.8 N/kg)。MME中黑云母的结晶压力范围为279~353MPa,对应深度10.5~13.3 km,表明其黑云母形成于深成相。

  • 氧逸度是研究岩浆演化过程中物理化学条件的重要参数之一,氧逸度控制Cu、Mo、W等金属元素从岩浆熔体迁移到成矿流体中(Zhang Wei et al.,2016),对决定岩浆体系的成矿属性至关重要。前人研究表明黑云母的化学可以指示母岩浆的氧逸度条件(Wones and Eugster,1965; Zhang Wei et al.,2016)。基于黑云母中Al含量估算氧逸度,Al是以22个氧原子为单位,黑云母分子式中的六次配位的Al的原子数,可用于指示其结晶时的氧逸度,当Al含量小于0.245,说明其形成于较高的氧逸度条件下(Albuquerque,1973)。花岗闪长岩中的黑云母Al平均值0.46,MME中黑云母的Al平均值为0.61,两类黑云母Al值相近,表明其形成于高的氧逸度条件。基于黑云母中Fe2+、Fe3+和Mg2+离子的相对含量也可估算氧逸度(Wones and Eugster,1965),在Fe3+—Fe2+—Mg2+图解中花岗闪长岩和MME均落入Fe2O3—Fe3O4和Ni—NiO缓冲线之间(图9)。进一步,根据Wones(1989)提出的氧逸度方法:

  • lgf02=-30930T/K+14.98+0.142[P/ (0.1MPa) -1]T/K

  • 其中,T为温度,P为压力。花岗闪长岩的氧逸度为-13.4~-12.7,MME的氧逸度为-12.8~-11.2。可见,花岗闪长岩和MME中的黑云母均形成于相似的高氧逸度环境。

  • 综上表明,花岗闪长岩和MME具有相似的物理化学条件,岩体形成于相对较高的温度(802℃~864℃)、侵位于中上地壳(10.5~17.2 km)、具有相对较高的氧逸度(-13.4~11.2),表明旌德岩体花岗闪长岩和MME具有相似的起源和演化过程。

  • 5.3 暗色微粒包体的成因

  • 暗色微粒包体(MME)广泛存在于花岗岩中,其形成过程与寄主岩石有密切的成因联系,为研究源区特征和岩浆演化过程等提供难得的重要信息(Didier and Barbain,1991; Donaire et al.,2005; Yang Jinhui et al.,2007)。如前所述,关于MME的形成机制目前还存在较大的争论,通常有三种成因模式:源岩残留体或围岩捕掳体、壳—幔岩浆混合成因(王凯垒等,2020; 吴福元等,2023)、同源岩浆演化(White et al.,1999; Dahlquist,2002; Donaire et al.,2005; 汪相等,2023a2023b)。

  • 首先,旌德岩体MME具有典型的岩浆结构(图3)指示了MME的岩浆岩起源。源区残留体一般发育富An(>60)的斜长石残留核(Chappell et al.,1987; White et al.,1999),MME中斜长石并不具备该特征(图10)。另一方面,张俊杰等(2012)的研究表明,花岗闪长岩(139.7±1.3 Ma)具有与MME一致的锆石U-Pb年龄(142.3±1.7 Ma),同样排除了MME来自围岩捕掳体的可能性。

  • 其次,我们认为壳—幔岩浆混合模型同样不适用于旌德MME的成因,主要有以下证据:

  • (1)斜长石环带An值的变化。斜长石的环带结构被广泛用于研究地壳熔融、岩浆混合和其他开放系统过程(Ginibre and Wörner.,2007; Costa et al.,2008; Crabtree and Lange,2010)。MME中斜长石的熔蚀结构常被认为是岩浆混合作用的结果(Hibbard,1981),但斜长石的熔蚀现象也可以由快速减压过程中岩浆快速结晶形成(Nelson et al.,1992),减压冷凝过程也能造成包体的细粒结构(Donaire et al.,2005)。

  • 岩浆混合过程中寄主岩核部偏酸性幔部偏基性的反环带斜长石,被认为是岩浆混合作用的典型矿物学标志(Didier et al.,1991; Baxter and Feely,2002)。旌德岩体花岗闪长岩中斜长石从核部到边部An值变化为45~25,呈下降趋势,是岩浆中斜长石正常演化的特征。MME中斜长石核部具有高的An值46,而边部具有低的An值25,从核到边呈现出渐变趋势,未表现出典型岩浆混合作用的反环带特征或An值突然升高现象(Couch et al.,2003; 陆天宇等,2016)。另外,如石英—矿物形成的眼球状结构、斜长石包裹钾长石的环斑结构、矿物围绕钾长石生长的包裹体环带等矿物证据(Baxter and Feely,2002)未在旌德岩体花岗闪长岩中的MME中发现。

  • 图10 旌德岩体花岗闪长岩和MME中斜长石显微照片及An值:(a)、(b)花岗闪长岩中斜长石环带及对应点位An值变化图; (c)、(d)MME中斜长石环带及对应点位An值变化图

  • Fig.10 Micrographs and An value of plagioclase in granodiorite and MME of the Jingde pluton: (a) , (b) plot of plagioclase zones in granodiorite and the variation of An at corresponding sites, (c) , (d) Plot of plagioclase zones in MME and the variation of An at corresponding sites

  • (2)黑云母成分。黑云母的Mg#值是区分幔源和壳源岩浆的重要标志,典型幔源岩浆结晶的黑云母Mg#明显高于典型壳源岩浆结晶的黑云母Mg#。幔源岩浆分异演化的基性—中基性岩浆,黑云母具有高的Mg#(0.53~0.63)(Macpherson et al.,2006; Li Bin and Jiang Shaoyong,2015)。S型花岗岩结晶自地壳重熔岩浆,黑云母具有相对较低的Mg#值(0.28~0.36)(徐克勤等,1982; Whalen and Chappell,1988; 吕志成等,2003)。因此理论上,对于壳幔混合成因的MME,由于幔源岩浆的贡献,其Mg#值应高于寄主岩石。我们统计了8个典型壳幔混合成因MME及寄主岩石黑云母的成分(MME的Nd、Hf同位素明显高于寄主岩体),统计结果表明MME中黑云母Mg#由于有地幔组分的加入,其Mg#值高于寄主岩(图11)。如东昆仑香加南山岩基MME认为是铁镁质岩浆注入长英质岩浆混合的产物,该岩体MME中黑云母Mg#值(0.41~0.42)高于寄主岩体(0.49)(陈国超等,2018)。类似地,江西九瑞矿集区东雷湾岩体MME的Mg#值(0.67~0.69)也高于寄主岩体(0.62~0.68)(曾认宇等,2016)。另一个实例为南岭地区骑田岭岩体,锆石Hf同位素数据显示该岩体为壳幔混合成因,其MME的Mg#值(0.41~0.45)也明显高于寄主岩石(0.38~0.44)(Zhao Kuidong et al.,2012)。然而,上述岩体中岩浆混合成因的MME的Mg#均比寄主岩高,而旌德岩体中MME(0.52~0.56)与花岗闪长岩(0.53~0.58)中的Mg#值具有一致变化范围(图11)。另外,幔源基性岩浆一般比壳源岩浆具有更高的相容元素含量(如Co、V、Cr等),但旌德岩体MME与寄主岩体具有相似的Co、V、Cr含量(图6),这与MME形成于幔源基性岩浆注入的模式不符。MME中部分黑云母Mg#值低于寄主花岗闪长岩(图3),表明MME和寄主岩石之间存在一定的物质交换,但并非传统认为的幔源基性岩浆和壳源酸性岩浆的混合过程,而是同源岩浆之间的混入过程。

  • 图11 统计岩体寄主岩与MME中黑云母Mg#和主量元素图解

  • Fig.11 Plot of major elements and Mg# for biobites from compilied granites

  • 数据引自(Kaygusuz and Aydınçakır,2009; Zhao Kuidong et al.,2012; 杨堂礼等,2015; 刘铮,2015; 曾认宇等,2016; 孙克克等,2017; 陈国超等,20172018

  • Data citedfrom Abdullah Kaygusuz and Emre Adınçakır, 2009; Zhao Kuidong et al., 2012; Yang Tangli et al., 2015&; Liu Zheng, 2015&; Zeng Xianyu et al., 2016&; Sun Keke et al., 2017&; Chen Guochao et al., 2017&, 2018&

  • (3)锆石Hf同位素的证据。锆石Hf同位素不因岩浆演化过程中部分熔融或分离结晶而发生改变(Bolhar et al.,2008; 朱弟成等,2009)。因此,锆石Hf同位素为制约MME和寄主岩源区提供了进一步的手段(Griffin et al.,2002; Hawkesworth and Kemp,2006)。张俊杰等(2012)对旌德岩体及MME开展了锆石Hf同位素研究,结果显示花岗闪长岩的Hf同位素值为-2.5~0.4,MME的Hf同位素值为-5.2~1.8。花岗闪长岩与MME一致的U-Pb年龄和锆石Hf同位素组成,指示二者来自相同源区,而非镁铁质岩浆和长英质岩浆混合的产物。

  • 因此,旌德岩体中花岗闪长岩和MME为同源分异演化关系,并非来源于不同的源区。主要证据有:

  • (1)通过对黑云母地球化学数据计算得出花岗闪长岩形成温度在824~864℃,MME对应802~828℃;花岗闪长岩结晶压力为354~787 MPa,MME对应为279~353 MPa;花岗闪长岩形成深度为13.3~17.2 km,MME对应为10.5~13.3 km;花岗闪长岩氧逸度为-13.4~-12.7,MME对应为-12.8~-11.2,两类岩石在地球化学数据上呈现出高度的一致性,反映出两者很可能来源于相似的源区。

  • (2)花岗闪长岩中斜长石从核部到边部An值为45~25,MME对应An值46~25,两类斜长石从核到边均呈现出渐变趋势,是岩浆中斜长石正常演化的特征,均未表现出典型岩浆混合作用具有的反环带特征。

  • (3)旌德花岗闪长岩与MME具有相似的地球化学成分,如Mg#值、相容性元素(如Cr、V等)以及不相容性元素(如Rb、Cs等)含量(图6)。

  • (4)MME中针状磷灰石和矿物细粒结构常被用来解释温度较高的幔源岩浆与温度低的壳源岩浆混合淬火条件下快速结晶形成的产物。然而岩浆房内减压冷凝也能形成矿物的细粒结构(Nelson et al.,1992),MME中淬冷特征仅表明两种岩浆之间具有较大的温差(Vernon,1984; Sparks and Marshall,1986),故MME中矿物细粒结构不能作为岩浆混合的证据之一。相反,当岩浆房内中性岩浆由于密度差和较低的黏度先上侵,在上侵过程中由于热量快速流失冷却至岩浆通道边部(Rodríguez and Castro,2019),也能形成我们观察到的MME的细粒结构(Gómez-Frutos and Castro,2023)。

  • (5)花岗闪长岩年龄为139.7±1.3 Ma,MME对应为142.3±1.7 Ma(张俊杰等,2012; 周洁等,2013; Yue Qian et al.,2020),花岗闪长岩的Hf同位素值为-2.5~0.4,MME对应为-5.2~1.8。MME同花岗闪长岩表现出一致的结晶年龄和锆石Hf同位素分布。以上特征都显示在MME中不存在壳幔岩浆混合岩浆作用的痕迹,相反MME具有与花岗闪长岩相似的矿物组合、矿物化学和同位素组成,表明二者在时空与物质上紧密联系,形成于同时期同源岩浆(Donaire et al.,2005; 汪相,2023b)。

  • 另外,MME同源岩浆成因也得到基于岩浆物质性质模拟计算的支持。Fernández and Castro(2018)基于岩浆上升通道热传导的半定量计算提出,安山质岩浆在上升过程中经历了快速和高效的分馏过程(geochemical splitting),在岩脉的边缘部位分异成石英闪长质熔体,中心部位分异为花岗质熔体。岩脉边缘的石英闪长质岩浆结晶度高,在岩脉边部过冷形成基性岩块,岩脉内部分异的花岗质熔体结晶度较低。随着岩浆的持续上升,边部基性岩块不断重熔,这有效降低了边部基性岩块的黏度,此时被花岗质岩浆捕获携带,形成野外常见的具有塑性特征的包体群、析离体和双包体等现象。

  • 结合岩相学、黑云母矿物化学、同位素分析,笔者等推断旌德岩体花岗闪长岩和MME来源于共同的源区。周洁等(2013)通过全岩Sr—Nd同位素得出旌德花岗闪长岩的εNdt)为-6.28~-7.32(t=140 Ma),明显高于扬子克拉通下地壳的εNdt)(约-20),而接近扬子克拉通北缘岩石圈地幔εNdt)(-8.12~-9.06)(薛怀民等,2009),暗示旌德岩体很可能直接来源于富集岩石圈地幔的部分熔融。最后我们提出旌德岩体的一种可能成因模型(图12),古太平洋俯冲的背景下,地幔发生部分熔融形成的基性岩浆经分异演化成中性岩浆,岩浆房内分异演化早期中性岩浆由于较低的黏度先上侵,在上侵过程中由于热量快速流失冷却至岩浆房通道边部(Rodríguez and Castro,2019),后分异程度较高的花岗闪长质岩浆在上升过程中将岩浆通道中早期的中性岩石拖拽裹挟至地表,最终形成我们观察到的MME(Gómez-Frutos and Castro,2023)。旌德岩体的研究实例表明,可能相当一部分MME不能视作为“壳幔岩浆混合作用”的证据,而是中酸性岩浆内部的分离结晶、扩散、熔离等各种作用的产物,MME的存在可能为岩浆房深部演化过程提供重要信息(周金城等,1992; 汪相,2023b; Gómez-Frutos and Castro,2023)。

  • 图12 旌德岩体MME岩石成因模式图

  • Fig.12 Petrogenetic model of the MME in the Jingde pluton

  • 颜色由紫至红表示岩浆演化程度增加,据Gómez-Frutos and Castro.(2023)修改

  • Colors frompurple to red indicate increasing magma evolution, modified after Gómez-Frutos and Castro. (2023)

  • 6 结论

  • (1) 旌德岩体中花岗闪长岩和MME形成于相似的温度分别为(824~864℃、802~828℃)、压力(354~787 MPa、279~353 MPa)和氧逸度条件(-13.4~-12.7、-12.8~-11.2)。

  • (2) 旌德岩体中花岗闪长岩和MME具有相似的黑云母和斜长石成分,指示MME并非壳幔混合成因,而是同源岩浆演化关系。

  • (3) 旌德岩体形成于古太平洋俯冲的背景下,富集地幔发生部分熔融经分异演化成中性岩浆,其中较低的黏度先上侵冷却,后高演化的花岗闪长质岩浆大规模上侵,将岩浆通道中早期半塑性的中性岩石(MME)拖拽裹挟至浅部地壳。

  • 致谢:感谢合肥工业大学汪方跃副教授和王娟博士在矿物LA-ICPMS和电子探针分析过程中给予的帮助。感谢评审专家对本文提出的宝贵修改意见和建议。

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