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富碱侵入岩（alkali-rich intrusive rocks）是涂光炽等（1984）研究华南闽浙沿海带和金沙江—哀牢山带富碱岩浆岩时提出的，是指产出地质背景、形成条件相似，但矿物组成、岩石地球化学特征存在一定差异的碱性岩（二氧化硅不饱和）和碱性花岗岩（二氧化硅饱和），及其共生高碱含量的碱长花岗岩的统称（涂光炽，1989）。呈浅成—超浅成相产出、斑状—似斑状结构发育的富碱侵入岩称为富碱斑岩。早期观点认为，碱性岩主要包括正长岩、霞石正长岩、辉石正长岩、霓霞正长岩、闪石正长岩等，具有相对贫硅富铝高碱的岩石化学特征；碱性花岗岩是指含碱性角闪石、碱性辉石的花岗岩，相对富硅贫铝高碱（涂光炽，1989；Zhou Lingdi and Zhao Zhenhua，1996）。研究表明，前者并不只是二氧化硅不饱和的岩石，它包含了超基性到中酸性的岩石系列（曾广策和邱家骧，1996；邓军等，2010），并认为“不需要强调硅饱和与否，而将碱性、高钾钙碱性岩石都归为富碱岩类”（Sillitoe，1997，2002; Müller，2002）。由此可见，富碱斑岩是一组产于特定构造环境、具有特殊性质的岩石类型，它不一定含有碱性暗色矿物，但与钙碱性岩石相比，明显具有较高的碱含量（K2O+Na2O＞8%）。尽管该类岩石在侵入岩中所占比例很小（约2%），但其成矿潜力和地质意义却不容小觑（涂光炽，1989; Sillitoe，2002; Zhao Zhenhua et al.，2003; 汤艳杰等，2014）。通过对富碱斑岩及其相关金属矿床的研究，可以获得有关壳幔物质组成、地球动力学状态和成岩成矿物理化学条件等方面的重要信息，进而为有关岩石圈演化、找矿勘查和资源潜力评价提供科学依据（Zhao Zhenhua et al.，2003; 汤艳杰等，2014）。目前，碱性花岗（斑）岩、正长花岗（斑）岩、正长（斑）岩等是该类岩石中最受关注的（Müller，2002; Sillitoe，2002; 毕献武等，2005；邓军等，2010；Heilimo et al.，2016）。
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金沙江—红河新生代富碱斑岩带位于特提斯—喜马拉雅成矿域三江成矿带的中南部，地质演化历史悠久，构造复杂，产出众多与富碱斑岩有关的Cu、Mo、Au矿床，是研究大陆内部环境富碱岩浆Cu—Mo—Au成矿作用的理想选区。笔者等在概述富碱斑岩时空分布、岩石成因、构造环境及其与Cu—Mo—Au成矿关系研究进展的基础上，系统搜集并整理了金沙江—红河成矿带内成矿富碱斑岩的主微量元素、Sr—Nd—Hf同位素、锆石U-Pb年代学、锆石微量元素等数据，通过岩石成因与构造环境、岩浆性质和岩浆源区等方面的综合研究，探讨了富碱岩浆成矿作用及成岩成矿机制，旨在增进对富碱斑岩Cu—Mo—Au矿床的认识和理解。
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1 富碱斑岩研究现状
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1.1 时空分布
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富碱斑岩在全球分布广泛，并与Cu、Mo、Au、Sn、Nb、Ti、Zr、U、铝土矿、稀土以及非金属磷矿等具有密切的成因与空间关系，在美国、加拿大、澳大利亚、巴布亚新几内亚、菲律宾、蒙古等国家都有相关报道（Sillitoe，2002; Wolfe and Cooke，2011; Bissig and Cooke，2014; Logan and Mihalynuk，2014）。这些富碱斑岩及相关矿床主要形成于奥陶纪—志留纪、三叠纪—侏罗纪以及新生代的几个时期，且以北美科迪勒拉造山带为代表的三叠纪—侏罗纪成岩成矿作用较为显著（Bissig and Cooke，2014; Logan and Mihalynuk，2014）。
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我国富碱斑岩较为发育，且呈带状展布、规模巨大（Zhao Zhenhua et al.，2003）。自涂光炽（1984）提出华南闽浙沿海带和金沙江—哀牢山富碱侵入岩带后，众多学者在青藏高原及邻区（Zhang Yuquan and Xie Yingwen，1997; Hou Zengqian et al.，2003，2006; 邓军等，2010）、大兴安岭—太行山（蔡剑辉等，2006；权瑞等，2016）、燕辽—阴山（任康绪等，2005；汤艳杰等，2014）、新疆—蒙古（任康绪等，2005；童英等，2006）、秦岭—大别（张正伟等，2002，2003）、绍兴—恩平（王强等，2002）、郯庐断裂带（阎国翰等，2008；牛漫兰等，2010）等地识别出一系列富碱侵入岩带，这些岩石形成时间跨度很大，从古元古代到新生代均有发育，以喜马拉雅期最为显著。
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1.2 岩石成因与构造环境
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由于富碱斑岩产出构造环境和性质特殊，不同学者在不同研究区所获得的有关该类岩石成因的认识有所不同。关于该类岩石的源区存在3种主要认识：
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（1）主要为富集地幔（EMII）物质，地壳混染有限（涂光炽等，1984；毕献武等，2005；武精凯等，2019），该地幔物质可能与俯冲有关（Lynch et al.，1993; 毕献武等，2005）。
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（2） 不同程度地壳混染的地幔来源（涂光炽，1989；侯增谦等，2007；Lu Yongjun et al.，2013a; Miao Zhuang et al.，2021）。
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（3）主要为加厚下地壳（He Wenyan et al.，2016），又可细分为：① 新元古代新生下地壳（Hou Zengqian et al.，2017; Zhou Ye et al.，2019; Shen Yang et al.，2021）；② 钾质/超钾质新生代新生镁铁质下地壳（Xin Wei et al.，2020）。
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有关富碱斑岩的成岩方式也有3种主要认识：
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（1）岩浆分异结晶，原始岩浆在上升和定位过程中经分异结晶作用派生而成，原始岩浆既可能是直接来自地幔的镁铁质岩浆或碱性玄武质岩浆（Yang Jinhui et al.，2005; Lu Yongjun et al.，2013a），也可能是Ⅰ型花岗岩浆（Clemens et al.，1986），还可能是幔源镁铁质岩浆与其诱发熔融的长英质岩浆的混合（Riishuus et al.，2005）。
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（2） 部分熔融，部分熔融形成的原始岩浆上侵形成，但对初始物质源区却存在争议，例如：① 富集型岩石圈地幔的部分熔融（Chung et al.，1998; 毕献武等，2005；武精凯等，2019）； ② 加厚下地壳的部分熔融（He Wenyan et al.，2016; Hou Zengqian et al.，2017; Zhou Ye et al.，2019; Xin Wei et al.，2020; Shen Yang et al.，2021）。
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（3） 同化混染分异结晶（AFC），来自地幔的岩浆在上侵过程中不同程度地混染了地壳物质（涂光炽，1989；Wang Yingjing et al.，2020; Miao Zhuang et al.，2021）。
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由此可见，富碱斑岩成因争议较大，但上述研究结果显示其兼具幔源岩浆和壳源岩石的特征，而在壳幔岩浆比例和源区属性及成岩方式上存在差异，这可能导致目前尚无确切的成因模式来解释世界范围内该类岩石的成因。
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从全球范围看，富碱斑岩除产于汇聚板块边缘的岛弧和大陆弧环境外（Sillitoe，2002），亦有较多分布于大陆内部活动带，前者以西南太平洋Dinkidi、Emperor等矿床和北美科迪勒拉造山带等地产出的富碱斑岩为代表（Wolfe and Cooke，2011; Bissig and Cooke，2014; Logan and Mihalynuk，2014），后者以金沙江—红河富碱斑岩带为代表（涂光炽，1989；Zhao Zhenhua et al.，2003; Hou Zengqian et al.，2003，2006）。与钙碱性斑岩相似，岩浆弧环境富碱斑岩成因上与洋壳俯冲密切相关，尤其是与板片部分熔融或俯冲板片脱水触发地幔物质部分熔融密切相关（Sillitoe，2002，2010; Richards，2003; Cooke et al.，2005），而大陆内部的富碱斑岩主要沿断裂带分布，常出现于裂谷、板内深断裂、大陆板块边缘深断裂带等拉张环境（Zhao Zhenhua et al.，2003），其动力学背景与大洋板块俯冲诱导的弧岩浆活动存在很大差异。前人对滇西新生代富碱斑岩的构造环境研究表明，其产出环境主要有3种：① 裂谷环境（涂光炽等，1984，1989；张玉泉和谢应雯，1997；Chung et al.，1998）；② 总体挤压、局部拉张的构造环境（曾普胜等，2002）；③ 大陆内部与大型走滑和伸展作用有关（Hou Zengqian et al.，2003，2006; 侯增谦等，2004，2007；李文昌和江小均，2020）。
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综合前述富碱斑岩壳幔混合及沿深大断裂带分布的特征，大陆内部大型走滑和伸展作用可能更好地解释了滇西新生代富碱斑岩的产出构造环境，该背景为壳幔岩浆上侵提供动力、通道、空间等有利条件。
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1.3 成矿专属性
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钙碱性斑岩与Cu、Mo、Au矿床的成因联系早已有目共睹（Cooke et al.，2005; Sillitoe，2010; Richards et al.，2012）。近年来，随着全球范围内一系列与富碱斑岩有关的大型—超大型Cu—Mo—Au矿床的相继发现和报道（Müller，2002; Hou Zengqian et al.，2003，2006; Zhao Zhenhua et al.，2003; Lickfold et al.，2007; 邓军等，2010，2012；Bissig and Cooke，2014），富碱斑岩型Cu多金属矿床正成为世界范围内重要的矿床类型之一。研究表明富碱斑岩型Cu多金属矿床具有如下共同特征：
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（1） 矿化与富碱斑岩在时间和空间上密切相关，矿体多赋存于岩体的内外接触带（Sillitoe，2002; Hou Zengqian et al.，2003，2006; Zhao Zhenhua et al.，2003; Li Wenchang et al.，2016），斑岩型矿体外围通常还发育低硫型浅成低温热液Au—Ag—Te矿（Sillitoe，2002）。
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（2） 成矿作用与富碱斑岩岩浆的脉动式侵入在成因上极为密切，通常情况下，成岩作用与成矿作用是同步的（Bath et al.，2014; Devine et al.，2014）。
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（3） 斑岩型矿体主要发育于钾质蚀带内，与钙碱性斑岩矿床相比，绢云母和高级泥质蚀变较弱（Sillitoe，2002），而钾质蚀变更为强烈（Bissig and Cooke，2014; Pacey et al.，2019）。
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（4） 成矿所需的金属、流体以及热量主要源自富碱斑岩（Bissig and Cooke，2014; Li Wenchang et al.，2016），成岩过程中分异出的岩浆流体提供了矿床早期成矿作用所必需的成矿流体，晚期/外围浅成热液矿体通常是岩浆流体与大气降水、围岩相互作用的产物（Bi Xianwu et al.，2004，2009; Li Wenchang et al.，2016; 王蝶等，2017）。
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（5） 成矿岩体具有高氧逸度、高水含量和富含挥发分等特征（Müller，2002; Zhao Zhenhua et al.，2003; Liang Huaying et al.，2006; Xu Leiluo et al.，2016; Huang Mingliang et al.，2019a）。
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如上所述，尽管富碱斑岩型Cu多金属系统的研究已有一定积累，但相对于研究较为成熟的钙碱性斑岩型矿床，仍存在诸多问题需要探索，主要包括：① 成矿富碱岩浆的性质、源区、形成的大地构造环境和动力学背景？② 富碱岩浆活动与金属元素内在的联系与成因机制、控矿机制？这些均亟需深入研究，以促进富碱斑岩型Cu多金属成矿系统的理论与勘查进步。
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2 金沙江—红河富碱斑岩与 Cu—Mo—Au成矿作用
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金沙江—红河富碱斑岩带位于印度—亚洲大陆碰撞带之青藏高原东南缘（图1），大致呈NW—NWW向沿金沙江—红河走滑深大断裂带及邻区展布。长大于1000 km，宽约50~80 km，分布有众多呈小岩基、岩株、岩筒、岩脉、岩瘤和岩枝状产出的富碱斑岩侵位于不同时代的地层。岩石类型主要为碱性花岗（斑）岩、正长斑岩和二长斑岩等，并伴有同时代的镁铁质岩石（煌斑岩、镁铁质包体）产出。带内不仅岩浆活动频繁，且成矿作用强烈，发育有斑岩体内的斑岩型矿化，斑岩与围岩接触带的矽卡岩型、角岩型矿化以及外围地层中的热液脉型矿化（表1）。在同一矿区内，多种类型矿化可以呈脉状、似层状、透镜状、囊状、浸染状等各种形态共存，构成多位一体的矿化系统。多个矿区共同构成了金沙江—红河富碱斑岩成矿带，进一步可划分为北段玉龙成矿带和南段哀牢山—红河成矿带。自NW向SE，依次产出有纳日贡玛、玉龙、北衙、马厂箐、白马苴、哈播、铜厂等斑岩—矽卡岩型Cu—Mo—Au多金属矿床，构成一条展布于青藏高原东南缘南北绵延上千千米的构造—岩浆成矿带（图1），被认为是我国重要的斑岩Cu—Mo—Au成矿带和成矿远景区之一。其独具特色的富碱斑岩型Cu—Au多金属成矿系统（侯增谦等，2004；邓军等，2010，2012），吸引了国内外学者的广泛关注，并开展了较为深入的成岩成矿机制研究，取得了许多进展。
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图1 青藏高原东南缘大地构造及新生代富碱岩体分布图
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Fig.1 Tectonic outline on the southeastern margin of Qinghai—Xizang (Tibet) Plateau and the distribution map of Cenozoic alkali-rich porphyry
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底图据Hou Zengqian et al.，2003; He Wenyan et al.，2016; 唐菊兴等，2017，年龄数据来自表1的相关文献
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Based on Hou Zengqian et al., 2003; He Wenyan et al., 2016; Tang Juxing et al., 2017&, ages data are from literatures in Table 1
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注:括号内的数字为总样本数，如 “（3）” 指样本数为 3; Kp 一钾长石; Pl 一斜长石; Qtz 一石英; Bt 一黑云母; Sp 一角闪石; L/H=LREE/HREE; ISr=[n（ 87Sr）/n（ 86Sr）]i。
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2.1 富碱斑岩Cu—Mo—Au矿床成岩成矿时代和成矿分带性
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前人利用锆石U-Pb、辉钼矿Re-Os等方法，厘定了带内多个富碱斑岩体和矿床的成岩成矿时代，将其形成时代限定在始新世晚期至渐新世早期。这些成岩与成矿时代高度一致，前后相继，紧密相关，主要集中在43~32 Ma，总体表现出由NW向SE、由断裂带向板内变新的趋势（图1、图2；Liang Huaying et al.，2006; Deng Jun et al.，2014；李文昌和江小均，2020）。此外，从区域矿床展布和类型分析，由NW向SE，带内成矿元素总体显示出Mo（Cu）Cu—MoAu（Cu）Cu（Mo—Au）的分带特征（表1、图1）。上述特征表明这些斑岩和矿床的形成具有统一的地球动力学背景和类似的驱动机制，同时其内部也显示出差异性成岩成矿特征。
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图2 金沙江—红河富碱斑岩成矿带主要矿床斑岩成岩—成矿年龄（a）和印度与亚洲的汇聚速率/汇聚角度的对比（b）
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Fig.2 Comparison of diagenetic and metallogenic ages and rate and angle of convergence between India and Asia in the Jinsha River—Honghe River alkali-rich porphyry metallogenic belt
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图（a）数据来自表1相关文献；（b）修自Chung et al.，2005; Lu Yongjun et al.，2012。金沙江右行走滑断裂运动大约开始于43 Ma（Hou Zengqian et al.，2003; Xu Leiluo et al.，2012）；哀牢山—红河左行走滑运动时间为32~22 Ma（Searle et al.，2010; Lu Yongjun et al.，2012）或36~17 Ma（Xu Leiluo et al.，2012）
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Data sources of Fig. (a) are from literatures in Table1; (b) modified from Chung et al., 2005; Lu Yongjun et al., 2012) . The right-lateral strike-slip motion of the Jinsha River fault system initiated at ca.43 Ma (Hou Zengqian et al., 2003; Xu Leiluo et al., 2012) , whereas the left-lateral strike-slip movement along the Ailao Mountains—Honghe River shear zone displacement occurred from 32 to 22 Ma (Searle et al., 2010; Lu Yongjun et al., 2012) or 36 to 17 Ma (Xu Leiluo et al., 2012)
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2.2 成矿斑岩特征
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2.2.1 岩相学特征
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成矿富碱斑岩出露面积0.02~1.36 km2不等，岩相以花岗岩为主，其次为石英二长岩、正长岩（侯增谦等，2004；邓军等，2010），呈灰白色、浅肉红色，斑状、似斑状结构和块状构造（表1、图3）。这些岩石矿物组成大致相似，斑晶含量变化较大，主要为钾长石、斜长石、石英、黑云母、角闪石，部分含有少量辉石、霞石、方钠石、黑榴石等矿物，基质呈细粒或微粒结构，成分与斑晶类似，副矿物有磁铁矿、黄铁矿、磷灰石、榍石、锆石、独居石等（Deng Jun et al.，2015; Chang Jia et al.，2017; Xin Wei et al.，2020）。
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2.2.2 地球化学特征
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2.2.2.1 全岩主量、微量元素
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带内成矿富碱斑岩主量、微量元素含量归纳于表1。由表可知，这些富碱斑岩具有较高的SiO2（61.47%~73.90%，平均68.25%）和全碱（K2O+Na2O=6.60%~11.31%，平均8.88%）含量，以及较宽范围的K2O/Na2O值（0.82~4.28，平均1.52）和MgO含量（0.06%~2.75%，平均1.03%）。碱度率（AR）、铝饱和指数（A/CNK）分别变化于2.25~6.40（平均3.45）、0.82~1.67（平均1.03），显示出典型的碱性岩、准铝质—过铝质和钾玄岩的特征（图4、8b）。稀土总量（ΣREE=59.47×10-6~742.07×10-6，平均262.74×10-6）变化较大，但均显示出轻稀土富集，轻重稀土分异显著的特征[LREE/HREE=8.40~35.85，平均19.26；（La/Yb）N=10.24~86.25，平均35.47]，具有弱的负Eu异常（δEu=0.42~1.57，平均0.90），Ce异常不明显（图5a）。相对于原始地幔，这些样品还表现出明显富集大离子亲石元素（K、Rb、Ba和LREE等），相对亏损高场强元素（Nb、Ta、Ti和HREE等）的地球化学特征（图5b）。此外，相对于Mo（Cu）矿床（如纳日贡玛）和Cu—Mo矿床（如玉龙），以Au为主的北衙、白马苴矿床成矿斑岩显示出更高的全碱（K2O+Na2O）含量和K2O/Na2O值，以及更低的MgO含量（表1）。
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2.2.2.2 Sr—Nd—Hf同位素
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带内成矿富碱斑岩Sr—Nd—Hf同位素组成存在一定的差异（表1、图6），呈现出较宽泛的n（87Sr）/n（86Sr）初始值（0.7050~0.7091）、εNd（t）值（-12.4~-0.2）和εHf（t）值（-11.5~+8.1）。其中，纳日贡玛黑云母花岗斑岩具有最低的[n（87Sr）/n（86Sr）]i值（0.7050）和最高εNd（t）值（-0.2），白马苴正长斑岩具有最高的[n（87Sr）/n（86Sr）]i值（0.7088~0.7091）和最低εNd（t）值（-12.4~-9.0），其他成矿斑岩Sr—Nd同位素组成介于二者之间；成矿带北段成矿斑岩具有正的锆石εHf（t）值（+0.5~+8.1），且由NW向SE，εHf（t）值具有递减趋势，而南段（哈播—铜厂）和远离断裂（白马苴、直苴）的矿床成矿斑岩具有负的锆石εHf（t）值（-11.5~+0.5），中部（北衙、马厂箐）成矿斑岩的锆石εHf（t）值则有正有负（-2.4~+2.4），且以正值为主。此外，北段成矿斑岩具有较年轻的Hf模式年龄（TDM2=0.4~1.0 Ga），而南段（北衙—铜厂）Hf模式年龄较为古老（TDM2=0.8~1.8 Ga）。
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图3 金沙江—红河成矿带内主要成矿富碱斑岩组构特征 [（a）、（d）据Chang Jia et al.，2017;（b）、（e）据Xin Wei et al.，2020]
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Fig.3 The fabric features of ore-bearing alkali-rich porphyries from the Jinsha River—Honghe River porphyry metallogenic belt [ (a) , (d) from Chang Jia et al., 2017; (b) , (e) from Xin Wei et al., 2020]
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EBE veins—石英—黑云母脉；A2E vein—石英—辉钼矿±黄铜矿脉；Kfs—钾长石；Pl—斜长石；Bi—黑云母；Qtz—石英；Amp—角闪石； Py—黄铁矿；Cp—黄铁矿；Mo—辉钼矿；Spe—镜铁矿
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EBE veins—quartz—biotite veins; A2E vein—quartz—molybdenite ± chalcopyrite vein; Kfs—K-feldspar; Pl—plagioclase; Bi—biotite; Qtz—quartz; Amp—amphibole; Py—pyrite; Cp—chalcopyrite; Mo—molybdenite; Spe—specularite
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2.2.2.3 锆石微量元素
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锆石中发育的矿物包裹体（如独居石、磷灰石、榍石等）会造成其微量元素组成不均一（Loader et al.，2017; Zou Xinyu et al.，2019），进而影响相关参数的计算。因此本研究选择La≤0.1×10-6的“干净锆石”（Zou Xinyu et al.，2019）开展数据分析，以提高分析结果的可靠性。其中，锆石Ti温度和氧逸度参数（Ce4+/Ce3+）计算公式分别参照Ferry和Watson（2007）、Ballard et al.（2002），氧逸度（ΔFMQ）参照Loucks et al.（2020）提出的最新计算公式。结果显示（表1），带内成矿富碱斑岩锆石结晶温度变化于517~887℃（平均733℃），具有较为宽泛的Ce4+/Ce3+值（26.7~950，平均249.7）和ΔFMQ值（-0.5~+3.8，平均+1.4），且氧逸度值以正值为主，基本位于NNO（镍—镍的氧化物缓冲线）和MH（磁铁矿—赤铁矿缓冲线）之间（图7a）。
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2.3 岩石成因与构造环境
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2.3.1 岩石类型与岩石成因
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图4 金沙江—红河成矿带内成矿富碱斑岩地球化学分类图解（数据来自表1相关文献）
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Fig.4 Geochemical classification of ore-bearing alkali-rich porphyries from the Jinsha River—Honghe River porphyry metallogenic belt (data sources are from literatures in Table 1)
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（a）TAS图解（K2O+Na2O—SiO2）图解（据Middlemost，1994）；（b）AR—SiO2图解（据Wright，1969）；（c）K2O—Na2O图解 （据Turner et al.，1996）；（d）Th/Yb—Ta/Yb图解（据Pearce，1982）
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(a) Whole-rock TAS diagram (after Middlemost, 1994) ; (b) AR—SiO2 diagram (after Wright, 1969) ; (c) K2O—Na2O diagram (after Turner et al., 1996) ; (d) Th/Yb—Ta/Yb diagram (after Pearce, 1982)
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图5 金沙江—红河成矿带内成矿富碱斑岩稀土元素球粒陨石标准化配分模式图和微量元素原始地幔标准化蛛网图
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Fig.5 Chondrite-normalized REE patterns (a) and primitive mantle-normalized diagram (b) of ore-bearing alkali-rich porphyries from the Jinsha River—Honghe River porphyry metallogenic belt
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数据为平均值，来自表1相关文献，球粒陨石和原始地幔值均引自Sun and Mcdonough，1989
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All data are averages and from literatures in Table 1, Chondrite and primitive mantle (PM) values from Sun and Mcdonough, 1989
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图6 金沙江—红河成矿带内成矿富碱斑岩Sr—Nd—Hf同位素特征
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Fig.6 Sr—Nd—Hf isotopes compositions of ore-bearing alkali-rich porphyries from the Jinsha River—Honghe River porphyry metallogenic belt
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地幔源区储库DMM、MORB、EMI、EMII数据引自Zindler and Hart（1986）；洋壳俯冲的钠质Adakite数据引自Wang Qiang et al.（2006）；滇西钾质镁铁质岩数据引自Xu Yigang et al.（2001），Li Xianhua et al.（2002），Guo Zhengfu et al.（2005）和Huang Xiaolong et al.（2010）；滇西角闪岩数据引自邓万明等（1998）和赵欣等（2004）；哀牢山—红河淡色花岗岩数据引自Zhang Liansheng and Schärer（1999）；扬子克拉通主要新生地壳生长时期数据引自Sun Weihua et al.（2009），Zhao Xinfu et al.（2010）和Wang Xuance et al.（2012）；富碱斑岩数据来自表1相关文献
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Mantle source reservoirs MORB, DMM, EM I and EM II are from Zindler and Hart (1986) . The field for oceanic sodic adakite attributed to melting of subducting oceanic crust is after Wang Qiang et al. (2006) . The field for western Yunnan potassic mafic rocks is from Xu Yigang et al. (2001) , Li Xianhua et al. (2002) , Guo Zhengfu et al. (2005) and Huang Xiaolong et al. (2010) . The field for western Yunnan amphibolite is from Deng Wanming et al. (1998&) and Zhao Xin et al. (2004&) . The field for leucogranite within the Ailao Mountains—Honghe River shear zone (ASRR) in western Yunnan is from Zhang Liansheng and Schärer (1999) . The episodes of major juvenile crustal growth in the Yangtze Craton are from Sun Weihua et al. (2009) , Zhao Xinfu et al. (2010) and Wang Xuance et al. (2012) . The ore-bearing alkali-rich porphyries data sources are from literatures in Table 1
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2.3.1.1 岩石类型
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本区成矿富碱斑岩岩相以花岗岩为主，花岗岩按照源岩性质可分为I型、S型和A型（Chappell et al.，1987; 吴福元等，2007；Yin Jiyuan et al.，2017）。如前所述，带内成矿富碱斑岩锆石Ti温度变化于517~887℃（平均733℃），明显低于典型A型花岗岩的结晶温度（＞900℃，Chappell et al.，1987; Patiño Douce，1997; King et al.，2001）。此外，这些花岗质斑岩具有相对较低的Ce、Nb、Ta、Zr含量（图5）和Ga/Al、FeOT/MgO 值以及弱的负Eu异常（Lu Yongjun et al.，2013b; Bao Xinshang et al.，2020; Xin Wei et al.，2020），明显区别于A型花岗岩，而与I型或S型花岗岩相似（图8a）。值得注意的是，大部分样品的A/CNK值低于1.1，有别于A/CNK值较高（远高于1.1，Chappell and White，2001）的高长英质S型花岗岩（图8b）。此外，这些斑岩的δ18OV-SMOW值（如纳日贡玛6.2‰~8.4‰，栗亚芝等，2015、玉龙6.4‰~9.3‰，Huang Mingliang et al.，2019a、北衙6.6‰~7.8‰，Lu Yongjun et al.，2013b、马厂箐5.5‰~6.6‰，Lu Yongjun et al.，2013b、白马苴6.6‰~7.0‰，Lu Yongjun et al.，2013b、铜厂6.3‰~7.1‰，Xu Leiluo et al.，2019），与典型I型花岗岩相似（δ18OV-SMOW=6‰~10‰）而低于S型花岗岩（δ18OV-SMOW=10‰~14‰）（Li Xianhua et al.，2009），进一步暗示成矿带内斑岩体不属于S型花岗岩。岩相学和矿物化学研究表明，这些富碱斑岩发育镁质黑云母、角闪石等镁铁质矿物（沈阳等，2018；鲍新尚等，2019；Huang Mingliang et al.，2022），而缺少白云母、堇青石和石榴子石等富铝矿物，有别于S型花岗岩（Chappell and White，1992）。综上研究，认为本区成矿富碱斑岩属于I型花岗斑岩。
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2.3.1.2 岩石成因
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如上所述，金沙江—红河成矿带内成矿富碱斑岩表现出I型花岗岩的地球化学特征。研究表明，I型花岗岩的来源主要有两种：① 幔源岩浆结晶分异，可能伴有地壳同化混染（Chiaradia，2009; Li Jianwei et al.，2009）；② 加厚下地壳部分熔融，早期可能有幔源岩浆的加入（Chappell and White，1992; Griffin et al.，2002; Wu Fuyuan et al.，2003）。带内成矿斑岩具有较高的SiO2含量（61.47%~73.90%，平均68.25%），远高于地幔岩石圈直接熔融形成的原始岩浆（SiO2＜57%，Baker et al.，1995）。此外，幔源基性岩浆的部分熔融或分离结晶应产生较源区更高微量元素含量的长英质岩浆（Rollison，1993），而带内同时代基性岩（如北衙、马厂箐等地的镁铁质基性包体）的REE和LILEs含量均高于寄主成矿斑岩（He Wenyan et al.，2016; Shen Yang et al.，2021），暗示幔源岩浆不是成矿斑岩的主要来源。高SiO2、低MgO和低相容元素（如Cr）含量（图9），轻稀土富集、轻重稀土分异显著，以及Nb、Ta负异常的地球化学特征，同样表明成矿岩浆起源于地壳而非地幔。带内成矿斑岩属于准铝—过铝质花岗岩（图8b），且具有较低的P2O5含量，有别于表壳沉积岩部分熔融形成的岩浆（Chappell and White，1992）。这些成矿斑岩较新生代MORB，具有较高的[n（87Sr）/n（86Sr）]i值和低的εNd（t）值（图6a），暗示他们并非源自俯冲板片的部分熔融。大部分成矿斑岩样品具有明显低于拆沉下地壳部分熔融形成的类Adakite（埃达克质）岩石的MgO和Cr含量，而与加厚下地壳部分熔融形成的类Adakite相似（图9），表明成矿岩浆可能源于加厚下地壳的部分熔融。此外，区内成矿斑岩的[n（87Sr）/n（86Sr）]i值和εNd（t）值均明显低于新生下地壳（Zhou Ye et al.，2019），且εNd（t）均为负值（-12.4~-0.2），表明其源区还有来自富集地幔组分的加入。
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图7 金沙江—红河成矿带内成矿富碱斑岩锆石的Ce4+/Ce3+—104/（T/K）图解（a）（据Yang Zhen et al.，2017）和 △FMQ—储量图解（b）（数据来自表1相关文献）
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Fig.7 Plots of Ce4+/Ce3+—104/ (T/K) (a) (after Yang Zhen et al., 2017) and △FMQ—deposit scale (b) for ore-bearing alkali-rich porphyries from the Jinsha River—Honghe River porphyry metallogenic belt (The ore-bearing alkali-rich porphyries data sources are from literatures in Table 1)
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图8 金沙江—红河成矿带内成矿富碱斑岩分类图解（a）（据Chappell and White，1992）、（b）（据Maniar and Piccoli，1989）及构造环境判别图解（c）（据Pearce et al.，1984）; 数据来自表1相关文献
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Fig.8 Discrimination diagrams (a) (after Chappell and White, 1992) , (b) (after Maniar and Piccoli, 1989) , and tectonic discrimination diagram (c) (modified from Pearce et al., 1984) of ore-bearing alkali-rich porphyries from the Jinsha River—Honghe River porphyry metallogenic belt; the ore-bearing alkali-rich porphyries data sources are from literatures in Table 1
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除上述主微量、Sr—Nd同位素特征外，带内成矿斑岩呈现出较宽泛的εHf（t）值（-11.5~+8.1）（图6a），暗示其源区幔源组分的贡献存在差异。其中，北段成矿斑岩具有正的且均一的锆石εHf（t）值（+0.5~+8.1），表明岩浆源区还有亏损地幔成分的组分加入，这里Hf—Nd的解耦（正的εHf（t）值和负的εNd（t）值），可能与古俯冲板片组分改造有关（Jiang Yaohui et al.，2006; Bao Xinshang et al.，2020）；中部北衙—马厂箐成矿斑岩具有不均一的εHf（t）值（-2.4~+2.4），表明其源区为壳源岩浆和少量幔源岩浆的混合；而南段（哈播—铜厂）和远离断裂（白马苴、直苴）的矿床成矿斑岩εHf（t）值（-11.5~+0.5）以负值为主，表明富集地幔具有较高比例。
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图9 金沙江—红河成矿带内成矿富碱斑岩的MgO—SiO2图解（a）、Cr—SiO2图解（b）
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Fig.9 Plots of MgO—SiO2 (a) and Cr—SiO2 (b) for ore-bearing alkali-rich porphyries from the Jinsha River—Honghe River porphyry metallogenic belt
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类Adakite岩浆多种成因的界定区域据Wang Qiang et al.（2006）；数据来自表1相关文献
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Fields of subducted oceanic crust-derived adakites, thick lower crust-derived adakite-like rocks, delaminated lower crust-derived adakite-like rocks and metabasaltic and eclogite experimental melts hybridized with peridotite after Wang Qiang et al. (2006) . The ore-bearing alkali-rich porphyries data sources are from literatures in Table 1
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结合成矿斑岩的Hf模式年龄（北段：TDM2=0.4~1.0 Ga；中部北衙—马厂箐：TDM2=0.8~1.4 Ga；南段哈播—铜厂和远离断裂的白马苴—直苴：TDM2=1.1~1.8 Ga），认为金沙江—红河成矿带北段以Cu—Mo为主的成矿富碱斑岩源自新元古代下地壳的部分熔融，且源区受富集地幔和亏损地幔（软流圈熔体）的双重改造；而南段（北衙—铜厂）以Cu—Au或Cu（—Mo—Au）为主的成矿富碱斑岩源自新生下地壳的部分熔融，且该下地壳经历了不同程度的富集地幔改造，特别是南段（哈播—铜厂）和远离断裂（白马苴、直苴）的成矿富碱斑岩源区具有较大规模的富集地幔物质参与。这与前人提出的含Cu（—Mo、—Au）岩浆通常来源于新生的加厚镁铁质下地壳（侯增谦等，2007；He Wenyan et al.，2016; Hou Zengqian et al.，2017）的研究结果相近。
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2.3.2 构造环境
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印度大陆与亚洲大陆于60 Ma前后发生碰撞（图2a，Chung et al.，2005），此后地质事件均发生于后碰撞环境（Capitanio et al.，2010）。金沙江—红河成矿带内新生代斑岩体成岩年龄集中于43~32 Ma（表1、图2），表明这些始新世—渐新世斑岩形成于后碰撞环境（Hou Zengqian et al.，2003; Lu Yongjun et al.，2013a），是印—亚大陆碰撞作用（45 Ma或40 Ma）的响应（侯增谦等，2006；莫宣学等，2007；Lu Yongjun et al.，2012）。此外，花岗岩构造环境判别图解中，成矿斑岩基本位于后碰撞区域（图8c），进一步证实这些岩浆形成于后碰撞的构造环境。
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大约从43 Ma开始（Hou Zengqian et al.，2003; Xu Leiluo et al.，2012），在印度与亚洲大陆的持续汇聚和SN向挤压背景之下，青藏高原碰撞造山带进入以碰撞带内部沿巨型剪切带（如金沙江走滑断裂和哀牢山—红河走滑断裂等）分布的陆块间相对运动为标志的晚碰撞阶段（Hou Zengqian et al.，2003；侯增谦等，2006）。在该阶段，于古新世—始新世整体向NE楔入的印度大陆首先引起沿金沙江断裂的右行走滑运动（Hou Zengqian et al.，2007）。随后（大约36 Ma），印度大陆的楔入导致强烈的EW向挤压和X型构造结位于玉龙斑岩成矿带南部的共轭走滑断裂（刘增乾等，1993；Hou Zengqian et al.，2003）。在这一构造模式下，金沙江走滑断裂与哀牢山—红河走滑断裂的走滑运动方向和初始走滑时间均不一致，而这些走滑运动的时空不一致正好与玉龙斑岩成矿带和哀牢山—红河斑岩成矿带斑岩Cu—Mo—Au矿的成岩成矿作用相对应（图2；Xu Leiluo et al.，2012）。因此，尽管南北两条断裂的差异走滑运动时限尚存争议（图2b），但成矿带内较为集中且连续的成岩成矿时代（图2a），表明金沙江—红河（哀牢山）富碱斑岩及相关矿床的形成和分布与金沙江—红河走滑断裂存在密切关系。
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晚碰撞转换期，在斜向碰撞带（高原东缘）形成一系列大规模走滑断裂系统和褶皱—逆冲断裂系统，吸收并调节印—亚大陆碰撞应变（Wang Jianghai et al.，2001）。在此背景下，扬子西缘金沙江—红河大型走滑断裂切穿岩石圈，诱发壳幔岩浆上侵，形成富碱斑岩带（Hou Zengqian et al.，2003，2006; Li Wenchang et al.，2016）。因此，这些产于大陆内部活动带的富碱斑岩，形成于印—亚大陆后碰撞背景，是大陆内部大型走滑和伸展等动力过程诱导的岩浆活动产物。此外，由于印度大陆的向北俯冲和青藏高原整体的向南挤出（Yin An and Harrison，2000），金沙江—红河断裂的走滑起始年龄表现出由北向南总体逐渐变新的趋势（Leloup et al.，1995，2001），相应的由走滑运动导致的富碱斑岩的侵位及成矿年龄也呈现向南总体逐渐变年轻的趋势（图2a；Liang Huaying et al.，2006; Deng Jun et al.，2014）。这一构造背景表明，金沙江和哀牢山—红河断裂的差异走滑运动可能控制了金沙江—红河成矿带差异性成岩成矿事件。
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2.4 岩浆性质与岩浆源区对成矿作用的控制
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岩浆氧逸度是控制斑岩成矿的关键因素之一（Richards，2003，2011，2015）。近年来研究表明，环太平洋成矿域Chuquicamata—El Abra、冈底斯、中甸、德兴等成矿带/矿集区内成矿斑岩的锆石Ce4+/Ce3+和（EuN/Eu*）N值均明显高于非成矿岩体（Ballard et al.，2002; Wang Rui et al.，2014; Zhang Chanchan et al.，2017; Cao Kang et al.，2022），说明成矿岩体相对非成矿岩体具有更高的氧逸度。金沙江—红河富碱斑岩成矿带内成矿富碱斑岩体与非成矿岩体同样具有相似特征（Liang Huaying et al.，2006; Xu Leiluo et al.，2016; Bao Xinshang et al.，2020）。本次研究表明，金沙江—红河富碱斑岩成矿带内成矿富碱斑岩除了具有较强氧化性以外（图7a），以Cu为主的斑岩—矽卡岩型矿床中成矿富碱斑岩体的氧逸度（ΔFMQ）与矿床规模还呈现出一定正相关关系（图7b），说明较高的氧逸度有利于形成较大规模的富碱斑岩—矽卡岩型Cu矿床。此规律与中亚成矿域斑岩Cu矿床相似（Shen Ping et al.，2015），表明该认识对区域富碱斑岩—矽卡岩型Cu矿的找矿勘查具有一定指导意义。
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除氧逸度外，岩浆源区亦是控制斑岩成矿的关键。金沙江—红河富碱斑岩成矿带内成矿富碱斑岩具有高（La/Yb）N值、低Y和Yb含量以及较陡的稀土配分模式，暗示加厚下地壳部分熔融过程中石榴子石作为主要残留相存在于源区，从而驱动岩浆氧化（Bao Xinshang et al.，2020），进而控制斑岩成矿。还有研究指出，源区岩浆演化过程中岩浆的全碱组分同样对斑岩成矿起到控制作用（Lu Yongjun et al.，2013b）。尤其是在碰撞型斑岩成矿带，其成矿/致矿斑岩较贫矿斑岩具有明显高的K2O含量和K2O/Na2O值（Shen Yang et al.，2021; Zheng Yuanchuan et al.，2021; Zhao Hesen et al.，2022），本区成矿富碱斑岩同样具有上述特征，表明岩浆富钾特征与富碱斑岩成矿之间的关系值得深入研究。此外，全碱组分亦对矿化元素具有一定制约（Lu Yongjun et al.，2013b），如Au矿化多与具有较高的Na2O+K2O和K2O/Na2O的碱性岩浆有关，高K+能够提高Au在熔体中的溶解度（Zajacz et al.，2010）。本区以Au为主的斑岩—矽卡岩型矿床（如北衙、白马苴）中成矿富碱斑岩表现出相对更高的碱度率（AR＞3.91）、Na2O+K2O含量（＞9.84%）和K2O/Na2O值（＞1.59）（表1），表明高K2O含量的富碱岩体能够促使Au在熔体中的进一步富集，最终提高了斑岩体的成矿潜力。
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3 结论
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（1）金沙江—红河富碱斑岩成矿带内成矿富碱斑岩系始新世—渐新世（43~32 Ma）I型钾玄质花岗斑岩，是印—亚大陆后碰撞背景下大陆内部大型走滑和伸展等动力过程诱导的岩浆活动产物，金沙江和哀牢山—红河断裂的差异走滑运动可能控制了成矿带差异性成岩成矿事件。
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（2）成矿带北段以Cu—Mo为主的成矿富碱斑岩源自新元古代下地壳的部分熔融，且源区受富集地幔和亏损地幔的双重交代富集；而南段以Cu—Au或Cu（—Mo—Au）为主的成矿富碱斑岩源自新生下地壳的部分熔融，且该下地壳经历了不同程度的富集地幔改造。
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（3）成矿富碱斑岩氧逸度越高越有利于大规模富碱斑岩—矽卡岩型Cu矿床的形成。除高氧逸度外，源区高K2O含量也是富碱斑岩—矽卡岩型Au矿床形成的关键。
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致谢：论文撰写过程中参考了大量前人资料，但限于作者学识，所作的论述不够透彻、详尽，谨此表示谢忱和歉意。高作宇博士审阅初稿，提出重要的修改建议；审稿专家对本文提出宝贵修改意见。在此一并致以诚挚的谢意!
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摘要
富碱斑岩因其产出构造环境独特、岩石类型特殊，并常与铜多金属矿床密切相关，而受到广泛关注。笔者等在回顾相关研究进展的基础上，通过岩石成因和构造环境、岩浆性质和岩浆源区等方面的综合研究，探讨了金沙江—红河富碱斑岩成矿带富碱岩浆成矿作用及成岩成矿机制。系统的矿床地质、年代学、地球化学等研究表明：① 金沙江—红河富碱斑岩成矿带内成岩成矿作用集中于43~32 Ma，成矿富碱斑岩系始新世—渐新世I型钾玄质花岗斑岩，是印—亚大陆后碰撞背景下大陆内部大型走滑和伸展等动力过程诱导的岩浆活动产物，金沙江和哀牢山—红河断裂的差异走滑运动可能控制了成矿带差异性成岩成矿事件；② 成矿带北段以Cu—Mo为主的成矿富碱斑岩源自新元古代下地壳的部分熔融，且源区有富集地幔和亏损地幔物质的加入，而南段以Cu—Au或Cu(—Mo—Au)为主的成矿富碱斑岩源自具有不同程度富集地幔物质加入的新生下地壳的部分熔融；③ 带内以Cu为主的斑岩—矽卡岩型矿床中成矿富碱斑岩的氧逸度（ΔFMQ）与矿床规模具有正相关性。除受氧逸度控制外，源区高K2O含量有利于斑岩—矽卡岩型Au矿床的形成。该研究对金沙江—红河富碱斑岩成矿带乃至同类矿床研究和找矿勘查具有理论和实际意义。
Abstract
Objectives: Alkali-rich porphyry has attracted extensive attention because of its unique tectonic setting, special rock type and close relationship with copper polymetallic deposits. By reviewing the related research progress of alkali-rich porphyry, this paper focuses on discussing the mineralization of alkali-rich magma and its petrogenetic and metallogenic mechanism in the Jinsha River—Honghe River alkali-rich porphyry metallogenic belt, from the comprehensive study of petrogenesis and tectonic setting, magmatic properties and source control of mineralization, etc. Systematic studies on the geology, chronology and geochemistry of ore deposits show that: ① the magmatic emplacement and mineralization ages of porphyry—skarn deposits in the Jinsha River—Honghe River alkali-rich porphyry metallogenic belt are concentrated in the range of 43~32 Ma. The ore-bearing alkali-rich porphyries belong to Eocene—Oligocene I-type shoshonitic granite porphyries, which were products of intracontinental magmatic activity induced by geodynamic processes such as large-scale strike-slip and extension in a post-collisional setting. The divergently magmatic and metallogenic events in the belt may be controlled by the divergent strike-slip movements between the Jinsha River and Ailao Mountains—Honghe River strike-slip faulting resulted from the Indo—Asian collision; ② the ore-bearing alkali-rich porphyries associated with Cu—Mo mineralization in northern section of the metallogenic belt were probably derived from the partial melting of a Neoproterozoic lower crust with the addition of enriched and depleted mantle-derived magmas. However, the ore-bearing alkali-rich porphyries associated with Cu—Au or Cu(—Mo—Au) mineralization in southern section of the metallogenic belt were probably derived from the partial melting of juvenile lower crust with variable contributions from enriched mantle-derived components; and ③ there is a positive relationship between the oxygen fugacity (ΔFMQ) and deposit size (metal tonnage) for porphyry—skarn Cu deposits. In addition to the control by oxygen fugacity, the high K2O content in the magmatic source is conducive to the formation of porphyry—skarn Au deposits. This study has important theoretical and practical significance for theoretical research and exploration of the Jinsha River—Honghe River alkali-rich porphyry metallogenic belt and even similar deposits.
