Knowledge and understanding of the application of geological process to warfare and peacetime practices have been fundamental to military operation, operational environment, battlefield intelligence and MOOTW. Military geology is the term used to describe this area of geological knowledge. Over time the application of military geology has changed as these military requirements such as weaponry, battlespace and geopolitical influences have altered the scale and dynamics of military operations, the concept of military geoscience is formally proposed. Military geoscience focuses on military activities of multi- material, multi- layer and multi- system environmental properties within the earth, on the basis of multifaceted disciplines of earth science. This paper summarizes the past history lessons of military geology and induced five research fields of military geoscience abroad, including of the impact of geo- environment on historical warfares, the impact of earth science on military activities, geopolitical security interests and resource needs, as well as geoscience technologies in military activities, it is suggested that the research progresses and key scientific problems on military geoscience need to be more focused on great military demands and applications such as theory and methodology, typical scenarios and global issues. Therefore, there are several research challenges to be addressed as five follows: (1) the intelligent application of battlefield geospatial intelligence; (2) RS recognition technology for hidden targets in unknown area; (3) military geoforensics of battlefield reconnaissance and trace identification; (4) military new energy security; (5) military geoscience in modern warfare. Above overview of achievements will be an important research evidence for domestic military geoscience on disciplinary development and military application.