Military geology which was the application of geological theory to warfare and the peacetime practices had played a significant role in military operation, operational environment, battlefield intelligence and MOOTW. Military requirement promoted an innovative development from military geology to military geosciences. Military geosciences focused on military activity issues of multi-natural, multi-layers and multi-system environmental properties within the earth, on the basis of multifaceted disciplines of earth science. This review thesis summarized past history lessons of military geology, and induced 4 main military geosciences research fields including of comprehensive geoscientific environment impact on past warfare, earth system science impact on general military activities, geopolitical security interests and resource needs, as well as earth science and technology in military activities, and strongly suggested the key scientific issues of military geosciences should have been concentrated on broader military requirement and military application, and proposed of 4 types of modern challenges:(1) intelligent application between battlefield geoscientific spatial intelligence and joint information space; (2) RS recognition technology of the hidden target in unknown areas; (3) military geoforensics of battlefield reconnaissance and weapon detection; (4) military new energy resources. Above overview of achievements would be an important reference for domestic military geosciences on disciplinary development and military application.