Objectives: Rare niobium is found in weathered crust of basalt and aluminous claystone under Xuanwei Formation of upper Permian, in Southwest China. Taking niobium deposit of Yulong in Northwest Guizhou as an target and based on the detailed sedimentological and mineralogical studies to analyze the geochemical composition and characteristics of elements of niobium enriched horizon, discuss the source and reveal the migration path and enrichment process of niobium.Methods: Field investigation and systematic sampling were carried out in this paper. Thin section from 4 samples for Scanning Electron Microscope of niobium enriched claystone.Results: Scanning Electron Microscope shows that the mineral compositions of niobium enriched claystone mainly are kaolinite, anatase and zircon. Anatase has different shapes, such as harbor, ellipse and etc.Conclusions: The strong and sustained eruption of the Emei mantle plume not only resulted in the accumulation of massive basic magma, but also caused the large- scale uplift of the crust. At the same time, the South China plate was located near the latitude, intensely weathered and eroded under the high temperature and humid thermal environment, resulting in the increase of the chemical weathering rate of the land surface silicate rocks by 1.8~2.5 times. Basalts near the middle Late Permian world line in Northwest Guizhou suffered from strong erosion and weathering, which often formed different types of weathered deposits and rocks, including bauxite claystone. There are more anatases in the niobium rich bauxite clay rocks, and the anatase types are various, and show different degrees of weathering and alteration characteristics. Combined with the special geological environment in the middle and Late Permian study area, and the influence of the Emei mantle plume activity, it is considered that the continuous weathering of Emeishan basalt is the key to the formation of niobium rich bauxite clay rocks, while a large number of niobium rich minerals such as anatases and sphene are found. The distribution and the release of Nb and other trace elements in the epiphytic stage may be an important way to cause the obvious enrichment of Nb in the bauxite claystone.