110 paleoclimate and paleoenvironment records from 84 locations of China were employed to discuss the spatial characteristics of climate around 4.0 ka BP and its possible impacts on the transformation and collapse of Neolithic culture of China (CNCC). The results indicate that cold climate characterized by temperature decline prevailed for most regions of China and the humidity exhibit some diversity. Dry and fairly drier conditions occurred in north and northwest arid regions, and most places of southwestern and eastern monsoonal regions. A few records form central Loess Plateau and lower Yangtze River regions show some extent humidity increase characterized by flood events. Briefly, the spatial characteristics of climate in China around 4.0 ka BP show evident discrepancies with the notion that is described as "dry in the north and humid in the south". Humidity increases and accelerated soil erosion in some places around 4.0 ka BP possibly due to the amplified seasonal deviations of monsoon precipitations resulting from high El Nino—Southern Oscillation (ENSO) variability. Recession and collapse of Neolithic cultures in northern, central and eastern China are coevally with the climate transformations around 4.0 ka BP, implying the climate served as the major driving forcing in pre historical culture evolution.