The Lantian Formation of Upper Sinian developed in southern Anhui is the host layer of ores such as Ag, Pb and Zn. The characteristics of the regional geology, ore geology and geochemistry indicate that the Ag-Pb-Zn poly metallic ores were formed by hydrothermal deposition processes, which were controlled by faults. The faults mainly develop in a NE direction along the Qimen-Sanyangkeng-Wangjiaqiao deep fault. The hydrothermal deposits result in Ag-Pb-Zn polymetallic ores, Fe-Mn ores and Mn-bearing carbonate rocks of some thousand square kilometres on the bottom of the Lantian formation. This understanding helps to account for the origin of the deposits and provides information for future ore exploration in the area.