安徽藕塘—滁县—上腰铺一带构造演化的磷灰石裂变径迹年代学约束
doi: 10.19762/j.cnki.dizhixuebao.2024023
田朋飞1,2 , 何姿霏1 , 吕金梁1 , 和雅杰1 , 袁万明3 , 杨晓勇4 , 段留安5
1. 山西工程技术学院,矿区生态修复与固废资源化省市共建山西省重点实验室培育基地,山西阳泉, 045000
2. 中国地质科学院地质研究所,自然资源部同位素地质重点实验室,北京, 100037
3. 中国地质大学,科学研究院,北京, 100083
4. 中国科学技术大学,地球和空间科学学院,安徽合肥, 230026
5. 中国地质调查局烟台海岸带地质调查中心,山东烟台, 264004
基金项目: 本文为国家自然科学基金项目(编号42127801,42030801)、自然资源部同位素地质重点实验室开放课题基金项目、山西省高等学校科技创新项目(编号2022L593)、山西工程技术学院科技项目 (编号2021QD-21)和来晋工作优秀博士项目(编号2022PT-03)联合资助的成果
Multi-stage tectonic events constrained by apatite fission-track thermochronology in Outang-Chuxian-Shangyaopu region, Anhui Province
TIAN Pengfei1,2 , HE Zifei1 , LÜ Jinliang1 , HE Yajie1 , YUAN Wanming3 , YANG Xiaoyong4 , DUAN Liuan5
1. The Cultivation Base of Shanxi Key Laboratory of Mining Area Ecological Restoration and Solid Wastes Utilization, Shanxi Institute of Technology, Yangquan, Shanxi 045000 , China
2. Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Key Laboratory of Isotope Geology of Ministry of Natural Resources, Beijing 100037 , China
3. Institute of Earth Science, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083 , China
4. School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026 , China
5. Yantai Center of Coastal Zone Geological Survey, China Geological Survey, Yantai, Shandong 264004 , China
摘要
安徽藕塘—滁县—上腰铺一带位于华北克拉通东南缘、长江中下游成矿带北缘,秦岭-大别造山带北部前锋带、郯庐断裂带东侧,是周边多种大型区域动力学系统交汇、过渡部位,且周边发育大量铜矿床具重要经济价值,但区域内低温热历史研究程度较低,对该区进行磷灰石裂变径迹热史分析对认识区域构造演化具有重要意义。我们利用磷灰石裂变径迹对藕塘—滁县—上腰铺一带的构造活动展开研究,获得9件磷灰石裂变径迹分析结果,中心年龄最大值为113.2±7.8 Ma,最小值为78.6±5.3 Ma。热史模拟研究结果显示郯庐断裂带周边经历了多期次热事件:藕塘—滁县—上腰铺一带在130~100 Ma体现出快速降温,其动力背景与伊泽纳崎板块的高速斜向俯冲相关;100~60 Ma 研究区降温较缓慢,直至~60 Ma在安徽藕塘—上腰铺一带出现较快速降温,为印度板块与欧亚板块碰撞远程效应的体现。热历史较清晰地反映了印度板块与欧亚板块硬碰撞(55~52 Ma)对研究区热史的影响,印度板块与欧亚板块硬碰撞开始后造成了藕塘—上腰铺一带较快速降温,至此,研究区受控于太平洋板块俯冲和印度板块与欧亚板块碰撞远程效应两大构造体系。
Abstract
The Outang-Chuxian-Shangyaopu area in Anhui is located in the southeastern margin of the North China Craton, the northern margin of the Middle-Lower Yangtze River Ore Belt, the northern frontal belt of the Qinling-Dabie orogenic belt, and the east side of the Tanlu fault zone (TLFZ). The study area is located at the intersection and transition of various large-scale regional dynamical systems, and a large number of copper deposits are developed around it, which has important economic value. However, the degree of low-temperature thermal history research in the region is low, and the analysis of the thermal history of apatite fission track in this region is of great significance for understanding the regional tectonic evolution. We used apatite fission track to study the tectonic activities in the area of Outang-Chuxian-Shangyaopu. In this paper, we obtained nine apatite fission track results with central age between 113.2±7.8 Ma and 78.6±5.3 Ma. The study reveals the TLFZ has experienced multi-phase thermal events. The Outang-Chuxian-Shangyaopu area showed rapid exhumation at 130~100 Ma, possibly related to the high-speed oblique subduction of the Izanagi plate. The exhumation of the study area was relatively slow from ~100 Ma, until ~60 Ma when the far-field effect of the Indian plate and the Eurasian plate was reflected in the Outang-Shangyaopu area. After the hard collision between the Indian plate and the Eurasian plate started, the Outang-Shangyaopu area was exhumated rapidly. Especially, the thermal history clearly reflects the impact of the hard collision between the Indian and Eurasian plates (55~52 Ma) on the thermal history of the study area, and then the study area was controlled by two tectonic systems, which are the subduction of the Pacific plate and the long-range effect of the collision between the Indian plate and the Eurasian plate.
郯庐断裂带(Tan-Lu fault zone,TLFZ)是中国东部规模最大的断裂带,延伸超过2400 km。郯庐断裂带总体呈NNE-SSW向展布,断裂带自南向北分别经过扬子板块、大别-苏鲁造山带、华北克拉通与中亚造山带东部的兴蒙造山带(Zhu Guang et al.,201220152017; 朱光等,2018)。继华北和华南板块陆-陆碰撞之后,郯庐断裂带的活动代表了太平洋板块向欧亚大陆俯冲(朱光等,20042018)。断裂带南部(皖、苏和鲁南)将大别造山带与苏鲁造山带左行错开达550 km,其间牵引残留的北北东向造山带部分为张八岭隆起,并构成了华北板块与扬子板块的边界(Meng Qingren et al.,2007; Ma Maining et al.,2020)。长江中下游北缘和郯庐断裂带南段管店、瓦屋刘、瓦屋薛、马厂、桥头集、藕塘等地位于大别苏鲁造山带之间,分布着大量早白垩世岩浆岩。经前人辉钼矿Re-Os、黑云母Ar-Ar、角闪石Ar-Ar,锆石U-Pb定年分析,年龄主要集中在133~123 Ma(牛漫兰,2006; 资锋等,2007; 资锋等,2008; 秦燕等,2009; Liu Shengao et al.,2010; 资锋等,2011; Hu Zilong et al.,2014; Zhu Guang et al.,2017; Fan Yu et al.,2018; Zhao Zhixin et al.,2020)。郯庐断裂带沿线形成了丰富的铜金矿床(Wang Fangyue et al.,2011; Sun Weidong et al.,2013),长江中下游成矿带亦是我国重要的铜金多金属成矿带(毛景文等,2020)。在研究长江中下游铜金矿过程中,我们选取安徽省定远藕塘、滁县铜矿床、上腰铺采场作为研究区,分析其区域构造热历史演化特征。
低温热年代学数据反演热历史是一种广泛应用的技术,广泛应用于地质体热历史分析、盆地演化、构造演化、矿床热历史演化(Yuan Wanming et al.,2020; 田朋飞等,2020; 李广伟,2021; Feng Zirui et al.,2023)。热年代学研究已为青藏高原造山体系内众多构造演化提供了证据(McRivette et al.,2019; Tian Pengfei et al.,2020; 袁二军等,2022),随着青藏高原构造演化体系的不断延伸和深入,印度板块与欧亚板块硬碰撞理论不断完善(Sun Weidong et al.,2020a; Li Xiaochun et al.,2023),研究发现青藏高原的硬碰撞与太平洋板块转向和俯冲同步性存在因果关系(Sun Weidong et al.,2020a2020b)。
安徽藕塘—滁县—上腰铺一带在大地构造位置上,位于华北克拉通东南缘、长江中下游成矿带北缘,秦岭-大别造山带北部前锋带、郯庐断裂带东侧,是周边多种大型区域动力学系统交汇、过渡部位。虽然郯庐断裂带大别和苏鲁造山带应用热年代学取得了部分成果(Wu Lin et al.,2016; Ding Ruxin et al.,2021),但郯庐断裂带南段苏鲁造山带和大别造山带之间区域相对缺乏裂变径迹和(U-Th)/He相关的低温热年代学分析研究。尤其是研究区是否受同时期印度板块与欧亚板块硬碰撞的影响,其具体响应时间等相关科学问题尚缺乏研究。我们采用磷灰石裂变径迹年代学分析安徽藕塘—滁县—上腰铺一带热历史模型,约束了其低温热史特征,对分析长江中下游和郯庐断裂带南段铜金矿床的后期热史和构造演化具指示意义;同时对青藏高原的硬碰撞与太平洋板块转向和俯冲同步性期间,研究区是否也具同步性具指示意义。
1 地质背景
藕塘—滁县—上腰铺位于安徽省东北部,构造上与华北地块、扬子地块和秦岭-大别-苏鲁造山带相关(图1a)。藕塘地区位于定远县境内,藕塘地层为前寒武系变质基底(张八岭群)。郯庐断裂带遍布整个区域,定远县存在三条NE—NNE走向的次级断裂,其中两条在合肥盆地南部消失(Zhang Jiaodong et al.,2012; 朱光等,2018; 陆元超等,2022)。藕塘侵入岩体主要由闪长岩和石英二长岩组成,其锆石U-Pb年龄为124.6±2.9 Ma和129.2±4.1 Ma(Hu Zilong et al.,2014)。
在滁县-全椒铜金成矿区,侵入岩主要为马厂岩体、滁州岩体和上腰铺岩体(图1b),这三个侵入岩体沿NE方向从南向北依次分布(段留安等,2012),该地区的早期褶皱和多期断裂分别大致呈NNE和NW走向(Fan Yu et al.,2018)。
滁州岩体(出露面积1.2 km2)主要由石英二长斑岩和少量闪长玢岩组成,其围岩为下奥陶统—上寒武统灰岩(段留安等,2012; Fan Yu et al.,2018)。围岩蚀变主要为大理岩化、矽卡岩化,还有少量硅化、钾长石化、绿泥石化、碳酸盐化(段留安等,2012)。滁州岩体于早白垩世侵位,黑云母Ar-Ar年龄为127.17±0.40 Ma(资锋等,2007)。琅琊山铜矿床位于滁州侵入岩体中,由早白垩世区域构造岩浆活动形成,辉钼矿Re-Os等时线年龄为128.6±2.2 Ma(秦燕等,2009)。
上腰铺岩体(出露面积8.5 km2),主要由石英二长斑岩组成,围岩为下奥陶统上欧冲组,围岩蚀变有大理岩化、硅化、矽卡岩化、绿泥石化、碳酸盐化、绢云母化、高岭土化等,局部出现铜矿化(Fan Yu et al.,2018; Liang Shengnan et al.,2018)。上腰铺岩体年龄为129.90±0.23 Ma(黑云母Ar-Ar)(资锋等,2007),129.5±1.8 Ma(辉鉬矿Re-Os)(Liang Shengnan et al.,2018),129.0±1.7 Ma和130.0±1.0 Ma(锆石U-Pb)(Fan Yu et al.,2018; Liang Shengnan et al.,2018)。上腰铺岩体和滁州岩体均为典型的俯冲洋壳埃达克岩(段留安等,2012)。
2 样品与实验方法
本文样品主要采集自藕塘、滁县和上腰铺岩体(图1b表1),样品主要为碱性岩脉和花岗岩(图2)。裂变径迹测试单位为北京泽康恩科技有限公司。9件样品按照实验要求对所选样品进行粉碎,并采用常规方法进行分选、磁选、重液分离、介电分离等,分选磷灰石单矿物。将分选好的磷灰石单矿物颗粒制成环氧树脂片,经研磨和抛光后,用7% HNO3在25℃下蚀刻20 s,揭示其自发径迹。利用反应堆辐射样品和低铀白云母片,然后用40% HF在25℃下蚀刻20 s,揭示其诱发径迹。利用CN5铀玻璃对磷灰石中子通量进行标定(Bellemans et al.,1995),与此同时对自发径迹、诱发径迹密度进行测量,并统计裂变径迹条数。裂变径迹中心年龄应用IUGS推荐的加权平均Zeta常数标定法计算(Hurford,1990)。本实验获得的磷灰石样品Zeta常数为410.0±10.7 a/cm2
1藕塘—滁县—上腰铺一带大地构造位置简图(a,据段留安等,2012)及地质简图(b,据资锋等,2011
Fig.1Tectonic sketch map showing location of study region (a, after Duan Liuan et al., 2012) and geological map (b, after Zi Feng et al., 2011) of the Outang-Chuxian-Shangyaopu area
2安徽藕塘—滁县—上腰铺一带岩石野外(a、b)和显微镜下(c、d)照片
Fig.2Photos of outcrops (a, b) and micrographs (c, d) of the Outang-Chuxian-Shangyaopu area
(a、b)—为上腰铺脉体;(c)—花岗岩;(d)—花岗岩;Bt—黑云母;Hbl—角闪石;Or—正长石;Plg—斜长石;Qtz—石英
(a, b) —the vein from Shangyaopu area; (c) —granite; (d) —granite; Bt—biotite; Hbl—hornblende; Or—orthoclase; Plg—plagioclase; Qtz—quartz
1安徽藕塘—滁县—上腰铺一带样品采集信息
Table1Summary of locations and elevations information for each sample of the Outang-Chuxian-Shangyaopu area
3 结果
3.1 年龄结果
本文获得9件磷灰石样品裂变径迹分析结果。磷灰石中心年龄最大值为113.2±7.8 Ma,最小值为78.6±5.3 Ma(表2);样品单颗粒年龄分布特征用Radial Plotter(Vermeesch,2009)分析示于图3。藕塘区域内样品OT04中心年龄为110.5±10.9 Ma,分解年龄为151±12 Ma和106±8.5 Ma;样品OT07中心年龄为93.9±6.5 Ma,分解年龄为109±6.3 Ma和76.9±4.7 Ma;样品OT12中心年龄为78.6±5.3 Ma,分解年龄为89.7±7.1 Ma和66.2±5.6 Ma。滁县区域内样品CX01中心年龄为102.7±7.7 Ma,分解年龄为115.4±7.5 Ma和61.4±8.3 Ma;样品CX09中心年龄为100±6.4 Ma,分解年龄为113.7±6.6 Ma和87±3.5 Ma;样品CX10中心年龄为110±8.1 Ma。上腰铺区域内样品SYP02中心年龄为113.2±7.8 Ma;样品SYP06中心年龄为94.6±6.8 Ma;样品SYP12中心年龄为94.8±7.3 Ma,分解年龄为111±10 Ma和77±10 Ma。
P(χ2)<5%检验标准是分析磷灰石裂变径迹年龄数据的重要指标。Green(1981)指出如果有证据表明数据存在不均一性(额外泊松变异),如数据符合由提出的P(χ2)<5%检验标准(Galbraith,1981),那么基于自发和诱发轨迹数量(Ns/Ni)与泊松标准误差之比的传统集合年龄(pooled age)将变得毫无意义;另一种基于单个径迹密度(ρs/ρi)平均比方法,可对误差进行更大估计(在单粒年龄统计中分散值允许超过泊松分量)。实际上造成年龄不均一的因素很多,Green and Durrani(1977)发现自发径迹晶体的方向会对退火产生影响,与c轴垂直的径迹比平行于c轴的径迹退火更快(Green,1988; Donelick et al.,1990);同时退火研究发现,磷灰石中的径迹不仅受温度影响,还受加热持续时间、单颗粒化学成分影响。所以在裂变径迹年龄分析时,最重要的是分析造成P(χ2)<5%的原因,而不是仅仅把它当作统计误差来处理(田朋飞等,2020)。藕塘、滁县和上腰铺岩体均为3组数据,但P(χ2)<5%的样品分别为3组、2组、1组。藕塘一带的样品距郯庐断裂带中心最近,滁县和上腰铺依次较远;总体呈现出距郯庐断裂带中心较近样品的单颗粒年龄较分散,即P(χ2)<5%。
2安徽藕塘—滁县—上腰铺一带磷灰石裂变径迹分析结果
Table2Fission track analysis result of apatite sample of the Outang-Chuxian-Shangyaopu area
注:n—样品颗粒数; Ns—自发径迹数;Ni—诱发径迹数;Nd—标准铀玻璃的外探测器白云母记录的径迹数;ρs—自发径迹密度;ρi—诱发径迹密度;ρd—标准铀玻璃的外探测器白云母记录的径迹密度;P(χ2)—χ2检验值;N—径迹条数。
3.2 长度结果
磷灰石裂变径迹长度分布可反映样品所经历的冷却历史。长期以来,裂变径迹学者们一直使用退火带(partial annealing zone,PAZ)这一概念(Wagner and Haute,1992)。定义为在地质时间尺度上由裂变产生的径迹可以部分保留的温度范围。在磷灰石径迹长度分布直方图中,短径迹峰形成于部分退火带内部或附近并经历晚近地质时期的主要冷却事件,长径迹峰则形成于一系列冷却事件之后。当样品进入PAZ呈现出缓慢冷却时,其长度直方图呈现单峰特征。长度直方图呈现双峰特征,即呈现混合年龄时,表明其至少拥有两个阶段冷却历史,第一个阶段冷却时径迹处于相对较高PAZ温度内,优先进入较低冷却区域(Braun et al.,2006; Lisker et al.,2009)。
本文磷灰石裂变径迹长度为12.6±1.9~13.8±1.6 μm,整体属于中等长度。样品OT04、OT07、OT12、CX01、CX09的 P(χ2)<5%,其长度均呈现双峰特征(图4);样品OT04、OT07、OT12、CX01、CX09距郯庐断裂带中心更近,易受郯庐断裂带多阶段热事件影响,因而出现多冷却阶段特征。
4 热历史模拟
根据磷灰石裂变径迹扇形退火模型(Ketcham et al.,2007),运用HeFTy软件(Ketcham,2005)对AFT进行热历史模拟。根据AFT样品OT7、CX10、SYP06单颗粒年龄分布特征,将其模拟起始年龄设为140 Ma。将初始温度设定在略高于AFT退火带的125℃,将研究区现今地表温度15℃设定为终止温度,并以冷却转折时间为约束条件。拟合参数(GOF)能指示裂变径迹年龄模拟结果与实际测量值的切合程度,长度分布模拟采用K-S检验,当GOF和K-S值大于0.05时其结果可接受,大于0.5时说明模拟结果良好(Ketcham,2005)。模拟结果图中黑色实线代表最佳模拟路径,红色范围代表较好拟合区,绿色范围代表模拟可接受区(图5)。
3安徽藕塘—滁县—上腰铺一带磷灰石裂变径迹年龄雷达图解
Fig.3AFT age probability Radial Plots for apatite samples of the Outang-Chuxian-Shangyaopu area
单颗粒AFT年龄根据其U浓度(×10-6)进行颜色编码; n为磷灰石颗粒数,分散度给出了以百分比表示的年龄分散值,黑线代表使用Radial Plotter中的自动混合模型统计得出的峰值年龄
Single particle AFT ages are color-coded according to their U concentration (×10-6) ; n is the number of apatite particles, the dispersion gives the age dispersion value expressed as a percentage, and the black line represents the peak age calculated using the automatic mixing model statistics in Radial Plotter
磷灰石裂变径迹分析表明郯庐断裂带藕塘—滁县—上腰铺一带的热历史整体经历了两个阶段热历史:140~100 Ma,温度为120~60℃,为快速降温阶段;100 Ma至今,温度由60℃下降至15℃,为缓慢降温阶段。在局部上,藕塘一带的低温热历史与整体稍有差异,主要体现在其温度从~60 Ma才开始快速下降,持续至~20 Ma,表现为由80℃至15℃;上腰铺地区则在~55 Ma出现了较快速降温过程,持续至今,温度变化为~55℃至15℃。
5 讨论
安徽藕塘—滁县—上腰铺研究区磷灰石裂变径迹热历史模拟自白垩纪以来整体上呈现两个阶段:130~100 Ma,温度变化为850~60℃;100 Ma至今,温度由60℃下降至15℃,在区域上,研究区西侧的藕塘,东侧上腰铺的低温热历史与整体稍有差异,主要体现在它们分别在~60 Ma和~55 Ma再次经历的较快速冷却事件。
4安徽藕塘—滁县—上腰铺一带磷灰石径迹长度分布图
Fig.4Measured track length distributions of the Outang-Chuxian-Shangyaopu area
5.1 伊泽纳崎板块俯冲
综合前人研究成果(表3图6),锆石U-Pb、黑云母Ar-Ar、角闪石Ar-Ar、辉鉬矿Re-Os年代学均显示藕塘—滁县—上腰铺一带岩浆活动的爆发期为~130 Ma,不同定年方法之间的年龄差异很小。根据封闭温度体系原理(Chew and Spikings,2015),研究区众多地质体经历了从~850℃至~300℃的快速降温过程。本文磷灰石裂变径迹热史特征体现了研究区130~100 Ma的快速降温过程(图5),联合热史分析也体现了这一特征,其动力机制主要受控于伊泽纳崎板块。古太平洋分包含三个大洋板块,即西北部的伊泽纳崎板块、东北部的法拉隆板块和南部的菲尼克斯板块;传统观点认为,太平洋板块始于伊泽纳崎、法拉隆和菲尼克斯板块之间的洋中脊—洋中脊—洋中脊三节点(李三忠等,2019)。随着古太平洋板块向西俯冲至欧亚板块之下,大量的侵入岩和火山岩在东亚中部和东部地区广泛分布(Meng Qingren et al.,2007; Yang Chu et al.,2019),其动力机制与伊泽纳崎板块关系较紧密。东亚大陆东部的伊泽纳崎板块于中侏罗世(~180 Ma)以低速(4.7 cm/a)正向俯冲于东亚大陆之下;之后可能由于太平洋超地幔柱的活动,早白垩世初期(~140 Ma)伊泽纳崎板块突然改变了运动方向和速度,高速向正北斜向俯冲于东亚大陆之下(30 cm/a)(图7a);在早白垩世中期(~120 Ma),还保持着高速俯冲(20.7 cm/a),运动方向逐渐变成向NNW(Maruyama et al.,1997),随后在晚白垩世至古近纪期间太平洋板块向北漂移(Zhu Guang et al.,2012)。研究区侵入岩多为埃达克岩(资锋等,200720082011; 段留安等,2012),虽然早白垩世运动背景可能具多期次特征,但动力背景是一致的,即早白垩世伊泽纳崎板块高速斜向俯冲于东亚大陆之下。这一板块运动使中国东部呈现左旋压扭及活动大陆边缘的岩浆弧环境,导致了郯庐断裂带及旁侧断裂系的大规模左行平移及同期的岩浆活动(Sun Weidong et al.,2013)(图7b)。因此,早白垩世伊泽纳崎板块突然出现的高速斜向俯冲与郯庐断裂带大规模的左行平移和强烈岩浆活动在时间上是一致的,在成因上也是明显耦合的(朱光等,2004),这是研究区热史在早白垩世快速降温快速降温的原因。
5安徽藕塘—滁县—上腰铺一带磷灰石裂变径迹热历史模拟图(a、b、c)和对应的裂变径迹直方图(d、e、f)
Fig.5Apatite fission track thermal history simulation (a, b, c) and corresponding fission track histogram (d, e, f) of the Outang-Chuxian-Shangyaopu area
图中红色和绿色区域分别代表较好的模拟结果(Good)和可接受的模拟结果(Acceptable,ACC),黑色实线为最佳热历史模拟曲线;GOF代表模拟值和测量值之间的拟合度,当结果GOF值大于0.5时,认为结果是好的
The red and green areas in the figure represent goodsimulation results (Good) and acceptable simulation results (ACC) respectively, and the black solid line is the best thermal history simulation curve; GOF represents the fit between the simulated value and the measured value; when the GOF value of the result is greater than 0.5, it is considered that the result is good
5.2 印度板块与欧亚板块碰撞远程效应
本文数据中样品OT07、OT12、CX09、SYP06、SYP12年龄均小于100 Ma,在综合热史模拟中可见(图6),研究区整体在晚白垩世(100 Ma)之后处于较缓慢降温阶段,此期间比较明显的中国东部构造主要受控于太平洋板块体系。在晚白垩世初期,伊泽纳崎板块已运动到东亚东北部边缘(日本中部以北),转变成正向俯冲,太平洋板块出现在中国东部大陆边缘,表现的是中速(13.6 cm/a)正向俯冲(Maruyama et al.,1997)。在晚白垩世初期,由于太平洋板块转变成高角度正向俯冲,使中国东部大陆下出现了软流圈上涌、岩石圈拆沉,从而造成了大规模的断陷发生及郯庐断裂带转变成伸展活动(朱光等,2004)。古地磁视极移路径也表明太平洋板块于92~30 Ma期间向北移动(Sager,2006; Beaman et al.,2007)。太平洋中的帝王海山运动轨迹清楚地表明太平洋板块在80~43 Ma之间的向北运动(Zhu Guang et al.,2012)。太平洋板块南部在55 Ma持续裂解并依然向北俯冲,这一过程推动了伊泽纳崎板块-太平洋洋中脊斜向俯冲到东亚陆源之下,太平洋板块真正开始发生俯冲,伊泽纳崎板块板块则俯冲殆尽(李三忠等,2019)(图7c)。上述构造活动跨度长,而且相对平稳,这与本文藕塘和上腰铺一带约60 Ma新开始的降温事件不相符(图5),这说明郯庐断裂带在此期间亦受控于其他构造运动影响。
6藕塘—滁县—上腰铺一带综合热史分析
Fig.6Temperature-time evolution of the Outang-Chuxian-Shangyaopu area
模拟数据为表3和本文数据;封闭温度依据Chew and Spikings(2015)
The simulation data are the data in Table 3 and this paper; the closure temperature is based on Chew and Spikings (2015)
藕塘一带处于郯庐断裂带中间部位,靠近断裂带的位置降温较慢,这是其降温初始时间晚于其他采样点的原因;另一方面其在断裂带中心部位对部分构造事件更为敏感,其~60 Ma才开始的降温动力背景可能来自于青藏高原隆起的远程效应(图7d图8)。新特提斯洋板块自中侏罗世开始向北俯冲于拉萨地块之下,在约 65~70 Ma洋盆闭合使印度大陆开始与亚洲大陆南缘碰撞,完成碰撞的时间在40或45 Ma左右,青藏高原的隆升约开始于古新世—始新世(莫宣学和潘桂棠,2006; 莫宣学,2011)。这一远程效应可能影响到了西太平洋新生代俯冲具同步性:汤加克马德克岛最古老的弧前火山岩为~52 Ma(Meffre et al.,2012),波宁和马里亚纳弧前蛇绿岩序列中辉长岩最早结晶年龄为51.9 Ma(Reagan et al.,2019),磁异常表明塔斯曼海盆地在~52 Ma停止扩张(Gaina et al.,1998),这些都表明整个西太平洋的新生代西北俯冲几乎在~52 Ma时同步开始。印度板块的漂移速率在55~52 Ma之间急剧下降,表明硬碰撞开始(Sun Weidong et al.,2020b),当硬碰撞沿着新特提斯会聚边缘开始时,其向北运动显著放缓;由于杠杆效应,太平洋板块的漂移方向变为西北方向,这与太平洋板块在53~52 Ma进行重大调整的时间非常吻合,青藏高原的硬碰撞与太平洋板块转向和俯冲同步性存在因果关系(Sun Weidong et al.,2020a)(图8)。
3郯庐断裂带张八岭一带年代学数据
Table3Chronological date of Zhangbaling area of the Tan-Lu fault zone
在热史模拟曲线中上腰铺采场一带的热史在~55 Ma体现出较快速降温,其西部的藕塘地区亦有体现,说明研究区这一阶段的热史受控于两大构造体系:印度板块与欧亚板块碰撞远程效应、太平洋板块的俯冲。这一双重构造背景在前人研究中亦有体现。多福山和锯齿山磷灰石(U-Th)/He研究表明,苏鲁造山带东段新生代经历了两阶段剥露事件,即早—中始新世(54~43 Ma)和渐新世(35~27 Ma),同样说明中国东部造山带受太平洋板块、印度板块向欧亚大陆俯冲的影响(林旭等,2022)。苏鲁造山带东段新生代两阶段剥露事件(林旭等,2022)、定远凹陷东侧发现的古近系顶部压扭性现象(詹润等,2022)和郯庐断裂带肥东段活断层动力学背景(谭静等,2022),均表明中国东部受控于太平洋板块俯冲及印度板块与欧亚板块碰撞造成的向东挤出的远程效应的共同作用。本文裂变径迹热历史分析表明,郯庐断裂带南段藕塘—滁县—上腰铺一带最早在~60 Ma时可能发生了印度板块与欧亚板块碰撞远程效应,~55 Ma开始研究区完全体现了此远程效应,特别是硬碰撞效应的影响。
7早白垩世以来郯庐断裂带南段构造演化图(据Kang Yuelan et al.,2021
Fig.7Tectonic evolution cartoon of the south Tan-Lu fault zone since the Early Cretaceous (after Kang Yuelan et al., 2021)
8青藏高原的硬碰撞与太平洋板块转向和俯冲同步性存在因果关系(据Sun Weidong et al.,2020a
Fig.8The causal relationship of hard collision at the Tibetan Plateau and the synchronicity of subduction initiation in the west Pacific (after Sun Weidong et al., 2020a)
6 结论
本研究应用磷灰石裂变径迹年代学并综合前人成果探讨郯庐断裂带南段构造演化,获得了其白垩世以来构造演化时限新证据。
(1)研究区获得了9个磷灰石裂变径迹年龄结果,其年龄分布为113.2±7.8~78.6±5.3 Ma,平均径迹长度为13.8±1.6~12.6±1.9 μm;距断裂带中心较近的样品呈现混合年龄和双峰长度分布特征,表明研究区断裂带活动具多期性。
(2)整体上,安徽藕塘—滁县—上腰铺一带整体上具两阶段热史:130~100 Ma和100~0 Ma。第一阶段动力背景与伊泽纳崎板块的高速斜向俯冲相关,导致了研究区的快速降温;第二阶段降温相对缓慢。
(3)区域上,~60 Ma在安徽藕塘—上腰铺一带体现出印度板块与欧亚板块碰撞远程效应,尤其是印度板块与欧亚板块55~52 Ma硬碰撞开始后造成了藕塘—上腰铺地区的较快速降温,体现出研究区受控于青藏高原硬碰撞与太平洋板块转向和俯冲同步性的动力背景;至此之后研究区受控于太平洋板块俯冲和印度板块与欧亚板块碰撞远程效应这两大构造体系。
1藕塘—滁县—上腰铺一带大地构造位置简图(a,据段留安等,2012)及地质简图(b,据资锋等,2011
Fig.1Tectonic sketch map showing location of study region (a, after Duan Liuan et al., 2012) and geological map (b, after Zi Feng et al., 2011) of the Outang-Chuxian-Shangyaopu area
2安徽藕塘—滁县—上腰铺一带岩石野外(a、b)和显微镜下(c、d)照片
Fig.2Photos of outcrops (a, b) and micrographs (c, d) of the Outang-Chuxian-Shangyaopu area
3安徽藕塘—滁县—上腰铺一带磷灰石裂变径迹年龄雷达图解
Fig.3AFT age probability Radial Plots for apatite samples of the Outang-Chuxian-Shangyaopu area
4安徽藕塘—滁县—上腰铺一带磷灰石径迹长度分布图
Fig.4Measured track length distributions of the Outang-Chuxian-Shangyaopu area
5安徽藕塘—滁县—上腰铺一带磷灰石裂变径迹热历史模拟图(a、b、c)和对应的裂变径迹直方图(d、e、f)
Fig.5Apatite fission track thermal history simulation (a, b, c) and corresponding fission track histogram (d, e, f) of the Outang-Chuxian-Shangyaopu area
6藕塘—滁县—上腰铺一带综合热史分析
Fig.6Temperature-time evolution of the Outang-Chuxian-Shangyaopu area
7早白垩世以来郯庐断裂带南段构造演化图(据Kang Yuelan et al.,2021
Fig.7Tectonic evolution cartoon of the south Tan-Lu fault zone since the Early Cretaceous (after Kang Yuelan et al., 2021)
8青藏高原的硬碰撞与太平洋板块转向和俯冲同步性存在因果关系(据Sun Weidong et al.,2020a
Fig.8The causal relationship of hard collision at the Tibetan Plateau and the synchronicity of subduction initiation in the west Pacific (after Sun Weidong et al., 2020a)
1安徽藕塘—滁县—上腰铺一带样品采集信息
Table1Summary of locations and elevations information for each sample of the Outang-Chuxian-Shangyaopu area
2安徽藕塘—滁县—上腰铺一带磷灰石裂变径迹分析结果
Table2Fission track analysis result of apatite sample of the Outang-Chuxian-Shangyaopu area
3郯庐断裂带张八岭一带年代学数据
Table3Chronological date of Zhangbaling area of the Tan-Lu fault zone
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