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作者简介:

蒋少涌,男,1964年生。教授,博士生导师,主要从事矿床学和地球化学研究。第二届黄汲清青年地质科学技术奖获奖者。E-mail:shyjiang@cug.edu.cn。

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目录contents

    摘要

    造山型金矿床具有重要的经济价值,其成矿理论研究对金矿勘查和矿床学学科发展具有重要意义。华夏地块是我国重要的钨-锡-银-铅-锌多金属成矿带,近年来在华夏地块的变质地体中发现数十处造山型金矿床和矿化点,为该区的成矿理论研究提供了新的课题。较之区域钨锡等多金属矿床的研究程度,造山型金矿床成矿作用研究较为薄弱,尚未进行系统的成矿作用和成因机制总结。华夏地块内发育的造山型金矿床主要包括东华夏武夷山地区的双旗山和何宝山金矿,西华夏云开地区的河台与海南岛的抱伦金矿等。本文重点对上述四个典型矿床的地质-地球化学特征、成矿时代、成矿流体和成矿物质来源等方面已有数据和文献资料进行系统的归纳总结,以期阐明华夏地块造山型金矿床的时空分布规律、成矿机制和地球动力学背景。研究发现,华夏地块造山型金矿床主要发育浸染状与石英-硫化物型矿化,金矿体主要赋存于前寒武纪变质地体中,受脆-韧性剪切带控制。成矿流体为H2O-CO2-NaCl±CH4±N2体系,主成矿阶段成矿温度集中于220~280℃,成矿流体可能具有变质、地幔或岩浆热液来源;而流体不混溶、热液体系氧逸度升高和铋熔体捕获是金沉淀的重要机制。华夏地块存在加里东期、印支期和燕山期三期造山型金成矿事件,分别对应陆内造山、古太平洋板块俯冲及后撤的地球动力学背景。

    Abstract

    Orogenic gold deposits have important economic value, and the study of their metallogenic theory ishighly important for gold exploration and economic geology. The Cathaysia Block is an important W-Sn-Ag-Pb-Zn polymetallic metallogenic belt in China. In recent years, dozens of orogenic gold deposits have been discovered in the metamorphic terranes of the Cathaysia Block, providing a new topic for the study of metallogenesis in this area. Compared with the research on the W-Sn polymetallic deposits in the Cathaysia Block, research on orogenic gold deposits in the region is relatively rare, and the metallogenic mechanism has not yet been summarized. The orogenic gold deposits in the Cathaysia Block mainly include the Shuangqishan and Hebaoshan deposits in the Wuyishan area of eastern Cathaysia, the Hetai deposit in the Yunkai area of western Cathaysia, and the Baolun deposit on Hainan Island. This paper focuses on the geological and geochemical characteristics of these four deposits, their ages of mineralization, and the sources of ore-forming fluids and materials. This paper systematically summarizes the available data and literature to elucidate the spatiotemporal distribution patterns, mineralization mechanisms and geodynamic backgrounds of the orogenic gold deposits in the Cathaysia Block. The orogenic gold deposits in the Cathaysia Block mainly developed disseminated-alteration type and quartz-sulfide vein type mineralization, and the gold orebodies are mainly hosted by Precambrian metamorphic rocks and controlled by brittle-ductile shear zones. The ore-forming fluids are dominated by the H2O-CO2-NaCl±CH4±N2 system, and the main mineralization took place mainly at 220~280℃. Mineralizing fluids may have various sources, including metamorphic fluid and mantle-derived or magmatic hydrothermal fluid. Fluid immiscibility, increasing oxygen fugacity and bismuth melt scavenging in hydrothermal systems are the most important mechanisms for gold precipitation. Three periods of orogenic gold mineralization occurred in the Cathaysia Block, namely, the Caledonian, Indosinian and Yanshanian periods, which correspond to the geodynamic backgrounds of intracontinental orogeny, subduction and retreat of the Palaeo-Pacific plate, respectively.

  • 造山型金矿床是全球最重要的金矿来源,其成矿理论研究对全球金矿勘查和矿床学学科发展具有重要价值(Frimmel et al.,2018)。造山型金矿床是指分布在太古宙绿岩带、元古宙褶皱带或显生宙造山带中的脉状后生金矿床,它们在时空上与造山作用密切相关(Groves et al.,1998;Gordfarb et al.,2001;陈衍景,2006; Jiang Shaoyong et al.,2023)。该类金矿床多赋存于绿片岩相-角闪岩相变质地体中,受区域深大断裂的次级断裂带或剪切带控制,成矿流体以变质水为主,同时可能混合地幔流体或岩浆热液流体形成中低温、中低盐度、富CO2的混合流体,金等成矿物质可能主要来源于变质地层(陈衍景等,2007Goldfarb and Groves,2015;卢焕章等,2018;Groves et al.,2020马盈和蒋少涌,2022Jiang Shaoyong et al.,2023)。造山型金矿床的提出,对于我国一些金矿带或矿集区(例如胶东地区、小秦岭地区、江南造山带和西秦岭造山带等)的成因研究和找矿勘查工作起到极大的推动作用(蒋少涌等,2009Ni Pei et al.,2015),同时也带来了部分争议(翟明国等,2004Li Jianwei et al.,2012)。关于造山型金矿床形成的地球动力学背景,传统观点认为其主要形成于增生造山过程中,而碰撞造山背景下仅能形成少部分小规模的造山型金矿床(Groves et al.,1998),但也有部分研究者提出造山型金矿床可大量产于碰撞造山带或陆内造山带中(Hou Zengqian et al.,2015;王庆飞等,2009)。由此可见,造山型金矿床的成矿机制及地球动力学背景亟待大量实例佐证和深入研究。

  • 华夏地块位于我国东南部,受多期次板片俯冲和陆内造山事件影响,区内多阶段构造、岩浆和变质事件叠加,导致成矿元素多阶段迁移富集,形成了大量的金属矿床。华夏地块是我国重要的多金属成矿带,优势矿种包括W、Sn、Au、Ag、Pb、Zn等,其中南岭地区已成为全球知名的钨锡金属产地(毛景文等,2008胡瑞忠等,2010;蒋少涌等,2020;赵葵东和蒋少涌,2022)。近年来,随着地质找矿工作的不断深入,在华夏地块变质地体中先后探明了一批造山型金矿床,包括广东河台、海南抱伦和土外山、福建双旗山和何宝山等数十处大型金矿床和矿化点,促使该地区成为华南重要的金资源产地,也为研究造山型金矿床的成矿机制和地球动力学背景提供了理想的研究对象。虽然,研究者已对华夏地块脉状金矿床的地质、地球化学特征展开大量研究(王鹤年等,1992Zhang Guilin et al.,2001Xu Deru et al.,2017),但在成矿时代、成矿机制和成矿地球动力学背景等方面仍存争议(翟伟等,2006李南生,2010许德如等,2011Zheng Yi et al.,2016Ma Ying et al.,2021)。金是重要的战略矿产资源,目前我国金矿资源严重不足,对外依存度较高。在我国面临金矿资源短缺的新形势下,加强对其研究迫在眉睫。为此,本文在前人已有研究的基础上,进一步对华夏地块造山型金矿床的时空分布规律、地质-地球化学特征、成矿机制和地球动力学背景进行系统概述和总结,以期为华夏地块造山型金矿床的研究和找矿勘查工作提供借鉴和指导。

  • 1 成矿构造背景

  • 华南板块位于欧亚大陆东南缘,东临太平洋板块,西南与印支板块相接,向北以中央造山带与华北克拉通为界(图1a)。华夏地块位于华南板块的东南部,在新元古代沿江山-绍兴断裂带与扬子地块聚合形成统一的华南板块(Charvet et al.,1996Zhao Guochun and Guo Jinghui,2012)。目前,学界普遍认为华南板块的形成过程:在新元古代早期(1000~820 Ma),受到Rodinia超大陆聚合事件的影响,位于华夏和扬子地块之间的洋壳和下伏的岩石圈地幔分别向两个地块进行“双向俯冲(divergent double subduction)”,形成了统一的华南板块,同时在扬子地块东南部、华夏地块西北部及处在二者之间的江南造山带形成了一系列弧岩浆岩组合(Xia Yan et al.,2015Zhao Guochun,2015);在820~750 Ma期间,由于江南造山带的垮塌和伸展拉张,形成了一系列双峰式火山岩和A型花岗岩(Yao Jinlong et al.,2014Xia Yan et al.,2018);随后,拼接的华南板块转入裂谷演化阶段(750~460 Ma),在东南部形成了充填巨厚的浅海相沉积地层的南华裂谷盆地(Wang Jian and Li Zhengxiang,2003)。

  • 显生宙以来,拼接后的华南板块先后经历了至少三期重要的构造-岩浆-变质事件,分别为早古生代的加里东造山运动(460~400 Ma)、早中生代的印支运动(240~210 Ma)和晚中生代的燕山运动(190~90 Ma)(Zhou Xinmin et al.,2006Li Zhengxiang and Li Xianhua,2007Wang Yuejun et al.,2013)。早古生代晚期,受全球造山事件影响,南华裂谷发生夭折和关闭,随后开始褶皱造山并发生变质作用,地壳加厚,岩浆上侵,在扬子地块东南部(即江南造山带)和华夏地块大部分区域形成了华南东部早古生代造山带(舒良树等,2008),也称武夷-云开造山带(Li Zhengxiang et al.,2010)或广西造山带(Wang Yuejun et al.,2012)。加里东造山运动引发了华夏地块强烈的花岗质岩浆活动和广泛的绿片岩相变质作用,部分区域变质程度可达高角闪岩相至麻粒岩相,变形程度可至糜棱岩化(Shu Liangshu et al.,2015Song Meijia et al.,2015Huang Dingling and Wang Xiaolei,2019)。华南早中生代印支运动的印迹,包括强烈的韧性剪切变形、广泛分布的绿片岩相—角闪岩相乃至麻粒岩相变质以及大规模的花岗质岩浆活动(Li Zhengxiang and Li Xianhua,2007徐先兵等,2009)。目前关于华南印支期造山作用的地球动力学背景主要有两种观点:一种观点认为华南印支运动是由周缘的华北克拉通、印支板块分别与华南板块碰撞挤压形成(Zhou Xinmin et al.,2006Wang Yuejun et al.,2007Zhang Kaijun and Cai Jiaxin,2009);另一种观点则认为华南印支运动是由古太平洋板块向华南板块之下平板俯冲造成(Faure et al.,1996Li Zhengxiang and Li Xianhua,2007Zhu Kongyang et al.,2017)。晚中生代,由于古太平洋板块向欧亚大陆的俯冲、后撤,华南板块东南缘形成了一条约600 km宽的火山-侵入杂岩带(Zhou Xinmin and Li Wuxian,2000Jiang Yaohui et al.,2009)。

  • 2 造山型金矿床的时空分布

  • 近年来,随着基础地质研究和找矿勘查工作的不断深入,华夏地块金矿勘查不断取得新进展,区内已发现金矿床(点)上百处。其中,东南沿海晚中生代火山岩带内主要产出岩浆弧背景下的岩浆-热液型金矿床,如福建上杭紫金山斑岩-浅成低温热液型Cu-Au矿床(>400 t 金,>4 Mt 铜;张锦章,2013)、浙江遂昌治岭头浅成低温热液型Au-Ag-Pb-Zn多金属矿床(26 t 金,594 t银;Wang Yongbin et al.,2020)。另一方面,造山型金矿床主要分布于内陆和海南岛的变质岩出露地区,特别是东华夏武夷山、西华夏云开大山以及海南岛西部等地区(图1b,表1;Xu Deru et al.,2017Ma Ying et al.,2021)。值得注意的是,这些区域通常发育大规模的韧-脆性剪切带,金矿床主要受韧-脆性剪切带控制,金成矿作用与剪切带的形成、发展具有成因联系(王鹤年等,1992Zhang Guilin et al.,2001)。

  • 图1 华夏地块大地构造位置图(a,据Zhao Guochun and Guo Jinghui,2012)和华夏地块及江南造山带造山型金矿床分布图(b,修改自Ni Pei et al.,2015Goldfarb et al.,2019

  • Fig.1 Simplified tectonic map of China, showing the tectonic location of the Cathaysia Block (a, after Zhao Guochun and Guo Jinghui, 2012) ; geologic map showing major orogenic gold deposits in the Cathaysia Block and Jiangnan Orogenic Belt (b, modified after Ni Pei et al., 2015; Goldfarb et al., 2019)

  • 华夏地块造山型金矿床的成矿时代跨度较大,从早古生代到晚中生代均有产出。本文统计的金成矿年代学数据主要包括与金矿化密切相关的热液云母(绢云母、白云母或黑云母)的40Ar-39Ar同位素坪年龄、热液副矿物(磷灰石、锆石和磷钇矿等)的原位微区U-Th-Pb同位素年龄以及辉钼矿的Re-Os同位素等时线年龄等(如王成辉等,2012Ma Ying et al.,2022a2023)。按照金矿床的空间分布和成矿年代学数据,华夏地块造山型金矿的形成可分为三个时期:

  • (1)加里东成矿期:武夷山地区中段,新元古代变质火山-沉积岩系脆-韧性剪切带中的双旗山造山型金矿床形成于425~416 Ma,其含矿围岩的变质年龄约为461 Ma(Ma Ying et al.,2023)。

  • (2)印支成矿期:武夷山地区崇安-石城断裂带内的何宝山造山型金矿床形成于234~226 Ma(Ma Ying et al.,2022),同步或略晚于区内绿片岩-角闪岩相峰期的变质作用形成时间(245~233 Ma;Wang Yuejun et al.,2012);武夷山地区金坑金矿床主成矿阶段闪锌矿Rb-Sr等时线年龄为223±3 Ma(吴资龙,2021);海南西部戈枕剪切带中的土外山、二甲和不磨等金矿床的成矿年龄介于244~219 Ma之间(Xu Deru et al.,2017Liu Yuheng et al.,2020),海南西北部的抱伦造山型金矿床形成于225~219 Ma(Cai Jianxin et al.,2017Xu Deru et al.,2017)。

  • 表1 华夏地块主要造山型金矿床地质特征与成矿时代

  • Table1 Geological characteristics and mineralization ages of major orogenic gold deposits in the Cathaysia Block

  • (3)燕山成矿期:粤西云开隆起区河台剪切带中的河台金矿田富金硫化物脉中的热液锆石U-Pb年龄为152.5±3.1 Ma,与含金石英脉中热液绢云母的40Ar-39Ar坪年龄(157.1±1.0 Ma和159.3±0.8 Ma)一致,表明河台金矿田的成矿时代为燕山期(翟伟等,2006王成辉等,2012)。

  • 3 典型金矿床地质-地球化学特征

  • 鉴于东华夏武夷山地区、西华夏云开大山以及海南岛西部的造山型金矿地质特征与成矿机制存在区别,本文重点介绍武夷山地区的双旗山和何宝山金矿床、云开地区的河台金矿床以及海南的抱伦金矿床。

  • 3.1 双旗山金矿床

  • 双旗山金矿床位于福建尤溪与德化两县交界处,属于武夷山成矿带中段德化-尤溪-永泰“金三角”的金铜矿集区(周维瑀,1996)。矿床地理中心坐标为东经118°12′,北纬25°54′,占地面积约为4.5 km2,主要包括林溪、肖坂、十三金和水门(金钟形)四个矿段(图2)。双旗山金矿床目前已累计探明金储量> 20 t,平均品位9.2 g/t,是闽中“金三角”金铜矿集区中规模最大的金矿床之一。

  • 矿区地层主要为新元古界大岭组变质岩(图2;李南生,2010)。大岭组下段岩性主要为黑云斜长变粒岩,中段是最重要的赋矿层位,岩性主要为黑云斜长变粒岩夹黑云角闪片岩和斜长浅粒岩,上段为绢云母片岩、二云母片岩和斜长角闪岩(陈代文,2012)。大岭组的原岩主要为海相中酸性(或角斑岩)火山-碎屑岩建造,LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年结果表明其原岩形成于762~735 Ma(Ma Ying et al.,2023)。矿区发育褶皱构造和北东、北西走向的两组脆-韧性剪切带,其中脆-韧性剪切带是双旗山最主要的控矿构造(王方权,2008)。剪切带的构造岩以绢云绿泥千糜岩为主,发育千糜结构、眼球状、豆荚状、S-C组构等,绢云母和绿泥石等片状矿物定向排列,并与剪切方向一致(吴建设,2002)。双旗山矿区主要发育加里东期和燕山期侵入岩,加里东期侵入岩主要以岩株状和岩脉状产出,岩性包括石英二长闪长岩、片麻状花岗闪长岩和闪长岩等,石英二长闪长岩和闪长岩的LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄分别为439±2 Ma和427±2 Ma(Ma Ying et al.,2023)。燕山期岩浆岩呈岩脉状,岩性以花岗斑岩和石英斑岩为主,其锆石U-Pb年龄介于166~120 Ma之间,为晚侏罗世—早白垩世岩浆活动的产物(Fan Feipeng et al.,2023)。

  • 矿区内金矿体主要呈脉状或透镜状产于脆-韧性剪切带内或顶底板一定范围的碎裂岩中,截至目前已圈定22条工业矿体(李南生,2010)。主要金矿体有十三金矿段的13Au1矿体和肖坂矿段的7Au3矿体(图2):① 13Au1矿体长>720 m,倾向北东,倾角在27°~38°之间,矿体平均厚度为1.7 m,金平均品位为3.7 g/t;② 7Au3矿体长840 m,矿体厚度介于0.4~9 m,平均为2.2 m,金的品位为3.0~212 g/t,平均品位为6.9 g/t。金矿石以石英-硫化物脉型矿石为主,黄铁矿蚀变岩型矿石为辅。矿床的金属矿物主要包括黄铁矿、黄铜矿、方铅矿、闪锌矿和自然金等,还发育少量的碲铋矿(Bi2Te3)、辉碲铋矿(Bi2Te2S)、碲铅铋矿(PbBi2Te4)和硫碲铋铅金矿(AuPb2BiTe2S3)等(Bao Tan et al.,2021)。钾化、绢云母化、硅化、绿泥石化、碳酸盐化和黄铁矿化是重要的围岩蚀变类型。

  • 根据脉体穿插关系、矿物组成和矿石组构,双旗山金矿床的形成过程可分为变质期和热液期,变质期以沉淀大量的乳白色贫金石英脉为特征(Ma Ying et al.,2023)。金矿化主要发生在热液期,可进一步细分为浸染状黄铁矿(I)、石英-黄铁矿(Ⅱ)、石英-黄铁矿-黄铜矿(Ⅲ)和方解石(Ⅳ)等四个阶段,其中第Ⅱ和第Ⅲ阶段是金的主要沉淀阶段。热液成矿期第Ⅱ~Ⅲ阶段石英脉主要发育H2O-CO2-NaCl型三相包裹体,气相成分以CO2为主,此外还含有少量的N2和CH4;第Ⅳ阶段主要发育H2O-NaCl型两相包裹体(Bao Tan et al.,2021Ma Ying et al.,2021)。热液期从早到晚(第Ⅱ到第Ⅳ阶段),包裹体的均一温度分别为271~337℃、249~295℃和186~228℃,盐度范围分别为4.6%~7.1%NaCleq、4.4%~7.4%NaCleq和2.9%~5.1% NaCleq,对应的流体密度分别为0.79~0.87 g/cm3、0.80~0.88 g/cm3和0.87~0.97 g/cm3Ma Ying et al.,2021)。主成矿阶段(Ⅱ和Ⅲ)的成矿压力分别为105~190 MPa和67~140 MPa,对应的成矿深度分别介于4.2~7.6 km和2.7~5.6 km之间(Ma Ying et al.,2022a)。Ma Ying et al.(2022b)对双旗山矿床不同热液阶段黄铁矿开展了LA-ICP-MS微量元素分析,结果表明金最初以纳米或微米级Au-Ag-Pb-Bi-Te包裹体的形式均匀分布在黄铁矿颗粒中,随后,在构造变形和后期流体驱动的溶解-再沉淀反应(coupled dissolution-reprecipitation reaction)过程中,黄铁矿中的不可见金被溶解、活化,随后以更大颗粒的显微包体金或裂隙金的形式二次沉淀。双旗山金矿床明显的构造控矿特征、以钾质为主的围岩蚀变类型、中温和低盐度的富CO2成矿流体性质,与典型的造山型金矿床非常相似,初步确定其应属于造山型金矿床(Ma Ying et al.,20212023)。

  • 图2 武夷山地区双旗山金矿矿床地质构造简图(a)和勘探线剖面图(b)(据李南生,2010

  • Fig.2 Geologic map (a) and representative cross section (b) of the Shuangqishan gold deposit in the Wuyishan area (modified after Li Nansheng, 2010)

  • 但是,双旗山金矿床的成矿流体和物质来源仍存争议:① 吴建设(2002)测得大岭组变质岩中Au含量介于12×10-9~50×10-9之间,明显高于大陆地壳金含量的平均值,据此提出新元古界大岭组变质岩是双旗山金矿最主要的金来源;② Bao Tan et al.(2021)基于双旗山矿床的流体包裹体特征,结合硫化物的硫同位素(δ34S=-2.7‰~-0.9‰)以及含金石英脉的氢、氧(δD=-68.0‰~-64.8‰,δ18O流体=3.8‰~6.3‰)同位素组成,提出热液流体为受到少量大气降水混染的岩浆-热液流体;③ Ma Ying et al.(2021,2023)根据载金黄铁矿中流体包裹体的He-Ar同位素(3He/4He=0.06~0.23 Ra)和载金黄铁矿的铅同位素组成(206Pb/204Pb=17.114~17.394;207Pb/204Pb=15.441~15.490;208Pb/204Pb=37.904~38.176),认为成矿流体来源于古俯冲事件交代富集的岩石圈地幔脱挥发分。

  • 关于双旗山矿床的成矿时代,前人开展了大量工作,金成矿年代学数据包括石英流体包裹体的Rb-Sr年龄(465.3 Ma和182.5 Ma;黄春鹏,2001)、热液绿泥石的Rb-Sr年龄(198.7 Ma;吴建设,2002)、黄铁矿的Rb-Sr等时线年龄(153.4±1.2 Ma;Bao Tan et al.,2021)和热液铬云母的40Ar-39Ar坪年龄(149.2±1.3 Ma和146.2±1.6 Ma;Fan Feipeng et al.,2022),成矿时代争议极大。最近,Ma Ying et al.(2023)对双旗山矿床主成矿阶段中与自然金以及载金硫化物密切共生的热液磷灰石和磷钇矿开展了原位微区定年,分别获得了425±15 Ma和416±15 Ma的U-Pb同位素年龄。Rb-Sr或40Ar-39Ar同位素体系的封闭温度普遍较低,而华夏地块自古生代以来经历了多期、复杂的构造-热事件,在此过程中,Rb-Sr或40Ar-39Ar同位素体系亦有可能被不同程度地重置,导致其同位素年龄仅能代表最后一期热事件的年龄。而与成矿关系密切的热液副矿物(磷灰石、磷钇矿等)因具有较高的U-Pb同位素封闭温度更适合厘定金的成矿时代(蒋少涌等,2021)。因此本文认为双旗山金矿床更可能形成于早古生代陆内造山体制下(Li Zhengxiang et al.,2010)。

  • 3.2 何宝山金矿床

  • 何宝山矿床位于闽西北崇安-石城断裂带中段,福建省泰宁县境内,地理坐标范围为东经117°09′25″~117°09′25″,北纬26°51′11″~26°55′58″,矿区面积约2.1 km2,金储量约为41.5 t。矿区主要出露新元古界交溪组变质岩(图3),岩性为黑云斜长变粒岩夹黑云石英片岩,原岩为中酸性火山-沉积岩,变质程度可达角闪岩相并发生了不同程度的混合岩化。SHRIMP U-Pb锆石年代学研究表明其原岩形成于800~595 Ma(Wan Yusheng et al.,2007)。矿床具有明显的构造控矿特征,金矿体主要赋存在北东向和北西向的断裂构造中,两组断裂均是崇安-石城区域深大断裂的次级断裂(图3)。两组断裂带均为右行,其内部从主滑动面向两侧分别发育有断层泥、挤压片理化岩石与碎裂岩,体现韧性—脆韧性—脆性逐渐过渡的构造特征(陈梦婷,2020)。矿区地表出露加里东期钾长花岗岩并发育少量的燕山期花岗闪长岩脉。马盈(2022)测得矿区钾长花岗岩和花岗闪长岩的LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄分别为438.8±1.4 Ma和166.3±1.1 Ma。

  • 何宝山矿区发育金矿体64个,主要分布在Ⅰ、Ⅱ号矿带(卢汉堤等,2011陈国建,2016)。Ⅱ矿带的Ⅱ-1和Ⅱ-4号矿体为主要金矿体(图3b)。Ⅱ-1号矿体受F2-1断裂控制,矿体呈不规则脉状赋存于黑云斜长变粒岩中,矿体走向300°~335°,倾向北东,倾角40°~55°,矿体长1487 m,厚度在0.8~4.9 m之间,平均厚度为1.9 m,金的品位介于1.0~7.0 g/t之间,平均品位为3.1 g/t。Ⅱ-4号矿体呈脉状或透镜状赋存于F2-4号断裂中,围岩为黑云斜长变粒岩、构造蚀变岩和碎裂岩等,是何宝山矿区规模最大的金矿体。矿体走向330°,倾向北东,倾角23°~47°,矿体长>880 m,厚度介于0.8~10.8 m,平均厚度为2.8 m,金的品位介于1.0~73 g/t,平均品位为7.0 g/t。矿石类型以构造蚀变岩型金矿石为主,也存在少量石英-碳酸盐脉型金矿石。金属矿物以黄铁矿为主,次为黄铜矿、方铅矿、闪锌矿、磁黄铁矿、磁铁矿和赤铁矿,以及少量的自然金、碲金矿(AuTe2)、碲金银矿(Ag3AuTe2)和针硫铋铅矿(PbCuBiS3)(黄春鹏,2001)。非金属矿物包括石英、铁白云石、方解石、菱铁矿、绢云母、绿泥石和重晶石等。黄铁绢英岩化、碳酸盐化和绿泥石化与金矿化间的关系最为密切。

  • 图3 武夷山成矿带何宝山金矿床地质简图(a)和第203、204、208号勘探线剖面图(b)(据陈梦婷,2020

  • Fig.3 Geologic map (a) and Line203-204-208 cross section (b) of the Hebaoshan gold deposit in the Wuyishan area (modified after Chen Mengting, 2020)

  • 根据脉体穿插关系、蚀变矿物共生组合和矿石结构构造,何宝山矿床的金成矿过程可分为石英-黄铁矿(I)、石英-碳酸盐-多金属硫化物(Ⅱ)和石英-碳酸盐(Ⅲ)三个阶段,金矿化主要发生在第Ⅱ阶段(Ma Ying et al.,2022)。第I阶段的硫化物以黄铁矿为主,次为黄铜矿和磁黄铁矿;第Ⅱ阶段金属矿物包括黄铁矿、黄铜矿、闪锌矿和磁铁矿等;第Ⅲ阶段以沉淀黄铁矿、磁铁矿和赤铁矿等金属矿物为标志。流体包裹体研究表明,何宝山矿床不同阶段石英中发育H2O-CO2-NaCl、纯CO2和H2O-NaCl等三种类型的流体包裹体(Yuan Huixiang et al.,2021Ma Ying et al.,2022a)。第I、Ⅱ、Ⅲ阶段流体包裹体的均一温度逐渐下降:290~350℃→230~280℃→159~228℃,盐度分别介于2.4%~10.1%NaCleq、2.2%~8.0%NaCleq和0.8%~5.1%NaCleq之间,对应的流体密度分别为0.71~0.94 g/cm3、0.76~0.96 g/cm3和0.88~0.92 g/cm3。此外,第Ⅰ和Ⅱ阶段石英中发育H2O-CO2-NaCl、纯CO2和H2O-NaCl三种类型包裹体共存于同一个流体包裹体组合中且其完全均一温度范围一致,指示成矿过程中发生了强烈的流体不混溶作用(Ma Ying et al.,2022a)。主成矿阶段(第Ⅱ阶段)的成矿压力介于60~160 MPa之间,对应的成矿深度为2.2~5.8 km。

  • Ma Ying et al.(2022a)报道了何宝山矿床主成矿阶段含金黄铁矿的Rb-Sr等时线年龄为234±3 Ma,热液绢云母的40Ar-39Ar坪年龄为226±2 Ma;陈梦婷(2020)获得何宝山金矿床矿化蚀变岩中绢云母的40Ar-39Ar坪年龄为234±3 Ma和233±4 Ma。以上数据说明何宝山金矿床形成于晚三叠世,明显晚于矿区内加里东期钾长花岗岩的侵位时代,且早于区域和矿区燕山期的岩浆活动,暗示金矿化与岩浆活动没有直接的成因联系。Ma Ying et al.(2022a)对何宝山第Ⅰ~Ⅱ阶段含金石英脉中的石英开展了氢氧同位素分析,获得成矿流体的δ18O为5.2‰~9.8‰,石英中流体包裹体的δD则介于-79~-61‰之间,指示成矿流体以变质水为主,第Ⅲ阶段成矿流体的δ18O显著降低(1.4‰~3.0‰),结合第Ⅲ阶段成矿流体低温(159~228℃)和低盐度(0.8‰~5.1%NaCleq)的特征,指示成矿后期发生了变质流体与大气降水的混合。原位微区硫同位素分析结果表明,第Ⅰ~Ⅲ阶段硫化物的δ34S值分别为0.1‰~7.8‰、-10.5‰~5.1‰和-18.9‰~-14.1‰,表明伴随着成矿过程的进行,热液体系的氧逸度逐渐升高,导致硫化物的δ34S值逐渐向负值偏移(Ma Ying et al.,2022a)。与硫化物平衡的成矿流体硫同位素组成主要分布在1.4‰~12.3‰之间,铅同位素组成206Pb/204Pb为17.306~17.949,207Pb/204Pb为15.532~15.620,208Pb/204Pb为37.696~39.199,推测成矿物质来源于新元古界交溪组变质围岩(Ma Ying et al.,2022a)。

  • 3.3 河台金矿床

  • 河台金矿床位于华夏地块西南缘的云开隆起区,NNE向广宁-罗定断裂与NE向吴川-四会断裂的交汇部位,地理位置处于广东省高要市境内,坐标为东经112°15′00″~112°22′00″,北纬27°17′30″~23°20′00″。河台矿床于1982年被发现,由高村、云溪、河海、太平顶、桃子山、尚台和后迳等矿段组成(图4),尤以高村矿段储量最大、勘查和科研程度最高。矿床目前已探明金储量超过50 t,平均品位>7 g/t,是广东省规模最大的金矿床。

  • 矿区主要出露震旦系云开群绿片岩-角闪岩相变质岩与奥陶系和志留系弱变质的沉积地层(图4)。云开群岩性主要为石英绢云母片岩、变粒岩、片麻岩和混合岩等,局部遭受强烈的韧性剪切作用形成糜棱岩带,金矿体即产于糜棱岩带中(郑义等,2017;汪劲草等,2020)。糜棱岩中发育S-C组构、δ型旋转碎斑和石英亚颗粒等典型韧性变形特征(李康等,2023)。高村、云西及后迳糜棱岩带在平面上表现为右行雁列排列,表明韧性剪切带在平面上为左旋剪切(汪劲草等,2020)。矿区岩浆岩主要包括印支期的云楼岗岩体和燕山期的伍村岩体等,云楼岗岩体位于矿区西北部,岩性包括黑云母二长花岗岩、黑云母斜长花岗岩和花岗闪长岩等,LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄为253±2 Ma(焦骞骞等,2020);伍村岩体出露于矿区东部,岩性为巨斑状黑云母花岗岩,侵位年龄为154±2 Ma(翟伟等,2005)。

  • 河台金矿体赋存于云开群糜棱岩带中,含矿糜棱岩带呈透镜状,走向为NE 70°,在平面上呈右行左阶排列(汪劲草等,2020)。金矿石包括蚀变糜棱岩型和石英脉型,并以前者为主,蚀变糜棱岩型金矿石中硫化物主要呈浸染状或细脉产出,主要见于而高村、云西和后迳矿段;石英脉型金矿石中的硫化物主要呈细脉或网脉状充填于石英颗粒间,多产于河海矿段。金属矿物主要为黄铁矿、毒砂、磁黄铁矿、黄铜矿和毒砂等,非金属矿物为石英、云母和长石等。金主要以包体金或裂隙金的形式赋存于黄铁矿或石英中。硅化、绢云母化和绿泥石化是重要的围岩蚀变类型,尤以硅化与金矿化关系最为密切。

  • 热液成矿期可分为石英-黄铁矿(Ⅰ)、石英-金-黄铜矿-磁黄铁矿-黄铁矿(Ⅱ)和石英-方解石(Ⅲ)等三个阶段,富金矿石主要产于第Ⅱ阶段。Zheng Yi et al.(2016)在河台金矿含金石英脉中识别出H2O-NaCl、H2O-CO2-NaCl和富CO2等三种类型的流体包裹体,其中H2O-NaCl型包裹体的均一温度为130~294℃,盐度为6.7%~13.9%NaCleq,密度为0.84~1.02 g/cm3,捕获压力为50~170 MPa;H2O-CO2-NaCl型包裹体的均一温度为130~310℃,并在245℃和170℃左右分别出现峰值,盐度为2.7%~5.6%NaCleq,密度介于0.70~0.96 g/cm3,捕获压力为50~144 MPa。矿物温度计计算表明,金矿体中毒砂的形成温度约为330℃,闪锌矿和绿泥石的形成温度在205~250℃之间,与流体包裹体测温结果相吻合(焦骞骞等,2016)。周永章等(1995)Zheng Yi et al.(2016)认为低盐度的H2O-CO2-NaCl型包裹体可以代表原生热液成矿流体,在向上运移的过程中,含金流体发生CO2的逸失和流体不混溶作用,造成了金和硫化物的沉淀。

  • 关于河台金矿的矿化时代,前人开展了大量工作,已获得的金成矿年龄包括石英-硫化物脉中单颗粒锆石U-Pb年龄(492±16 Ma;翟伟等,2006)、磁黄铁矿Re-Os等时线年龄(176±4 Ma;王成辉等,2012)、石英Rb-Sr等时线年龄(172±2 Ma;翟伟等,2004)和混合岩中黑云母40Ar-39Ar坪年龄(169±1 Ma;王成辉等,2012)。王成辉等(2012)Wang Lixing et al.(2020)分别报道了热液绢云母的40Ar-39Ar坪年龄为157.1±1.0 Ma和159.3±0.8 Ma。翟伟等(2006)获得含金石英脉中热液锆石的SHRIMP U-Pb年龄为152.3±3.1 Ma。综上所述,大部分同位素定年结果都显示河台金矿为燕山期成矿。

  • 图4 西华夏云开地区河台金矿床地质简图(据陈骏和王鹤年,1993

  • Fig.4 Geologic map of the Hetai gold deposit in the Yunkai area of the western Cathaysia Block (after Chen Jun and Wang Henian, 1993)

  • 河台金矿的成矿流体来源还存在争议。周永章等(1995)Zheng Yi et al.(2016)等研究认为河台金矿成矿流体具有中低盐度、富CO2和中低温的特征,结合金矿体与韧性剪切作用形成的糜棱岩带关系较为密切,提出成矿流体来源于变质流体。Wang Lixing et al.(2020)对主成矿阶段热液绢云母和绿泥石开展了H-O同位素研究,获得成矿流体的δD值为-98‰~-62‰,δ18O值为4.4‰~6.3‰,显示岩浆热液的特征;载金黄铁矿的δ34S值介于-1.5‰~-5.2‰,铅同位素组成206Pb/204Pb、207Pb/204Pb和208Pb/204Pb值分别为18.044~19.404、15.568~15.793和38.426~39.597,推测成矿物质具有岩浆来源。Jiao Qianqian et al.(2016)王圆元等(2021)则通过稳定同位素、石英阴极发光与流体包裹体研究认为该矿床是多期次成矿作用叠加形成的:早期成矿流体为变质热液,晚期成矿流体以岩浆热液为主。

  • 3.4 抱伦金矿床

  • 抱伦金矿床位于海南岛西南部乐东县抱伦农场西北侧,大地构造位于华夏地块南缘五指山褶皱带西南部,东西向九所-陵水断裂与北西向尖峰-吊罗断裂之间。矿区面积约为14.2 km2,地理坐标为东经109°00′15″~109°01′30″,北纬18°38′15″~18°40′00″。抱伦金矿具有储量大、品位高的特点,金储量70 t,是海南省规模最大的金矿床,金平均品位29.3 g/t,富矿段金品位可达283 g/t。

  • 矿区出露下志留统陀烈组中段和下段以及白垩系鹿母湾组和报万组(图5)。陀烈组下段是抱伦金矿的赋矿围岩,其岩性为含碳绢云石英千枚岩和含碳绢云母千枚岩。矿区西北部和东南部发育大规模的侵入岩(图5):西北部为印支期尖峰岭复式岩体,岩性主要为似斑状黑云母正长石花岗岩,锆石U-Pb年龄为249±5~241±2 Ma(谢才富等,2006张小文等,2009);燕山期千家黑云母二长花岗岩体位于矿区东南方,锆石U-Pb年龄为101~99 Ma(陈沐龙等,2014)。

  • 抱伦矿区金矿体主要产于毫岗岭背斜核部,主要受NNW向脆-韧性剪切带控制(图5b)。NNW向构造带走向为325°~355°,倾向南西,局部倾向北东,倾角较大。剪切带的剪切方向以右行为主,带内广泛发育不对称褶曲、δ型旋转碎斑及糜棱岩,旋转碎斑指示其运动性质为水平剪切(胡国成等,2016)。抱伦矿区共圈定27个金矿体,大部分产于Tr1和Tr4断裂破碎带中(肖瑞卿等,2013单强等,2015)。Ⅴ1-3和Ⅴ4-1号矿体是矿区规模最大的金矿体,其中Ⅴ1-3号矿体产于Tr1破碎带中,走向NNE,倾向SWW,倾角75°~90°,含金石英脉沿走向长868 m,平均厚度为7.5 m,金平均品位19.6 g/t,最高可达283 g/t,金资源量为8.0 t;Ⅴ4-1号矿体受Tr4破碎带控制,走向NW-NNW,倾向SW-SWW,倾角65°~87°,沿走向延伸达680 m,平均厚度2.5 m,金平均品位9.6 g/t,金资源量为5.2 t。金矿石类型包括石英脉型和蚀变岩型,并以前者为主。金属矿物主要包括黄铁矿、磁黄铁矿,少量的毒砂、黄铜矿、方铅矿和闪锌矿,微量的自然金、黑铋金矿(Au2Bi);除此以外,还发育多种含Bi矿物:自然铋、辉铋矿(Bi2S3)、辉铅铋矿(PbBi2S4)、硫碲铋矿(Bi4TeS)、卡辉铋铅矿(Pb3Bi4S9)和赫碲铋矿(Bi7Te3)等(肖瑞卿等,2013单强等,2015)。非金属矿物有石英、白云母、绿泥石、方解石和伊利石等。硅化、白云母化、绿泥石化、碳酸盐化等热液蚀变类型与金矿化关系密切。

  • 图5 海南抱伦金矿床区域地质图(a),矿区地质简图(b)和矿区地质剖面图(c)(据王朝文等,2011

  • Fig.5 Regional geological map of the Baolun area (a) , sketch geological map (b) and cross section (c) of the Baolun gold deposit in the Hainan Island (after Wang Chaowen et al., 2011)

  • 前人野外观察和岩(矿)相学研究表明抱伦矿床的金成矿过程可分为:金-石英脉阶段(Ⅰ)、金-多金属硫化物阶段(Ⅱ)和石英-碳酸盐阶段(Ⅲ)(王朝文等,2011Yu Liangliang et al.,2020)。第Ⅰ阶段以形成乳白色粗粒石英脉为标志,此外还发育少量粗晶自然金和毒砂等矿物;第Ⅱ阶段的矿物组合为中细粒烟灰色石英+黄铁矿+磁黄铁矿+黄铜矿+方铅矿+闪锌矿+自然金+各类含铋矿物;第Ⅲ阶段沉淀成矿后的石英、方解石和绿泥石等矿物。第Ⅰ~Ⅱ阶段石英脉中主要发育H2O-CO2-NaCl型流体包裹体,此类型包裹体气相成分以CO2为主,含有少量的CH4,第Ⅲ阶段石英-碳酸盐脉中主要发育H2O-NaCl型两相包裹体(王朝文等,2011)。显微测温结果显示,Ⅰ~Ⅲ阶段流体包裹体的均一温度分别为252~335℃、178~320℃和168~241℃,盐度分别为1.0%~10.0%NaCleq、2.4%~11.7%NaCleq和2.6%~12.6%NaCleq,密度分别为0.7~1.0 g/cm3、0.8~1.1 g/cm3和0.9~1.1 g/cm3Yu Liangliang et al.,2020)。主成矿阶段压力为100~160 MPa,成矿深度为3.7~5.9 km(李明艳等,2006)。

  • 前人对抱伦金矿床的成矿时代开展了大量工作。舒斌等(2004)Cai Jianxin et al.(2017)获得含金石英脉白云母的40Ar-39Ar坪年龄为219±1 Ma和242±5 Ma,刘玉琳等(2002)测得金矿石中水白云母的K-Ar年龄为221±3 Ma,陈柏林等(2006)获得伊利石K-Ar年龄为216~205 Ma。Xu Deru et al.(2017)报道了含金石英脉中辉钼矿的Re-Os等时线年龄为224.6±7.2 Ma。以上数据说明抱伦金矿化主要发生在晚三叠世。但张小文等(2004)测得尖峰岭岩体中热液锆石的U-Pb年龄介于119~107 Ma,据此提出金矿化与白垩纪的热液活动关系密切。

  • 关于抱伦金矿床的成矿流体与物质来源仍存争议。Cai Jianxin et al.(2017)通过对矿区不同期次变形事件进行研究,认为金矿化与沿NNW向断裂的斜向右旋剪切关系密切,成矿流体可能来源于变质流体。丁式江等(2001)舒斌等(2006)则基于成矿流体的氢、氧、碳同位素组成(δD=-61‰~-30‰,δ18O=-3.4‰~9.8‰,δ13C=-6.1‰~-0.8‰)和金矿石中黄铁矿的硫同位素特征(δ34S=0.8‰~6.3‰),结合热液白云母40Ar-39Ar年龄(219 ±1 Ma),提出下志留统陀烈组围岩和印支期尖峰岭岩体为金矿化提供了成矿物质,而尖峰岭岩体同时为金矿化提供了热源,驱动流体循环、萃取围岩中的成矿物质。张小文等(2004)则依据尖峰岭岩体中热液锆石的微量元素与U-Pb定年,认为金成矿流体来源于区域燕山期的岩浆活动。

  • 4 华夏地块造山型金矿床的成矿机制

  • 在上述典型金矿床地质-地球化学特征研究的基础上,我们对华夏地块造山型金矿床的成矿特征总结如下:① 金矿体多呈脉状,沿区域深大断裂的次级断裂或韧性剪切带中分布,具有明显的构造控矿特征;② 赋矿围岩种类多样,矿体与区域或矿区侵入岩关系复杂;③ 成矿流体以富CO2为标志,具有中低温、中低盐度的特征;④ 矿床主要形成于加里东期、印支期或燕山期造山事件中,单个矿床的形成具有多阶段性,不同矿床的成矿流体和物质来源可能不同。笔者将从成矿流体与物质来源、成矿物理化学条件和成矿物质沉淀机制进行系统的归纳总结,以系统解释和深入认识华夏地块造山型金矿床的成矿机制。

  • 4.1 成矿流体与物质来源

  • 造山型金矿床指主要由低盐度H2O-CO2流体形成的受构造控制的脉状后生金矿床,它们在时间和空间上与造山作用密切相关(陈衍景等,2007王庆飞等,2019Jiang Shaoyong et al.,2023)。前人普遍认为造山型金矿床的成矿流体以变质流体为主,但研究表明部分造山型金矿床的成矿流体可能具有地幔或岩浆热液来源(Groves et al.,2020):变质流体成因模式认为沉积岩或火山岩在绿片岩相-角闪岩相变质作用过程中脱硫、脱挥发分等作用是该类型金矿床的成矿流体和物质来源(Goldfarb et al.,2001Tomkins et al.,2010);地幔流体成因模式则包括在增生造山作用过程中俯冲洋壳和上覆沉积物的脱水模式(Peacock et al.,2011)和岩石圈拆沉-富集地幔脱气模式(Zhao Hesen et al.,2022);岩浆热液模式多指与花岗岩有关的岩浆热液流体运移、沉淀形成金矿床(Lawrence et al.,2013)。也有部分学者认为具有岩浆热液来源的造山型金矿床与Lang et al.(2000)提出的与侵入岩有关的金矿床十分相似,因此,此类矿床应该归为后者(王庆飞等,2019)。实际上,Lang et al.(2000)提出的与侵入岩有关的金矿床有着十分严苛的判定条件,其通常产于远离汇聚板块边缘的克拉通边缘背景下,与钨锡岩浆作用叠加,发育标志性的Au-Bi-W-Te-Sb-As元素组合,在时间-空间-成因上均与中等还原的I型花岗岩关系密切。因此,华夏地块的具有岩浆热液来源的脉状金矿床除了与侵入岩相关的金矿床具有相似的流体来源,在其他方面均有显著不同。出于建立简单、易用的矿床成因模式与勘查模型以及便于对比的目的,笔者认为应该将这部分矿床归类为造山型金矿床。造山型金矿床是否具有统一的成矿流体来源,一直是矿床学和矿业界的关注热点与研究难点(Goldfarb et al.,2015Groves et al.,2020)。

  • 本研究表明,在华夏地块存在以下不同成矿流体和物质来源的造山型金矿床实例:

  • (1)变质流体来源:例如,东华夏武夷山地区的何宝山金矿床,其矿化时代同步或略晚于区域角闪岩相变质作用,而矿区内不发育与矿化同期的印支期花岗岩,结合其中低温、低盐度和富CO2的成矿流体特征、与变质流体相似的H-O-S同位素组成以及新元古代变质基底较高的Au元素背景,本研究认为何宝山金矿床的形成应与变质热液有关(Ma Ying et al.,2022a)。

  • (2)地幔流体来源:例如,东华夏武夷山成矿带的双旗山金矿床,热液磷灰石与磷钇矿年代学数据表明其形成分别比区域角闪岩相变质作用及加里东期花岗质岩浆活动晚约35 Ma和14 Ma(Ma Ying et al.,2023),因此金矿化与区域变质作用、花岗质岩浆活动并无直接的成因联系,而H-O-S-Pb-He-Ar同位素特征结合区域大地构造演化历史表明,新元古代俯冲事件中被交代形成的富集岩石圈地幔在后期造山事件中失稳、脱挥发分是双旗山金矿床最有可能的成矿流体与成矿物质来源(Ma Ying et al.,2021)。

  • (3)岩浆热液流体:例如海南的抱伦金矿床,地质、构造与矿床地球化学研究表明,在印支期尖峰岭岩体冷却过程中,在其与围岩接触带应力集中部位发生韧性到脆性转换,并在应力转换过程中于断裂部位形成低压区,富金的岩浆热液流体沿裂隙进入该低压区沉淀成矿。

  • 除此之外,还有部分矿床为不同期次、不同来源流体叠加的产物。例如,西华夏云开地区的河台大型金矿床被认为是经历了印支期的变质流体与燕山期岩浆热液流体叠加的产物(Jiao Qianqian et al.,2016王圆元等,2021)。

  • 4.2 成矿物理化学条件

  • 学者们主要通过流体包裹体研究来限定金矿床的成矿物理化学条件。卢焕章等(2018)系统总结了全球不同时代的造山型金矿床上千个流体包裹体显微测温数据,归纳出该类型金矿床的成矿流体是一种低盐度富CO2流体,均一温度范围为200~400℃,盐度< 10%NaCleq,CO2体积占比达15%~60%,且富CO2包裹体常与自然金紧密共存。

  • 华夏地块不同区域、不同时代的造山型金矿床的成矿流体特征较为一致,流体包裹体类型以H2O-CO2-NaCl型两相/三相包裹体和H2O-NaCl型两相包裹体为主,含少量的富CO2型流体包裹体。流体包裹体丰度较高,常呈群状分布在石英颗粒中或呈线状富集于矿物的愈合裂隙中,大小以5~10 μm居多。原生或假次生包裹体的气相成分主要为CO2和H2O,CO2体积比介于10%~60%之间,同时可能含有少量的N2或CH4。液相成分中阳离子主要为Na+、K+和Ca2+,阴离子包括Cl-和SO2-4等(Xu Deru et al.,2017)。主成矿阶段的均一温度在180~320℃之间,集中于220~280℃,盐度主要为2.0%~12.0%NaCleq,密度为0.7~1.1 g/cm3。由此可见,华夏造山型金矿床成矿流体属于中低温、中低盐度、中低密度的H2O-CO2-NaCl(± KCl±CaCl2±CH4 + N2)体系。

  • 4.3 沉淀机制

  • 许多造山型金矿床的形成过程中都经历了H2O-CO2和H2O-NaCl体系的相分离,即流体不混溶作用。典型实例为武夷山成矿带的双旗山金矿床,主成矿阶段与自然金及含金硫化物紧密共生的石英中发育具有不同气液比的H2O-CO2-NaCl型流体包裹体,且这些包裹体具有相似的均一温度和相反的完全均一方式,表明流体不混溶可能是该矿床中金的沉淀机制(Ma Ying et al.,2021)。广东河台金矿床的形成也经历了流体不混溶过程(Zheng Yi et al.,2016)。

  • 流体氧化是金沉淀的重要机制之一(Hodkiewicz et al.,2009);在氧逸度较高的环境中,硫更倾向以SO2-4的形式存在,此时流体会具有相对较高的SO2-4/H2S比值,而重的34S分馏到SO2-4中会让残余流体中的H2S亏损34S(Ohmoto,1972),从残余流体中结晶的硫化物会具有更负的δ34S组成。造山型金矿床常见的成矿物理化学条件中,流体中金的溶解度会随着氧逸度的升高而急剧降低,造成金的沉淀。例如巴布亚新几内亚Porgera超大型富金矿床中,单颗粒黄铁矿的富金区域(δ34S=-11.9‰)具有比贫金区域(δ34S= 0.3‰)更负的硫同位素组成,指示低压环境下流体的迅速蒸发导致流体氧化和金的高效沉淀(Peterson and Mavrogenes,2014)。在华夏地块,武夷山地区何宝山金矿床主成矿(-10.5‰~5.1‰)和成矿后阶段(-18.9‰~-14.1‰)的δ34S值发生了明显的负偏,与两个阶段分别出现磁铁矿和赤铁矿等铁氧化物的地质事实符合,表明成矿过程中流体的氧逸度逐渐升高,造成金的快速沉淀。流体氧逸度升高可能由以下一个或多个过程驱动:流体不混溶——在此过程中,热液流体中还原性气相组分(如N2和CH4等)逃逸到气相,导致残余流体氧逸度升高(Palin and Xu Ying,2000);还原性热液成矿流体与相对氧化的含铁围岩发生水-岩反应(Cameron and Hattori,1987);含矿流体与氧逸度更高的大气降水发生流体混合作用(Peng Ningjun et al.,2018)。上述三种机制可能是造成何宝山金矿热液体系氧逸度升高的重要原因(Ma Ying et al.,2022a)。

  • 热力学计算和实验模拟表明当热液流体与铋熔体共存时,流体中的金会强烈分配进入铋熔体,即使流体中的金未达饱和状态,铋熔体也能从中捕获10n×10-2的金,从而实现金的高效富集沉淀,此即为铋熔体捕获金机制(Liquid bismuth collector model;Tooth et al.,2008)。单强等(2015)通过系统的矿物学研究发现海南抱伦金矿床具有富Bi高Au的特点,且含金石英脉中发育大量面状分布的乳滴状铋矿物包裹体,其内可见自然金、黑铋金矿和各类含铋矿物,揭示抱伦矿床中金的富集沉淀与含铋熔体关系密切。因此,铋熔体捕获机制可能是华夏地块造山型金矿床的一个重要成矿机制。

  • 综上,流体不混溶、流体氧化、铋熔体捕获等都是华夏地块造山型金矿床中金沉淀的重要机制。

  • 5 成矿动力学背景

  • 基于上述研究,本文认为华夏地块存在加里东期、印支期和燕山期三期造山型金成矿事件,与华夏地块演化历史中构造-岩浆活动具有时间耦合性(图6):

  • (1)研究表明,华夏地块加里东期岩浆活动集中于450~420 Ma(Huang Dingling and Wang Xiaolei,2019),而早古生代蛇绿岩套和弧岩浆岩的缺失、以过铝质为主且呈弥散状分布的加里东期花岗岩、广泛分布的区域不整合和变质变形等地质事实证实华夏加里东期造山事件的陆内造山属性(Wang Yuejun et al.,2007Li Zhengxiang et al.,2010)。Li Zhengxiang et al.(2010)认为华夏地块加里东期造山事件始于~460 Ma,结束于400 Ma,约在460~440 Ma之间发生峰期变质作用。双旗山金矿床形成于加里东陆内造山事件造山后的转换挤压至伸展过渡阶段(图6a)。在此过程中,区域内花岗岩从同碰撞的S-和I-型花岗岩过渡为晚碰撞-碰撞后的A-型和S-型花岗岩(Li Zhengxiang et al.,2010)。由于加里东期造山运动的陆内造山属性,华夏地块在加里东期未发生相关的洋壳俯冲事件,最符合双旗山金矿床的成矿流体和物质源区为新元古代基底之下的交代岩石圈地幔。在约1000~820 Ma之间华夏西北缘和扬子东南缘的大洋板片双向俯冲,俯冲洋壳和沉积物(脱水、脱碳、脱硫)的底劈作用导致岩石圈地幔发生硫化、水化形成富Au的交代岩石圈地幔(Wang Yuejun et al.,2013Ma Ying et al.,2021)。含矿流体和成矿物质以硫化物(主要为黄铁矿、磁黄铁矿)、金云母等形式在交代岩石圈地幔中存储(Hronsky et al.,2012Zhao Hesen et al.,2022);约440~400 Ma,即华夏加里东期造山带处于后造山转换挤压-伸展过渡阶段,此时岩石圈地幔沿着变质核部拆沉,软流圈上涌致使次大陆岩石圈地幔部分熔融,形成了广东、福建等地的基性岩并提升了地温梯度,触发富金的交代岩石圈地幔脱气产生含金流体,迁移至脆-韧性剪切带形成以双旗山为代表的加里东期造山型金矿床(Ma Ying et al.,2023)。

  • (2)自晚二叠世至早中生代,华夏地块经历了广泛的变质、变形和岩浆作用,形成了宽达1300 km的陆内造山带,在空间上,250~190 Ma间的花岗岩从沿海到内陆呈现逐渐年轻的趋势(Li Zhengxiang and Li Xianhua,2007)。Li Zhengxiang and Li Xianhua(2007)据此提出平板俯冲模型以解释华南早中生代造山事件:古太平洋板块在约270 Ma开始向内陆俯冲;约235~210 Ma古太平洋板块经历了强烈的平板俯冲和陆内造山作用,持续的平板俯冲导致岩浆活动、造山前缘和陆前盆地逐渐向内陆移动。同时,俯冲作用导致地壳加厚和深部岩浆活动,促使地温梯度升高,使此前变质程度较低的岩石进一步变质,释放大量成矿流体,形成以福建何宝山为代表的印支期造山型金矿床(图6b)。此外,部分岩浆-热液流体可能迁移至脆-韧性剪切带沉淀,形成以海南抱伦金矿床为代表的印支期造山型金矿床。

  • 图6 华夏地块造山型金矿床成矿动力学模式图(据Ma Ying et al.,20212022a; Zeng Yushan et al.,2023

  • Fig.6 Diagrams showing geodynamic settings of orogenic gold deposits in the Cathaysia Block (modified after Ma Ying et al., 2021, 2022aZeng Yushan et al., 2023)

  • (a)—加里东期;(b)—印支期;(c)—燕山期

  • (a) —Caledonian; (b) —Indosinian; (c) —Yanshanian

  • (3)华夏地块燕山期(170~150 Ma)的构造演化主要受控于古太平洋板块的斜向俯冲、拆沉和俯冲角度的变化(Zhou Ximin and Li Wixian,2000;Li Zhengxiang and Li Xianhua,2007),经历了广泛的构造变形和岩浆作用过程。160 Ma左右,华夏地块内陆存在有平板俯冲板片的拆沉并引发的强烈岩浆活动,在云开地区形成河台等造山型金矿床(图6c)。

  • 6 结论

  • (1)华夏地块是华南板块的重要组成部分,区内造山型金矿床主要分布于东华夏武夷山地区、西华夏云开地区和海南岛西部地区,存在加里东期、印支期和燕山期三次金成矿事件,分别对应陆内造山、古太平洋板块俯冲及后撤的地球动力学背景。

  • (2)华夏地块造山型金矿床的赋矿围岩为变质火山岩或沉积岩,成矿受控于区域深大断裂的次级断裂及脆-韧性剪切带,构成了有利的成矿空间。矿化以石英-硫化物脉型和蚀变岩型为主,硅化、绢云母化、绿泥石化与碳酸盐化等热液蚀变类型与金矿化关系较为密切。

  • (3)成矿构造背景和矿床地球化学数据显示单个金矿成矿流体可能来源于变质流体、地幔流体或岩浆热液流体,成矿物质主要来源于变质基底。成矿流体具有中低温、中低盐度、富CO2的特征,流体不混溶、流体氧化和铋熔体捕获机制对金沉淀起着重要作用。

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