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作者简介:

牛亚卓,男,1987年生。副研究员,基础沉积学专业。E-mail:nyazhuo@cgs.gov.cn。

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目录contents

    摘要

    甘蒙北山地区位于中亚造山带中段,其间的柳园洋是古亚洲洋的重要分支之一,关于该洋盆的演化过程存在两阶段裂谷盆地和单阶段长期俯冲两种认识。柳园洋位于北山南部石板山地块和双鹰山地块之间,石板山地块的晚古生代沉积序列和物源变化完整记录了洋盆的古地理演化过程,对于重建区域构造演化有重要意义。此次研究聚焦石板山地块独山地区的上古生界火山-沉积序列,通过砂岩碎屑颗粒组分和碎屑锆石U-Pb-Hf同位素分析,提供柳园洋古地理演化的约束证据。本文数据表明:独山地区下—中泥盆统碎屑锆石年龄为早古生代单峰式分布(~415 Ma),来自于柳园洋向南俯冲在石板山地块边缘而形成的岩浆弧;上石炭统—下二叠统样品中出现了明显的中元古代碎屑锆石年龄(~1426 Ma),来自于北侧的双鹰山地块和中天山地块,指示洋盆闭合事件;下二叠统碎屑锆石年龄主要为晚石炭世—早二叠世单峰式分布(301~290 Ma),来自于裂谷火山活动。此外,本次研究通过对北山南部已发表物源学数据的统计计算,进一步证明并完善了古生代柳园洋两阶段演化模型:中奥陶世—中泥盆世,柳园洋双向俯冲至敦煌-石板山地块和双鹰山地块之下;晚泥盆世,柳园洋闭合,直至石炭纪晚期,敦煌-石板山-双鹰山地块形成了统一的陆缘环境;早—中二叠世,柳园裂谷盆地逐步发育至原洋盆地。

    Abstract

    The Liuyuan Ocean, situated in the Beishan region of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt in northwest China, is one of the critical branches of the Paleo-Asian Ocean. The evolution of the Liuyuan Ocean has been subjected to two divergent views, namely the existence of two stages of rift basins and long-lived subduction. Tectonically,the Liuyuan Ocean is located between the Shibanshan and Shuangyingshan blocks. The sedimentary sequence found in the Shibanshan block, with its provenance shifts, plays an important role in tectonic reconstruction by preserving the paleogeographic patterns of the Liuyuan Ocean. This study focuses on the analysis of sandstone composition and detrital zircon U-Pb-Hf isotopic results from the Upper Paleozoic volcanic-sedimentary sequence in the Dushan area of the Shibanshan block. The analysis of detrital zircons from the Lower-Middle Devonian sample reveals a unimodal spectrum (~415 Ma), suggesting that they originated from magmatic arcs formed by the subduction of the Liuyuan Ocean beneath the Shibanshan block. Detrital zircons from the Upper Carboniferous-Lower Permian exhibit a prominent Mesoproterozoic peak (~1426 Ma), indicating the influx of detritus from the Shuangyingshan and Central Tianshan blocks due to the Liuyuan Ocean contraction. The Lower Permian samples show a significant peak in the Later Carboniferous-Early Permian age distribution, indicating the influence of rifting-induced volcanism. Based on a statistical comparison of published provenance data in the southern Beishan region, a two-stage evolution model is proposed for the Paleozoic evolution of the Liuyuan Ocean. During the Middle Ordovician to Middle Devonian, the Liuyuan Ocean underwent bidirectional subduction beneath the margins of the Dunhuang-Shibanshan and Shuangyingshan blocks.The closure of the Liuyuan Ocean occurred in the Late Devonian, and the Dunhuang-Dushan-Shuangyingshan blocks transitioned into an integrated continental margin environment until the Late Carboniferous. From the Early to Middle Permian, the Liuyuan rift basin gradually developed into a proto-oceanic basin.

  • 古亚洲洋是新元古代至早中生代全球古地理重建的重要组成部分,其多阶段俯冲-汇聚作用形成了横贯中亚、北亚、东亚地区的巨型造山带——中亚造山带(左国朝等,1990李锦轶等,2009Xu Bei et al.,2013Xiao Wenjiao et al.,2015Sengör et al.,2018)。关于天山-兴蒙造山带内的古亚洲洋闭合过程,目前有泥盆纪/二叠纪晚期两阶段闭合(左国朝等,1990Xu Bei et al.,2013徐学义等,2014)、石炭纪—二叠纪由东至西剪刀式闭合(李锦轶等,2009Sengör et al.,2018Zhao Guochun et al.,2018)、早二叠世—中三叠世统一闭合(Xiao Wenjiao et al.,20102015)等多种假说。

  • 甘蒙北山地区位于中亚造山带中段,是探讨古亚洲洋中、西段闭合时限和过程的理想地区,区内的柳园洋被认为是古亚洲洋最年轻的分支之一(左国朝等,1990Xiao Wenjiao et al.,2010Sengör et al.,2018)。目前关于柳园洋或者柳园裂谷盆地的古地理演化主要有以下两种观点:一些学者认为北山南部中—晚泥盆世发育代表碰撞拼贴的磨拉石盆地,据此将柳园洋或海相裂谷盆地的演化分为中奥陶世—志留纪和早—中二叠世两个演化阶段(左国朝等,1990徐学义等,2014);另一些学者则认为这些中—晚泥盆世的“磨拉石盆地”中的火山岩具有俯冲相关岩浆弧的地球化学特征,奥陶纪—志留纪和早—中二叠世也有洋壳俯冲的岩石地球化学证据,据此提出柳园洋可能由早古生代持续演化至晚二叠世(~254 Ma;Xiao Wenjiao et al.,2010Mao Qigui et al.,2012a2012bGuo Qianqian et al.,20122022)。以上两种观点的主要分歧在于柳园洋是否在中—晚泥盆世闭合;北山南部缺少晚古生代连续的岩浆和沉积记录研究,制约了对柳园洋长期构造演化的讨论。

  • 北山南部石板山地块南部出露了下泥盆统—下二叠统的沉积剖面,为探讨柳园洋晚古生代长期演化,特别是重建泥盆纪和石炭纪古地理格局,提供了珍贵的研究对象。此次研究报道了该剖面的沉积序列、砂岩碎屑颗粒统计结果、碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄和Hf同位素数据,分析了该序列的沉积环境和物源。笔者在此基础上,进一步定量统计了近年发表的北山南部以碎屑锆石为主的物源学数据,提出了柳园洋中奥陶世—中泥盆世和早—中二叠世两阶段古地理演化模型。

  • 1 地质背景

  • 甘蒙北山地区位于中亚造山带南缘,南临塔里木克拉通的敦煌地块,自南向北由石板山地块、双鹰山地块、马鬃山岛弧、旱山地块、雀儿山岛弧组成(图1b;左国朝等,1990王洪亮等,2007Xiao Wenjiao et al.,2010He Zhenyu et al.,2018)。石板山地块和双鹰山地块位于北山南部,南以疏勒河隐伏断裂带为界与敦煌地块相隔,北以红柳河-洗肠井蛇绿岩带为界与马鬃山岛弧分隔(图1c)。石板山地块和双鹰山地块之间被柳园蛇绿岩带相隔,余吉远等(2012)Zheng Rongguo et al.(2023)Meng Yong et al.(2023)分别在该带辉铜山和账房山蛇绿岩中获得奥陶纪(466~446 Ma)和泥盆纪(394~362 Ma)年龄数据,Mao Qigui et al.(2012b)在柳园蛇绿岩中获得早二叠世(282 Ma)年龄数据。前寒武系片麻岩和变沉积岩在石板山地块和双鹰山地块均有出露,其中正片麻岩的地质年代基本一致(约933~881 Ma,约1555~1406 Ma)(Xiao Wenjiao et al.,2010He Zhenyu et al.,2018)。前寒武系变沉积岩主要出露在石板山地块中部和双鹰山地块中部,岩性以大理岩、结晶灰岩、石英岩、千枚岩和片岩为主,沉积时代可能为中—新元古代,碎屑锆石峰值年龄主要为~1753 Ma、1449 Ma、953 Ma(Song Dongfang et al.,2013Zheng Rongguo et al.,2018)。

  • 自20世纪70年代起,1∶20万、1∶25万和1∶5万区域地质调查在北山南部开展,报道了大量保存完整、时代清晰、变质较轻的晚古生代地层剖面,奠定了进一步开展沉积学研究的基础(翟毓沛,1981朱伟元,1983)。Niu Yazhuo et al.(2018a)提出将北山南部的上古生界根据区域不整合界面分为泥盆系、下石炭统—下二叠统下部、下—中二叠统3个巨层序,分别代表不同的构造和沉积环境。石板山地区的上古生界自下而上依次为下—中泥盆统雀儿山群、上石炭统—下二叠统干泉组、下二叠统双堡塘组、菊石滩组、金塔组,较为完整记录了北山南部的古地理演化过程。

  • 2 剖面和样品

  • 本次研究在石板山地块南部独山地区实测3条剖面,分别为芦草滩下—中泥盆统雀儿山剖面、干泉上石炭统—下二叠统干泉组剖面、独山下二叠统双堡塘组—金塔组剖面(图2)。芦草滩剖面的雀儿山群底部被花岗岩侵入破坏,总厚度大于1780 m,主体为细碎屑岩,以板状互层的粉砂岩和细砂岩为主,砂岩中可见水平层理,下段夹两层灰岩透镜体,透镜体中富含珊瑚化石,上段有较多的酸性火山岩和火山碎屑岩出露(图3、图4a)。雀儿山群产出珊瑚Favosites? sp.、 Squameofavosites? sp.,时代主要为早泥盆世,可能上延至中泥盆世(翟毓沛,1981)。雀儿山群产出珊瑚化石,缺少粗碎屑岩,板状互层且延伸稳定的粉砂岩和细砂岩指示开阔浅海环境,频繁出现的火山岩夹层表明伴随着较为强烈的火山活动。

  • 干泉剖面底部干泉组角度不整合于雀儿山群之上,该剖面雀儿山群与芦草滩剖面岩石组合基本一致(图3)。此次研究在芦草滩组中采集2件砂岩碎屑颗粒统计样品,其中样品15GQN-Z3同时为碎屑锆石样品,采自于剖面底部长石岩屑杂砂岩层(图4b)。干泉组下段厚865 m,时代为晚石炭世卡西莫夫期(Kasimovian)—早二叠世阿瑟尔期(Asselian),主要岩性组合为滨海潮坪和台地环境的砾岩、砂岩、碳酸盐岩,其中具有槽状交错层理的砂岩可能指示河流相(牛亚卓等,2018b)。此次研究在干泉组下段采集砂岩碎屑颗粒统计样品4件,其中碎屑锆石样品15GQ-Z1采自于该段中部的长石岩屑杂砂岩中(图4c)。干泉组上段出露厚度2469 m,岩性组合主要为流纹岩、安山岩、流纹质火山角砾岩、流纹质熔结凝灰岩。火山角砾岩主要由棱角状的流纹岩和流纹质凝灰岩碎屑组成,流纹质熔结凝灰岩由熔蚀浑圆状的火山玻璃和塑性拉伸的长石和火山岩岩屑组成(图4d),两者共同指示近火山口环境。干泉组上部的流纹岩锆石U-Pb年龄为294 Ma,时代为早二叠世萨克马尔期(Sakmarian)(Niu Yazhuo et al.,2018a)。

  • 图1 北山地区构造位置图(a,据Niu Yazhuo et al.,2021b修改)、构造单元划分图(b,据Xiao Wenjiao et al.,2010修改) 及北山南部上古生界分布图(c,据Wang Hongliang et al.,2007修改) (同位素年龄来源参见附表1、2)

  • Fig.1 Schematic map showing tectonic location of the Beishan region (a, modified from Niu Yazhuo et al., 2021b) and simplified geological map showing tectonic subdivision (b, modified from Xiao Wenjiao et al., 2010) and distribution of the Upper Paleozoic in the southern Beishan region (c, modified from Wang Hongliang et al., 2007) (see Appendixes 1 and 2 for the references to isotopic ages)

  • 蛇绿岩带:Ⅰ—红石山;Ⅱ—星星峡-石板井;Ⅲ—红柳河-洗肠井;Ⅳ—柳园

  • Ophiolitic belts:Ⅰ—Hongshishan; Ⅱ—Xingxingxia-Shibanjing; Ⅲ—Hongliuhe-Xichangjing; Ⅳ—Liuyuan

  • 独山剖面下部的干泉组出露厚度大于424 m,主要岩性为流纹岩、辉石玄武岩、橄榄玄武岩、流纹质火山角砾岩和晶屑岩屑凝灰岩(图3)。该剖面中部,双堡塘组微角度不整合于干泉组之上,总厚度为932 m(牛亚卓等,2018b)。该组主体为扇三角洲相的砾岩、砂岩/凝灰质砂岩、粉砂岩/沉凝灰岩组成的韵律层。此次研究在双堡塘组中采集了5件砂岩碎屑颗粒统计样品,其中碎屑锆石样品15DSS-Z1和16DSS-Z6分别采自于该组下部和顶部的岩屑杂砂岩层中(图4e、3f)。

  • 菊石滩组以底部的玄武岩为界整合于双堡塘组之上,总厚度为188 m,主要由板状互层的砂砾岩、砂岩、沉凝灰岩和安山质晶屑凝灰岩组成。该组出现大量侧向延伸稳定且板状互层的砂岩和粉砂岩层,其中产出丰富的腕足类、苔藓虫、藻类等海相化石,代表开阔浅海环境。此次研究在菊石滩组中采集了3件砂岩碎屑颗粒统计样品。金塔组整合于菊石滩组之上,顶部被花岗岩侵入,厚度大于1127 m,下部主要为玄武岩和安山玄武岩,中部为含生物碎屑火山角砾岩,上部主要为流纹岩和英安岩,顶部有厚45 m的含砾粗砂岩和砂岩的板状互层(图3)。火山角砾主要由英安岩和玄武岩碎屑组成,胶结物为呈流纹构造的细小长石和石英颗粒,其中富含海百合、腕足类、苔藓虫、有孔虫和珊瑚化石(图4g)。此次研究在金塔组中采集了3件砂岩碎屑颗粒统计样品,其中碎屑锆石样品16DS-Z4采自于该组顶部长石岩屑砂岩层中(图4h)。

  • 图2 独山地区上古生界分布简图(据甘肃省地质局第二区域地质测量队,1974,1975修改)

  • Fig.2 Geological map of the Upper Paleozoic formations in the Dushan area (simplified after Second Regional Geological Survey Team of Gansu Geological Bureau, 1974, 1975)

  • A—芦草滩剖面(N 40°40′58″ E 94°07′09″);B—干泉剖面(N 40°44′21″ E 94°18′13″);C—独山剖面(N 40°33′36″ E 94°05′04″)

  • A—Lucaotan section (N 40°40′58″ E 94°07′09″) ; B—Ganquan section (N 40°44′21″ E 94°18′13″) ; C—Dushan section (N 40°33′36″ E 94°05′04″)

  • 独山剖面的菊石滩组产出的腕足类Urushtenia crenulataSpinomarginifera sp.是Cryptospirifer omeishanensis-Uncinunellina mongolicus组合的重要分子,在北山东部时代为中二叠世沃德期(朱伟元,1983),但金塔组火山岩层的同位素年龄为281 Ma(Xu Wei et al.,2019)。这表明独山地区的双堡塘组、菊石滩组和金塔组的时代偏老,为早二叠世亚丁斯克期—空谷期。

  • 3 砂岩碎屑颗粒统计方法及结果

  • 砂岩碎屑颗粒统计采用Gazzi-Dickinson方法(Ingersoll et al.,1984),即以栅格交点计数的方法,每个样品识别并统计500个以上栅格交点的颗粒类型。碎屑颗粒中矿物主要包括钾长石、斜长石、单晶石英、多晶石英、云母、暗色矿物等,岩屑包括岩浆岩屑、沉积岩(碎屑岩、碳酸盐、硅质岩)和变质岩岩屑。统计完成后,换算各类岩屑含量的百分比进行绘制QFL(石英-长石-岩屑)三角图。此次研究在石板山板块南部独山地区干泉和独山剖面中共采集18件砂岩碎屑颗粒统计样品,同时在石板山板块北部石板山地区补充11件下石炭统白山组、石板山组和下—中二叠统菊石滩组样品,详细数据见附表3。

  • 独山地区雀儿山群砂岩Q∶F∶L = 42.7∶17.7∶39.5,其中石英颗粒为突变消光,表面明亮清洁,常见包裹体,磨圆度以次棱角状为主(图4b、图5)。长石主要为斜长石,偶见钾长石,以次棱角状为主,少数为次圆状。岩屑主要为酸性、中酸性火山岩和凝灰岩碎屑(95.2%),呈次棱角状,少量粉砂质泥岩和粉砂质泥岩碎屑多塑性变形呈假杂基产出(4.8%)。

  • 干泉组下段石英含量明显增多,中部砂岩的石英含量(QFL%Q)>83.2%,大部分为突变消光,少量为波状消光。多晶石英之间普遍见岩溶作用形成的缝合线,颗粒形态多为次棱角状,少数为次圆—圆状(图4c、图5)。下部长石较多,含量(QFL%F)为18.8%,由斜长石和钾长石组成(81∶19),钾长石主要为条纹长石和微斜长石,颗粒形态多为次棱角状。岩屑含量(QFL%F)为7.5%,由酸性火山岩和浅变质沉积岩两类碎屑组成(57∶43)。前者主要为流纹岩、英安岩和安山岩碎屑,少数被蚀变,后者主要为石英岩、石英片岩、千枚岩碎屑,偶见粉屑灰岩碎屑,多为侧棱角状。

  • 图3 独山地区上古生界综合柱状图(剖面位置见图2)

  • Fig.3 Generalized composite Upper Paleozoic stratigraphic sections in the Dushan area (see Fig.2 for the locations of sections)

  • 图4 独山地区上古生界岩石显微照片(照片层位参见图3)

  • Fig.4 Microphotographs of petrology of Upper Paleozoic rocks in the Dunshan area (see Fig.3 for the stratigraphic locations of photos)

  • (a)—雀儿山群英安岩,含石英斑晶(Q),单偏光;(b)—雀儿山群长石岩屑杂砂岩(样品15GQN-Z3),正交光;(c)—干泉组长石岩屑杂砂岩(样品15GQ-Z1),正交光;(d)—干泉组熔结凝灰岩,含火山玻璃(黄色箭头)、塑性拉伸的长石(F)和火山岩岩屑(Lv),单偏光;(e)—双堡塘组岩屑杂砂岩(样品15DSS-Z1),正交光;(f)—双堡塘组岩屑杂砂岩(样品16DSS-Z6),正交光;(g)—金塔组凝灰质角砾岩,含珊瑚碎屑(黄色箭头),单偏光;(h)—金塔组钙质长石岩屑砂岩(样品16DS-Z4),正交光;Q—石英;F—长石;Lm—变质岩岩屑;Lv—火山岩岩屑

  • (a) —dacite with quartz grains (Q) from the Queershan Group, plane-polarized light (PPL) ; (b) —feldspathic litharenite from the Queershan Group (sample 15GQN-Z3) , cross-polarized light (CPL) ; (c) —feldspathic litharenite from the Ganquan Formation (sample 15GQ-Z1) , CPL; (d) —ignimbrite from the Ganquan Formation, composed of volcanic glass (yellow arrows) and unwelded felspar (F) and volcanic lithics (Lv) , PPL; (e) —litharenite from the Shuangbutang Formation (sample 15DSS-Z1) , CPL; (f) —litharenite from the Shuangbutang Formation (sample 16DSS-Z6) , CPL; (g) —tuffaceous breccia from the Jinta Formation, including coral fragments (yellow arrows) , PPL; (h) —calcareous feldspathic litharenite from the Jinta Formation (sample 16DS-Z4) , CPL; Q—quartz; F—feldspar; Lm—metamorphic lithics; Lv—volcanic lithics

  • 双堡塘组和菊石滩组的砂岩碎屑中有较多的火山岩岩屑出现,以基性火山岩和酸性火山碎屑岩为主,QFL%L介于50.0%~67.5%之间(图4e、f,图5)。相对而言,双堡塘组下部砂岩拥有更多的玄武岩和安山玄武岩碎屑,而双堡塘组顶部和菊石滩组出现较多的流纹岩、火山熔岩、酸性凝灰岩和火山角砾岩碎屑,部分样品中出现灰岩和海百合、苔藓虫等海相动物化石碎屑,少量样品中出现花岗岩碎屑。岩屑形态多为次棱角状—次圆状。长石含量不等,QFL%F位于11.9%~35.1%之间,以斜长石为主,偶见钾长石,多为次棱角状。石英含量介于14.9%~27.3%之间,表面普遍明亮清洁,突变消光,形态多为次棱角状,部分呈熔蚀港湾状、浑圆状和长条状。

  • 金塔组岩屑砂岩碎屑颗粒统计中平均Q∶F∶L=42.0∶15.2∶42.7,与下伏的双堡塘组和菊石滩组相比,多晶石英的数量明显增多,石英之间为他形粒状镶嵌,大部分为花岗岩碎屑,颗粒形态为次棱角状—次圆状(图4h、图5)。长石多为斜长石,偶见钾长石,多为次棱角状。岩屑主要由玄武岩、安山玄武岩、英安岩、流纹岩和酸性凝灰岩组成,多为次棱角,少数为次圆状。砂岩砂屑分选中等,胶结物主要为钙质,胶结类型为孔隙式。

  • 石板山地区白山组岩屑杂砂岩碎屑颗粒组成中整体Q∶F∶L = 48.7∶17.0∶34.3(图5)。石板山组石英杂砂岩与下伏白山组砂岩相比,石英含量明显增多,平均QFL%Q为72.4%,石英颗粒多为次圆状,少数为次棱角状,普遍具有波状消光、次生加大边和裂缝。菊石滩组的岩屑杂砂岩与石板山组相比,岩屑含量显著增多(QFL%L>35.6),多为次棱角状,主要由酸性火山岩、凝灰岩和基性火山岩碎屑组成(93.4%),有少量的浅变质沉积岩岩屑(1.3%),部分样品中出现较多的碳酸盐和生物碎屑(21.6%),生物碎屑主要为腕足类壳体。

  • 4 碎屑锆石U-Pb-Hf同位素实验方法及结果

  • 碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄和Hf同位素分析测试均在自然资源部岩浆作用成矿与找矿重点实验室完成,定年所用仪器为GeoLas Pro激光剥蚀系统和Agilent 7700X型ICP-MS,实验原理及步骤参见Yuan Honglin et al.(2004)李艳广等(2015)。碎屑锆石年龄频谱Kernel密度统计曲线(Kernel density estimate,KDE)和碎屑锆石年龄多维尺度统计对比(multidimensional scaling,MDS)采用Isoplot R软件实现(Vermeesch,2018)。Hf同位素分析详细仪器运行条件及分析过程见侯可军等(2007)Meng En et al.(2014)。此次研究共在5件碎屑锆石样品中获得U-Pb锆石谐和年龄444组,Hf同位素分析结果86组,详细数据见附表4和附表5。

  • 图5 北山南部上古生界砂岩碎屑颗粒组分统计图

  • Fig.5 Ternary plots of sandstone compositions of Upper Paleozoic samples in the southern Beishan region

  • Q—石英;F—长石;L—岩屑;Lm—变质岩岩屑;Lv—火山岩岩屑;Ls—沉积岩岩屑

  • Q—quartz; F—feldspar; L—lithics; Lm—metamorphic lithics; Lv—volcanic lithics; Ls—sedimentary lithics

  • 雀儿山群样品15GQN-Z3共获得90个U-Pb锆石谐和年龄,主要分布在奥陶纪—志留纪(图6),其中62个数据点分布在430~405 Ma之间,峰值为415 Ma,εHft)值分布在-2.1~0.90之间(图7)。前寒武纪的锆石共有13颗,其中5颗分布在1664~1588 Ma之间,εHft)值分布在-2.8~5.0之间;3颗分布在891~864 Ma之间,εHft)值为6.4。另有一颗新太古代锆石(2778 Ma),εHft)值为-4.8;两颗古元古代锆石(1839 Ma和1809 Ma),εHft)值为-3.7和9.7。锆石颗粒普遍为次棱角状至自形板柱状,少数锆石具备新元古代核部年龄和早古生代边部年龄(图8)。

  • 干泉组下段样品15GQ-Z1共获取84个U-Pb锆石谐和年龄,主要有中元古代和奥陶纪—志留纪两个峰值(图6):12个数据点分布在1500~1400 Ma之间,峰值为1426 Ma,εHft)值分布在-3.0~11之间(图7);29个数据点分布在460~440 Ma,峰值为453 Ma和443 Ma,εHft)值分布在-5.9~7.4之间。3个次一级的峰值分别位于中元古代、新元古代和古生代晚期:10个数据点分布在1300~1100 Ma之间,峰值为1210 Ma,εHft)值分布在-5.1~2.9之间;4个数据点分布在950~900 Ma之间,峰值为902 Ma,εHft)值分布在-1.0~4.6之间;11个数据点分布在415~395 Ma之间,峰值为400 Ma,εHft)值集中在-5.5~-0.36之间。此外有3颗新太古代锆石(2797~2646 Ma),εHft)值分布在-8.5~1.7之间;3颗古元古代锆石(1810~1750 Ma),εHft)值分布在-7.2~2.7之间。前寒武纪锆石多为次棱角状—次圆状,早古生代锆石多为次棱角状—自形板柱状(图8)。

  • 图6 独山地区上古生界碎屑锆石年龄KDE曲线和直方图

  • Fig.6 KDE diagrams and histograms of detrital zircon ages of the Upper Paleozoic samples from the Dushan area

  • 图7 独山地区上古生界碎屑锆石εHft)值与年龄对比图(各地块数据来源文献参见附表1、2)

  • Fig.7 Zircon εHf (t) values versus age plot of the Upper Paleozoic samples in the Dushan area (see Appendixes 1 and 2 for references of data from tectonic blocks)

  • 双堡塘组样品15DSS-Z1和16DSS-Z6分别获得86个和96个U-Pb锆石谐和年龄,165个数据点分布于325~280 Ma之间,峰值为300 Ma,εHft)值分布在0.57~15.8之间(图6、图7)。另有3颗早古生代锆石(449~448 Ma),εHft)值分布在-2.8~1.9之间;一颗古元古代锆石(1826 Ma),εHft)值为4.9。锆石颗粒普遍为未损的自形板柱状,部分破碎为次棱角状(图8)。

  • 金塔组样品15DS-Z4共获得88个U-Pb锆石谐和年龄,主要分布在奥陶纪—志留纪和石炭纪—二叠纪(图6):17个数据点分布在455~445 Ma之间,峰值为447 Ma,εHft)值集中在-12.3~2.2之间(图7);37个数据点分布在315~290 Ma之间,峰值为301 Ma,εHft)值集中在3.0~12.5之间。另有9颗前寒武纪数据点,散乱分布在2459~562 Ma之间。锆石颗粒普遍为自形柱状,部分破碎为次棱角状(图8)。

  • 5 物源统计分析和对比

  • 5.1 砂岩碎屑颗粒统计

  • 此次研究展示了北山南部石板山地块石炭系和下—中二叠统29件砂岩样品的碎屑颗粒统计结果,并与双鹰山地块已发表的22件样品结果相对比(Niu Yazhuo et al.,2021a; 图5)。统计结果显示,石板山地块和双鹰山地块的石炭系砂岩样品中均有较高的石英和变质岩岩屑含量,表明砂岩碎屑普遍经历了复杂的再旋回过程,其中石英岩和石英片岩岩屑的发现证明变沉积岩是主要物源。与之对应,下—中二叠统砂岩样品普遍具有较高的火山岩岩屑和长石含量,表明火山岩或侵入岩是这些样品的主要物源。另外,下—中二叠统样品中,石板山地块样品具有较高的岩屑含量,而双鹰山板块则有较高的长石含量(图5)。

  • 5.2 砂岩碎屑锆石年龄统计对比

  • 北山南部石炭系—二叠系有大量已发表的碎屑锆石数据,为进行大数据定量统计对比提供了良好的研究基础(Guo Qianqian et al.,20122022; Wang Yu et al.,2017Liu Qian et al.,2019Tian Zhonghua et al.,2020)。此次研究在Niu Yazhuo et al.(2021b)张东东等(2023)数据库的基础上增加本文数据。筛选出地层年龄时代可靠,单个样品谐和年龄数量大于80的样品,分石炭系和下—中二叠统进行碎屑锆石MDS对比计算,碎屑锆石样品数据来源参见附表1。

  • 石炭系8件样品在MDS结果中分为3组(图9),所有样品的年龄频谱中均有显著的奥陶纪—志留纪主峰(425~411 Ma)和前寒武纪的次峰,柳园蛇绿岩带两侧样品并无明显区别(图10)。A组包含石板山板块石板山地区和音凹峡地区样品,前寒武纪次峰峰值年龄为新元古代(~920 Ma)。B组包括此次研究样品(15GQ-Z1)和双鹰山地块红柳园地区样品,前寒武纪次峰分布在古元古代、中元古代和新元古代(~2492 Ma、1426 Ma、938 Ma)。C组为石板山地块野马井地区样品,出现了较为明显的中元古代(~1449 Ma、1302 Ma)主峰和新元古代(~983 Ma)次峰。

  • 图8 独山地区上古生界锆石阴极发光图像及测点位置(实线圈和虚线圈分别为U-Pb年龄和Hf同位素测点位置)

  • Fig.8 CL images of detrital zircon grains from the Upper Paleozoic samples in the Dushan area (the solid and dotted circles are respectively U-Pb aging and Hf isotopic spots)

  • 下—中二叠统24件样品在MDS结果中分为3组,柳园蛇绿岩带两侧样品展现出较为明显的区分(图9)。D组样品只包含柳园蛇绿岩带北侧——双鹰山地块样品,展现出显著的奥陶纪—志留纪单主峰(~432 Ma;图10)。与之对应,F组样品只包括该蛇绿岩带南侧——石板山地块样品,包括此次研究的样品(15DSS-Z1、16DSS-Z6),呈现出明显的石炭纪—二叠纪主峰(~289 Ma)。E组同时出现了双鹰山地块和石板山地块的样品,碎屑锆石年龄频谱中同时出现了奥陶纪—志留纪和石炭纪—二叠纪双峰(~450 Ma、277 Ma)。

  • 6 讨论

  • 6.1 石板山地块独山剖面物源分析

  • 此次研究的独山剖面中,早—中泥盆世雀儿山群砂岩碎屑颗粒中出现了大量次棱角状的火山岩碎屑,碎屑锆石样品15GQN-Z3的年龄频谱中展现出极为突出的早古生代峰值(415 Ma),指示主要物源来自近源同时期的火山岩,其年龄峰值和Hf同位素特征与Zhao Yan et al.(2017)提出的敦煌地块北缘岩浆弧特征一致(图10a、b)。该样品中出现了3颗新元古代锆石(891~864 Ma)、两颗古元古代锆石(1839 Ma和1809 Ma)、一颗新太古代锆石(2778 Ma)。Yuan Yu et al.(2015)在石板山地块研究剖面附近取得花岗片麻岩的新元古代年龄(~933 Ma);He Zhenyu et al.(2013)Zong Keqing et al.(2013)在临近的敦煌地块取得片麻岩的古元古代年龄(1987~1733 Ma)和奥长花岗岩新太古代年龄(2717~2642 Ma)。这些近源侵入岩的锆石年龄和Hf同位素数值与研究样品的碎屑锆石数值基本一致,表明石板山地块和敦煌地块基底是雀儿山群的另一物源区(图7、图10;He Zhenyu et al.,2018)。

  • 图9 北山南部石炭系(a)和下—中二叠统(b)碎屑锆石样品MDS分组图

  • Fig.9 Multidimensional scanning (MDS) plotting of the Carboniferous (a) and Lower-Middle Permian (b) detrital zircon samples from the southern Beishan region

  • A组、B组、C组为石炭系样品分组结果;D组、E组、F组为下—中二叠统分组结果

  • Carboniferous clusters include Clusters A, B and C, while Lower-Middle Permian clusters contain Clusters D, E and F

  • 晚石炭世—早二叠世干泉组下段的砂岩碎屑颗粒中,钾长石含量较高,且碎屑锆石年龄(样品15GQ-Z1)展现出早古生代的主峰(~443 Ma),表明有来自于早古生代侵入岩的锆石颗粒。与下伏地层样品和石板山地块岩浆岩样品的早古生代年龄峰值相比(~410 Ma和428 Ma),15GQ-Z1的主峰年龄明显偏老,更接近柳园蛇绿岩带北侧双鹰山地块或者中天山地块的峰值年龄(图10;~444 Ma和450 Ma;Mao Qigui et al.,2012a; Zhang Xiaoran et al.,2016)。碎屑锆石年龄频谱中出现了中元古代的次峰(~1426 Ma),εHft)值分布在-3.0~11。该年龄峰值在石板山地块、双鹰山地块和中天山地块中均出现,但石板山地块该段年龄的εHft)值全部为正(2.6~14.2;贺振宇等,2015),而双鹰山地块和中天山地块该年龄段的εHft)值分布更广(-2.1~1.8和-3.2~14;He Zhenyu et al.,20142018),与干泉组碎屑锆石的εHft)值更为接近(图7)。由此可见,独山剖面干泉组下段出现了大量来自于柳园蛇绿岩带北侧双鹰山地块和中天山地块的碎屑物质。

  • 双堡塘组中砂岩碎屑主要包括双峰式火山岩碎屑、岩浆岩来源的石英和长石颗粒,碎屑锆石样品(15DSS-Z1和16DSS-Z6)年龄频谱基本上为单一的晚石炭世—早二叠世主峰(290 Ma和300 Ma),其年龄峰值和Hf同位素特征与干泉组上段火山岩特征一致(图7;许伟等,2018)。这些特征表明双堡塘组的碎屑物质主要来自于对下伏干泉组火山岩层的剥蚀。金塔组砂岩样品主要碎屑物质和碎屑锆石年龄峰值与下伏地层中样品一致,表明干泉组火山岩物源的持续供给。另一方面,花岗岩碎屑和早古生代锆石年龄峰值的出现(~447 Ma),表明早古生代侵入岩体成为该组的另一主要物源区。

  • 6.2 晚古生代柳园洋古地理演化

  • 柳园洋作为古亚洲洋最年轻的洋盆之一,其构造演化和闭合时限是中亚造山带的研究热点之一(左国朝等,1990Xiao Wenjiao et al.,2010Sengör et al.,2018王建中等,2021张海迪等,2021)。左国朝等(1990)认为北山南部的陆壳岩石圈自中奥陶世伸展拉张,形成“柳园陆缘内侧裂谷带”;该裂谷带在泥盆纪闭合,石炭纪—二叠纪出现第二阶段的裂谷盆地。Xiao Wenjiao et al.(2010) 则认为柳园洋为古亚洲洋在北山地区的主要分支,最早出现于寒武纪,其北向俯冲由奥陶纪持续至二叠纪,南向俯冲由泥盆纪持续至二叠纪。近十年的地质年代学和岩浆岩地球化学研究成果进一步勾勒出柳园洋/裂谷盆地的奥陶纪—泥盆纪(465~362 Ma)和早—中二叠世(295~265 Ma)两个构造岩浆期次,但石炭纪岩浆活动的缺失导致无法完整重建柳园洋的古生代演化过程(余吉远等,2012Mao Qigui et al.,2012b刘桂萍等,2021Zheng Rongguo et al.,2023Meng Yong et al.,2023)。此次研究的泥盆纪—二叠纪沉积序列可以为探讨柳园洋长期演化提供有力支撑。

  • 图10 北山南部潜在物源区锆石年龄(a、b)与上古生界样品碎屑锆石年龄(c~e)KDE曲线和直方图 (样品MDS分组结果参见图9,数据来源参见附表1、2)

  • Fig.10 KDE diagrams and histograms of zircon ages from potential source rocks (a, b) and Upper Paleozoic samples (c~e) from the southern Beishan region (see Fig.9 for the results of MDS plotting and Appendixes 1 and 2 for references to isotopic data)

  • (a)—周缘地块锆石年龄统计;(b)—北山南部岩浆岩和碎屑岩锆石年龄统计;(c)—北山南部泥盆纪碎屑锆石年龄统计;(d)—北山南部石炭纪碎屑锆石年龄统计;(e)—北山南部下—中二叠统碎屑锆石年龄统计

  • (a) —zircon ages of samples from adjacent blocks; (b) —zircon ages of magmatic and sedimentary samples in South Beishan; (c) —ages from detrital zircons of Devonian in South Beishan; (d) —ages from detrital zircons of Carboniferous samples in South Beishan; (e) —ages from detrital zircons of Lower and Middle Permian samples in South Beishan

  • 6.2.1 早泥盆世柳园洋的双向俯冲

  • 柳园蛇绿岩带中,辉铜山和账房山蛇绿岩的年龄为奥陶纪(466~446 Ma)和泥盆纪(394~362 Ma),被认为是柳园洋早古生代俯冲的重要证据(余吉远等,2012Zheng Rongguo et al.,2023Meng Yong et al.,2023)。Mao Qigui et al.(2012a)根据双鹰山地块南缘的埃达克岩(424~374 Ma)和富Nb玄武岩(451 Ma),提出柳园洋早古生代北向俯冲的观点。Zhao Yan et al.(2017)根据敦煌地块的I型花岗岩(430~410 Ma),提出柳园洋早古生代南向俯冲的观点(图11a;Mao Qigui et al.,2012a; Zhao Yan et al.,2017)。

  • 石板山地块中,早—中泥盆世雀儿山群碎屑锆石样品最大沉积年龄为388.0±4.9(n=4; MSWD=0.45),展现出单峰式碎屑锆石频谱(~415 Ma),进一步证明了柳园洋由奥陶纪持续俯冲至中泥盆世。石板山-敦煌地块陆缘由于柳园洋的俯冲形成了岩浆弧,成为雀儿山群的主要物源。与之对应,双鹰山地块早泥盆世三个井组也出现了单峰式碎屑锆石年龄,但其峰值(~450 Ma)明显大于雀儿山群的峰值(图10c;Cleven et al.,2018)。这证明中奥陶世—中泥盆世,柳园洋的双向俯冲分别在敦煌-石板山地块和双鹰山地块边缘形成了两个岩浆弧系统,花牛山岩浆弧岩石年龄整体偏老(图11a)。

  • 图11 北山南部晚古生代古地理重建示意图

  • Fig.11 Paleogeographic reconstruction in the southern Beishan region

  • (a)—中泥盆世柳园洋双向俯冲;(b)—晚石炭世敦煌-石板山-双鹰山地块陆缘海;(c)—中二叠世柳园原洋盆地

  • (a) —bidirectional subduction of the Liuyuan oceanic crust during the Middle Devonian; (b) —epicontinental sea on the Dunhuang-Shibanshan-Shuangyingshan blocks during the Late Carboniferous; (c) —Liuyuan proto-oceanic basins

  • 6.2.2 晚泥盆世碰撞拼贴和石炭纪陆缘浅海

  • 赵泽辉等(2007)李舢等(2011)认为双鹰山地块南缘的花岗岩在早泥盆世(397 Ma)由I型/S型演化为I-A型,表明构造环境进入后碰撞期或者后造山期(赵泽辉等,2007李舢等,2011)。左国朝等(1990)提出北山南部晚泥盆世普遍发育磨拉石盆地,表明早古生代的柳园洋至少在晚泥盆世之前已经闭合。另一方面,Xiao Wenjiao et al.(2010)Guo Qianqian et al.(2014)指出晚泥盆世的火山岩具有岩浆弧相关的地球化学特征,提出柳园洋持续俯冲至二叠纪的构造演化模型。

  • 此次研究独山剖面中的上石炭统/下—中泥盆统角度不整合支持双鹰山地块和石板山地块在泥盆纪晚期碰撞拼贴,并造成晚泥盆世—早石炭世的隆升剥蚀(图3)。北山南部石炭纪砂岩碎屑以陆缘石英为主,碎屑锆石频谱分布中也出现了大量前寒武纪年龄,这都是稳定陆内环境的标志(图5、图10d)。MDS统计结果显示:碎屑锆石物源的南北分异在石炭纪消失,柳园南北两侧的样品互相混杂(图9)。此次研究的独山剖面位于柳园蛇绿岩带南侧,但上石炭统—下二叠统干泉组出现了大量来自于柳园蛇绿岩带北侧石板山地块和中天山地块的碎屑物质。与之类似,红柳园剖面位于柳园蛇绿岩带北侧,但下石炭统白山组和石板山组中出现了大量来自于敦煌地块的碎屑物质(Niu Yazhuo et al.,2021a)。上述证据表明石板山地块和双鹰山地块在晚泥盆世碰撞拼贴,两个地块之间柳园洋闭合,其后敦煌-石板山-双鹰山地块形成了统一的陆缘环境(图11b)。

  • 6.2.3 早—中二叠世柳园裂谷-原洋盆地

  • 北山南部发育大量早—中二叠世的基性火山岩(295~265 Ma),但其构造背景存在争议。一些学者认为这些玄武岩、辉长岩、辉绿岩为地幔成因,但伴有地壳混染,形成于后碰撞裂谷环境(Su Benxun et al.,2013Chen Shi et al.,2016);另一些学者认为这些岩浆岩是蛇绿混杂岩的关键组成部分,可能具有MORB地化特征,形成洋中脊或者洋壳俯冲导致的软流圈上涌环境,是古亚洲洋最年轻的证据之一(Mao Qigui et al.,2012bXue Shengchao et al.,2016)。近十年来,北山南部发表了大量下—中二叠统以碎屑锆石为主的物源学数据,但关于这些数据的古地理背景解译也大有分歧。Guo Qianqian et al.(2012,2022)提出柳园蛇绿岩带北侧样品物源主要来自于中—基性岩石,而南侧样品物源主要来自于中—酸性岩石。Guo Qianqian et al.(2022)进一步指出柳园蛇绿岩带北侧碎屑锆石样品的Hf同位素值高于南侧样品的数值。Cleven et al.(2018)也提出柳园蛇绿岩带北侧样品的物源只来自于双鹰山地块,并无南侧构造单元的碎屑物质混入。与之对应的是,Wang Yu et al.(2017)Liu Qian et al.(2019)Tian Zhonghua et al.(2020)则认为柳园蛇绿岩带两侧样品碎屑锆石年龄频谱相似,证明两侧物源在早—中二叠世交汇,并据此提出了裂谷-原洋盆地或弧后裂谷盆地等构造古地理观点。

  • 笔者自2021年起建立并更新北山南部下—中二叠统的碎屑锆石数据库,此次研究进一步丰富了石板山地块南缘数据(Niu Yazhuo et al.,2021a2021b张东东等,2023)。根据目前24件样品的MDS计算结果(图9、图10d):12件样品的锆石年龄频谱相似,展现出奥陶纪—志留纪和石炭纪—二叠纪双峰,这些样品古地理位置大多靠近沉积盆地中心。另外12件则可以分为南北两组(图9、图10e):北部D组样品古地理位置位于双鹰山地块南缘,砂岩碎屑组分中有大量基性岩石碎屑,碎屑锆石年龄频谱展现出明显的奥陶纪—志留纪主峰;南部F组样品古地理位置位于石板山地块,砂岩碎屑组分中具有酸性火山岩碎屑逐渐增多的趋势,碎屑锆石年龄频谱则展现出明显的石炭纪—二叠纪主峰。

  • 与石炭纪样品相比,柳园蛇绿岩带两侧早—中二叠世样品在MDS统计结果展现出明显的分异(图9;D组和F组),但同样存在交汇(E组)。这为柳园洋古地理重建提供了约束证据。北山南部在早二叠世有较为明显的火山活动证据,以下二叠统干泉组上段的火山岩为标志(王洪亮等,2007;牛亚卓等,2018b;许伟等,2018)。从现存的岩石分布来看,干泉组双峰式火山岩及其代表的陆缘火山活动主要分布在石板山地块北缘,双鹰山地块同时期的火山岩以基性岩石为主(图11c)。石板山地块北缘强烈的火山活动为临近的海相沉积提供了主要物源碎屑的供给,造成了F组样品的碎屑锆石年龄谱系出现了石炭纪—二叠纪主峰,以此次研究的独山剖面16DSS-Z1和15DSS-Z1为代表。与之对应,双鹰山地块南缘受此次火山活动影响较小且基性火山岩锆石较少,碎屑物质尤其是锆石主要来自于对下伏奥陶纪—志留纪岩体的剥蚀,造成了D组样品碎屑锆石年龄谱系出现了奥陶纪—志留纪主峰(Niu Yazhuo et al.,2018a)。

  • 已有的研究表明:E组样品的古地理位置大多位于盆地沉积中心的较深水沉积环境,典型的剖面如音凹峡剖面(Niu Yazhuo et al.,2021b)。本次统计分析表明该组样品碎屑锆石年龄频谱中同时出现了奥陶纪—志留纪和石炭纪—二叠纪两个峰值,兼具盆地北缘奥陶纪—志留纪岩体和盆地南缘的石炭纪—二叠纪火山机构的物源特征(图10)。这进一步证明了前人提出的:早—中二叠纪柳园洋是敦煌-石板山-双鹰山地块再次拉张形成的裂谷-原洋盆地,而非古亚洲洋主洋盆(左国朝等,1990Tian Zhonghua et al.,2020Niu Yazhuo et al.,2021b),其宽度也不足以完全分隔早二叠世火山活动的碎屑物质扩散(图11c)。

  • 以上物源数据统计结果证明柳园裂谷盆地北缘和南缘物源体系有明显区别,但盆地规模并不足以完全分隔南北物源体系,支持早—中二叠世柳园裂谷-原洋盆地的古地理模型(图11c)。此次研究的独山剖面进一步丰富了该裂谷盆地南缘的古火山口和近源沉积建造。与裂谷盆地北缘相比,南缘出现了强烈的火山活动,是裂谷相关岩浆活动造成的古生代新生地壳重融的产物(许伟等,2018Feng Lamei et al.,2020)。

  • 7 结论

  • (1)甘蒙北山石板山地块独山剖面的下—中泥盆统雀儿山群碎屑锆石主要来自于敦煌地块北缘的岩浆弧(~415 Ma),上石炭统—下二叠统干泉组角度不整合于雀儿山群之上,出现了大量来自双鹰山地块和中天山地块的碎屑锆石(~443 Ma、1426 Ma),下二叠统双堡塘组、菊石滩组和金塔组碎屑锆石主要来自于近源早二叠世的火山活动 (301~290 Ma)。

  • (2)北山南部柳园蛇绿岩带两侧的源-汇体系在早—中泥盆世有明显差异,南侧的碎屑锆石单峰谱系年龄显著小于北侧(~415 Ma与450 Ma)。石炭纪,南北侧的物源差异减弱,该时段样品碎屑锆石年龄谱系普遍具有明显的奥陶纪—志留纪(425~411 Ma)和前寒武纪峰值(~983 Ma、1302 Ma、1449 Ma、2492 Ma)。早—中二叠世,南北物源分异又重新出现:南部样品碎屑锆石年龄谱系中出现较强的石炭纪—二叠纪峰值(~289 Ma),而北部样品出现较强的奥陶纪—志留纪峰值(~432 Ma)。

  • (3)早古生代的双鹰山地块与敦煌-石板山地块的柳园洋双向俯冲持续至早—中泥盆世。晚泥盆世柳园洋闭合,双鹰山地块与敦煌-石板山地块碰撞拼贴,其后北山南部形成了统一的陆缘环境。早—中二叠世,柳园裂谷盆地逐渐发育至原洋盆地,再次分隔了双鹰山地块和敦煌-石板山地块。

  • 致谢:中国地质调查局西安地质调查中心卢进才、叶芳对本文研究提供技术支持,王宝文、韩小峰协助进行野外工作,李艳广、魏小燕、汪双双和靳梦琪协助完成相关实验,中国地质大学张招崇、西安地质调查中心查显峰、中国地质科学院地质研究所田忠华和另一位匿名审稿人审阅全文,并提出建设性修改意见,在此一并谨致谢忱。

  • 附件:本文附件(附表1~5)详见http://www.geojournals.cn/dzxb/dzxb/article/abstract/202406091?st=article_issue

  • 注释

  • ❶ 甘肃省地质局第二区域地质测量队.1974.1/20万方山口幅区域地质图及调查报告.

  • ❷ 甘肃省地质局第二区域地质测量队.1975.1/20万敦煌幅区域地质图及调查报告.

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