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扬子西缘作为扬子陆块的重要组成部分,新元古代经历俯冲或裂谷作用(Li Xianhua et al.,2002;Jiang Xinsheng et al.,2012;Xie Qifeng et al.,2021;Zhang Jibiao et al.,2023),显生宙发育多期构造运动,至晚三叠世印支运动之后形成目前的构造格局(Xu Yigang et al.,2001;何丽娟等,2014;Zhu Min et al.,2017)。众多学者对扬子西缘寒武纪的地层对比、沉积环境和物质来源等进行了大量研究。依据古生物化石的类型和分布,确定扬子西缘寒武纪区域地层的格架(周志毅等,1980;罗惠麟等,1994;袁金良等,1999;杨杰等,2010)。根据岩石组合和沉积序列等,建立寒武纪层序地层的划分与对比(刘满仓等,2008;袁立等,2013;贾鹏等,2017),确定寒武纪沉积物主要沉积于风暴流(刘宝珺等,1987)、潮坪(夏吉文等,2007;张满郎等,2010)、陆棚(张满郎等,2010;牟传龙等,2012)和碳酸盐台地(夏吉文等,2007;谷明峰等,2020)。依据岩相古地理展布确定物源主要来自于康滇古陆(夏吉文等,2007),同时泥岩的地球化学进一步确定物源来自于康滇古陆东川群、会理群等砂岩、泥岩和玄武岩等(刘建清等,2021)。然而对于寒武纪沉积物准确的源区以及物源区的岩石类型、构造背景等研究甚少。目前多数学者认为寒武纪扬子陆块是克拉通环境(李皎等,2014;李伟等,2015;Gu Zhidong et al.,2021;Liu Shugen et al.,2021),但寒武系纽芬兰统筇竹寺组发育深水陆棚页岩(李延钧等,2013;赵建华等,2019),扬子西缘乐山发育多层凝灰岩,凝灰岩的锆石U-Pb年龄为536~526 Ma(Sawaki et al.,2008;Yang Zhao et al.,2023),这些特征与典型克拉通盆地的特征不一致。
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沉积物源主要受构造环境影响,沉积物的物源分析可以更好地解释沉积过程中的剥蚀程度,精准确定物源区(Gehrels et al.,2006;Cui Xiaozhuang et al.,2022;Dröllner et al.,2023)。尤其是碎屑重矿物(电气石、碎屑锆石等),因其具有较好的稳定性,可以定量、定性反映物源区岩石类型和岩石形成年龄,为源区母岩的确定提供年龄依据。因此,利用碎屑重矿物多种分析方法相结合,可以精准确定扬子西缘寒武系的物源区;在此基础上,反演扬子西缘寒武系沉积物的构造背景。
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本文通过对扬子陆块西缘寒武系的沉积序列进行调查,分析其沉积环境;对砂岩进行重矿物分析,确定砂岩中的重矿物种类和含量,进而对碎屑电气石和碎屑锆石分别进行电子探针和LA-ICP-MS U-Pb测年工作,分析沉积物的母岩类型和物源区,进一步探讨寒武纪沉积物的物源区,为理解扬子陆块寒武纪的构造演化提供证据。
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1 地质背景及地层特征
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1.1 构造背景
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扬子陆块西缘由不同构造单元组成,扬子陆块中部的古老岩石称之为康滇古陆,北邻碧口地块、米仓山地块和南秦岭造山带,西邻松潘-甘孜地块(图1a)。碧口地块主要由碧口群和横丹群的火山-碎屑岩、鱼洞子杂岩及古元古代—新元古代镁铁质侵入岩和中酸性侵入岩组成。米仓山地块以火地垭群和后河群为基底,广泛分布古元古代—新元古代汉南杂岩(Zhao Guochun et al.,2012)。南秦岭造山带前寒武纪经历洋壳俯冲—弧陆碰撞,形成不同的构造单元,发育大量岩浆岩。松潘-甘孜造山带形成于晚古生代—中生代。扬子陆块西缘最古老的基底由3.10 Ga变花岗质岩组成(Cui Xiaozhuang et al.,2021)。古元古代早期发育与增生造山相关的岩浆作用,形成以撮科杂岩(崔晓庄等,2020;Cui Xiaozhuang et al.,2021)和会理2.30 Ga辉绿岩(Lu Guimei et al.,2019)为代表的岩浆岩。古元古代至新元古代,相继发生碰撞造山作用(崔晓庄等,2020)、哥伦比亚超大陆裂解(Lu Guimei et al.,2019;刘军平等,2020;Zhang Jibiao et al.,2023)和罗迪尼亚超大陆裂解(Li Xianhua et al.,2002;Jiang Xinsheng et al.,2012;Xie Qifeng et al.,2021;Zhang Jibiao et al.,2023),发育相关的岩浆作用,沉积厚层的陆缘碎屑沉积物和碳酸盐岩。早古生代,扬子陆块西缘主要沉积碎屑岩-碳酸盐岩。
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图1 扬子陆块西缘大地构造单元图(a,据Zhao Guochun et al.,2012修改)和研究区地质图(b,据1∶20万东川幅地质图修改;c,据1∶20万米易幅地质图修改)
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Fig.1 Tectonic units division in the western margin of Yangtze block (a, modified from Zhao Guochun et al., 2012) and simplified geological map of the studied area (b, modified from the1/200000 Regional Geological Report of Dongchuan area; c, modified from the1/200000 Regional Geological Report of Miyi area)
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研究区位于安宁河断裂(或小江断裂)以东,主要分布中—新元古代、古生代以及中生代岩石(图1)。基底主要为会理群和昆阳群。会理群包括通安组和天宝山组,通安组主要为灰黑色板状变砂岩、千枚岩和褐灰色千枚岩,天宝山组由变质流纹斑岩、千枚岩和砾岩-砂岩-泥岩组成,锆石年龄以及区域对比指示会理群为中元古代(Li Huaikun et al.,2013;Zhu Weiguang et al.,2016)。昆阳群主要由砂岩、粉砂岩、板岩、白云岩以及少量凝灰岩组成,凝灰岩、砂岩等锆石U-Pb年龄指示其形成于中元古代至新元古代(Li Huaikun et al.,2013;高林志等,2018)。新元古代开建桥组主要为紫红色厚层凝灰质砂岩,列古六组为褐灰色长石砂岩夹粉砂岩,观音崖组为灰色、紫红色中厚层灰岩夹白云岩和粉砂岩;灯影组主要为浅灰色、灰白色白云岩夹553~539 Ma凝灰岩(资金平等,2017;Yang Chuan et al.,2017),与寒武系平行不整合接触。寒武系自下而上分别是纽芬兰统筇竹寺组,第二统沧浪铺组、龙王庙组,苗岭统陡坡寺组、西王庙组和芙蓉统二道水组(图2a)。筇竹寺组主要为灰黑色粉砂岩和深灰色泥岩夹粉砂岩,个别剖面夹533~526 Ma凝灰岩(Yang Chuan et al.,2022)。沧浪铺组主要为灰绿色、紫红色、黄绿色等细砂岩、粉砂岩和泥岩,局部夹砾岩。龙王庙组主要为浅灰色、深灰色白云岩。陡坡寺组主要为灰色、灰黄色细砂岩、泥岩和白云岩。西王庙组为紫灰色不等厚砂岩和粉砂岩。二道水组主要为浅灰色、灰色薄层至厚层状细砂岩和白云岩,局部夹粉砂岩。奥陶系主要为滨浅海砂岩、页岩和碳酸盐岩。志留系为灰白色细砂岩和粉砂质泥岩。上古生界—新生界为碎屑岩、火山岩和碳酸盐岩组合。
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1.2 地层和沉积环境
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沧浪铺组HZ剖面位于会泽县东北(图1b),坐标26°29′22″,103°12′19″,主要为灰白色中层细砂岩与灰绿色薄层泥岩(图2b和图3a)。砂岩呈透镜状,发育交错层理(图3a)。砂岩为细粒石英砂岩,砂岩碎屑组分主要为石英,含量90%以上,长石少见,岩屑含量1%~10%,且岩屑几乎全部为燧石(图3b)。碎屑颗粒为次棱角状—次圆状。杂基含量较低,胶结物主要为硅质(多呈加大边)。
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西王庙组XW剖面位于会理县西王庙附近(图1c),坐标26°43′26″,102°13′10″。主要为紫灰色中—粗砂岩夹紫红色粉砂岩(图2c和图3c),砂岩局部含紫红色泥岩砾石。砂岩中泥岩夹层规律性出现(双黏土层),泥岩纹层厚度约3~6 mm。砂岩发育交错层理,粉砂岩发育水平层理。砂岩碎屑组分主要为石英和岩屑,长石含量较少,岩屑大多数为燧石(图3d)。颗粒粒径为0.30~0.45 mm,多呈次圆状。胶结物主要为硅质(多呈加大边)。
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二道水组DG剖面位于会东县堵格西南,坐标26°40′20″,102°36′48″。下部主要为紫灰色细砂岩夹紫灰色薄层粉砂岩,上部为紫灰色细砂岩与灰白色白云岩(图2d)。细砂岩发育平行层理。白云岩发育压扁层理,顶面见波痕。二道水组砂岩碎屑颗粒主要为石英,长石和岩屑含量较少。颗粒粒径约0.10 mm,分选较好,呈次棱角状—次圆状。胶结物主要为方解石。
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2 样品采集和测试方法
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本次研究采集沧浪铺组(HZ1)、西王庙组(XW25)和二道水组(DG14)砂岩各10 kg,采样位置见图2。依据重矿物的处理过程(任迎新等,1987)和中华人民共和国石油天然气行业标准(SY/T6336—2019),样品经过粉碎、淘洗、磁选和电磁选等方法富集不同重矿物,然后在显微镜下分离,计算出每种矿物的百分含量(表1)。每个样品分别挑选电气石100粒和锆石500粒,以便开展电子探针和碎屑锆石测年分析。
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电气石样品的制靶和背散射图像在锆年领航科技有限公司完成。3个碎屑电气石样品(HZ1、XW25和DG14)的电子探针测试在中国地质大学(北京)电子探针实验室的EPMA-1600仪器完成。测试条件为加速电压15 kV,激发电流10 nA,电子束直径1 μm,ZAF法修正。标样采用磁铁矿(Fe)、钠长石(Si、Na、Al)、磷灰石(Ca,P)、金红石(Ti)、蔷薇辉石(Mn)、透长石(K)、橄榄石(Mg)等。主元素含量高于20%的允许的相对误差≤5%,含量在3%~20%之间的元素允许的相对误差≤10%,含量在1 %~3%的元素允许的相对误差≤30%,而含量在0.5%~1%之间的元素允许的相对误差<50%。本次研究每个样品分析电气石颗粒26~30个,基于31个氧原子(Clark,2007;Henry et al.,2011),采用Excel经验公式(Tindle et al.,2002)对电子探针数据进行处理(附表1)。
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图2 扬子陆块西缘寒武系柱状图(a)及沧浪铺组(b)、西王庙组(c)和二道水组(d)沉积序列
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Fig.2 Cambrian stratigraphic column (a) and sedimentary successions of Canglangpu (b) , Xiwangmiao (c) , and Erdaoshui (d) formations sediments in the western margin of Yangtze block
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注:ZTR=锆石+电气石+金红石。
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图3 扬子陆块西缘寒武系沉积物典型照片
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Fig.3 Representative photographs of Cambrian sediments in the western margin of Yangtze block
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(a)—会泽HZ剖面沧浪铺组灰白色细砂岩,细砂岩发育交错层理;(b)—会泽HZ剖面沧浪铺组细砂岩显微照片;(c)—会理XW剖面西王庙组紫灰色中砂岩;(d)—会理XW剖面西王庙组中砂岩显微照片;(e)—会东DG剖面二道水组紫红色细砂岩和粉砂岩;(f)—会东DG剖面二道水组细砂岩显微照片;Q—石英;F—长石;Ch—燧石
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(a) —gray medium-bedded fine-grained sandstone of Canglangpu Formation in HZ section, Huize County, the fine-grained sandstone developed crossbedding; (b) —micrograph of fine-grained sandstone of Canglangpu Formation in HZ section, Huize County; (c) —grey-purple medium-grained sandstone of Xiwangmiao Formation in XW section, Huili County; (d) —micrograph of medium-grained sandstone of Xiwangmiao Formation in XW section, Huili County; (e) —purple fine-grained sandstone and siltstone of Erdaoshui Formation in DG section, Huidong County; (f) —micrograph of fine-grained sandstone of Erdaoshui Formation in DG section, Huidong County; Q—quartz; F—feldspar; Ch—chert
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碎屑锆石样品的制靶和阴极发光图像由中国地质科学院地质研究所大陆动力学实验室完成。碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄测定前,根据透射光图像、反射光图像和阴极发光图像随机圈定裂隙不发育的颗粒。LA-ICP-MS锆石测年分析在中国地质科学院矿产资源研究所自然资源部成矿规律与成矿评价重点实验室完成,实验过程和步骤见侯可军等(2009)。数据处理采用ICPMSDataCal程序(Liu Yongsheng et al.,2010),获得碎屑锆石的年龄数据见附表2,锆石年龄谐和图等采用Isoplot 4.15程序完成(Ludwig,2003)。
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3 测试结果
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3.1 重矿物分析
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由于重矿物能抵抗化学风化的侵蚀,并且重于石英和长石,会和石英等颗粒一同沉积下来。因此,根据沉积物中重矿物可以识别母岩的大致类型,或具体指出颗粒的物源区(Morton et al.,1994;Garzanti et al.,2007,2019)。对3件砂岩样品的分析结果显示,样品的碎屑重矿物主要为锆石、赤—褐铁矿、钛铁矿、电气石、金红石和磷灰石,少量为锐钛矿和其他矿物。ZTR指数介于18.44~83.45,可能受样品的沉积环境和粒度影响。因赤—褐铁矿可能为黄铁矿转变而成,不能指示物源。电气石、钛铁矿、磷灰石和锐钛矿等重矿物组合指示物源母岩主要以岩浆岩为主(Morton et al.,1994;Garzanti et al.,2007)。
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3.2 电气石电子探针
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沧浪铺组电气石显微镜下为绿色、褐色、黄色等,大多数电气石颗粒为次圆状—圆状,粒径0.15~0.30 mm(图4a)。背散射图像分为2类:① 均质;② 明暗环带(图4a)。西王庙组电气石显微镜下为褐色和黄色,电气石颗粒多数为次圆状—圆状,少量为次棱角状(图4b),个别电气石具有结构分带。二道水组碎屑电气石显微镜下多为褐色和黄色,电气石颗粒以次圆状为主,背散射图像显示电气石不具有环带。显微照片和背散射照片表明,沧浪铺组、西王庙组和二道水组物源区母岩具有多样性(图4)。
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沧浪铺组碎屑电气石颗粒的SiO2含量34.16%~36.43%,Al2O3含量介于24.69%~34.30%,而B2O3含量为9.91%~10.63%;西王庙组碎屑电气石颗粒的SiO2含量 33.42%~36.69%,Al2O3含量介于24.59%~33.93%,B2O3含量为 9.88%~10.70%;二道水组碎屑电气石颗粒的SiO2含量为34.10%~37.00%,Al2O3含量介于24.51%~35.06%,B2O3含量为10.18%~10.81%(附表1)。基于Henry et al.(2011)的电气石分类图解,除了2个数据点落于钙性系列之外,其余电气石均属于碱性类型(图5a)。电气石主要为黑电气石和镁电气石(图5b),且黑电气石的个数高于镁电气石。电气石呈现的结构分带也与化学成分相关(图5b)。
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3.3 碎屑锆石
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寒武纪地层碎屑锆石呈半自形、他形结构,CL图像显示锆石颗粒多数呈现弱振荡环带(图6),为岩浆成因。沧浪铺组锆石粒径介于80~200 μm。除1个锆石颗粒Th/U值较低(0.03),其他锆石Th/U比值介于0.25~2.25(附表2)。砂岩碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄值变化于3565~540 Ma(附表2和图7a),呈现2个峰值年龄,即544 Ma和830 Ma。(图7b)。
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西王庙组锆石粒径介于160~320 μm,Th/U比值为0.18~2.26,碎屑锆石年龄介于3236~510 Ma(图7c),主要集中于510~624 Ma和989~668 Ma,峰值年龄为551 Ma和894 Ma(图7d)。
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二道水组锆石粒径介于85~140 μm,Th/U比值0.06~2.99,碎屑锆石年龄介于 2692~504 Ma(图7e),年龄主要集中于647~504 Ma、971~684 Ma和2562~2376 Ma,呈现3个峰值年龄,分别是540 Ma、773 Ma和2486 Ma(图7f)。
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4 讨论
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4.1 源区母岩类型
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交错层理和岩石组合特征显示,会泽沧浪铺组与前滨的沉积模式类似(Mellere et al.,1995);西王庙组砂岩中出现双黏土层指示潮坪沉积环境(Visser,1980);二道水组沉积序列和压扁层理等沉积构造指示沉积环境为潮坪(Reineck et al.,1968)。交错层理恢复的古水流方向显示(图2b,表2),物源主要来自于西部和西北。电气石、钛铁矿、磷灰石和锐钛矿等重矿物组合指示碎屑岩物源主要为岩浆岩。
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图4 扬子陆块西缘沧浪铺组(a)、西王庙组(b)和二道水组(c)碎屑电气石透射光和背散射图像(○—探针位置和点号)
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Fig.4 Photomicrographs and BSE images of detrital tourmaline from the Canglangpu Formation (a) , Xiwangmiao Formation (b) , and Erdaoshui Formation (c) in the western margin of Yangtze block (○—location-spot and number)
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图5 扬子陆块西缘沧浪铺组(HZ1)、西王庙组(XW25)和二道水组(DG14)碎屑电气石主量元素三元分类(a)和二元分类(b)图(底图据Henry et al.,2011;γ为阳离子空位)
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Fig.5 Major element chemical composition in the γ-Ca- (Na+K) ternary diagram (a) and γ/ (γ+Na+K) vs. Mg/ (Mg+Fe) diagram (b) of detrital tourmalines from the Canglangpu Formation (HZ1) , Xiwangmiao Formation (XW25) , and Erdaoshui Formation (DG14) in the western margin of Yangtze block (according to Henry et al., 2011; γ is cation vacancy)
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图6 扬子陆块西缘寒武系砂岩碎屑锆石阴极发光图像
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Fig.6 Cathodoluminescence (CL) images of representative zircons from Cambrian sandstones in the western margin of Yangtze block
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根据碎屑电气石的Al-Fe-Mg判别图(图8a),沧浪铺组电气石主要落于B、C、E、F区域,西王庙组电气石主要落于B、E、F区域,而二道水组电气石主要落于B、D、F区域。总体而言,指示物源主要来自于贫锂花岗岩类及蚀变花岗岩(B+C)、变质板岩和变质砂岩(D+E)和富铁电气石石英岩、钙质硅酸盐岩和变质板岩(F)。自沧浪铺组至二道水组,富铁电气石石英岩、钙质硅酸盐岩和变质板岩的物源逐渐减少,而花岗岩类物源岩石所占比例逐渐增加。在Ca-Fe-Mg三角图(图8b),沧浪铺组、西王庙组和二道水组主要落入B和J区域,个别落入I区域,即物源以贫锂花岗岩类伴生伟晶岩和细晶岩、贫钙变质板岩、变质砂岩和电气石石英岩,个别为富钙变质板岩、变质砂岩和钙质硅酸盐岩。综合Al-Fe-Mg和Ca-Fe-Mg图解,沧浪铺组、西王庙组和二道水组电气石主要来自于花岗岩类(包括蚀变花岗岩)、变质砂岩和板岩及钙质硅酸盐岩。电气石形状多数为次圆状—圆状,表明物源区母岩经历长距离搬运或者再旋回沉积作用。
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图7 扬子陆块西缘寒武系砂岩碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄谐和图(a,c,e)和直方图(b,d,f)
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Fig.7 Concordia diagrams (a, c, and e) and histograms (b, d, and f) of U-Pb ages for detrital zircons from the Cambrian sandstones in the western margin of Yangtze block
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4.2 潜在物源区及古地理
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区域上寒武系沧浪铺组、西王庙组和二道水组与上覆、下伏地层之间全部为整合接触,因此将沧浪铺组、西王庙组和二道水组的碎屑锆石汇总进行物源分析(图9)。
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太古宙碎屑锆石个数较少,年龄介于3565~2508 Ma,与康滇古陆撮科杂岩的奥长花岗片麻岩 (锆石U-Pb年龄为3061±23 Ma、3074±6 Ma、3110±6 Ma)(Cui Xiaozhuang et al.,2021)、二长花岗岩(锆石U-Pb年龄为2855±16 Ma)(Cui Xiaozhuang et al.,2021)、花岗闪长岩(锆石U-Pb年龄为2853±8 Ma、2853±14 Ma)(Cui Xiaozhuang et al.,2021)、花岗岩(锆石U-Pb年龄为2851±34 Ma)(Yang Zhao et al.,2023)、奥长花岗质片麻岩(锆石U-Pb年龄为2845±33 Ma)(崔晓庄等,2020)和斜长花岗岩(锆石U-Pb年龄为2716±8 Ma)(张恒等,2019)年龄相当,因此,其物源主要来自于撮科杂岩。2颗锆石给出了古太古代年龄3236±23 Ma和3565±16 Ma,指示扬子西缘存在古太古代地壳残余。
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古元古代的碎屑锆石占比约8%,且二道水组呈现2486 Ma的峰值年龄,锆石CL图像指示岩浆来源,近年来在扬子西缘报道大量该时期的岩浆岩,如撮科杂岩2.4~1.89 Ga花岗岩类(崔晓庄等,2020;Cui Xiaozhuang et al.,2021;Yang Zhao et al.,2023)。且在会东县南侧东川群等变沉积岩识别出2370~1609 Ma岩浆成因的碎屑锆石(Cui Xiaozhuang et al.,2022)。中元古代碎屑颗粒仅有5个,占1%,其年龄与昆阳群凝灰岩(锆石U-Pb年龄为1042±6 Ma)、河口群片岩(锆石U-Pb年龄为1468±28 Ma)(邓奇等,2023)以及区域会理群2370~1609 Ma(Li Huaikun et al.,2013;Zhu Weiguang et al.,2016)年龄一致。
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新元古代碎屑颗粒有238个,占所有锆石颗粒的75.80%,呈现出2个峰值年龄,即~542 Ma和~822 Ma(图9a)。康滇古陆石棉花岗岩(锆石U-Pb年龄为812.2±1.8 Ma和773.6±5.6 Ma)(Xie Qifeng et al.,2021)、会东花岗岩(锆石U-Pb年龄为806±13 Ma)和东川花岗岩(锆石U-Pb年龄为769±4 Ma)(程佳孝等,2014)、新元古代凝灰岩(锆石U-Pb年龄为828±8 Ma和785±12 Ma)(陆俊泽等,2013)、澄江组凝灰岩(锆石U-Pb年龄为803.1±8.7 Ma)(Jiang Xinsheng et al.,2012)等可能为~822 Ma的母岩。将沧浪铺组、西王庙组和二道水组砂岩与研究区新元古代澄江组、开建桥组和列古六组砂岩碎屑锆石年龄汇总对比(图9a),902~717 Ma二者具有相似的谱特征(图9a),表明下伏地层是寒武系的母岩。
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对于~544 Ma的岩浆作用,区域上康滇古陆灯影组凝灰岩(锆石U-Pb年龄为539.6±1.4 Ma)(资金平等,2017)和斑脱岩(锆石U-Pb年龄为536.5±2.5 Ma)(Sawaki et al.,2008)与峰值年龄接近,为物源区母岩。凝灰岩虽然为物源区,但是碎屑锆石年龄谱图新元古代晚期年龄范围较宽(597~538 Ma);而且斑脱岩和凝灰岩的厚度较薄,如灯影组凝灰岩分别厚3 cm和1 cm(资金平等,2017),梅树村第5层凝灰岩厚约2.5 m(Sawaki et al.,2008)。仅仅靠凝灰岩和斑脱岩不可能为扬子西缘这么大范围提供~544 Ma沉积物,因此这些碎屑锆石的物质来源于其他物源区。
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根据寒武纪时期全球板块古地理恢复图(图10),将扬子陆块西缘碎屑锆石与扬子陆块东缘、华夏陆块、保山地块(滇缅马苏地块的组成部分)等潜在物源区进行对比。扬子东缘和华夏陆块的寒武纪沉积物的物源方向主要来自东南(Wang Yuejun et al.,2010;杨树锋等,2019),这与扬子西缘寒武纪沉积物的物源方向差异较大,而且扬子东缘和华夏陆块的峰值年龄主要集中在~780 Ma和~967 Ma,而扬子西缘的碎屑锆石则存在540 Ma峰值,碎屑锆石的年龄谱图也不一致。扬子东缘和华夏陆块主要接受印度板块的陆源碎屑物(Xu Yajun et al.,2013;Yao Weihua et al.,2016;杨树锋等,2019),因此,扬子西缘的物源与扬子东缘、华夏陆块的物源区不一致,不来自于印度板块。扬子西缘的新元古代年龄谱图与保山地块、羌塘地块、拉萨地块和喜马拉雅地块的年龄谱图大致一致,尤其新元古代晚期年龄谱图均具有明显的峰值特征(图9)。但与印支地块和西澳地块的物源谱图特征不一致,西澳地块几乎缺少新元古代的年龄谱图。保山地块、喜马拉雅地块、羌塘地块、拉萨地块最年轻的~560 Ma的锆石来自于冈瓦纳周缘俯冲造山过程(贠晓瑞等,2019)或泛非造山运动(Leier et al.,2007;Myrow et al.,2009,2010;Dong Xin et al.,2010;Dong Chunyan et al.,2011; Burrett et al.,2014),来自Bhimpedian(Prydz-Darling)(即图10的Kuunga-Pinjarra)造山带在570~520 Ma弧陆碰撞发育的岩浆岩(Zhao Tianyu et al.,2017;马泽良等,2019;周美玲等,2020)。如果扬子陆块西缘的物源与喜马拉雅地块、羌塘地块等物源区一致,也是来自Kuunga-Pinjarra造山带的话,那么扬子西缘的年龄谱图应与华南板块的基本一致,而且其物源方向应是南和东南。
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图8 扬子陆块西缘沧浪铺组(HZ1)、西王庙组(XW25)和二道水组(DG14)砂岩碎屑电气石成分划分图解 (底图据Henry et al.,1985)
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Fig.8 Composition of detrital tourmaline in the Canglangpu Formation (HZ1) , Xiwangmiao Formation (XW25) and Erdaoshui Formation (DG14) in the western margin of Yangtze block (after Henry et al., 1985)
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(a)—Al-Fe-Mg图解;(b)—Ca-Fe-Mg图解;A—富锂花岗岩、伟晶岩和细晶岩;B—贫锂花岗岩类及其关联的伟晶岩和细晶岩;C—富铁电气石岩石(蚀变花岗岩);D—伴生铝饱和相共存的变质板岩和变质砂岩;E—不伴生铝饱和相的变质板岩和变质砂岩;F—富铁电气石石英岩、钙质硅酸盐岩和变质板岩;G—低钙变超基性岩和富铬、钒变沉积岩;H—变碳酸盐岩和变质辉岩;I—富钙变质板岩、变质砂岩和钙质硅酸盐岩;J—贫钙变质板岩、变质砂岩和电气石石英岩;K—变质碳酸盐岩;L—变超基性岩
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(a) —Al-Fe-Mg diagram; (b) —Ca-Fe-Mg diagram; A—Li-rich granitoid, pegmatites and aplites; B—Li-poor granitoids and their associated pegmatites and aplites; C—Fe-rich tourmaline rocks (hydrothermally altered granites) ; D—metapelites and metapsammites coexisting with an Al-saturating phase; E—metapelites and metapsammites not coexisting with an Al-saturating phase; F—Fe-rich quartz-tourmaline rocks, calc-silicate rocks, and metapelites; G—low-Ca metaultramafics and Cr, V-rich metasediments; H—metacarbonates and metapyroxenites; I—Ca-rich metapelites, metapsammites, and calc-silicate rocks; J—Ca-poor metapelites, metapsammites, and quartz-tourmaline rocks; K—metacarbonates; L—metaultramafic rocks
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与此同时,扬子西缘寒武系的年龄谱图与伊朗地块寒武系砂岩碎屑锆石谱图则几乎一致(Horton et al.,2008;Zoleikhaei et al.,2021)(图9)。伊朗地块寒武系砂岩的物源主要来自东非造山带和阿拉伯比亚地盾(Horton et al.,2008;Zoleikhaei et al.,2021)。尤其伊朗地块630~500 Ma的物源主要来自阿拉伯努比亚地盾西部、撒哈拉变质克拉通和东非造山带(Zoleikhaei et al.,2021)。从构造古地理的位置以及年龄谱图,我们推测扬子西缘的物源来自于东非造山带和阿拉伯努比亚地盾等。
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寒武纪的碎屑锆石年龄主要分布于538~504 Ma,在扬子西缘除了少量凝灰岩年龄(533.2±3.8 Ma和526.2±4.1 Ma;Yang Chuan et al.,2022)之外,再无其他岩浆岩的年龄报道。根据扬子西缘与周缘地层碎屑锆石对比(图9),寒武纪的物源也来自于东非造山带和阿拉伯努比亚地盾。
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图9 研究区和潜在物源区碎屑锆石的年龄分布
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Fig.9 Age distribution of detrital zircons from the Cambrian sedimentary rocks in this study compared with those from potential source terranes
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(a)—扬子陆块西缘寒武系(本文研究)和下伏开建桥组、列古六组和澄江组数据(江卓斐,2016;江卓斐等,2017;高永娟等,2021);(b)—扬子地块东缘数据(Wang Yuejun et al.,2010);(c)—华夏陆块数据(Wang Yuejun et al.,2010;Xu Yajun et al.,2013; Yao Weihua et al.,2016);(d)—保山地块数据(Zhao Tianyu et al.,2017;马泽良等,2019;周美玲等,2020);(e)—羌塘地块数据(Dong Chunyan et al.,2011;贠晓瑞等,2019;Fan Jianjun et al.,2021);(f)—拉萨地块数据(Leier et al.,2007;Dong Xin et al.,2010; Zhu Dicheng et al.,2011);(g)—喜马拉雅地块数据(Myrow et al.,2009,2010;Zhu Dicheng et al.,2011);(h)—印支地块数据(Usuki et al.,2013;Burrett et al.,2014);(i)—西澳地块数据(Cawood et al.,2000;Clark et al.,2000;Veevers et al.,2005;Ksienzyk et al.,2012);(j)—伊朗地块数据(Horton et al.,2008;Zoleikhaei et al.,2021)
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(a) —data for the western margin of the Yangtze block (this study) and ages of the underlying Lieguliu Formation, Kaijianqiao Formation, and Chengjiang Formation (Jiang Zhuofei, 2016; Jiang Zhuofei et al., 2017; Gao Yongjuan et al., 2021) ; (b) —data for the eastern margin of the Yangtze block (Wang Yuejun et al., 2010) ; (c) —data for the Cathaysia block (Wang Yuejun et al., 2010; Xu Yajun et al., 2013; Yao Weihua et al., 2016) ; (d) —data for the Baoshan terrane (Zhao Tianyu et al.,2017; Ma Zeliang et al., 2019; Zhou Meiling et al., 2020) ; (e) —data for the Qiangtang terrane (Dong Chunyan et al., 2011;Yun Xiaorui et al., 2019; Fan Jianjun et al., 2021) ; (f) —data for the Lhasa terrane (Leier et al., 2007; Dong Xin et al., 2010; Zhu Dicheng et al., 2011) ; (g) —data for the Tethyan Himalaya (Myrow et al., 2009, 2010; Zhu Dicheng et al., 2011) ; (h) —data for the Indochina terrane (Usuki et al., 2013; Burrett et al., 2014) ; (i) —data for the western Australia block (Cawood et al., 2000; Clark et al., 2000; Veevers et al., 2005; Ksienzyk et al., 2012) ; (j) —data for the Iran terrane (Horton et al., 2008; Zoleikhaei et al., 2021)
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图10 冈瓦纳大陆古地理重建(包括核心陆块、内部造山带、冈瓦纳周缘陆块和周缘造山带) (据Zoleikhaei et al.,2021;Cawood et al.,2021修改)
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Fig.10 Reconstruction of Gondwana highlighting core blocks, interior orogens, peri-Gondwanan terranes and peripheral orogens (modified from Zoleikhaei et al., 2021; Cawood et al., 2021)
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电气石探针结果表明寒武纪沉积物来自于花岗岩类和变沉积岩。结合碎屑锆石的年龄谱图,研究区西部发育大量古元古代花岗岩(撮科杂岩的花岗岩类;崔晓庄等,2020;Cui Xiaozhuang et al.,2021;Yang Zhao et al.,2023)和新元古代花岗岩(如石棉花岗岩、东川花岗岩和会东花岗岩等),寒武系下伏东川群、昆阳群、列古六组等地层发育变砂岩和变质泥岩等,这些都是寒武纪沉积物的母岩。寒武系砂岩碎屑锆石多数呈次圆状,沉积物经历长距离搬运或者经历沉积再旋回作用;但研究区距离物源区较近,因此物源区母岩未经历长距离搬运,而是经历沉积再旋回作用。
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前人根据物源分析以及沉积剖面等,建立了扬子西缘的岩相古地理(夏吉文等,2007;张满郎等,2010;牟传龙等,2012;李延钧等,2013;李向东等,2019;赵建华等,2019;谷明峰等,2020)。与此同时,基于对华南陆块的综合研究,恢复寒武纪时期的全球构造古地理(Wang Yuejun et al.,2010;Xu Yajun et al.,2013;Yao Weihua et al.,2016),确定扬子西缘位于冈瓦纳大陆的北缘。基于前人的研究成果,本次研究进一步确定扬子西缘的物质来源,恢复寒武纪构造岩相古地理:喜马拉雅地块、羌塘地块等物源主要来自于Kuunga-Pinjarra造山带,而扬子西缘物源来自于东非造山带等(图10)。
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4.3 构造环境
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四川盆地是叠复盆地,经历前寒武纪的构造作用,在寒武纪呈现克拉通相关类型的盆地,称之为伸展克拉通盆地(Liu Shugen et al.,2021)或克拉通裂陷(李皎等,2014;李伟等,2015)等。克拉通相关类型的盆地底部具有明显的不整合,发育持久的浅海-陆源碎屑沉积物地层超层序,盆地底部没有或较少出现裂谷相关或莫霍面抬升的证据(Allen et al.,2012;Daly et al.,2018)。克拉通环境的沉积物主要来自于大陆地块,也可以来自基底的岛弧火山岩(Garzanti et al.,2001),其碎屑锆石的年龄显示物源来自较老岩石,峰值区间变化不大(Daly et al.,2018;Hollanda et al.,2018)。
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扬子西缘寒武纪沉积物与下伏新元古代之间为不整合接触。从沉积环境来看,寒武系自下而上经历深水斜坡、深水平原—滨岸—局限台地—潮坪—潟湖(李延钧等,2013;李向东等,2019;赵建华等,2019;谷明峰等,2020),沉积水体逐渐变浅。而且碎屑锆石的物源分析表明,~544 Ma岩浆岩是其主要的母岩之一,距最年轻的沉积物沉积时期仅相差±60 Ma,而且寒武纪纽芬兰世发育强烈岩浆作用(Yang Chuan et al.,2022)。
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根据碎屑锆石与构造环境的对应关系(Cawood et al.,2012),碎屑锆石的结晶年龄(CA)-沉积年龄(DA)的累积曲线将构造环境划分为伸展环境、碰撞环境和汇聚环境。根据CA-DA>100 Ma和年轻锆石含量30%,沧浪铺组、西王庙组和二道水组主要位于碰撞环境(前陆盆地)或汇聚环境(海沟、弧前和弧后盆地等)(图11),不发育于伸展环境(裂谷、被动大陆边缘和克拉通盆地)。3个细砂岩样品的岩石组成以石英和岩屑(主要是燧石)为主,火山岩的岩屑少见,而且燧石等颗粒磨圆度较好,表明经历长距离搬运或沉积再旋回过程。这与汇聚环境砂岩碎屑颗粒岩浆岩岩屑含量较高(Dickinson et al.,1979;Garzanti et al.,2002)的特征不一致,因此,扬子西缘寒武纪沉积物可能形成于碰撞环境。
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古地理重建显示,寒武纪扬子地块位于冈瓦纳大陆边缘,其周围为印支地块、澳大利亚地块、阿拉伯努比亚地盾等(Zoleikhaei et al.,2021)。新元古代晚期冈瓦纳大陆由于东冈瓦纳大陆和西冈瓦纳大陆碰撞,形成活动大陆边缘(Gehrels et al.,2006;Horton et al.,2008;Myrow et al.,2010),而且在活动边缘发育挤压构造背景相关的岩浆作用(540~527 Ma)(Rossetti et al.,2015;Shahzeidi et al.,2017;Shirdashtzadeh et al.,2018)。
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重矿物电气石颗粒以次圆状—圆状颗粒为主,碎屑锆石多数呈次棱角状—次圆状,物源分析表明岩石经历沉积再旋回作用。寒武纪地层柱状图显示(图2a),筇竹寺组至二道水组岩石序列主要是深灰色—灰黑色泥岩、灰白色中层砂岩与灰绿色薄层泥岩、灰白色白云岩至紫灰色泥岩、紫灰色砂岩以及紫灰色细砂岩和灰色白云岩,沉积环境显示水体逐渐变浅,表明挤压构造背景。因此,由沉积序列和再旋回的碎屑颗粒以及区域构造背景表明,扬子西缘寒武纪的构造背景是前陆盆地。
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图11 扬子陆块西缘寒武系沉积岩碎屑锆石累积曲线分布图(据Cawood et al.,2012)
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Fig.11 Cumulative distribution curves of zircons from the Cambrian sedimentary rocks of the western margin of Yangtze block (after Cawood et al., 2012)
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5 结论
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扬子陆块西缘寒武系沧浪铺组、西王庙组和二道水组主要由细砂岩、泥岩和白云岩等组成,沉积序列和沉积构造等指示砂岩的沉积环境为滨岸—潮坪,通过对寒武系细砂岩沉积物源的综合分析,可以得出以下结论:
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(1)寒武系砂岩主要由石英和岩屑组成,长石含量较少,碎屑颗粒多为次棱角状—次圆状,分选差;重矿物主要由锆石、赤—褐铁矿、钛铁矿、电气石、金红石和磷灰石等组成;电气石、钛铁矿、磷灰石和锐钛矿等重矿物组合以及沉积组合特征指示源岩以岩浆岩为主。
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(2)电气石电子探针结果显示,寒武纪碎屑电气石主要为碱性系列的黑电气石和镁电气石,判别图解表明物源主要来自于贫锂花岗岩以及伟晶岩类、变砂屑岩和泥岩等。
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(3)寒武系砂岩碎屑锆石U-Pb测年结果以及区域对比表明,母岩主要来自于康滇古陆和冈瓦纳大陆东非造山带983~540 Ma的岩石,部分来自于较老的变沉积岩,即新元古代晚期—寒武纪来自于冈瓦纳大陆,新元古代早期的源自康滇古陆花岗岩、流纹岩、片岩等,岩石经历再旋回沉积作用。
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(4)沉积学、物源分析及区域资料表明,扬子陆块西缘寒武纪形成于碰撞相关的构造环境,即前陆盆地。
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致谢:电子探针测试工作得到中国地质大学(北京)电子探针实验室郝京华老师的帮助,碎屑锆石U-Pb测年工作得到中国地质科学院矿产资源研究所侯可军研究员的帮助,在此表示感谢!同时感谢匿名评审专家对本文工作的建议。
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附件:本文附件(附表1、2)详见http://www.geojournals.cn/dzxb/dzxb/article/abstract/202402091?st=article_issue
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摘要
扬子陆块西缘寒武系主要为一套碎屑岩-碳酸盐岩的岩石组合,前人研究多认为形成于相对稳定的克拉通盆地。但同时期出现的大陆岩浆作用显然与前期认定的克拉通盆地性质不符,需要借助扬子西缘的物质来源探讨构造背景。基于野外露头等资料,本文通过对扬子陆块西缘会泽和会东附近寒武系3件砂岩样品进行重矿物分析、电气石电子探针和碎屑锆石U-Pb测年分析,确定扬子西缘寒武纪沉积物的源区;并结合沉积序列等综合探讨扬子陆块西缘寒武纪的构造背景。沉积序列表明,扬子西缘寒武系沧浪铺组、西王庙组和二道水组主要由砂岩和白云岩等组成,沉积环境为滨岸—潮坪。细—粗砂岩碎屑颗粒为次棱角状—次圆状,分选较差;碎屑组分主要为石英,岩屑几乎全部为燧石,长石含量较少。测试分析结果表明:重矿物分析指示扬子西缘寒武系砂岩重矿物主要由锆石、赤—褐铁矿、电气石、钛铁矿、金红石、磷灰石等组成,重矿物组合指示岩浆岩为其主要母岩;电气石电子探针分析结果表明,物源主要来自于贫锂花岗岩和变砂岩、变泥岩;碎屑锆石测年分析表明物源区母岩主要为983~540 Ma岩浆岩。碎屑锆石年龄对比等综合分析表明,寒武系沉积物部分源自康滇古陆983~708 Ma的岩浆岩和变沉积岩,部分源自冈瓦纳大陆东非造山带663~540 Ma的岩石,物源区岩石经历再旋回产物作用。扬子西缘寒武系的沉积序列、碎屑锆石年龄谱图和碎屑组成等特征综合分析表明,扬子陆块西缘寒武系形成于前陆盆地。
Abstract
During the Cambrian period, a set of clastic and carbonate rock associations was mainly deposited in the western margin of the Yangtze block. These sedimentary deposits have commonly been interpreted as representing a vast and stable craton sourced from older rocks in the Oldland. However, the widely contemporaneous magmatism recorded within the sediments is obviously inconsistent with the craton basin identified earlier. Therefore, the tectonic background needs to be determined based on the material sources of the western margin of the Yangtze block. Field outcrops and other data are used to determine the source areas of the Cambrian sediments in the western margin of the Yangtze block through heavy mineral analysis, tourmaline electron probe microanalysis, and detrital zircon U-Pb dating of three sandstone samples from Huize and Huidong counties. We then discuss the tectonic background of the Cambrian period in combination with a comprehensive analysis of sedimentary successions. These successions show that the Canglangpu, Xiwangmiao, and Erdaoshui formations are mainly composed of sandstone and dolostone, which were deposited in shore and tidal flat environments. The sandstones are fine-to coarse-grained, with subangular to subrounded and poorly sorted fabric. Quartz is the dominant constituent, while lithic fragments consist mainly of cherts, and feldspar grains are very rare. The detrital heavy minerals are mainly zircon, hematite-limonite, tourmaline, ilmenite, rutile, and apatite, suggesting a magmatic rock source. The results of tourmaline electron probe microanalysis further confirmed that the Cambrian sediments are mainly derived from granitoids, their associated pegmatites and aplites, metapelites, and metapsammites. Detrital zircon dating provided valuable insights into the age of the parent rocks in the provenance area, indicating a distribution ranging from 983 Ma to 540 Ma. Comparisons of the geochronological data with detrital zircon ages from different blocks reveal that the sediments were derived from 663~540 Ma rocks of the East African orogeny, as well as the underlying old sediments (dated 983~708 Ma) in the Kangdian Oldland. Contrary to previous studies suggesting a simple craton setting for the Cambrian period, our analysis of detrital zircon spectra indicates an active continental margin setting during this time. The sedimentary successions, detrital zircon spectra, and detrital grain framework collectively suggest that the Cambrian sediments were formed in a collisional setting, especially a foreland basin.
